Educator Guide | Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard “Someone once asked…how I could work for both Democratic and Republican governors, and I said, ‘Well, a forest fire’s not a Democratic fire or a Republican fire. It’s just a fire.’” — Maurice Goddard

Early Years other states. Acquiring civil service Project 500 – the Land and Water Maurice K. Goddard, born in 1912 in status for the positions could Conservation Reclamation Act – Lowell, Massachusetts to Norman O. establish secure, professional was passed by Gov. Shafer. This and Susan Kimball Goddard, spent positions. Gov. Leader signed an bond issue provided $500 million his childhood in Pretty Prairie, executive order requiring minimum for land acquisition, recreational Kansas where his father served as qualifications for state forestry facilities and environmental minister of the Swedenborgian personnel in October 1956, but it projects. Church. Maurice’s mother, homesick wasn’t until 1963, during the By 1970, Pennsylvania had 71 state for her eastern forests, planted trees Scranton administration, that the law parks open, 20 more that were under all around the house to break up the granting civil service protection development and 12 that were in final endless view of flat, open land. passed. stages of acquisition. During high school, the family Vision for Expansion of State Parks moved to Toronto, Canada, then to In 1955, there were 45 state parks in Maine, where Maurice earned a B.S. Pennsylvania. A number of trends Goddard’s in forestry from the University of helped fuel Maurice’s vision of a park Maine in 1935. He taught for several within 25 miles of every citizen – a Criteria for New years at Penn State’s Mont Alto national movement for parks near campus before pursuing a master’s cities; better roads statewide; Park Locations degree in forestry from the University increased automobile ownership; (From Pennsylvania’s New State of California at Berkeley. In 1940, he increased leisure time; and demand Parks: A Report to the General married Ethel Mae Catchpole, and for outdoor recreation. To address Assembly on Act 256) they had two sons, Kimball and Mark. this growing trend, Maurice created Maurice served in World War II on the Bureau of State Parks in 1962 to  Clean bodies of water to serve as the staff of General Eisenhower. His specialize in park management, the centerpiece of a park service earned him two distinguished officially separating park and forestry  Reasonably level ground awards – the Bronze Star and the operations.  Historical or scenic values Legion of Merit. Following his army Funding the Vision  Able to accommodate 25,000 stint, he returned in 1946 to Mont The problem from the start was how visitors a day Alto to run the forestry school, and to fund the expansion of parks.  Near population, because, in the then to Penn State’s University Park Knowing that building more parks end, the report noted, “parks are for campus to direct the School of would cost money, Maurice went to people.” Forest Resources, where he work to establish dedicated sources remained until 1955. of funding: Mr. Secretary  Oil and Gas Lease Fund, 1955: In January, 1955, Gov. George Leader revenue from oil and gas leases on appointed Maurice secretary of state lands dedicated for Forests and Waters, a position he conservation, recreational held for an unmatched 24 years, development and land acquisition through five governors.  Project 70, 1963: a bond issue that When asked about his greatest raised $70 million for public lands accomplishments as secretary, and facilities. Matching federal Maurice said, “It was my people. I’ve dollars for Project 70 came from got the finest staff of any the federal Land and Water Kayakers at Prince Gallitzin State Park department in this country.” At the Conservation Fund, established for time he came into office, all the staff recreation development in the In This Guide employed by his department were eastern states. Revenue from Fact Sheet……………………………… 1 political appointees and not offshore oil and gas drilling from Fast Facts………………………………. 3 necessarily trained foresters. A the Gulf of Mexico provided $100 Close-Up: Goddard Era Parks…... 4 change was desperately needed to million to Pennsylvania in the Close-Up: Tocks Island……………. 5 create stability and attract 1960s for the development of state Guiding Questions…………………… 7 professionals – all 55 graduates of and local parks. Activities………………………………… 9 the 1955 class of Penn State’s School  Project 500, 1968: to address Links……………………………………… 11 of Forestry took more secure jobs in additional funding demands,

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 1 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project

