The influence of vertical zonation on changes in the ecological niches of 8. Склюев В. В., Мозговой Д. П. Особенности поведения и динамика численности лисицы обыкновенной (Vulpes vulpes) в Красноармейском районе Самарской области//Вестник Самарского государственного ун-та. Естественнонаучная серия. 2009. № 2 (68). 9. Blohin G. I., Gorbunova E. V. Fox (Vulpes vulpes) in urbanized landscape of Moscow region//Izvestiya TSKhA. Special issue. 2012. 10. Doncaster C. P., Macdonald D. W. Activity patterns and interactions of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Oxford city//Journal of Zoology. 1997. V. 241. № 1. 11. Fedriani J. M., Palomares F., Delibes M. Niche relations among three sympatric Mediterranean carnivores//Oeco- logia. 1999. V. 121. 12. Keenan R. J. Home range use and spatial relationships of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) in south central Ontario: a radiotelemetric study. 1995. 13. Maurel D. Home range and activity rhythm of adult male foxes during the breeding season//Pergamon Press. – Oxford. 1980. 14. Osterholm H. The significance of distance receptors in the feeding behavior of the fox, Vulpes vulpes L.//Acta zoological fennica. 1964. V. 106. 15. Servin J., Rau J. R., Delibes M. Activity pattern of the red fox Vulpes vulpes in Donana, SW Spain//Acta therio- logica. 1991. 16. Tester J. R. Changes in daily activity rhythms of some free-ranging in Minnesota//Canadian Field-Nat- uralist. 1987. V. 101. № 1. 17. Theuerkauf J., Jedrzejewski W., Schmidt K., Okarma H., Ruczynski I., Sniezko S., Gula R. Daily patterns and duration of wolf activity in the Bialowieza forest, Poland//Journal of Mammology. 2003. V. 84. № 1. 18. Travaini A., Aldama J. J., Laffitte R., Delibes M. Home range and activity patterns of red fox Vulpes vulpes breed- ing females//Acta theriologica. 1993. V. 38.

Akhmedov Madaminbek Hatamovich, Andizhan state university, professor of department of zoology and biochemistry. Khusanov Alizhon Karimovich, senior teacher of department of zoology and biochemistry. Zokirov Islomzhon Ilkhomzhonovich, Fergana State university, associate professor of zoology. E‑mail: [email protected]

The influence of vertical zonation on changes in the ecological niches of aphids

Abstract: This article is devoted to the presentation of the data obtained in the investigating of the influence of vertical zoning changes ecological niches aphids and taken up in connection with the problem of ecological niches . In this it should be noted that the aphids, insects, closely related to their host plants within its habitat occupies a certain position in space and time relative to that of other species of plants and animals. Keywords: entomocenosis, niche, ecological niche, interpretation, deformation, determine, species, vegetation, honeysuckle leaves, phytophagous species. Each species of aphids has its place in entomocenosis nition, J. Grinella ecological niche, this outcome small and feed the plant. If the species range as the geographi- unit distribution within which each view is held due to cal rank determines its distribution in space, the environ- their structural and instinctive limitations [9, 115–128, ment — its distribution and ecological niche. 10, 429–450]. Subsequently, Ch.Elton [6, 207] defined Originally, the term “ecological niche” was interpret- the ecological niche as the situation of the species in a ed as a concept close to the habitat [8, 51–294]. By defi- community, highlighting the importance of its trophic

