Status of Women Slum Dwellers - a Study with Reference to Selected Wards of Tikiapara, Haora Municipal Corporation

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-0620 Volume - 5, Issue - 8, Aug – 2019 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor: 6.497 Received Date: 20/08/2019 Acceptance Date: 30/08/2019 Publication Date: 31/08/2019

Status of women slum dwellers - a study with reference to selected wards of Tikiapara, Haora Municipal Corporation

1 Klantisa Sinha, 2 Dr. Gargi Chakraborty 1 4th semester M.sc student, 2 lecturer Post Graduate Department of Geography Prabhu Jagatbandhu College, University of Calcutta, India Email - 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected]

Abstract: Poverty is a major curse to society. Slums are the face of urban poverty and illiteracy. The vast majority of slums are located in around urban centres in the less economically developed countries which are also experiencing greater rates of urbanization compared with more developed countries. This rapid rate of urbanization and migration from rural areas has led to growth of slums in every city/town, Tikiapara is one of them. This paper presents and discusses primary & secondary data from a survey of households taken from the Tikiapara slum area. In this data based study we try to found the socio-economic conditions of women slum’s situation of living conditions(water supply, sanitation, sufficient living area, household material),household characteristics (type of employment, educational status etc.),status of women in slum, women’s health, women labour force participation and their contribution, women’s educational standards. Mainly it attempts to examine

the socio-economic aspects and women’s condition. slums surveyed in this paper in terms of income, education, savings, sanitation, financial inclusion etc. In this paper, the collected data have been analyzed and presented in questionnaire, thematic maps, charts, cartograms and tables to paint a clear picture of the current condition of the slums in Tikiapara. In this study we try to show the illiteracy rate by using Lorenz curve, we try to see the relation with female headed family, income rate and unhealthy condition of women by multivariate regression analysis. It is clear from the analysis of this study that the women’s living quality in slum is very low. They are mainly voiceless for lack of decision-making power and they led an unhealthy lifestyle.

Key Words: status of women, socio-economic condition, health, education.

1. INTRODUCTION: The slum is a complex product of many social phenomena. But poverty is the principal cause. Low income forces people to live in slums but such groups never object as they are used to even worse condition. The situation deteriorated with increasing urbanization. After the industrial revolution, poor people started to work in urban factories. It was since then the modern slum began to grow. The low wages permitted no decent quarters. As a result, rapidly increasing industries multiplied the number of urban slums. People in slums live under the most deplorable conditions with little access to effective social and health care services, potable water, sanitation facilities and are therefore more vulnerable to epidemics and developmental challenges. Their low socio-economic status, low level of education and high fertility indicate that they need special attention in terms of public health, family planning, and reproductive health programs. The rapid growth of slum has caused widespread environmental degradation in the city. Living conditions in slums have a direct impact on people’s health. One of the major challenges that face urban planners globally is the proliferation of slums in urban areas and the host of health hazards that they bring along with their wake. However, the prolific spread of slums has been a rampant problem in urban areas worldwide. The living conditions in slums are usually unhygienic and contrary to all norms of planned urban growth. Human development and improvement in the quality of life is the ultimate objective of all planning programs leading to higher economic and social development. There exists a very strong linkage between attaining economic prosperity and enriching the quality of life, which is reflected in the social indicators of health, longevity, literacy and environmental sustainability. These indicators serve as valuable inputs for developing suitable policy initiatives. In true sense, environment development with progressive transformation of economy and society with its major objectives lies in the satisfaction of human needs and aspirations. In this study focused on the socio-economic condition and women’s status in Tikiapara slum (ward no.19, 20, 22). The condition of slums in Tikiapara is not diverse from other slums. Their living quality is very low. Slums are the most neglected part of the urban area. Lack of access to basic infrastructural services like garbage disposal, availability of electricity, pure drinking water supply, etc. is the common feature of the slum area. The mental set up that is the outcome of their poverty and absence of education and culture often creates the barriers of social development in their life. Slum-dwellers are habituated to compromise with the intolerable condition of their life. The surrounding areas of

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the three wards-19, 20, 22 are quite different. The slum pockets of Jolapara Masjid lane, M.C. Ghosh lane in the ward no.19 have residential surrounding. The slum pockets along both side of Bellilious road and Jolapara Masjid lane in the ward no.20 are faced most down condition having industrial as well as commercial surroundings. The slum pockets at Purba para, Musalman para in ward no.22 are experienced the nearby location of Tikiapara railway station. Different type of surroundings is experienced to the assorted character of slum life. The entire issues are discussed for three wars focusing on different sub things like the demographic profile, migration, educational profile, economic status, health issues, housing structure, housing facilities, and industrial condition. These issues are discussed by primary and secondary data collected by the researcher. The secondary data is collected from Haora Municipal Corporation and census data of 2001. And the primary data is gathered through an interview scheduled for the questionnaire of selected slum wards.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW: The article “Rural and urban dynamics and poverty: evidence from China and India” by S. Fan et el (2005) examines the rural-urban dynamics in china and India and the causes and consequences of the urban bias in the investment and development strategies adopted by both countries. It was also an analysis of the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction in both rural and urban sectors in the two countries. Roy (2009) assessed the condition of slums and slum people in Barasat Municipality, located adjacent to the Kolkata Metropolitan development area. The parameters taken for this purpose were caste and sex composition, educational status, work participation rate, monthly family income level, sanitation facility, etc. Halder (2011) discussed the socio-economic condition and associated problems of the slum areas at English Bazar town in District Maldah. In his study, different criteria like high dependency ratio, low monthly income, low female literacy, etc are revealed as the reasons behind the backwardness slum dwellers. Some associated problems are also highlighted at the same time as waterlogging, congestion, unhealthy environment, etc. Moona Yasmin (2012) attempts to find out whether this occupational mobility is also observed in case of an urban slum dweller who migrates from his native place in search of earning an opportunity with a hope to improve his livelihood condition and earn more than that he is earning at his native place. Ramaswamy and Chakravarti (1997) described a new program to assist tenants living in the bastis in Haora. The study area was Priya manna slum pocket. The vulnerable situation was described with overcrowding, acute service deficiencies and consequent environmental hazards with serious health impacts. Ghosh (2013) in her paper observed that slum dwellers of Bibi Bagan Lane are in great dis-satisfaction and have been demanding for a greater number of common toilets and baths as these are very few compared to the size of the population. Due to the dirty, filthy condition of the toilets, female sex faces a great problem.