Water, Water Everywhere turned. In May, 1978, Penn State Witnessing the heartbreaking effects In January, 1971, DER was created announced a proposal to establish of the widespread flooding from to merge the departments of Forests the Goddard Chair in the School of hurricanes Connie and Diane in 1955, and Waters, Mines and Mineral Forest Resources for a faculty Maurice dedicated himself to Industries, and other related areas. position to focus on outreach and managing water as a primary Although Maurice opposed the policy. The position was fully funded resource for Pennsylvania. He saw merger, Gov. Shapp appointed him by 1982 and first occupied by Art water as Pennsylvania’s future and acting secretary, and he was formally Davis in 1984, who went on to floods as our pre-eminent problem. appointed in 1975. Maurice’s become DER secretary in 1991. He also connected the opportunity to extraordinary public service career In his retirement, Maurice stayed maintain livability of our metropolitan through five governors and changing extremely active as a voice for areas with the same facilities that political parties came to an end in Pennsylvania’s natural resources, provided water, flood control and 1979 when Gov. Thornburg appointed serving on the boards of a number of recreation. He felt that multiple-use Cliff Jones to replace him. conservation groups. He advocated dams and flood control projects were Maurice’s Legacy for establishing a separate agency for necessary for the public good. Recognition for Maurice’s legacy parks and forestry; and in 1995,  Flood control projects – during his began long before his retirement. In Governor Tom Ridge created the first four years as secretary, over 1969, Sandy Creek State Park, a park Department of Conservation and 400 flood control projects were acquired under Project 70 and Natural Resources. funded, including stream clearing developed under Project 500, was Maurice died later that same year. and flood control construction, renamed for Maurice. When Over 300 friends gathered for his such as paved stream channels, announcing the honor, Gov. Shafer memorial service where the minister flood walls and silting basins. At said, “Maurice Goddard ranks with stated, “Maurice K. Goddard’s eulogy the time, these were the best Gifford Pinchot as one of America’s has been written. It was his life.” solutions available, but Maurice greatest conservationists.” Maurice served an unprecedented later came to also see the and probably never-to-be-repeated importance of non-structural 24 years as a cabinet officer. He solutions for stormwater and realized his vision of a park within 25 floodplain management. miles of every Pennsylvanian. He  1961 State Planning Board Growth doubled the size of the state park through Recreational Areas system, adding 45 new parks and Development Plan – called for 130,000 acres of park land, gaining three large federal projects, Tocks national recognition for our park Island, Kinzua Dam and Raystown system. He established state forest natural and wild areas and Lake, as well as a ring of parks Sandy Creek State Park was renamed professionalized forestry and around the state’s 14 metropolitan as Maurice K. Goddard State Park in environmental management in state areas. Much of this development 1969, over Goddard’s objections – he government. A leader in water was funded through Project 70. disliked personal tributes.  Multi-state/agency cooperation resource management, he inspired around water resources – Maurice environmental awareness nationwide. was an active member of Incodel and later the Delaware River Basin Commission (DRBC), multi-state commissions working to manage the Delaware River for water supply and control. He became nationally known as a leader in water resource management and was also drawn into one of Pennsylvania’s biggest environmental controversies of the 1960s-1970s, Tocks Island. Changing Environmentalism For much of Maurice’s career, building dams to create lakes for flood control, water supply and recreation was considered part of a sound conservation strategy, but the science around the importance of wetlands and free flowing rivers was starting to change. By the time the Tocks Island dam proposal was finally ready to start, the tide had Cucumber Falls,

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 2 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard FAST FACTS

BORN in 1912 in Lowell, MA, to AGE 18 | 1931 Starts at Norman and Susan University of Maine to Kimball Goddard. study forestry and joins At age 3, the family ROTC to help pay for moves to Pretty school AGE 12 | 1924 Maurice’s Prairie, KS when family moves to Toronto his father becomes and then to Portland, ME minister of a where Maurice runs church. track and finishes high AGE 22 | 1935 Hired by Penn State school, spending as a forestry instructor at the Mont summers with his family Alto campus. Takes leave of at church camp. absence in 1937 to earn masters in forest management from UC Berkeley and returns to Penn State AGE 29 | 1942 Called to AGE 27 | 1940 marries Ethel main campus as assistant professor active duty. Serves in the Mae Catchpole who he’d met of forestry in 1938. U.S. Army under General at church camp in 1934. Eisenhower and is awarded the Bronze Star, the Legion of Merit and earns the rank of lieutenant colonel AGE 54 | 1968 AGE 43 | 1955 Appointed Secretary Successfully funds of Forests and Waters under millions of dollars of park AGE 31 | 1946 Becomes Governor George Leader. Sets a and conservation projects resident director of Mont Alto goal of a state park within 25 miles through Oil and Gas Lease Forestry School and then of every Pennsylvanian and Fund, Project 70 and director of the Penn State improves staff professionalism by Project 500 School of Forest Resources at eliminating political appointments, University Park requiring that staff have proper qualifications

AGE 56 | 1970 Pennsylvania now has 71 state parks open, 20 more under development AGE 63 | 1975 Loses the final and 12 in final stages of AGE 67 | 1979 Retires from vote to build Tocks Island dam acquisition – for a total of 45 state service after serving in the Delaware River under five governors over new parks and more in 24 years, completing 45 development new state parks and adding 130,000 acres of state park land.

AGE 83 | 1995 Successfully AGE 83 | 1995 Maurice dies lobbies for the creation of following a fire in his DCNR, separating parks and bedroom; his death is ruled forestry operations from a suicide. environmental regulation

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 3 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard CLOSE-UP: Goddard Era Parks