9 Section 1. Biology relations. By now the concept, ecological niche multi- mocenosis is its ecological niche, i. e. the last is a special- dimensional hyper-volume, separate dimensions which ization of the view inside the biocenosis and certain parts define the factor of environment [7, 415–429]. At pres- of the host plant, with a specific way of life and a certain ent this concept became one of the cornerstones of theo- way of nutrition. retical ecology [3, 447]. On the plains (Asaka Bank, Kuvasay, Vuadil) green As is known, the interpretation of the division of eco- Apple (Aphis pomi De Geer.) in the early growing logical niches of aphids is important for the identifica- season (April-may) is found in the lower tier of Apple tion of the ways of their adaptation to the environment trees — on the leaves of fruit-bearing shoots; in the sec- and the role of these insects in entomocenosis. It should ond half of the summer, in connection with deterioration be noted, to our works in aphidological literature data on of conditions of supply, it goes to the root shoots. In the the study of ecological niches aphids quite absent [1, 45]. mountains (Abshir, Jordan, Syrt-Alai range) during the This article is devoted to presenting the data obtained in whole vegetation period this kind is found on the annual the study of influence of vertical zonation on changes in the young shoots of the upper tier of Apple and never goes to ecological niches of aphids and discuss the related problems feed on root growth. Although in the mountains of the of ecological niches insects. At the same time is a continua- upper tier of the plant is improved the regime light, a mois- tion of the previously published paper [1, 45]. ture, heat, and other favorable factors, the number of green Therefore, selective attitude of aphids to environ- Apple aphid in it is considerably below, than on the plains. mental factors generates and selectivity to the habitat, Such a division of ecological niches of green Apple aphid i. e. ecological specialization. Habitat or places. aphids is on various tiers of host plants, depending on the vertical a set of ecological conditions within the species range: belts can be viewed as a mechanism of self-regulation of the part of a forage plant, or a certain type of environ- the number of individuals of this species in space. ment where it occurs. On the plains of green willow aphid (Aphis farinosae As a widely-used and narrow localized species of Gmel.) in mid-summer (July-August) goes on young aphids in different parts of area distributed in the vari- sprouts growing near irrigation networks Yves (Avval, ous habitats. So, living in the Southeast of Central Asia Shahrihan); in the mountains (Beck-yurti, Abshir, Kara- on a dandelion medicinal (Taraxacum officinale) aphid John-Alai range) it from spring to autumn dwells on the Aphis plantaginis Goese, on plains (Asaka, 450 m. abs. tops of shoots. Thus, on the plains of widely-distributed high.) forming large colonies in a radical part of dande- species of aphids develop on lower and middle layers of lions growing under the trees and bushes along the river, the host plant, in the mountains — prefers the upper forming a typical shadow form. In the mountains (Du- tiers. On the upper altitudinal belts their harmfulness goba: Alai range, 2000–2200 m. abs. high.) it becomes decreases substantially: deformation of leaves, stems luminous meeting on the open slopes with a southern and shoots weakened, the number of aphids is relatively exposure and living at the bottom and at the base of the low. So, Semiaphis lonicerina Shap., living on upper side young leaves of this plant. A show in the mountains this of leaves honeysuckle, on the plains (Fergana, Vuadil, aphid species, as well as a number of other, change me- Asaka) is strongly twists them in the mountains of the sophilic habitat on xerophilic. (Khurjun, cook-su — Alai ridge; Kyzyl-Tu, Aflotun- At the same time it should be noted that the , Chatkal ridge) under the action of aphids honeysuckle as insects, closely related to their host plants, within their leaves are formed along midrib, not twisting and not be- habitats occupy a specific position in space and time rela- ing deformed. Under the influence of aphidsRhopalo ‑ tive to other species of plants and animals. myzus ferganica Mukh. et. Akhm. honeysuckle leaves of So, inside the collapsed young leaves of a sorrel (Ru‑ Lonicera nummulariifolia twisted into a spiral and turn mex drobovii) inhabits Aphis acetosae L. (Avval, Asaka, yellow (foothills of Alai — Guzal-Ata); in the mountains Shahrihan), on the drier slopes of the Central band of (Abshir, Shaimkul, Khurjun-Alai range), it inhabits in- the mountains of Jordan, Dugoba) he develops in large side sports weakly deformed of honeysuckle leaves. colonies on top of a host plant. Therefore, there is a rule Under the influence of aphidsRhopalomyzus fergani‑ change stations, installed G.Ya.Bey-Bienko [2, 5–21]. ca Mukh.. et. Akhm. honeysuckle leaves of Lonicera num‑ Later this phenomenon in relation to тлям noted mulariifolia twisted into a spiral and turn yellow (foot- M. N. Narzikulovs [5, 123–128] and found its further hills of Alai — Guzal-Ata); in the mountains (Abshir, development in research A. A. Mukhamediev [4, 41]. Shaimkul, Khurjun-Alai range), it inhabits inside sports The position of one kind or another aphid in ento- weakly deformed of honeysuckle leaves.

