Using GIS mapping to explore regional development and the Cultural and Creative Industries: Rural development in

Fiona Drummond and Jen Snowball Clustering • Clusters are “geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions in a particular field that compete but also co-operate” (Porter, 2002) • Benefits of clusters: • Regional development and urban renewal • Competitive advantage in Domains • Productivity and cost advantages • Access to specialist skills and other inputs • Innovation Replica statues of the work • Group marketing and inter-firm trade, co-operation of famous artist and and competition sculptor Helen Martins in • But, tendency for the CCIs to cluster in cities Nieu-Bethesda Small Town SA

• Decline of market towns (agriculture, mining, railways) • High levels of unemployment, poverty and inequality Aberdeen – where only the main road is tarred • CCIs suggested as regional growth drivers (linked to tourism)

A train to nowhere – an old steam engine turned into a monument to the age of steam in Klipplaat NG Kerks: created for ”local” farmers and the towns were built up around them

The CCIs and Development • Florida – cities with higher economic growth performances tend to have a large number of CCIs (clusters) and creative class members • Economic geography theory that people follow jobs reversed - cities should try to attract the creative class as they will attract high-tech CCIs and will result in clustering and economic growth • Cities host the CCIs so cities reap the benefits of growth, development and renewal associated with CCI clusters The Sarah Baartman District (SBD) The Museum 2017 SBD Mapping Study

• Data collection techniques: • Secondary Sources: • 2014 DAC study and 2016 regional study • Internet searches; Tourism brochures; Google Maps & Street View virtual searches • Fieldwork: • Field trips to 31 of the 35 SBD towns • Importance of “ground truthing” • Use of snowball sampling to extend the sample • Problems encountered: • Information on small towns is difficult to find • Google Maps/Street View imagery outdated (2009-2010) and without street names • Unwillingness of some business owners to provide contact details • Data: Business name, goods and/or services provided, domain, contact details and location Sunset over Graaff-Reinet ( area) Building the database

Municipality 2014 DAC Study Cleaned DAC Study 2016 Regional Study 2017 Micro-regional Study Baviaans 3 1 34 73 Blue Crane Route 3 1 28 54 Camdeboo 24 12 102 153 Ikwezi 1 1 9 23 Kouga 61 35 52 232 Kou-Kamma 3 1 18 32 Makana 67 29 113 233 Ndlambe 30 14 70 219 Sundays River Valley 10 0 15 29 Total 202 94 441 1048 CCI goods produced in the SBD

Data Collection Results Domains Audio-visual & Municipality Cultural Heritage Performance & Visual Arts & Information .Interactive Design & Municipal Total .Celebration .Crafts .Books & Press Media Creative .Services Baviaans 32 6 31 3 0 1 73

Blue Crane Route 23 2 19 8 0 2 54 Camdeboo 58 7 69 11 1 7 153 Ikwezi 12 0 8 2 0 1 23 Kouga 29 13 108 26 3 53 232 Kou-kamma 6 1 21 4 0 0 32 Makana 53 51 75 26 7 21 233 Ndlambe 46 9 107 24 1 32 219 Sundays River .Valley 4 3 11 9 0 2 29 SBD Total 263 92 449 113 12 119 1 048 The work of SA’s most famous artist, Walter Battiss. Olympic bronze medal winner for art at the 1984 London Olympics.

Socio-economic Status (SES) Index • To investigate the relationship between development and the CCIs in small towns, a municipal level socio-economic index was created • 20 variables chosen from the Census 2011 household variables • Categories of variable: • economic performance, consumer durable asset ownership, access to basic services and housing characteristics • Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) used to get weights to aggregate into a single value (index) Handmade pottery produced by Richard Pullen in Bathurst

SES Index Variables

Variables Type of main dwelling Motorcar Total rooms Vacuum cleaner Access to piped water Washing machine Type of toilet facilities Computer Type of energy used for lighting TV Employment status of the head of the household Satellite TV Annual household income DVD Player Internet access Radio Refrigerator Landline Stove Cell phone Household SES Type of Toilet Facility Weight Scores Flush toilet (with septic tank) 1,171 Flush toilet (connected to sewerage system) 0,459 • Positive weights mean higher SES for the Pit latrine with ventilation (VIP) -0,889 household Other -1,416 • Higher SES if: Pit latrine without ventilation -1,548 • asset ownership Bucket latrine -1,841 • electricity for lighting Chemical toilet -1,892 • access to piped water None -2,061 inside • flush toilet Early 18th Century Anglican • living in a Church in Klipplaat – there detached/semi house are no tarred roads in the • having 5 or more rooms town and only a dirt road • being employed going in and out of the town • higher income Municipal SES Index

Total Municipality Observations Household SES Mean Rank Scores • Municipal SES index = total Camdeboo 1 053 12 398 384 0,1463 1 SES score for Kouga 2 458 110 320 651 0,1068 2 that muni/number of Makana 1 801 213 879 419 0,0629 3 HHS Baviaans 383 461 010 695 0,0079 4 Kou-kamma 918 29 446 985 -0,0552 5 • Ranked from 1 Blue Crane Route 813 97 609 206 -0,0719 6 (best) to 9 (worst) Ndlambe 1 616 193 296 469 -0,0862 7 Ikwezi 242 29 133 498 -0,1461 8 Sundays River Valley 1 209 147 486 846 -0,3683 9

A herd of angora (mohair) goats passing by a colonial style guest house in Graaff-Reinet. Concluding Remarks • It is possible to identify CCI clusters in more rural areas • Visual Arts and Crafts and Cultural Heritage have a comparative advantage • Municipalities with higher SES Index scores have larger numbers of CCIs (in general) which MAY support the spillover hypothesis (causality not determined) • SES is an alternative approach to GGP as a predictor of CCI clustering • A pre-existing level of development is probably required before CCIs will establish themselves in a municipality • GIS can be a useful tool in analysing CCI activity and the link to development – time series data needed next.

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