3. METHODOLOGY AND DATA : During pre-field study extensive library work is done to review various literature regarding the context of the study. Different offices like Haora Municipal Corporation, Census of India are also consulted in this time. The location map of the study area is also prepared. The maps analyzing census data are also organized. The analysis of ward level slum data from a secondary source is also completed in this phase. Field study indicates the survey in different slum pockets with questionnaires and taking photographs relating to slum and slum dwellers‘ activities. During the post-field study the analysis of the data, collected from the questionnaire survey, is made to recommend suitable measures for the recognized problems. In terms of analyzing data: 1. Tools used – Questionnaire, thematic maps, charts, cartograms, tables, MS-excel, Q-GIS software, etc. 2. Parameters used – demographic profile, migration history, economic activities, social status, infrastructure – housing and other facilities, health queries, food habit, educational facility, recreational facility, status of working women, etc. 3. Analysis procedure –The data obtained from the questionnaires are entered in MS-Excel for subsequent analysis. For data analysis and interpretation, have relied on application of standard statistical tools and techniques (pie charts, use of mean, standard deviation etc.) apart from fitting and testing a few simple two- Lorenz curve and multivariate regression equations; these equations have been estimated using either MS-Excel, the significant t values have been reported within parentheses below the corresponding regression coefficients associated with the explanatory variables. We have mostly considered significant t scores at 95% level. The work is done by secondary data from the HMC office. And census of India’s data from the internet. The location map of the study area is also collected from the HMC. A primary survey in different slum wards (19, 20, 22) surveyed with the questionnaire and taking photographs relating to slum activities. After primary survey studies the analysis of data collecting from a questionnaire and prepared suitable cartograms. In this research purpose, purposive random sampling method will be used for collection the primary data.

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Table-1.1 Sample Size for Primary Survey

Ward The total slum source Sample household Population No. householder number surveyed 19 6919 As per 32 192 USHA 20 807 26 164 Survey 22 3459 42 244

4. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

The objectives of the present study are -  To examine the profile of women slum dwellers in terms of place of origin, religion, caste, etc.  To study the health status of the women in slum.  To highlight the educational standard of the women.  To explore an income profile and patterns of working conditions of the women slum dwellers.  To know the women safety nets, women labour force participation and their condition.  To review the existing policy measures at the government level for slum improvement.  To suggest some feasible roadmaps towards the eradication of the problems.

5. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE STUDY AREA: The Haora Municipal town is situated on the west bank of the river Hugly opposite to Kolkata. It is a part of the Kolkata Metropolitan area and cosmopolitan in nature. The study is selected for the present research is the slum areas of Haora Municipal Corporation (HMC). The latitude extension of HMC is from 22ᵒ28’25.7” N to 22ᵒ42’25.2” N and the longitudinal extension is from 88ᵒ10’28.2” E to 88ᵒ22’19.9” E. The total slum population of HMC area is 83509 that is almost 7.8% of the total population of Haora, spreading over 50 wards, according to census 2011. According to census 2001, the highest slum population is found in the ward no. 20 that is 81.4%, living in basis’ along both sides of Belilious road. For its location adjacent to Kolkata metropolitan city as well as the advantage of Haora railway station and rapid establishment of small industries large scale migration from different places of India and West Bengal significantly contributes to the high growth of slum population with heterogeneous character. Haora town has 441 slum pockets scattered over the 27 wards out of 50 wards of Haora Municipal Corporation. About 9% of the total population of the study area lives in these slums (HMC records). It is assumed that the child labourers mainly reside in the slums of the town. Hence, this study was designed with the focus on the origin and women’s work status, health, nutrition, and lifestyle. are also focuses on the child education and working status of a male’s under the jurisdiction of HMC. Three slum wards (ward no.19,20,22) of HMC have been taken as the case study in the present context for in-depth of the issue. Poor housing conditions, overcrowded environment, poor sanitation, occupational hazard, stressful conditions together with lack of open space for women’s recreation, etc are detrimental to the health of people in the slums. Women were found to seek treatment only when their health problem caused great physical discomfort or when it affected their work performances. The situation with respect to women’s and children’s health in the urban slums is not different; rather their health is neglected the most. Criteria considered are – examine the demographic characteristics of slum dwellers, the living conditions available for the women in the slum areas, the health and nutrition level of women slum dwellers, see the various policy measures and programs initiated by the Government for the women, know the child educational status, profile of child labour and family background, work status of male. In this case study, it is tried to give an overall scenario of slum dwellers.