The Goddard Era Two Goddard Era Parks Acquiring parks and open spaces…in and around our urban centers must be regarded as a ‘now or never’ proposition...[it] simply cannot be postponed until sometime in the remote and hazy future, because land costs in these areas, high as they are now, will be too high for government purchase in another 10 years. - M. K. Goddard One of Maurice’s greatest legacies was the expansion of Pennsylvania’s state park system, creating 45 new Prince Gallitzin State Park Gifford Pinchot State Park state parks and setting aside Cambria County York County thousands of acres of land as open Maurice closed the gates for the new Gifford Pinchot was the first space for all to enjoy. He believed it dam at Prince Gallitzin in December metropolitan-area park built under took a blend of three components to 1960. The 6,600-acre park now Maurice’s plan to place parks near make a community – functional includes a large tree-lined 1,640-acre heavily populated areas. It contains a (homes, stores, factories); cultural lake with 26 miles of shoreline. small lake surrounded by trails (libraries, churches, schools); and People camp, fish, boat, swim, ice popular for hiking and mountain recreational – and that he was skate and ice fish throughout the biking. The diversity of habitats, with responsible for the last. In 1957, year. The lake provides flood lake, marshy shoreline, forests and Pennsylvania’s New State Parks: A protection to the communities of reverting farm fields draws all kinds Report to the General Assembly on Coalport, Irvona and other of birds. Surrounding farmland was Act 256 studied 175 potential sites Susquehanna Basin communities. planted in trees to provide a buffer for new parks. Sites were evaluated During one public meeting when a between the park and the highways based on water, location, topography, citizen suggested that coal mining and houses. The park was named subsurface conditions, availability, would be more economically after Gifford Pinchot since it was and scenic and historical significance. beneficial, Maurice explained that the near the first road paved under Gov. Acquisition began immediately. project should be an “everlasting Pinchot’s 1925 program to “get the Maurice believed that “there was economic asset to the community” farmers out of the mud.” little or no substitute for outright and that coal mining would be only a public ownership where a clearly temporary benefit. He pointed out defined public need must be that many economically distressed satisfied.” Eminent domain, the communities in Pennsylvania had taking of land by government for relied on a single industry like coal public benefit, was one of the tools mining, which was eventually used to acquire new parks, a tool exhausted or unmarketable, leaving that politically would be much harder them stranded. to use today. Owners were bought out; Maurice was generally sensitive State parks acquired and/or completed by Maurice Goodard to those losing their land and in some Allegheny Islands Jacobsburg cases allowed owners to stay in their McConnells Mill Prompton Archbald Pothole Kettle Creek Memorial Lake Ridley Creek homes throughout their lifetimes. Beltzville Kings Gap Milton Ryerson Station Eminent domain is a controversial Canoe Creek Kinzua Bridge Moraine Salt Springs strategy and met with resistance in Codorus Lackawanna Mt. Pisgah Samuel S. Lewis some parks, such as Ridley Creek and Denton Hill Laurel Mountain Nescopeck Shikellamy Marsh Creek. Today’s park managers Elk Laurel Ridge Neshaminy Sinnemahoning rely more on willing sellers to acquire Evansburg Lehigh Gorge Nockamixon Susquehanna Frances Slocum Little Buffalo key parcels of land. But without the Nolde Forest Susquehannock Gifford Pinchot Locust Lake use of it during the Goddard Era, it Ohiopyle Swatara Gouldsboro Lyman Run Oil Creek Tuscarora would have been very difficult to Hillman Marsh Creek Point Tyler achieve the network of parks we Hyner Run Maurice K Goddard Prince Gallitzin Warriors Path enjoy today. Yellow Creek

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 4 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard CLOSE-UP: Tocks Island

In 1927, Congress authorized the response, Congress instructed the During this time the federal Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) to Corps to re-examine plans for a government invoked eminent survey river basins to determine dam. The Corps determined that the domain, condemning properties or sites where dams might be useful Tocks Island location would result in forcing owners to for flood control, recreation and a larger lake than Wallpack Bend and sell their land. hydropower. The Corps identified recommended approval. Entire towns, multiple sites along the Delaware In 1961, President Kennedy and the communities, River and its tributaries, including a governors of the four river basin businesses and dam along the main branch of the states signed the Delaware River family farms were Delaware River at Tocks Island, a Basin Compact to form the Delaware abandoned. More small uninhabited island above the River Basin Commission (DRBC), a than 3,000 houses Delaware Water Gap in the Minisink regulatory group authorized to plan were destroyed Valley. Pennsylvania’s Pocono for and regulate the river basin and high schools, Mountains and New Jersey’s regardless of political boundaries. cemeteries, and Kittatinny Mountains border the This was the first time the federal utility pipelines relocated. valley, providing scenic views and government and states joined Thousands of people, many with numerous waterfalls. At the time, together as partners to help manage families that had lived there for family farms and small towns were a river basin. The DRBC also generations, were displaced. nestled among the valley’s vast supported the dam project and after Although controversy surrounding forests and wetlands. Upon further much consideration, Congress this project was growing stronger, exploration, the Corps proposed approved the Tocks Island dam the project continued. In 1965, the moving the dam to Wallpack Bend, project in 1962. Original plans set the Delaware Gap National Recreation but the funding wasn’t there and the cost at estimated at $99-114 million, Area was established which included dam wasn’t essential, so plans were to be completed in 1975. Tocks Island and the surrounding set aside. The multi-purpose project hinged land in the Minisink Valley. The Delaware River was and still is on the construction of a large earth Before all the needed land was a critical drinking water supply for and rock dam across the main purchased, it became apparent that New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania branch of the Delaware River at the money allocated for land and Delaware, including New York Tocks Island, creating a large acquisition wasn’t enough. Also, as City. Conflicts often arose over reservoir 37 miles long and a mile engineers conducted more in depth water use and the allotments given wide, providing recreation and water studies for the precise siting of the to towns, cities or states. To help power for an electricity generating dam, they realized the dam would resolve conflicts and work together plant and drinking water for parts of cost more than anticipated and still on planning, the governors of the New York, New Jersey and might not be effective due to the four basin states established the Pennsylvania. The amount of land bedrock. The project estimate grew Interstate Commission on the needed for this project was to about $198 million. With the Delaware River Basin (Incodel) in extensive and would disrupt many country now in the midst of the 1936. In 1951, Incodel proposed a people and destroy thousands of costly Vietnam War, funding the plan that included constructing acres of wetlands and forests and project became a major issue. several dams and reservoirs along historic sites. Local residents were By 1967 the growing controversy the Delaware, including Wallpack angry and protested the project but surrounding the project could not be Bend, the same site recommended many people, including Gov. Leader, ignored. The largest protests earlier by the Corps. Much of the Maurice Goddard and the DRBC, still centered on Sunfish Pond, a glacial plan was rejected but ultimately the believed that it was essential to lake located high on the Kittatiny Supreme Court gave Pennsylvania, at prevent flooding and supply drinking Ridge, formed during the last ice age the urging of Gov. Leader, the right water for growing communities and by the Wisconsin Glacier. Power to build a dam at Wallpack Bend. cities in the river basin states. companies had purchased Sunfish Hurricanes Strike Maurice also favored the project In August, 1955, hurricanes Connie because it would provide millions of Pond to provide a pumping station and Diane hit the eastern United people with outdoor recreation for the generating plant. Pilgrimages States. Massive flooding in the opportunities. and protests captured the attention Minisink Valley and throughout the The Corps began the long process of the nation, including Supreme river basin caused more than 100 of acquiring the land needed for the Court Judge William O. Douglas who deaths and extensive damage. In project, involving a combination of joined protestors hiking to the pond. federal, state and private purchases. In response to the growing protests,

