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Donavl N A. LECKENBY DIANE M. CONCANNON GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-120 1981 , EDITOR’S PLANT COMMUNITIES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO WILDLIFE This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Mis-scans identified by the software J. EDWARD DEALY have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. DONAVl N A. LECKENBY a DIANE M. CONCANNON PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION FOREST SERVICE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE \ ABSTRACT Plant communities in the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon are described, and a field key is provided. The value of a plant com- munity’s vertical and horizontal structure and the seasonal availability of its forage are exam- ined in relation to wildlife habitat in managed rangelands. Further, the importance of indi- vidual and combined plant communities to wildlife in managed rangelands is discussed, and management alternatives are presented. KEYWORDS: Communities (plant), range management, wildlife habitat. THE AUTHORS J. EDWARD DEALY is Principal Research Plant Ecologist, USDA Forest Serv- ice, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, La Grande, Oregon. DONAVIN A. LECKENBY is Research Wild- life Biologist, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, La Grande, Oregon. At the time this research was conducted, DIANE M. CONCANNON was Range Conservationist, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vale, Oregon. This publication is part of the series pendent treatment of a specific subject, when Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands - combined in sequence, the individual parts will The Great Basin of Southeastern Oregon. The be as chapters in a book. purpose of the series is to provide a range Individual parts will be printed as they manager with the necessary information on become available. In this way the information wildlife and its relationship to habitat condi- ’ will be more quickly available to potential tions in managed rangelands in order that the users. This means, however, that the sequence manager may make fully informed decisions. of printing will not be in the same order as the The information in this series is specific to final organization of the separates into a com- the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon and is prehensive whole. generally applicable to the shrub-steppe areas A list of the publications in the series, their of the Western United States. The principles current availability, and their final organiza- and processes described, however, are gener- tion is shown on the inside back cover of this ally applicable to all managed rangelands. The publica tion. purpose of the series is to provide specific in- formation for a particular area but in doing so Wildlife Habitats in Managed Rangelands to develop a process for considering the welfare - The Great Basin of Southeastern Oregon of wildlife when range management decisions is a cooperative effort of the USDA Forest are made. Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, and United States The series is composed of 14 separate Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land publications designed to form a comprehensive Management. whole. Although each part will be an inde- Introduction The terms “stand” and “cornmunity” are used as suggested by international agreements Our purpose is to describe the major plant on terminology (Kuchler 1964, Mueller- communities and examine the importance of Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). The specific their structure and species composition to unit of vegetation observed in the field is called wildlife. Plant communities here are directly a vegetation stand or stand (coenosis). The related to the wildlife covered .in the other generalized, abstract unit of vegetation chapters and can be used in developing analogous to an “average” of a group of management plans based on characteristics similar stands is a plant community or vegeta- and potential of the plant community. We did tion type. A plant community with a “definite not cover some northern Great Basin flora, uniform habitat, and physiognomy” is rangeland communities because they are rare, called an association (Mueller-Dombois and small in total area, or information is not Ellenberg 1974, p. 174). available. Plant communities presented here are com- Great Basin rangelands in southeastern pared with Kkhler’s (1964) vegetation types Oregon support a wide variety of plant com- in table 1. Kuchler has one major vegetation munities, dominated by grasses, shrubs, or type for each listing, which represents the trees ranging from conifers to deciduous and major physiognomy (general aspect and visual evergreen hardwoods. Predominant are big character) of a region. Kuchler omits other sagebrush communities. Tree-domina