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LOCATION MAP

Fig: 5.1

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6. DISCUSSION:

6.1 demographic structure, and migration

SEX RATIO MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN

60 6% 50 13% 31% MARRIED 40 UNMARRIED MALE 30 25% FEMALE 16% DIVORCE 20 9% WIDOW 10 SINGLE 0 MALE FEMALE SEPARATED

Fig: 6.1 & 6.2 Source: Primary survey, 2019

According to the primary survey, the female ratio in the Tikiapara slum is lower than male. In a total of 600 Fig:4 7 Source: Primary survey members, 57.5% of people are male and 42.5% female distributed in the ward no 19,20,22. The difference between the female ratio than male ratio is 15%. It is found that 31% of women are married 16% women are unmarried, 9% of women are divorced, 13% of women are single, 6% of women are separated. 25% of women are widow. They lost their husband for lack of treatment, dengue, taking too much alcohol and tobacco. Most of the women get early married. 48.03 % of women get married within 14-16 years old. 37.80 % of women get married in their adult age within 18- 20age. Only 14 % of women get married 20-22 age. Early marriage is also a responsible factor of early giving birth to their children as well. Previously we see that most of the women get early married. Under 17 age women gave birth 30% male and 24% female child. In the age 18-20, they gave 25% male and 20% female child. After age 20 they give birth 11% male and 13% female. So it is clear that most of the women giving birth to their children before their adult age.

AGE OF MARRIAGE OF WOMEN NUMBER OF CHILDREN

>20 60.00 50.00 FEMA 40.00 LE

18-20 <18 AGE 18-20 30.00 20.00 >20 PERCENTAGE <18 10.00

0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 0.00 <18 18-20 >20 PERCENTAGE AGE OF GIVING BIRTH

Fig: 6.3 & 6.4 Source: Primary survey, 2019

Most of the women and their family came from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orisha and others rural area in west Bengal like Bagnan, Amta, etc. most of the women came from Bihar the ratio is 48%. 32% of women migrated from Uttar Pradesh. 12% from orisha and 8 % of women came from other places. Most of them came here in before 1969 .51% women came here before 1969.33% women came in 1969-2000. And 16 % of women came in after 2000. And the reason for migration is mainly marriage and searching for a job. Their husband or father migrated here with family for job. 48% of women migrated for the job of their father and husband. 32% for marriage, 12% for education, 8% for some other reason like India Bangladesh division.

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PLACE OF ORIGIN YEAR OF MIGRATION REASON FOR MIGRATION OF WOMEN 60 50 50 8% 40 40 32% 30 30 20 Percentage 20 10 10 48% 0 0 12%

MARRIAGE EDUCATION EMPLOYMENT OTHERS

Fig: 6.5, 6.6 & 6.7 Source: Primary survey, 2019

6.2 Educational status : Educational status of women in slum is very low. Even that is one of the major cause of early marriage. few women stopped their study for early marriage and few for poverty and few for lack of interest. So they never fill that early marriage is not an intelligent decision. It may harm their health also. Some of them are illiterate even.

EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF TYPE OF SCHOOL WOMEN 6% ILLITERATE GOVERME PRIMARY 9%2% 21% NT 15% HIGHER PRIVATE PRIMARY 25% SECONDARY 28% HIGHER SECONDARY 94% GRADUATE

Fig: 6.8 & 6.9 Source: Primary survey, 2019

The illiterate ratio is 21%. 25% of women studied at primary level, 28% higher primary level, 15% are at the secondary level. Only 9% of women studied at the higher secondary level and only 2% studied in graduation level. So it is clear that most of the women studied primary to higher primary level.

CAUSES OF DROPOUT AGE OF DROPOUT 50.00 35.00 45.00 30.00 40.00 25.00 35.00 20.00 30.00 15.00 25.00 10.00 Percentage 20.00

PERCENTAGE 5.00 15.00 0.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 <10 10-15 >15

Fig: 6.10 & 6.11 Source: Primary survey, 2019

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And most of the women are illiterate. Tikiapara has Private & government both school. But children, women, and men in the slum can effort government school most. 94% of women can effort the government school. only 6 % of Fig: 14 Source: Primary survey women can effort private school for their own or their children study. As a result of migration and some other causes, they are a dropout from schools. 43% of women are school dropout. And 57 % are not dropped out of school. The age of school dropout is quite early. 45 of % women dropout within age 10. 35 of% women are dropout in age 10-15. 21 of % of women dropout in age after 16. They are dropout not only for migration. There are also other causes. 18% of women dropout for migration. They were studied in their old residence but after coming here her family stopped their study. Most of the women (33%) stop their study for marriage. 28% of women are involved in work to support their family so they stop their study and drop out of school. 21% of women are dropout for money issues. They were not able to provide school fees and other expenses related to the study. and low thinking is also a major cause of school dropout. Most of the people think that women are only to serve their husband and for raising their children.