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 5 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project the DRBC held a hearing to gather combination of the costs of the discussion. With a better information from both sides of the project, the Vietnam War and understanding of ecology and water argument. changing views about conservation quality and the willingness to look for Eventually the defeated the Tocks Island dam new sites for electrical generation, DRBC and project. Although Maurice Goddard the DRBC and protestors came power lost his fight to build the dam, his together to save a river. To this day, companies goals of flood control, a consistent the National Park Service continues agreed to water source and an outdoor to manage the Delaware Water Gap move the recreation area were still National Recreation Area and pumping accomplished. conserve the river, forests and station, and Issues and problems can often be wetlands, and associated wildlife, Sunfish Pond resolved in different ways, especially while sustaining water quality and was donated as new information becomes providing recreation for all people, back to New Jersey as part of available and all involved are open to now and for the future. Worthington State Forest and Why We Need Wetlands act as sieves to filter out sediments declared a National Natural Landmark and other pollutants, allowing cleaner Wetlands are transition zones in January 1970. water to pass through. Wetlands between dry uplands and open- As the environmental movement, along coastal areas not only help water. They are often seen along sparked by Rachel Carson’s Silent prevent flooding, but also reduce ponds, streams, rivers, lakes, and Spring, continued to engage our coastal erosion, saving valuable land bays but are also found in low-lying country, laws passed to protect the from washing into oceans or lakes. fields, deep in forests or high on environment. In 1970, the National Wetlands provide essential habitat mountains. Wetlands are delineated Environmental Policy Act passed for a variety of wildlife including (defined) based on vegetation, soil requiring environmental impact birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and hydrology (presence of water). reviews before major construction fish and invertebrates. Some animals More than 50 percent of the projects. The Tocks Island project live their entire lives in wetlands, vegetation growing in wetlands must was put on hold until the impact while many others use wetlands for be able to thrive in or tolerate wet statement could be completed. breeding or as shelter for their young. conditions, such as cattails, Meanwhile more people joined the Many of our state’s endangered and jewelweed and red maples. Soils protest, questioning the need for any threatened birds, such as the sedge must be classified as hydric soils or dam at all. Throughout all of the wren, king rail, yellow-crowned night show signs of being water-saturated protests, Maurice remained firm that heron and least bittern, rely on regularly. The land must be wet all the dam was still needed as a reliable wetlands to nest and eat. Wetlands year or part of the year, with the water supply for a growing also provide recreation for many water table at or close to the surface. population, as well as for flood people who enjoy exploring these The many different types of wetlands control and outdoor recreation. But diverse ecosystems. include swamps, forested wetlands, scientists were gaining a new Until the 1970s, wetlands were bogs, wet meadows, shrub wetlands, understanding of the interrelation- considered waste lands, either to be marshes, and vernal pools. Marshes, ships of forests, wetlands and water filled in and covered or cleared out to with a mix of cattails, grasses and quality and that, in fact, protecting form ponds and lakes. In fact, for reeds are probably the more these resources would protect the many years, the federal government commonly recognized, but they make water quality in the Delaware River even sanctioned and encouraged the up only 12-14 percent of Basin. By 1975 the DRBC voted 3-1 draining of wetlands. Now, protection Pennsylvania’s wetlands. Forested against the Tocks Island dam, with of wetlands is recognized as vital to wetlands, often overlooked, make up Pennsylvania as the lone favorable the health and safety of people and approximately 36 percent of the vote, and the land was given to the wildlife. Laws such as the Clean wetlands found in our state. National Park Service to manage. In Water Act and the Food Safety Act Wetlands are critical ecosystems 1978, Congress designated the middle (also called the Swampbuster Act) for people and wildlife. They act as section of the Delaware River a now help protect wetlands. These sponges that soak up water which is national scenic and recreational river, laws have helped slow, but have not then gradually released into the and Maurice proposed a plan to completely stopped, the loss of environment. This reduces the chance mitigate the effects of losing the wetlands. Education to help more of flooding and also allows time for dam, including equitable division of people recognize the importance of water to percolate into the water water during a drought and a system wetlands is still needed to continue table. In addition to acting as flood of water storage and supply that to conserve these beautiful and control and groundwater recharge relied on a number of smaller dams. essential ecosystems. In 1992, after decades of plans and systems, wetlands act as water protests, Congress deauthorized the treatment plants. Contaminants, such Tocks Island Dam project. as phosphorous iron and lead can be The Delaware River is one of the taken up by reeds, rushes and other last large free-flowing rivers in the plants or become chemically bound United States with no dams or to the soil. Vegetation and soil, along controls on its major channel. A with dense mats of decaying matter, Wetland at Black Moshannon State Park

