GCSE History: The Reigns of King Richard and John KT1: Medieval Society

KEY VOCABULARY TIMELINE KEY INDIVIDUALS An English Royal House in the 12th and Early 13th Century. Like ‘The Chancellor to rule while Tudors’ you can have ‘The Angevins’ King Richard and John were 1187 - 89 Richard fought with the French King, Philip II, Richard was on crusade Angevin ‘Angevins’. This is because they ruled part of around Anjou – a against his father King Henry II. William through the use of charters country that Henry II inherited from his father. This Empire which spread Longchamp 1189 Richard is crowned King and writs. Longchamp was as far as the border with Spain, is called the ‘Angevin Empire’ also made a justiciar Richard leaves to go on crusade leaving The land the King kept for himself was called his demesne 1189 William Longchamp in charge as Chancellor John captured his nephew, Someone who rules a kingdom because the King is absent, or incapable of Arthur, who had a claim to Regent John attempts to seize the throne, naming himself ruling the throne, at Mirebeau. 1193 Regent. He sets up his own court and begins Arthur of Arthur’s body was later The practice of the King and his court travelling around the country – this collecting . Itinerant King Brittany found in the River Seine. helped him build relations with important nobles According to the chivalric The Norman’s had established the rule that the eldest legitimate son of 1199 Richard dies, and John is crowned King of England. code Arthur should have Primogeniture the King should inherit. been ransomed. An officer of the King’s court who heard law cases and made judgements John defeats and captures Arthur at the battle of Justiciar 1202 on the King’s behalf Mirabeau Mother to Richard and John Eleanor of and wife of Henry II. She The Hierarchical social system in the Middle Ages, based on holding lands. John introduces the Thirteenth – This raised Aquitaine supported both their claims Feudal System E.g. a would be given some land by a knight and in return they 1207 £60,000 but was so unpopular John did not risk as they secured the throne. would have to farm the knight’s land for him. collecting it again. The ceremony in which a new tenant swore loyalty to his tenant-in-chief. MEDIEVAL SOCIETY This ceremony created a bond of loyalty. A man who held land (known as a ) under the feudal system and has THE BARONS THE KNIGHTS THE done homage to his lord for that land. The barons received their fief (land) in MANORIAL ESTATES: The knights Villeins worked on the manorial estates return for loyalty, which they showed were the lords of manorial estates. If a WEEK WORK: A villain had to work A peasant who paid rent for their land. They were free to move as they Freeman when they paid Homage. knight did not fulfil his fighting duties for the lord on his land on certain days liked. The Barons paid a lot of taxes.. when called, his land would be forfeit. of the week – this was known as ‘week A peasant who was the property of their lord. A villein, unlike a freeman, WARDSHIP FINES: if a baron died The estate made up one or a few work’ Villein could not move to another village in search of a better life. and his heir was underage, his land villages which surrounded a manor BOON WORK – A villain had to passed to the King. The King would house. The land was divided up gather the harvest on his lord’s land – The land given to a knight by a baron in return for loyalty and military keep the revenue from the land, and amongst the peasants. this was boon work. Fief service when the baron’s son came of age, he Freemen typically lived in towns If a knight did not keep his oath (promise) e.g if he did not turn up to fight, would return the land for a fine. John working a trade like Blacksmiths. They increased the fine 300% had to belong to the guild to sell their Forfeit then he could have his land taken away from him. This is called a goods. forfeiture. We still use the word forfeit today it means ‘give up’. GCSE History: The Reigns of King Richard and John KT2: Involvement Overseas

KEY VOCABULARY TIMELINE Sept Richard agrees a three year truce with 1192 . The Christians would control Crusade A holy war fought by Christians against Muslims for control over the 1187 Saladin defeats the Christian army and takes control of the coastline, the Muslims would Holy city of ; where Jesus was crucified. Jerusalem for the Muslims. Pope Gregory VIII issued a papal bull control Jerusalem and would allow calling for the . Christian pilgrims safe access. Full Immediate entry into heaven with no need to go to purgatory. These indulgence were promised by the Pope for everyone volunteering to go on 1190 French, English and German armies leave for the Holy Land. Nov Richard is shipwrecked and is forced . Richard the Lionheart led an army of 17, 000 Englishmen. 1192 to travel on foot. He is recognized, arrested and imprisoned by Leopold Penance A punishment inflicted on oneself to show repentance of wrongdoing or Sept Richard arrives in Sicily. The warm welcome given to Richard of Austria. sins. Going on crusade was a form of penance because it was so hard. 1190 makes Philip jealous and although he tries to leave the weather prevents him. Purgatory According to Catholic teaching this was where people were ‘purged’ of 4 Feb Richard is released after being held their sins after they died. Purgatory was in between heaven and hell. May Richard arrives in Cyprus and marries Berengaria (despite 1194 for one year and 6 weeks 1191 having promised to marry Philip’s sister, Alice). Richard also conquered Cyprus meaning he could then supply his troops. 1198 Richard completes the building of Papal Bull An official letter from the Pope. Pope Gregory VIII’s in 1187 started the Chateau Gaillard for the enormous Third Crusade. July Richard and Philip capture Acre. Philip returns to France after a cost of £12,000 1191 final quarrel with Richard. When Saladin did not follow the Jan Richard almost controlled the Vexin Take the Going on crusade. When men went on crusade, they sewed a cross to terms of the surrender Richard beheaded 2,700 prisoners. He 1199 and he and Philip negotiate a truce. cross their tunics, this is where the phrase came from. then successfully marched along the coast.