6.3 Economic Profile

SOURCE OF INCOME NUMBER OF EARNING MEMBER

MAID SERVANT 40.00 20% SHOP ASSISTANCE 30.00 26% BEGGARS 20.00 10%

Percentage 12% HAWKER 10.00 14% 18% RAGPICKER 0.00 MORE THAN ONE MALE FEMALE CHILD OCCUPATION

Fig: 6.12 & 6.13 Source: Primary survey, 2019

NUMBER OF WORKING DAYS IN A MONTHLY INCOME WEEK 70.00 60.00 15% 50.00 30% 40.00 Percentage 30.00 55% 20.00 10.00 0.00 7 DAYS 6 DAYS 4 DAYS <2000 2000-5000 >5000

Fig: 6.14 & 6.15 Source: Primary survey, 2019

From the primary survey more or less all the people including children are involved in work. In Tikiapara slum the women worker are more than a male worker. 40% of women are involved in work while the male worker is 34 %. 26 %. Children are involved in work because of their family influence. Mainly their parents are teaching them to do beggary, rag picking. Tikiapara station is the central point of them to beggary. The women’s main source of income is a maidservant. 20% of women are domestic servant. 10% of them are shop assistants. 12% of women are rag picker, 14% are beggars and 18% are a hawker. But these women are not doing a single work. Most of the 26% of women are involved in more than one occupation. Its mainly observed in those women who are maidservant, some of them are shop assistants and hawker too. After doing domestic work in other houses they assist a small stationary or tea shop in the station. Not only that, some of them help their husband in his work. Most of them have to work all days in a week. The women who are domestic servant, and assist shop mainly works 7 days a week. 59% of women work all days in a week. Few women hawkers do their job 6 days a week. 33% of women work 6days in a week. Only 8% of women work 4 days a week. They are mainly rag pickers. Monthly income of women is very low. The women who do more than one Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 369 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-0620 Volume - 5, Issue - 8, Aug – 2019 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor: 6.497 Received Date: 20/08/2019 Acceptance Date: 30/08/2019 Publication Date: 31/08/2019

occupation get 2000-5000/-. The ratio is 55%. Mainly the hawkers, beggars and rag picker’s monthly income is less than 2000/-. Because of their unpredictable business. Few women’s monthly incomes more than 5000/-. They are mainly using their children for work while they doing another job by herself. Like if she is a domestic servant or shop assistance they send their children either for beggary or hawker or picked rag and the women also doing more than one occupation. Sometimes they sell hen, goat, an birds which are their husband’s occupation.

DISTANCE OF WORKING PLACE MONTHLY EXPENDITURE FROM HOME 45.00 60.00 40.00 51.04 35.00 50.00 30.00 40.00 25.00

Percentage 20.00 30.00 27.08 15.00 20.00 10.00 14.58 5.00 10.00 Source: primary survey, 2019 Fig: 7.29 0.00 4.25 WITHIN 1KM 1-2KM 2-5 KM MORE THAN 5 0.00 KM <2000 2000-3000 3000-5000 >5000

Fig: 6.16 & 6.17 Source: Primary survey, 2019

They doing this to help their husband and also increase their income level. So it can be concluded that the women, whom monthly income more than 5000/- are involved with many works. The working places of the women are not so far from residence. 20 % of women cover 1km to reach their working place. 40 % of women cover 2km distance, 30 % of women cover 3-4km distance and 12 % of women cover more than 5 km distance The main investment of slum depends mainly on women’s salary. Because men spend their salary on alcohol and tobacco. Gambling is a major cause of lost maximum % salary of men. So, as a result, families have to depend on women’s salary. But the men torture on the women and take women’s money by forcefully. However, 27% of women spend almost 2000/- from their total income. 51% of women spend 2000-3000/-. According to them what they earn is completely spent in a month. 15% of women spent 3000-5000/-. 7% of women spent 5000/-. Few women spend their income on medicines, school fees, and food.

6.4 Women’s Status : In the slum area, it is found that women are victims of oppression. Their husband and other family member torture on her while they are drunk. Sometimes anybody of the family needs money to bring drug if the women prevent to do so, they may oppress. 52 % of women said that they are not oppressed by anyone.

TYPE OF TORTURE PERSON WHO TORTURED

40.00 51.00 35.00 41.00 30.00 PHYSICAL 31.00 25.00 LY MENTALL 20.00 21.00 Y 15.00 BOTH 11.00 10.00 1.00 5.00 0.00

Fig: 6.18 & 6.19 Source: Primary survey, 2019

But 48 % of women said that they are oppressed by her family member. Most of the women said they face not only physically but also mentally torture. And most of them face physical and mental torture. According to survey 27% women faced physical torture, 14% of women faced mentally torture like threats, using slang language, scared to hurt and 40% of women faced both mentally and physically torture. Women tortured by their family members mainly. Their husband, son, in-laws, and parents mainly torture on them. Previously I discussed the reasons for torture. 54% of women

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tortured by their husband, 8% of women tortured by their son, 33% women tortured by their in-laws and 4% women physically tortured by their parents mainly my father and brother. The women are not protesting in nature. They did not take a serious and strong step. Only a few of them report to police against the torture on her. The ratio is only 8%. 23% of women report to their relatives, but it never had helpful to them. 14% of women report to the neighbours but the neighbours did not take any step. 4% of women committed suicide even. 19% of women are retaliated in nature. If someone hurt her they hurt them too.

