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Rhode Island History 48(2) 1990, Pp. 35-49

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Rhode Island History 48(2) 1990, Pp. 35-49 Rhode Island History Published by 1M Rho<ko Island Hl~torical Society, 110 8enl"voIent Stret>t, Volume 48, Number 2 May 1990 Providence, Rhode I" and. 02906, and printed by I grlllt from the State 01 Rhode IsJand an d ProVio:konce Plantaoons, Edward D. Dirrete, Covemol"; Contents Kalhlft'n S. ConnelL So-aetary of Stat e. KmMth W. Washburn, rraiM7lt Mlurice A. Bi.!I8Oflrwt t., 0lU prrsidtn! Nancy FisheT Oudacotf, s«>rtl'}' Harboring History: The Providence Waterfront Thoma~J Reilly, Jr., h'ra'lllm" William A. M .uut, llI" iullI'" tnoult"t"P" Nancy K. CaMidy,aniullI"' tnn"'-Y Part One Albert T. Klyboerg, iif.tctar FEl..LOWS OF WE SOCIETY Carl Bridenbaugh Sydney V. James Antoinetle F. Downing Prosperity at the Wharves: Richard K. Showm.l.n Glenn W. Wlnt..w Providence Shipping, 178~1850 35 I'I..:BUCA nONS CO MM ITTEE PAUL G. BOURCI ER Leonard I. Uvln, eM ;"""" Joel Coh en NOfman Aertng RobertAU", C eeene Pamela A. K",nooy Alan Sirn pooon The Great Gale of 1815: Willi am McKerozie WO<XI wlrd Art ifactual Evidence of Rhode Island 's STAFf' First Hurricane 51 Alberl T. Klyberg..~d i tcr Derusc J. Bastien, grllphit:5 ~di lor ROBERT P. EMLEN Hilliar d Beller, COI'lI rditcr Carol Holscher, rditcr wl assist" ..t The Rhod" 1 ~l a n d l lislorkal Society assumes no r(':llpon ~i bt U t y fOl" the opI nlOJ\ ~ of contrtbu tors. The articl es in this issue are based on talks delivered at "Har­ boring History: The Providence Waterfront:' a lecture series cosponsored by the Rhode Island Historical Society and the Providence Preservation Society in 1988. RHODEl5tAND HISTORY t!I published In February, May, August, and November by the Rhode b1.l.nd.}fistorbI SocIety. Seo:md<l._ postage is paid at Providence, Rhode Island. Sode1y members receve each i!l8Ul' n a metnbenJlip benefit. Institutional sub!ai.ption, 10RHODE ISLANDHISTORY and the Society's quarterly newsletler are 5t 5annuall y. Individual copies of current and bad esues are available from the 500ddy fw SUxl. ManU!la"ipts and other coerespondence fhould be senl to Albert T. K1ybet g, editor, al thf'Society. A rare glimpseof Providence's early trading activity appears on this RhoJe Island bflnbwte, issuedby the Traders BIJn k IJ oout 1800. RIHS Collection (RHi X3 4047>. Prosperity at the Wharves: Providence Shipping, 1780-1850 Paul G. Bourcier Between 1780 and 1815 there was no mistaking the tra ded for manufactured products for local consump­ fact that Providence was a major seaport. The land ­ tion. sedpt.' abounded with activities and structures that Although ex tremely simplified, these Iwo ex­ rested squarely on a mariti me foundation . The 1798 amples of colonial shippi ng pa ttern s point to the fact lax list for Providence is replete with featu res related thai Provid ence became an international en trepot to ship ping o r trad e; these included fifty-eigh t whose livelihood depended not o nly o n its own wharves, one ba nk, four ropewalks, seven di still prod uction and co nsumption bu t also on intricate hou ses, one shipyard, fifteen cooper' s shops. and fou r commercial relations hips around the globe.' This was block ma ke rs. Merchant [ohn Brown alone owned true for the eighteenth century and would ho ld true three wharves, o ne toll bridge. th ree shops. one for Providence int o the nineteenth century as the tovv n spe rmaceti cand le works. one distillery. a nd one iron became Rhode Island's premier po rt. fu rnace. ' In pursuing his varied mercantile activities. In the colonial period, Newport overshadowed Brown was carrying on a famil y tradition in Provi­ Providence in trade. In fact, Newport had enjoyed donee ship ping thai had begun in the 17305. status as o ne of the five biggest ports in the thirteen The Browns, like many colonial Yankees. had colo nies. By mid-century, however , Providence become traders because New England produced few merchants were o n the esccndency. able to tap into a items thai they could exchange for mu ch-needed larger hin terla nd than Newport could. The Revo lu­ Eu ro pea n goods. To acquire wares that would find a tionary Wa r proved to be the last blow for Newport's favorable market in Europe, they fou nd it necessary to maritime co mmercial economy. The British occupa­ trade with other colonies . As a result, a series of so­ tion of Newport from 1776 to 1779 effectively sha t­ called "triang le trad es " developed. in which mer­ tcrcd tha t to wn's trad e, bu t Providence was ab le to chants sough t supplies and satisfied demands on bo th con tinue its co mmerce either