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 6 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard GUIDING QUESTIONS

For teachers with time constraints, Part 1 | Professionalism What did professionalism mean for the documentary is approximately the conservation of our resources? Minute 0:00-17:39 divided into three parts. Each Forests cover nearly 60 percent of 17:39 minutes total segment addresses a main idea with Pennsylvania now, but this was not (2 questions) guiding questions and answers to aid the case at the start of the 1900s. discussion. The three main ideas The unbroken forest of mixed Why was it important to presented in the film, The Life of conifers and hardwoods that early professionalize park and forest Maurice Goddard include: settlers discovered was gone except employment in state government?  A commitment to professionalism for small, isolated pockets of trees. “It was my people – I’ve got the and civil service Repeated forest fires and soil erosion finest staff of any department in this inhibited the forests from recovering.  A vision for Pennsylvania’s state country.” Prior to Maurice’s appointment as parks and forests that included –Maurice Goddard secretary, recovery of Pennsylvania’s dedicated funding for natural Many early jobs in Pennsylvania state forests from their near destruction resource conservation government were awarded to people had been paramount. By 1950, the  A watershed scale approach to who had supported candidates focus shifted to providing a sustained water management politically, whether or not they had supply of timber and other forest the qualifications for the job. And Important note for teachers: at products. A goal set in the 1955 state with each election cycle, many jobs 49:52 minutes, the documentary forest management plan was to turned over to the new round of focuses on the end of Maurice reach the allowable cut in each political appointees. Goddard’s life, which was by district, while still protecting the Foresters had been trained in suicide at age 83. How a person resource. Maurice accomplished this Pennsylvania since 1903 when Dr. who was so loved and had such a by hiring staff trained in science- Joseph Rothrock established the tremendous impact could come to based forest management. State Forest Academy at Mont Alto. such a tragic end is an important Eventually, planning took on a Soon after, in 1907, the Department topic for discussion, one that more holistic ecosystem approach, of Forestry at Penn State’s main requires a thoughtful approach. and an updated plan in 1970 campus was established, and the two addressed additional issues such as programs merged in 1929. water resources and recreation Open ended questions to begin Pennsylvania was turning out a potential. Pennsylvania’s Bureau of discussion: regular supply of trained foresters. Forestry now includes a range of What was the most surprising thing When Maurice became secretary of professional staff, including you learned from the video? Forests and Waters in 1955, of the 55 foresters, botanists, ecologists, How does your life compare to that graduates from the Penn State geologists, biologists, entomologists, of Maurice Goddard? School of Forestry that year, all but forest fire specialists, rangers – all What similarities and what one took jobs in surrounding states working to conserve Penn’s Woods. differences do you draw between that offered more attractive and As a result of the science-based, Maurice and yourself? secure positions. The one who professional direction initiated by If Maurice Goddard was here today, remained in Pennsylvania resigned Maurice, forestry staff now: what questions would you ask him because of the lack of civil service  Advocate and promote forest about what he might do differently? status. Requiring forester conservation What do you see as Maurice’s qualifications ensured that Maurice greatest accomplishment? was able to hire and keep trained  Manage wildfires What leadership qualities did Maurice foresters on staff, greatly increasing  Protect the forest from destructive display and how did they help him to the professionalism of the agency. insects and diseases achieve his goals? The State Civil Service Commission  Conserve native plants administers a merit system of jobs,  Conserve private forest land based on knowledge, skills and  Promote community forests and abilities. Today, 78 percent of state tree planting employees are hired through the civil  Manage the certified state forest service process and must show system through an application and testing  Protect water quality process that they have the  Sustainably harvest timber educational credentials to qualify for  Manage natural gas activity the job.  Provide recreation opportunities