WOMEN REACTION FOR FEMALE HEADED FAMILY ASSULT REPORT THE POLICE 4% 8% 19% CONFINE THE 80 INCIDENT WITH 33% HOUSEHOLD 60 14% REPORT THE RELATIVES 40 23% REPORT THE NEIGHBORS 20 RETALIATE 0

PERCENTAGE Take decision Cannot take COMMIT SUICIDE decision

Fig: 6.20 & 6.21 Source: Primary survey, 2019 Though the women’s monthly income is more than men they are not able to take any serious decision. It is broke down their confidence level and makes them speechless. Only a few families are female-headed family. 22% of the family is female-headed family. And 78 % of the family is not a female-headed family. In female-headed families, Females can take mainly economic decisions. 55% of women from the total female-headed family take economic decisions. 27% of women take social decisions and 18 % of women take economic and social both decisions. The women who take decisions in the female-headed family are mainly mother or mother in law. But the major decisions

DOMESTIC ACTIVITIES TAKEN DOWRY

cooking 13% 100.00 23% cleaning 80.00

21% child care 60.00

helping children in 40.00 18% study 7% look after other 20.00 family member 18% others 0.00 taken not taken Fig: 6.22& 6.23 Source: Primary survey, 2019 are taken by the husband and father in law in the family. Women spend a day doing lots of domestic works like cooking, cleaning, childcare, etc. They have to do more than one work. Not any male member help them in domestic work. Few male members help children in the study. Only 7% of women help children in their study. They devote almost 10 hours for domestic works. But working women can devote 5-6 hours for domestic works. Housewives devote more than 11 hours in their domestic works. All women even continue their domestic work during pregnancy. Their daughter and In- laws help them sometimes. women spend their leisure time by gossiping with neighbours. Even in present modern society men and his family take dowry from women’s family during their marriage. 87% of women and their family gave dowry during the marriage. Some of them do not feel anything wrong to do so. Even some women also feel that giving or taking dowry is necessary for marriage. These narrow thinking people even stop their girl child’s education. They feel that girl’s education is least important.

6.5 Health And Nutrition: Most of the women in slum take meal 3 times and 2 t time. 46% women take meal 4 time, 32 % women t fake meal 2 time(lunch and dinner), 22% women take meal 4 times (breakfast, lunch of, evening snacks, dinner). They eat rice, pulses almost all day. They eat rice at lunch, for dinner, they eat muri or chapatti. They eat fish or meat once or Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 371 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-0620 Volume - 5, Issue - 8, Aug – 2019 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor: 6.497 Received Date: 20/08/2019 Acceptance Date: 30/08/2019 Publication Date: 31/08/2019

twice in a month. Mostly they prefer rice and pulses and vegetables like potato, tomato, green leafy, etc. lack of food they suffer from a health problem. The women who take food twice in a day faced problem during their pregnancy. They feel weak during work time. They get sick most of the time. But did not visit a doctor for lack of money and their family also did not take initiatives for them because of poverty.

MEAL TAKEN PER DAY TYPE OF HEALTH CENTRE

22% 32%

82.26 46%

17.74

2 time 3 time 4 time GOVERMENT PRIVATE

Fig: 6.24 & 6.25 Source: Primary survey, 2019

However, they take medicines from the near shop without consulting with a doctor. The women who had to visit in the hospital mostly they prefer government hospital for low-cost treatment. Few people consume private hospital. The ratio is 18%. And 82.26% of women prefer government hospital for surgeries and delivery and other serious issues. They visit hospital mostly surgery time. 67% of women visit hospital surgery time. 3% of women visit the hospital in minor issues during pregnancy. 30% of women visit major issues like dengue, typhoid, etc. but most of the women visit Surgery. Most of the women’s delivery place is hospital but 38% women’s delivery place is within their residence.

AILMENTS TO GO HOSPITAL PLACE OF DELIVERY 70 60 50 40 30 67.00 Percentage 20 30.00 10 3.00 0 MAJOR MINOR SURGERIES HOSPITAL WITHIN RESIDENCE

Fig: 6.26 & 6.27 Source: Primary survey,2019

And 62% women had delivery in hospital. Most of them are assist by doctor mostly in government hospital. 62% of women assisted by a doctor. But even if in present modern life still, some women assist by the untrained

VISIT TO DOCTOR FOR REGULAR ASSIST PREGNENT WOMEN CHECK-UP DURING PREGNENCY DURING DELIVERY 70 60 80 50 60 40

30 40 Percentage

20 20 PERCENTAGE 10 0 0 DOCTOR TRAINED UNTRAINED visit did not visit NURSE PERSON Fig: 6.28 & 6.29 Source: Primary survey, 2019

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person or any trained nurse at home. Though the ratio is low it still exists. 26% of women assisted a bit trained nurse. And of 12% of women are assisted by the untrained person. The reason for this is poverty and low thinking. They also believe that the trained nurse and untrained person are more caring and believable rather than doctors in the hospital. They thought hospital authority may cheat them. Few women visit to doctor during pregnancy for a regular check-up. Rest of the women don’t feel any importance to check-up for poverty. 68% of women didn’t visit to doctor for a check- up. Only 32% of women visit to doctor for a check-up. But not regularly. 31 % of women visit to doctor during delivery time. 28% of women visit to doctor they feel requirement. 25% of women visit to doctor once in a month. 10% of women visit the doctor twice in a month and only 6 % of women visit to doctor more than that. 50% of women visit to doctor after pregnancy when they required. 33% of women visit the doctor once in a month, 11% of women visit twice in a month and only 6% of women visit more than that. 52% of women spend 200-300/- for medicine to her family. 10% of women spend more than 300/- and 38% of women spend 100-200/- for their family in medicine. They dispose of garbage in the outside of the house. Some slum dwellers dispose of garbage in open drains. 35% slum dwellers dispose of garbage in open drains. 6 % of people burn garbage and 3% people dump garbage in pits.56% people dump garbage in front of the house. it’s make an unhealthy condition. Most of the people including women are using open places for sanitation. Few of them use the public toilet. But these are not clean. Few