ted and similar vegetation types less extensive in true grassland communities constitute the occurrence and less noticeable or refers to them least common types. True grasslands occur as as inclusions because his treatment of vegeta- meadows, relict stands of valley bottom bunch- tion throughout the conterminous United grass, and subalpine bunchgrass types. States is so extensive. Table 1 shows.,-single Tree-dominated communities occur primarily vegetation types of Kuchler’s related to a at elevations above the sagebrush steppe, ex- number of vegetation types used in this cept willow and cottonwood communities of publication. The best example is Kuchler’s low-elevation riparian zones. Quaking aspen is (1964) “sagebrush steppe”-the big sagebrush- bearded bluebunch wheatgrass vegetation primarily restricted to mountain riparian type. We recognize 11 vegetation types zones, such as streams, seeps, springs, ponds, dominated by sagebrush within Kuchler’s or lakes (fig. 1). With the exception of relict (1964) “sagebrush steppe.” The Wyoming big stands of ponderosa pine (Packard 1972) or white fir (Hansen 1956), curlleaf mountain- sagebrush/bunchgrass vegetation type mahogany requires the most moisture of the described here is probably the only one relating dry-land tree types in the high desert moun- directly to it since it is considered the most tains. Western juniper grows just below common sagebrush of the high desert in curlleaf mountainmahogany and mixes with it Oregon (Winward 1980). in transition zones. These tree-dominated com- Subtle variations in an environment give munities are adjacent to and above the shrub rise to different subordinate plant species in zone. communities. These “characteristic” and “dif- Big sagebrush, including several sub- ferentiating” species (Mueller-Dombois and species, is dominant among the shrub com- Ellenberg 1974) are useful indicators of site munities. Other significant tall shrub potential. For example, the mountain big communities include black greasewood, squaw sagebrush/bunchgrass community encom- apple, Bolander silver sagebrush, and moun- passes stands containing either Thurber tain silver sagebrush. Short shrub communi- needlegrass, western needlegrass, or needle- andthread. These grasses are generally subor- ties include shadscale saltbush, and stiff, low, dinate to bearded bluebunch wheatgrass and early low, black, and cleftleaf sagebrushes. reflect an increasing sandiness of the soil pro- ‘Common and scientific names and plant symbols are from file. Recognition of these three variations Garrison et al. (1976)and are listed in the appendix. 1 Figure 1. -Elevation and site relationships among dominant plant species in the Great Basin of southeastern Oregon. Plant symbols are from Garrison et al. (1976). AGSP = Agropyron spicatum; ARAR = Artemisia arbuscula; ARCA = Artemisia cana; ARLO2 = Artemisia longiloba; ARN02 = Artemisia nova; ARRl = Artemisia rigida; ARSP = Artemisia spinescens; ARTR2 = Artemisia tripartita; ARTRT = Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata; ARTRV = Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana; ATCO = Atriplex confertifolia; CARU = Calamagrostis rubescens; CELE = Cercocarpus ledifolius; CEVE = Ceanothus velutinus; DlSTl = Distichlis sp.; ELCl = Elymus cinereus; FElD = Festuca idahoensis; GRSP = Grayia spinosa; JUOC = Juniperus occidentalis; MURl = Muhlenbergia richardsonis; PIP0 = Pinus ponderosa; POSA3 = Poa sandbergii; POTR = Populus tremuloides; PREM = Prunus emarginata; SAVE2 = Sarcobatus vermiculatus; SlHY = Sitanion h yslrix; SYO R = Symphoricarpus oreophilus. Table l-Comparison of the plant communities with potential natural vegetation by Kuchler (1964) Natural vegetation as described by Kuchler (1964) Plant communities in this publication 37 mountainmahogany-oak scrub Curlleaf mountainmahoganylmountain big sagebrushmunchgrass (similar position-not equal) Curlleaf mountainmahoganylmountain snowberrylgrass Curlleaf mountainmahoganylpinegrass Curlleaf mountainmahoganylIdaho fescue Curlleaf mountainmahoganybearded bluebunch wheatgrass-Idaho fescue No provision Squaw applebNnchgrass 55 sagebrush steppe Western juniperbig sagebrushbearded bluebunch wheatgrass (withjuniper) Western juniperbig SagebrusWIdaho fescue 55 sagebrush steppe Basin big sagebrushhunchgrass Wyoming big sagebrushbunchgrass Mountain big sagebrushmunchgrass Threetip sagebrushbunchgrass Bolander silver sagebrushbunchgrass Mountain silver sagebrushbunchgrass Stiff sagebrushmunchgrass Low sagebrushhunchgrass Cleftleaf sagebrushbunchgrass Early low sagebrushbunchgrass I Black sagebrushbunchgrass 40 saltbush-greasewood Black greasewoodlgrass Shadscale saltbushbunchgrass No provision Riparian No provision Permanently wet meadows Seasonally wet meadows No provision Quaking aspenlmountain big sagebrush Quaking aspenlgrass No provision Subalpine big sagebrushbunchgrass 52 alpine meadows
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