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 7 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Part 2 | Vision for State Parks and “state park without a place to swim two critical reasons we need to is like apple pie without cheese.” manage water. Natural Resources Pennsylvania has few natural lakes, Maurice felt that water was one of Minute 17:40-31:15 and 35:08-39:50 and to create a lake as the central Pennsylvania’s greatest resources, 18:17 minutes total attraction in most parks required but also its greatest threat because (3 questions) building a dam. of flooding, particularly exacerbated Once funding was secured, the by Pennsylvania’s many narrow What is a natural resource and department narrowed its list of 175 stream valleys. As our population what resources do we have in potential sites down to 13. These grew, floods took ever more Pennsylvania? were under development by 1957, disastrous tolls on life and property, Natural resources exist freely in each in a separate county. and planning for floods became nature – no human created them. In imperative. Many of the dams built in Pennsylvania, we’re blessed with What is eminent domain and how our state parks, such as Bald Eagle, abundant water, forests and do you think it should be used? Kettle Creek and Beltzville, also hold significant geologic features. Forests Eminent domain is the right of a water back during high rain events. cover more than 17 million acres, government to take private property Eighty percent of Pennsylvania almost 60 percent of the state. There for public use, with fair compensation residents receive their water from are more than 86,000 miles of to the property owner. Eminent public water systems, and much of streams and rivers, more than any domain is how states and local that water comes directly from our other state except Alaska. About governments build roads, bridges and lakes and rivers, particularly the one-third of the streams are schools. It can be an effective tool . The Delaware classified high quality or exceptional for governments to use to improve River also supplies drinking water for value. We share our state with at communities, but it also can stir up New York (including New York City), least 25,000 known native and non- controversy and strong emotions. New Jersey and Delaware. Millions of native species of plants and animals, It probably would have been people depend on a steady and clean including 65 species of mammals, impossible for Maurice to expand the supply of water, especially during from river otters to elk, and around park system on the scale that he did periods of drought. Conservation of 400 species of birds. Today, about 15 without the use of eminent domain. water and the availability of clean percent of our land is in public At the same time that Project 70 was water are key to life. ownership, including 121 state parks enacted, Maurice requested changes and 2.2 million acres of state forests. to Pennsylvania’s eminent domain What was the Tocks Island project laws – to require public hearings for and why was it controversial? What was Maurice’s vision for state each new proposed park and See Close Up: Tocks Island on pages parks and why? approval of each project by the state 5-6 for discussion on this question. In 1955 when Maurice became planning board and governor. The secretary of Forests and Waters, changes also simplified procedures Have environmental ideas changed there were only 45 state parks in and increased the kinds of in the past 40 years? Pennsylvania, primarily in the compensation for property owners. The Vietnam War protests of the northcentral part of the state and far Maurice and his staff spent quite a 1960s empowered people to demand from the urban areas where most bit of time on the road, meeting with a greater voice in government people lived. A 1950s survey showed communities and landowners to lay decisions, including the environment. only nine percent of people living in out the vision for each park and the Citizens no longer wanted to rely Philadelphia used the state parks long term benefits to the community. solely on the voice of professionals, compared to 85 percent of the In the first three years of Project 70, but wanted a say in issues such as residents from the town of Warren in the state transferred 163,580 acres land use and air and water pollution. northcentral Pennsylvania. into public ownership. In 1971, Pennsylvania added an Maurice drew 25-mile-wide circles It’s hard to imagine eminent amendment to its constitution, on a Pennsylvania map around each domain being used today for park stating that the people have a right of the existing parks, the distance he acquisition – most new land to clean air, pure water, and to the thought was reasonable to expect purchases now happen with willing preservation of the environment. people to drive to spend a day in a sellers or through donations. Today’s Ecological science continues to park to picnic, hike or swim. This eminent domain controversies mostly evolve, and there’s been a big shift in visual plan highlighted the lack of center around energy infrastructure, how we see the value of wetlands in parks near the centers of population. such as pipelines, and new road water pollution and flood control. When presenting his plan to the construction. Wetlands act like giant sponges, legislature, he said, “Parks are for filtering water and slowly releasing people… Every individual is Part 3 | Water Management large rain amounts into streams and important, whether he lives in a city Minute 31:16-35:07 and 39:51-54:45 groundwater. With what we now or a small town. The goal of this 18:31 minutes total know, we would not be able to build program is a state park within 25 (3 questions) the lakes that were put into our state miles of every resident of the parks. It’s hard to imagine though Commonwealth.” Why is water management what the parks would be without Water was critical – to Maurice, a important? them. Flood control and water supply are

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 8 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard ACTIVITIES Professionalism State Parks Water Management