60 GARBAGE DISPOSAL SANITATION 70 50 60 40 50

30 40

20 30 10 20

0 10 open drains dumping burning dumping in outside the pits 0 house PUBLIC TOILATE OWN OPEN PLACES Fig: 6.30 & 6.31 Source: Primary survey, 2019 women have own bathroom. But 65% of women use open places for sanitation. Mainly in ward no.20, the women’s use railway side for sanitation. So, the environment is too unhealthy to live a living being in those places. In the ward no. 20 government make a toilet. But only a few women use this. Some of them did not use this for far distance.

7. FINDINGS: All the slum dwellers mainly immigrated. Sometimes it is seen that the recent generation claims themselves as the original population of Haora, but their previous generation was migrated. Slum peoples are migrated from either interior parts of West Bengal or Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orisha, Bangladesh, etc. Illiterate level of women is found high in the wards surveyed. Illiteracy of women highest in the ward no. 20. (Fig-5.1) A large part of women is dropout at school mainly for poverty, marriage, searching for works and low thinking of family members. It is observed that some of the women’s delivery is done in their residence. And they are assisted by a trained nurse or sometimes untrained persons. Most of the women have no decision making power in family or society. Though they are working women but have no decision making power (Table- 5.2). Most of the family have no LPG connection. Most of the women take a meal 2 times. They dispose of garbage either open-drain or in front of their house. Most of the women have voter Id card. But they have no BPL card. The women in slum faced torture on them by the male members. Most of them cannot protest against torture on them. The women and their family used their children for beggary, hawker, rag picking, etc. Most of the women used a sanitary napkin in menstrual time but they dispose of napkins in drain. Water logging is the major problem in those wards. The open-drain is the main cause of waterlogging. However, the female illiteracy rate is shown by the Lorenz curve, and women health, working women and female-headed family’s relation is shown by multivariate regression briefly in below-

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Table- 7.1 : calculation table for Lorenz curve

Ward Total Female PopulationSlum Total Female Slum Illiterate % Of Total Female Slum Illiterate Rank % Of Total Female Illiterate %Of Total Female Slum Illiterate Cumulative % Of Total Female Population Cumulative % Of Total Female Slum Illiterate Xi*Yi+1 Xi+1*Yi 19 85 35 41.18 22 42.11 38.66 42.11 38.66 2866.50 2863.17

20 69 38 55.07 19 31.95 29.41 74.06 68.07 7406.00 6807.00

22 112 46 41.07 20 25.94 31.93 100.00 100.00 0 0 total 266 119 100 100 100 10272.50 9670.17

Source: primary survey, 2019

Gini coefficient(G)= 1/100*100 |∑ xi*yi+1 - ∑xi+1*yi | = 1/100*100 | 10272.50 – 9670.17 | = 0.0602 =0.06

Lorenz curve Showing Female illiterate in Tikiapara slum(ward no.19,20,22) 100 90 G=0.06 80 70 60 lorenz curve 50 40 line of 30 equality 20 10 0

cumulative illiterate slum female tolal cumulative % of 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 cumulative % of total female population in slum

Fig: 7.1 Source: Primary survey, 2019

The ‘x’ axis represents cumulative percentage of the total female population in the slum (ward no.19, 20, 22) and ‘y’ axis represent cumulative percentage of total female illiterate in the slum of the same wards. It is observed that the line of uniform distribution and Lorenz curve distance is low. The rate of illiteracy is negative in those wards. The literacy rate is lower than the equal line. So, it can be concluded that illiterate women in the slum of the three wards mainly back push them in society. The reasons for illiteracy are migration, marriage, low thinking, searching for works, etc. Education develops the skills, imparts knowledge, changes the attitude and improves self confidence. It provides employment opportunity and increases income. Hence, almost all the women in those wards are involved with work but their types of work and the Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 374 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-0620 Volume - 5, Issue - 8, Aug – 2019 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor: 6.497 Received Date: 20/08/2019 Acceptance Date: 30/08/2019 Publication Date: 31/08/2019

income rates of these workers are very low. For illiteracy they could not protest against torture on them, taking dowry by the male person at the time of marriage, gender discrimination about education. Illiteracy makes a woman voiceless. For improve lifestyle education is necessary. Not only that proper education provides proper employment and employment provide economy, so an increase in the economy will also help our nation in economic development. Because a vast population in urban are slums and most of them are illiterate.

8. ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS:

 The majority of slum population is from Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh in ward no.19, from Bangladesh in ward no.20 and from a different rural part of Haora in ward no.22  In three wards understudy women illiteracy is higher than male illiteracy.  Children are engaged in work like hawker, beggary, rag picking, etc.  In many cases, Women’s income used in domestic purpose, but women have no decision making power.  Use of LPG gas as cooking fuel is very low.  Only a few people have BPL card in these three wards.  Water logging is a major problem in those areas for every year in monsoon drains contraction responsible for water logging.  Most of the slum families suffer from malaria, dengue, cholera and skin diseases. But insecticide provider seeing very rare  Torturing on women is high.  People in ward no 19 and 22 live in the ugliest and unhygienic area.  In some cases, female’s delivery happens within the residence.  Low thinking is a major cause of women illiteracy.  They dispose of garbage either in the drain or in front of the house. so unhealthiest condition increases.  `Housing structure mainly inward no.20 is very feeble to lasting long.  There was not a single person was aware of cleanliness.