10 The influence of vertical zonation on changes in the ecological niches of aphids On the medium and higher altitudes many species them and confirms the position that the smaller phy- of aphids inhabit the tops of forage plants, not causing tophagous species, the less and scale inhomogeneities them harm. on which he can specialize (Bigon and others, 1989). This is typical species of the genera Uroleucon For example, we noted that on the root neck of the cow- Mordv. and Macrosiphoniella de Guerc., dwelling on Lehmann (Heracleum lehmannianum) (Jordan, Artemisia, types of birth Cavariella del Guerc. occupy- Alai ridge) live aphid Anuraphis subterranea (Walk.), in ing Hogweed (Heracleum lehmanianum). the axils of leaves — crataegi (Kalt.), and on The same is observed in aphidMetopolophium the inflorescence —Cavariella theobaldi (Gill. et Bragg.). mukhamedievi Akhm., inhabiting the honeysuckle on Flowers of cumin persicum form colonies Cavariella Lonicera microphilla Acyrthosiphon glaucii (Narz.) on Glau‑ bunii Narz. et Mukh., on the radical part and sinuses cium elegans, Ephedraphis ephedrae (Nevs.) — ephedra, leaves her — Dysaphis bunii Shap. (Sellik, Khurjun-Alai Cinara thujafilina del Guerc. on different species of juniper ridge). The honeysuckle Lonicera( tatarica) live together (Juniperius) and thuja (Thuja), and other, for example, Hyadaphis tataricae (Aiz.) and Semiaphis lonicerina Shap. thuja aphid (C.thujafilina) on the plains of numerous forms The latter occurs on the lower leaves, shoots, and top- dense colonies in the spring on the trunks of Thuja occi- honeysuckle aphid — inside the heavily deformed leaves dentalis, in summer-autumn, moreover, on the branches of green cone honeysuckle (Fergana, Asaka). A similar and trunks (Fergana, Cimyon, Asaka) causes shrinkage of phenomenon is observed in conditions of protected host plants, and in the mountains (Khurjun-Alai ridge — ground. So, on lemon Aphis gossypii Glov. forms a colony Ferghana range, Salom-Alik) is not large accumulations of on leaves and young twigs and buds lemon leaf peach lives only in the end of green shoots and leaves of species of aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulz.)) — small clusters only the juniper (Juniperius seravshanica, J.semiglodosa, J.turkestanica) tops of young shoots of the same plant. without causing significant harm. From the above it follows: Often similar in a systematic relation species, in- • In different parts of the range, depending on the habiting in biocoenosis and occupy different ecological height gradient of the same species of aphids can hold niches. They specialize not only on the plants of the same different habitats and habitat change on the tiers of host species, but also on very specific parts of the plant — plants, consequently, the harming activity of the spe- leaves, stem, roots etc; i. e. on the same feed plant simul- cies is considerably reduced in the mountains compared taneously can dwell several species of aphids. with plains. Based on the biological characteristics of aphid oc- • On the basis of bio-ecological peculiarities of curs division of ecological niches in the direction of their aphid occurs division and change in ecological niches in specialization to different parts of the host plant. This the direction of their specialization to different parts of leads to the reduction of competitive tension between the host plant. References: 1. Ахмедов М. Х. Тли-афидиды (Homoptera, Aphidinea, ) аридно-горных зон Средней Азии (экология, фауногенез, таксономия).: Автореф. дис. … докт. биол. наук. –Ташкент, 1995. – 45 с. 2. Bei-Bienko GY Change of habitats of terrestrial organisms as biological principle//Journal of General biology. –1966. – V.27. № 1. – P. 5–21. 3. Bigon M, Harper J., K. Townsend Ecology. Individual, population and community. – M: Mir. 1989. Vol.1 –2. – 667 с./Vol.1. – 447 с. Vol.2. 4. Mukhamediev А. А. Aphid/Homoptera, Aphidinea/East Central Asia: Avtoref. diss. … doc. of biol. sci. -Kiev, 1989. – 41 p. 5. Narzikulov М. N. Rule change of habitats and the distribution of some insects in Tadjikistan//proceedings of the Department of natural Sciences. Academy of Sciences of the Tajik SSR. –1957. – Vol. 23. – C. 123–128. 6. Elton C. Ecology.-London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1927. – 207 p. 7. Hutchinson G. E. Concluding remarks//Cold Spring Harbor Sump. Qant. Biol. – 1957. Vol. 22. P. 415–429. 8. Grinnell J. An account of mammals and birds of the Lower Colorado Valley//Univ.Calif.Publ.Zool. 1914. Vol.12. P. 51–294. 9. Grinnell J. Field tests of theories concerning distribution control//Am. Nat., 51, 1917. P. 115–128. 10. Grinnell J. Presence and absence of animals//University of California Chronicle, 1928. V. 30. P. 429–450.

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