Project WET – WOW! The Wonders of Wetlands gives K-12 educators tools to integrate water

palandchoices.org education into every school subject, with If Trees Could Talk The Changing Face of Pennsylvania field-tested activities foresthistory.org/Education/Curriculum This lesson looks at how Pennsylvania and assessment strategies. projectwet.org Middle school curriculum with activities has changed over the years through based on archival materials. Each module maps, aerial photos and data. Key activities: compiles primary resources--documents, bit.ly/2h8Er1c • Wetland Habitats maps, newspaper articles, oral histories or • Wetland Trade Offs photographs. Students gather, examine, Protecting Land Resources • Wetlands in a Pan and analyze information, and synthesize This lesson looks at Pennsylvania’s • Soak It Up insights. natural resources and how people impact • Run Off Race them, focusing on how proper planning Key activities: can provide the greatest benefit. • A New Profession Takes Seed bit.ly/2fbw4fT Rain to Drain - Slow the Flow is an 10 Minute Leadership Lessons No Park is an Island innovative, fun, wvde.state.wv.us/insite/files/Leadership% This lesson provides background hands-on stormwater 20Lessons.pdf information on participating and protecting curriculum with These lessons are fun, thought-provoking public lands. The title "No Park is An experiment style experiences that can lead to stimulating Island" speaks to the connections activities to discussions, meaningful insights, and between communities, natural resources understand the significant learning for students and public lands. There are no isolated movement of lands or isolated communities. Each stormwater in natural and developed should enhance and benefit the other. communities. extension.psu.edu/natural- bit.ly/1WHalA6 resources/water/youth/rain-to-drain

Additional Suggested Activities Key activities: • Moving Water on Earth/Changing the Volunteer. Consider becoming a volunteer Water Movement (two parts to one in a Pennsylvania state park or forest to experiment) conserve your public lands. Visit paparksandforests.org and click on the volunteer link. Wetlands Protection and Restoration. United States Environmental Create a timeline for another Protection Agency epa.gov/wetlands conservationist (or for yourself!) on what • Learn About Wetlands things in their lifetime influenced their • The Science of Wetlands conservation ethic or leadership. • Wetland Restoration

• Funding for Wetlands Explore Pennsylvania’s state parks.

Which state park is closest to you? What is its name? Where does its name come National Geographic: Making Informed from? How many state parks are there Environmental Decisions today? How many have you visited? nationalgeographic.org/lesson/making- informed-environmental-decisions/

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 9 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project

The following sites require that you attend training to obtain their lesson plan materials. The color dots with each activity correspond to the three main discussion topics for the documentary. PLT Environmental Education Activity Guide (bit.ly/29EreIi) Professionalism Project WET gives K-12 educators tools to State Parks integrate water education into every Key activities: Water Management school subject, with field-tested activities • Democracy in Action and assessment strategies. • Watch on Wetlands projectwet.org • Name That Tree

• Field, Forest and Stream Key activities: • Forest Consequences • Incredible Journey • Who Works in the Forest? • A Snapshot in Time

• High Water History These high school modules are part of Project Wild offers hands-on K-12 • 8-4-1, One for All Project Learning Tree’s secondary activities designed to support state and • Storm Water national academic standards. environmental education program. • Pass the Jug projectwild.org Exploring Environmental Issues: Places Contact the Project WET Coordinator Key activities: We Live (bit.ly/1PN1s5X) for workshop information, • Green Spaces • Planning for People and Wildlife or check the DCNR Calendar of Events • Far Reaching Decision • Changing Attitudes (bit.ly/21eBRE9 for upcoming teacher

• Enviro-Ethics workshops. • Can Do! Exploring Environmental Issues: Focus on Forests • We're in this Together • Words to Live By

• Monitoring Forest Health Science and Civics: Sustaining Wildlife is • Forest to Faucet Project WILD's high school curriculum, • Who Owns American’s Forests? designed to serve as a guide for involving

students in grades 9-12 in environmental Contact the PLT Coordinator action projects that benefit local wildlife. It (bit.ly/1QyM4Ui) at the PA Bureau of involves young people in decisions Forestry for workshop information, or affecting people, wildlife, and their shared check the DCNR Calendar of Events habitat in the community. (bit.ly/21eBRE9) for upcoming teacher Project Wild Aquatic uses the simple, workshops. • successful format of Project WILD Do You Hear What I Hear? • Testing the Law: TVA vs. Hill activities and professional training workshops but with an emphasis on • Structure Review aquatic wildlife and aquatic ecology.

projectwild.org/aquatic/ Check the DCNR Calendar of Events

(bit.ly/21eBRE9) for upcoming teacher Key activities: workshops. • Blue Ribbon Niche • To Dam or Not to Dam • Working for Wildlife • Watershed • Waterworks

• Wetland Metaphors Pennsylvania Supplement to Windows

on the Wild (PA WOW) Contact the Aquatic Wild Coordinator is an educator’s guide to exploring (bit.ly/1TbKSIk) at the PA Fish and Boat Pennsylvania’s biodiversity. Commission for workshop information, or

check the PFBC Calendar of Events Key activities: (bit.ly/1XV5A2X) for upcoming teacher • Schoolyard Bioblitz workshops. • The Case of the Endangered Species • Exploring PA Ecosystems • Future Worlds

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 10 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project Maurice Goddard LINKS Links References Video