9. SUGGESTIONS:

 Provide bathrooms.  Provide an LPG connection.  Providing tap water in ward no 22 and 19  Providing awareness to a female about the importance of education.  Insist women protest against torture on them.  Provide insecticides.  Aware people about the importance of cleanliness.  Drain construction should be closed to improve the water logging problem.

10. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING POLICY MEASURES:

1. Common toilet constructed by HMC in slum pockets in ward no. 19, 20. 2. Health camps are very irregular in slum pockets. 3. The scheme of build flat has just started in ward 20. 4. Regular municipal services like garbage collection, drain cleaning, sweeping are also not provided in the slum wards.

11. CONCLUSION : Finally, it can be concluded that slums are the most neglected part of the urban area. They faced several problems in their daily life. Every slum wards have different size of and population. The population is increasing every year. Most of the peoples coming from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orisha, Bangladesh. It is observed that the educational level, economic condition, and the basic infrastructure facilities are considered responsible as the main criteria behind this situation. The rapid growth of urbanization in those areas is a major cause of the growth of slums. Women’s condition is very poor. They are illiterate than men. In some cases, such families did not allow their girl child to go to school. And family members prefer their sons for higher education. It is observed that women face early marriage. And male members take dowry at the time of their marriage. Women’s are used to do several types of work, they contribute their earning for domestic consumption. But only a few women can take decisions in their houses. Females face many kinds

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of torturing. Mainly male members torture on them after drinking alcohol. Male members spend a major part of their income on his addiction things. Diseases are high in those areas. Waterlogging is a major cause of disease and open drain is a major cause of waterlogging. In some cases, it is observed that some women taking meal only one time in a day. Even some women’s delivery happens within the residence. Because of poverty women use their children for work, children used to do beggary in the station However, Slums are spreading over the city disturbing its natural growth. As the problem of the slum in becoming a huge burden on this city, it can be suggested that to upgrade slums, major problem areas and the worst zones are to be identified, and the different developmental strategies should be implemented zone-wise as per requirements, resources, and priorities.

REFERENCES:

Journal papers:

1. Agarwal, N., Acharya, S., & Shindre,R.,(2014),2 Health And Nutritional Status Of Children Under 3 Years Of Age In Urban Slums Of Mumbai, India, Issn No 2277-8179,Vol-3 2. Bhatnagar, M., (2010),Urban Slum And Poverty, Isbn 978-81-87445-38-8,Published By Sharma, S.K., Ritu Publications. 3. Chaudhry, K.A., Bajwa.M., & Nawaz. A.,(2014). A Case Study On The Slum dwellers Of Urban Lahore. Issn,Vol-2, No. 1 4. Das, B., Khara.U., Giri, P.,& Bandyopadhyay, Aditya.,(2012), The Challenges Of Development India: A Case Study Of Melatala- Dasnagar Slum Area Of Hmc, International Journal Of Advanced System And Social Engineering Research, Issn: 2278-6031. 5. Fan,S., Chan-Kang, C.,& Mukherjee, Anit.,(2005), Rural And Urban Dynamics And Poverty: Evidence From China And India, Issn: 81-314-0596-6. 6. Ghosh, S., (2013), Regional Disparities of Slums, An Overview With Special Emphasis To Kolkata, International Journal Of Humanities And Social Science Invention, Issn:2319-7722,Vol.2,I.3, Pp.48-54 7. Goswami, S., (2014), A Study Of Women's Health Care Practice In Urban Slums: Indian Scenario, Journal of Evidence-Based Women's Health Journal Society, Doi.10.1097/01.Ebx.0000456499.60072.56,Vol.4,I.4,P.201- 207. 8. Goswami, S., Manna, S., (2013),Urnan Poor Living In Slums:A Case Study of Raipur City In India, Global Journal of Health Science,Vol.13,I.4,Version-1.0. 9. Hallder, S., (2011), Concentration of Slum In District's Sadar Town And Its Socio-Economic Condition: A Case Study of English Bazar Town, Maldah District, W.B, In National Geographical Journal of India, 57, No.2 10. Hassan, A., Shukla.V.,(2013), Nutritional Status Of Women Living In Slums Of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh, India, Issn2320-7876,Www.Ijfans.Com, Vol-2, Iss-1 11. Kamruzzaman, M., Hakim, M.A., (2016),Socio-economic Status Of Slum Dwellers:An Empirical Study On The Capital City Of Bangladesh, American Journal Of Business And Society,Vol.1,No.2,Pp.13-18. 12. Malshe, A.,(2008), Education Of Women, Icfai University PressYasmin, M., (2012), Occupational Mobility Among Slum Dwellers: A Case Study Of Delhi, Issn 2224-607x(Paper)Issn 2225-0565(Online), Vol-2,No-11 13. Ramaswamy,V.,Chakravarty,M.,(1997),The Struggle Of The Labouring Poor, And A Vision, Strategy And Programme For Tenant-Led Bastiland City Renewal, In Environment And Urbanization 9, No.63,Doi:10.1177/095624789700900222 14. Roy, K.T.,(2009),An Appraisal Of Slums And Slum Dwellers And Few Recommendations On Slum Improvement:Case Of Barasat Municipality, In Indian Journal Of Landscape System And Ecological Studies, Vol.32,No.2 15. Singh, B.N.,(2016), Socio-Economic Conditions Of Slums Dwellers:A Theoretical Study,Kaav International Journal Of Arts,Humanities And Social Science,Issn-2348-4349,Vol.3,I.3/A2. 16. Sufaira,C.,(2013), Socio-Economic Conditions Of Urban Slum Dwellers In Kannur Municipality,Iosr-Jhss,Vol- 10,I-5,Pp.12-24,E-Issn:2279-0837,P-Issn:2279-0845. 17. Chandra, S.,(2017),Slums-The Dark Patches In Urban Environment: A Case Study Of Haora Municipal Corporation,West Bengal, Thesis Submitted For The Degree Of Doctor Of Philosophy In Science (Geography),The University Of Burdwan. 18. Chaudhry, K.A., Bajwa.M., & Nawaz. A.,(2014). A Case Study On The Slum Dwellers Of Urban Lahore. Issn,Vol-2, No. 1 19. Das, B.,Khara.U., Giri,P.,& Bandyopadhyay, Aditya.,(2012), The Challenges Of Development India: A Case Study Of Melatala- Dasnagar Slum Area Of Hmc, International Journal Of Advanced System And Social Engineering Research, Issn: 2278-6031. Available online on – WWW.IJIRMF.COM Page 376 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-0620 Volume - 5, Issue - 8, Aug – 2019 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor: 6.497 Received Date: 20/08/2019 Acceptance Date: 30/08/2019 Publication Date: 31/08/2019