Sept Richard defeats Saladin’s army at Arsuf. Saladin had been forced April Richard dies after a wound becomes A that was collected to fund the crusades. 1191 to engage Richard in battle and Richard had shown his bravery 1199 infected. and tactics.

Ransom According to the code of chivalry, when captured a King should be Oct Richard begins a march on Jerusalem KEY INDIVIDUALS ransomed. Henry, Leopold and Philip eventually agreed on the sum of 1191 100,000 marks for Richard (about £2 billion) Frederic The Head of the Holy Roman Vexin A strip of land in France, running from Normandy to Paris. This had k Empire, which includes present Jan Richard is forced to retreat from the march on Jerusalem. strategic importance and was controlled by Richard Barbaro day Germany. He was known as 1192 Heavy rains made things difficult and they were afraid Saladin’s ssa Barbarossa because of his red forces would surround them in Jerusalem. Betrothed A binding promise to marry. Isabelle of Angouleme was betrothed to beard. John’s vassal Hugh de Lusignan. When Richard died, and John became June Richard begins a second march on Jerusalem. The second Philip II King of France who had regularly King, John married Isabelle. Phillip summons John to court, but John 1192 march started well and there were rumours that Saladin was quarreled with Richard. He was refuses. Philip renews his attacks on Normandy, eventually taking not keeping his troops together. jealous of the Angevin lands Chateau Gaillaird. July Richard pulls back his troops again. He was worried Saladin Richard controlled in France. 1192 would cut off the supply routes from the coast, water was scarce at the height of summer and he had heard of John’s Saladin Leader of the Muslim forces. rebellion at home. GCSE History: The Reigns of King Richard and John KT3: John’s Downfall

Oct 1214 John returns from Normandy. His failure to KEY VOCABULARY TIMELINE recapture the areas in France had angered the Interdict A serious punishment that meant the people of England 1204 John loses Normandy, including the wealth of the barons who had paid for the war. area, when Philip defeats him. were not allowed to access Christian sacraments. Nov Unhappy barons meet at Bury St Edmunds to Churches responded by having services outside. July 1205 Hubert Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury 1214 demand changes, aiming to get John to agree to the Sacrament An important Christian ceremony e.g baptism, dies. John assumed he could persuade the monks Coronation Charter. of Canterbury to select his choice. marriage, burial and anointing the sick with holy oil. Jan 1215 John meets the barons in London but refuses to Bishopric The area of the country a bishop was responsible for. March 1206 Pope Innocent III rejects John’s choice and instead reach an agreement. He says he will give a decision The King could claim money from all bishoprics that selected Stephen Langton. The Pope believe the in April. King should obey the pope’s orders. John refuses were vacant. 4 March John takes the cross. This meant that he was under to allow Langton into England, expels the monks 1215 the protection of the church. John did not have to Excommunic The most serious punishment the Pope could issue. It from Canterbury and seizes land held by Italian settle with them and they could not rebel. ation meant all Christians were no longer obliged to obey priests. John. April A rebel army gathers (39 barons and 1,400 knights) March 1208 Although Innocent III sent bishops to try to 1215 and sends further demands to John. John receives A payment made by knights in return for not having persuade John to accept Langton he refused. The letters of papal support. to fight. Pope places England under Interdict. John chooses to seize all church revenue and Fines John tried to combat his lack of income by imposing May Rebels renounce loyalty to John and choose Robert confiscated church lands. 1215 Fitz Walter as their leader. The rebels them move new fines on his barons. e.g for marrying without his onto and capture London. This meant that John had permission. He also increased the amount he fined. 1209 - 1214 John closed down the law court in Westminster lost the finances of London. E.g £400 on inheriting when £100 was seen as and only his approved judges could hear cases. reasonable. The barons resented this level of control. 15 June John agrees to the seal the ‘Articles of the barons’ 1215 the draft for the . John then contacts Arbitrary Taking action based on a personal idea or prejudice. Nov 1209 John is excommunicated. Pope Innocent III who says the document is illegal. John continued to grow richer, claiming the John refuses to agree. Magna Carta ‘Great Charter’ signed in 1215 by King John. The King’s income from 7 bishoprics. authority had been limited by a legal agreement. This KEY INDIVIDUALS had 63 clauses and included May 1213 The threat of invasion forces John to reconcile • Church to be free from King’s interference with Pope Innocent III and he becomes his vassal. Robert Fitz Two barons involved in hatching a plot to kill • All taxes, such as scutage, had to be agreed by the This means that the Pope would have to support Walter and John. John defeated them and they fled into barons John if he is attacked. Eustace de exile. • King could not interfere with justice John has to agree to pay compensation to the Vesci • A council of barons would advise the King and Pope. ensure he kept his promises. William de One of John’s favoured barons who had been 1214 John leaves for France to try to regain lands in Braose rewarded with lands. John turned against him Coronation This was issued by John’s great grandfather at his Normandy. He is believed to have spent £135,000 and imprisoned his wife and some who Charter coronation. He swore to restore good government to on the campaign which had been raised by the starved to death. England and guarantee the freedoms of the people. 11th scutage of this reign. Llewelyn A Welsh prince who seized land for himself during John’s attempts to take land in .