Delaware River Basin Commission Maurice Goddard state.nj.us/drbc/ Cupper, Dan. Our Priceless Heritage: Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Pennsylvania State Parks, 1893-1993. Area nps.gov/dewa Pennsylvania: PA Historical and Museum Commission for Dept. of Environmental Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of State Parks, 1993. Resources dcnr.state.pa.us Print. ExplorePAHistory.com Morrison, Ernest, George M. Leader, and explorepahistory.com William C. Forrey. --a Walk on the The Life of Maurice Goddard Fedchin, Debra. "Tocks Island & The Downhill Side of the Log: The Life of video.witf.org/video/1640758793/ Maurice K. Goddard. Mechanicsburg: Delaware Water Gap." Behance. Pennsylvania Forest History. @d_a_f_o_t_o_s, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 2000. Print. Pennsylvania Forest History. WPSU, 15 2016. bit.ly/2gP7HJs July 2009. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Stranahan, Susan Q. American Heroes - youtu.be/p4ohbPMvaxE Project paconservationheritage.org Maurice K Goddard. National Wildlife Federation, 01 Feb. 1996. Web. 07 Nov. Patrick, Nick. Ghost Waters - Tocks Island Pennsylvania Historical and Museum 2016. Dam - Delaware River. Vimeo. Yeti Nest Commission phmc.pa.gov Films, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. Wetlands vimeo.com/142291370. Pennsylvania Parks and Forests Foundation paparksandforests.org A History of Wetlands Protection in the United States. Berkshire Environmental Susquehanna River Basin Commission Action Team. December 2, 2016. Tocks Island srbc.net/ bit.ly/2g6Ztxe Albert, Richard. Damming the Delaware: WITF witf.org An Introduction to Wetlands. DEP Fact The Rise and Fall of Tocks Island Dam. Sheet. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, The Pennsylvania State University Press,

Department of Environmental Protection. 1987. December 1, 2016. bit.ly/2gP6CkS John Fedors,Jr. Geology Virtual Field Trip: Aerial Photo Interpretation. Rutgers National Park Service. Saved from the Dam. Cultural Resource Management University. Fall 2004. October 18, 2016. 25.3 (2002): n. pag. Delaware Water Gap. http://bit.ly/2hevvmP National Park Service. Web. 30 Nov. Obiso, Laura. Delaware Water Gap 2016. bit.ly/2g7P13O. National Recreation Area. Arcadia Why Are Wetlands Important? Wetlands Publishing, 2008 Protection and Restoration. Sandberg, Kathleen. The History and Environmental Protection Agency. Demise of the Tocks Island Dam Project: November 29, 2016 bit.ly/2gA3KoZ Environmental War or the War in Vietnam. WOW: The Wonders of Wetlands. Thesis. Seton Hall University. 2011. Eckhardt, Brett. and Alab. Kesselheim. October 12, 2016. http://bit.ly/2h43vGs If you liked this video, others are Higins Sarah and Mark Schilling. (Eds). available at Pennsylvania Tellefsen, Gale. Tocks island Dam: An Environmental Concerns, St. Michaels, analysis of the Environmental Movement. Conservation Heritage Project MD and Project WET Foundation, paconservationheritage.org Thesis. Lehigh University. 1992. October Bozeman, MT. 2008 edition 18, 2016 http://bit.ly/2heDEMh Tocks Island Dam Controversy. Delaware Water Gap. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2016. bit.ly/2ghFH0A

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 11 paconservationheritage.org Educator Guide | Pennsylvania Conservation Heritage Project

Quotes from Maurice Goddard Talks

From the Second Pennsylvania Environmental History Symposium, Penn State University, 4/17/1997. Maurice K. Goddard: His Life, His Legacy, and Lessons

“The decisions that we make today do not affect only ourselves. If they did, it would not be so hard to make them, as we would be willing to accept the consequences of our own actions.”

“But the decisions also affect our children, and their children, and their children in ever increasing numbers, and we must consider them when we act.”

“This is why I have devoted my life to conservation as an ethic, as a way of life.”

“In a nutshell, the aim or objective of a true conservationist is the stewardship of our natural resources, air, water, and land.”

“All of us must make a clear distinction between those corrective environmental actions which are helpful and those blind overreactions which are harmful.”

“It means weaving into the fabric of our society an orderly system of making choices that really haven’t been made before in all of human history, and of weighing or balancing those choices once made.”

“With the emergence of the ecologic ethic, we are beginning to fully examine the relationship of total man to his total environment.”

“If you accept the social and political challenge of restoring and improving our environment and making certain that our resources are well managed and judiciously used, then, you must set that objective and strive to attain it.”

“Environmental education must work in such a way that people will be able to understand the many facets of the problems they face and base the decisions they make on this understanding.”

Prayer read at Maurice Goddard’s funeral, one that he often sent to others during times of grief.

When our use of this world is over and we make room for others, may we not leave anything ravished by our greed or spoiled by our ignorance, but may we hand on our common heritage fairer and sweeter through our use of it, undiminished in fertility and joy, that so our bodies may return in peace to the great mother who nourished them and our spirits may round the circle of a perfect life in thee. - Walter Rauschenbusch For God and the People: Prayers of the Social Awakening

Maurice K. Goddard | December 2016 12 paconservationheritage.org