by ru nni ng British skit'Sof the Atlan tic Ocean. The most famou s (or blockad es or by ou tfitt ing it ~ ships elsewhere (as the infamous) tria ng le trade in vol ved the trafficking of Bro\VT1 s did at Nantucket ). Providence mercha nts slaves. Providence merchan ts imported molasses we re able- to find p rofit in selling canno n. weapons, from the Wes t Ind ies, converted it to rum in Provi­ ships, na val sto res, a nd provisions to French and dence distilleries, a nd shipped the rum to Africa in American forces . In addition, pri vate ships were exchange for slaves, who were then carried across the authorized to capture and se ll L> nl'my cargo vessels ocea n to the West Ind ies for more molasses. Another and their contents of su gar, rum, cot ton. wbalcbono. important triangle trade involved the sh ipping of and oil. This pnvatccnng activ ity proved w ry New England p ro visions to the West Indies in ex­ lucrative for Providence merchants. At the co nclusion cha nge for Caribbean products (ma inly sugar and of the wa r in 1783, Providence's waterfront and fleet molasses ), which were then shipped to Europe and were intact and its merchants were in a po sition to Paul Bourcier. formerly chief curator 01 museums at theRhode (WorCCSI("f, Mass.: Davts Press. ] 'Hl'I) Island I hstorical Socie ty, is now curator of tmcrpretanon at the Z. Michael Holleran, "History 01lhl' Provid ence waterfron t," Slat" I hstoncal Socie ty of Wisconsin un published appendix 10 William D. warner, TIlt PrO!llden u I Cil.>d in William B. Weed.'n , f:s. r/y Cnmmuci<ll Prol7id.."ct WQlt r!uJIII, J636-2ooo (Pro vtden co: l'rovtdonce Foundation , 19115), h 35 PROSPERITV AT TIlE WIlARVES assume Newport's predominant place in trade. with the British Empire. and Providence's trade in Providence's commercial supremacy soon was iron goods, rum, and spermaceti candles suffered as a reflected in its population and registered tonnage result? statistics. In 1774 Providence's population was 4,321, On the positive side, Americans gained the less than half the population of Ne ....-port. By 1800 freedom to trade anywhere in the world that Amen­ Providence's population was larger than that of can merchants could gain admission. In colonial days, Newport.' Enough shipping activity trade restrictions had confined Amen- was occurring in Providence to ~"Cj can mercantile activity to ~Y-""- - =."i" -- ':'\ . warrant its separation from ,~ " GmO/.lcnt , ~ Britain and her dependen­ Newport as an indepen­ In>m all Engll..Jt m<l1' Jra,ffed I>y cies. Now Providence ThO m4S ftl{erysan.! p", blishe.J III ~"'illwm Fadm's dent customs d istrict in merchants wen' able -" The North American Atlas, Selected from the 1790. By 1802 Provi­ Most Authentic Maps, Charts, Plans (London, to import directly dence's fleet of 120 1777), Courlesy of tht John (artIT Brown from o ther Euro- vessels surpassed Library, Brown University, pee n countries, Newport's fleet in _ ....." Pwvidtrlct. They also could tonnage for the send their first time.' ships east of Irtem.ltional the Cape of politics contin­ 'I Good Hop" ued to playa I( to the n ch, • substantia l productive role in Provi­ I , shores of the ", den ce's ship­ ., 'I' Indian Ocean ping In the "..-, and the yea rs after China Seas to the American compete Revolution. The commerce of the town's merchants with the British East Ind ia Company," depended not only on supply and demand but also on European politics were to prove a boon to Pro vi­ trade regulations designed to promote various dence shipping in 1793. That yea r the outbreak of war nat ional interests." between France a nd Britain forced bo th nations to American independence had its benefits and dis­ resign much of the trade between their colonies and advantages in regard to trade Ame rican ships no Europe to neutral pa rties. Since the war prevented longer had the protection of the British fleet, an d Britain from carrying on normal trad e with her colo ­ Americans were excluded from British colonial nies in the Caribbean, neutral American ships were markets in which the mother country wished to allowed to trade once again with the British West maintain a trade monopoly, ma rkets that included the Indies.' In ad dition, with France and continental suga r-prod ucing colonies of the British West Indies. Europe blockaded and thus unable to import goods In reaction, Providence merchants shifted their trade from their overseas colonies, neutral American ships to the French, Dutch, and Danish colonies in the were able to bring West Indian produce to Europe, Caribbean.' American shippers also were denied the provided they could overcome the Rule of 17$6.
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