20. Fan, S., Chan-Kang, C.,& Mukherjee, Anit.,(2005), Rural And Urban Dynamics And Poverty: Evidence From China And India, Issn: 81-314-0596-6. 21. Ghosh, S.,(2013), Regional Disparities Of Slums, An Overview With Special Emphasis To Kolkata, International Journal Of Humanities And Social Science Invention, Issn:2319-7722,Vol.2,I.3,Pp.48-54 22. Goswami, S.,(2014),A Study Of Women's Health Care Practice In Urban Slums: Indian Scenario, Journal Of Evidence-Based Women's Health Journal Society,Doi.10.1097/01.Ebx.0000456499.60072.56,Vol.4,I.4,P.201- 207. 23. Goswami, S., Manna, S.,(2013), Urnan Poor Living In Slums: A Case Study Of Raipur City In India, Global Journal Of Health Science,Vol.13,I.4,Version-1.0. 24. Hallder, S.,(2011), Concentration Of Slum In District's Sadar Town And Its Socio-Economic Condition: A Case Study Of English Bazar Town, Maldah District, W.B, In National Geographical Journal Of India, 57, No.2 25. Hassan, A., Shukla.V., (2013), Nutritional Status of Women Living In Slums Of Allahabad City, Uttar Pradesh, India, Issn2320-7876,Www.Ijfans.Com, Vol-2, Iss-1 26. Kamruzzaman, M.,Hakim,M.A.,(2016), Socio-economic Status Of Slum Dwellers:An Empirical Study On The Capital City Of Bangladesh,American Journal Of Business And Society,Vol.1, No.2, Pp.13-18. 27. Malshe, A.,(2008), Education Of Women, Icfai University Press Yasmin, M.,(2012), Occupational Mobility Among Slum Dwellers: A Case Study Of Delhi, Issn 2224- 607x(Paper)Issn 2225-0565(Online), Vol-2,No-11 28. Ramaswamy, V., Chakravarty,M., (1997), The Struggle Of The Labouring Poor, And A Vision, Strategy And Programme For Tenant-Led Bastiland City Renewal, In Environment And Urbanization 9, No.63,Doi:10.1177/095624789700900222 29. Roy, K.T.,(2009),An Appraisal Of Slums And Slum Dwellers And Few Recommendations On Slum Improvement: Case Of Barasat Municipality, In Indian Journal Of Landscape System And Ecological Studies, Vol.32,No.2 30. Singh, B.N.,(2016), Socio-economic Conditions Of Slums Dwellers: A Theoretical Study, Kaav International Journal Of Arts, Humanities And Social Science,Issn-2348-4349,Vol.3,I.3/A2. 31. Sufaira, C.,(2013), Socio-Economic Conditions Of Urban Slum Dwellers In Kannur Municipality,Iosr- Jhss,Vol-10,I-5,Pp.12-24,E-Issn:2279-0837,P-Issn:2279-0845.

Census and report:

1. Primary Census Abstract, District Haora, Census of India,2001 2. Primary Census Abstract, District Haora, Census of India,2011 3. Slum Population (Cities By Ward), Census of India,2001. 4. Slum Population, District Census Handbook, District Haora, Census of India,2011. 5. Slum Population, Primary Census Abstract, District Haora, Census of India,2011. 6. USHA Survey (Urban Statistics For HR And Assessments) Report, Haora Municipal Corporation, 2012.

Webpage: http://iigeo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015.

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PHOTO PLATES

Plate No.1: Working women. Plate No.2: Survey with women during her work.

Plate No.3: Rags are stored.

Plate No.3: Rags are stored. Plate No.4: working place of men and women.

Plate No.5: Common bathroom. Plate No.6: Houses in unhygienic place.

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