MSc URBAN DESIGN AND CITY PLANNING PROGRAMME CATALOGUE

The Bartlett School of Planning

Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment University College London

2017/2018

ISSN 2516-5666

1 MSc Urban Design and City Planning Programme Catalogue

Urban Compositions: An Exhibition by MSc Urban Design and City Planning The Bartlett School of Planning, UCL

ISSN 2516-5666

Coordinator of catalogue and exhibition: Pablo Sendra

Coordination team of catalogue and exhibition: Nixon Au Catherine Chao Dena Dabbas Benedetta Ficarelli Katherine Keyes Styliani Kontogianni

Programme Director: Juliana Martins

Module Coordinators: Elena Besussi Matthew Carmona Colin Haylock Juliana Martins Peter Rees Pablo Sendra Richard Simmons Filipa Wunderlich

Graphic design and content editing of the catalogue: Benedetta Ficarelli Styliani Kontogianni

Graphic design of the exhibition: Nixon Au Catherine Chao

Cover Design: Catherine Chao

2 C O N T E N T S

Foreword 6 - 7

Course Overview Term 1 10 - 17 Field Trip l New Castle 18 - 19

Term 2 21 - 29 Field Trip l Marseille and Lyon 30 - 31

Fieldtrip: Photo Competition Winners 32 - 33

Major Research Projects and 34 - 135 Dissertations Streets and Transport Green Spaces Water Residential Commerce Governance Social Issues Public Spaces

Social Pictures: a year in the life 136 - 137

3 Academic staff: Dissertation supervisors: Elena Besussi Stephen Marshall Matthew Carmona Juliana Martins Colin Haylock Filipa Wunderlich Juliana Martins Pablo Sendra Peter Rees Matthew Carmona Pablo Sendra Wendy Clarke Richard Simmons Michael Short Major Research Projects tutors: Filipa Wunderlich Elanor Warwick Stephen Marshall Oli Davey Michael Edwards Chris Martin Matthias Wunderlich Programme administrator: Tobias Goevert Judith Hillmore Judith Loesing Colin Haylock Tutors: Neha Tayal Stefania Fiorentino Peter Rees Patricia Canelas Ming Cheng Justinien Tribillon Joost Beunderman Rachna Lévêque Elisabeta Ilie Gualtiero Bonvino Hooman Foroughmand Katy Karampour Leo Hammond Mat Proctor Valentina Giordano Wendy Clarke Ming Cheng Neha Teyal Bianca Nardella Diana Ibanez Lopez Joost Beunderman Jorge Martin Stefania Fiorentino Ilinca Diaconescu (Just Space)

4 Students: Lili Abou Hamad Runtao Li Monturayo Adegbenro Yanhan Liu Eva Aitsam Iacovos Loizou Ivan Andonov Heather Lu Stefano Ang Jordan McLoughlin Nixon Au Roger Montelongo Olivia Birtwistle Lily Moodey Kieren Butler Caitlin Morrissey Wing Chao Hoorieh Morshedi Yitong Chen Dina Morsy-Fahmy Sannie Chung John Muller Louisa Coleman Daulet Ospanov Dena Dabbas William Palmer David Daines Stefania Pizzato Jiahao Du Tessel Pool Louisa Facchino-Stack Rattan Sehra Benedetta Ficarelli Ivana Sirovica Robert Frost Victoria Thompson Olivia Halper Sara Vaziri-Tabar Helen Hepher Che Wang Taichi Hobbs Kai Wong Lauren Ielden Lut Wong Antonio Irranca Alex Wright Omar Islam Yu Xu Katherine Keyes Xiaoyang Yi Styliani Kalomoira Kontogianni Wen Zhang Wai Shing Law Ziqi Zhou Suet Lee

5 F O R E W O R D

The MSc Urban Design and City Planning is a globally unique masters programme at one of the world’s leading institutions in the study of the built environment, building upon a recognised long-term urban design research specialisation of the Bartlett School of Planning. The programme seeks to address key challenges in planning through the lenses of urban design, equipping students with creative problem solving abilities that are in high demand in the world of practice. Students are recruited from across the globe with a broad range of backgrounds in terms of first degree and who have a diversity of interests in undertaking the programme. Likewise, the staff who teach on the pro-gramme come from across the globe and have backgrounds in urban planning, urban design, conservation, architecture and public administration. The intersection of these interests leads to a highly creative and dynamic environment for the students to explore some of the key challenges facing built environment professionals.

6 This catalogue celebrates the work our cohort has produced in one short year, recording the level of excellence put forward by the 2017/2018 M.Sc. Urban Design and City Planning students.

The first section introduces our taught modules, illustrated by examples of coursework, and the field trips to Newcastle, Marseille and Lyon.

The second section reviews each of our major projects and dissertations, presented through the lens of our expo’s concept, Urban Compositions. Looking at each person’s work, common themes emerge: streets, neighbourhoods, green spaces etc. These are building blocks which together form an understanding of the city in all its complexity and dynamism: an urban composition.

The final section showcases some of our fondest memories from the year. Not only are we a cohort; over a year spent in classes, group meetings, studio work, field trips, site visits, and nights out, we are friends.

7 UD CP

EXPO BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING 2017/ 2018/ MSC URBAN DESIGN & CITY PLANNING

2017 / 2018 URBAN COMPOSITION EXPO CATALOGUE 8 T E R M ONE

9 BENVGPD5 COLLABORATIVE CITY PLANNING STRATEGIES

Module coordinator: Dr Richard Simmons

Module tutors: Justinien Tribillon Rachna Lévêque

This module introduces students to the Aims & Outcomes:By the end of the module, practice of city planning. It aims to develop students should: a sound understanding of the purpose and • Understand important elements of goals of city planning, how it is practised, planning theory and practice to enable how it differs from urban design, what them to participate in the discourse of city principal issues city planning has to deal planning; with, and what key structures, techniques • Have a working knowledge of the main and methods are used to produce its goals of city planning; plans.Teaching and Learning Methods: • Be aware of the key issues facing city A combination of lectures and reading- planning in the 21st Century; based, student-led seminars. Each week, a • Be able to discuss city planning’s tools, two-hour lecture session is followed by a techniques, structures and practices in an one-hour seminar. The seminar discusses informed way; one of the issues raised during the course • Understand why city planners approach lectures. Subject to numbers, students will the preparation, writing and delivery of be divided into eight seminar groups. Four plans in the ways that they do; groups take part in a seminar one week. • Be aware of some of the differences The following week the other four groups between how city planning is approached in take the seminar. Students each attend a different cultures and polities; total of four seminars and share leadership • Be able to form judgements about the of one of them. value of planning and alternatives to it.

10 11 BENVGPD1 DESIGN & REAL ESTATE

Module coordinator: Professor Peter Rees

Module tutors: Patricia Canelas and Stefania Fiorentino

The best examples of British urban regeneration Student teams are assigned to one of the are created by collaboration between the featured locations to identify the unique set of development industry, architects and local characteristics that form its identity as a place. planners. Through site visits, presentations This activity is complimented by gathering and critical interrogation, we learn how this is information on local transport provision, achieved. accessibility and land use and a review of the The absence of municipal master planning in local planning policies relating to development. the UK creates opportunity and flexibility for These studies will culminate in team the development sector, but requires unique presentations “selling” the key attractions planning skills to shape projects and represent of the location, as a potential commercial the needs of the community. investment opportunity, to a panel of Students visit areas of major commercial development professionals at the final session. development in Central London and receive presentations from senior property In addition, an individual submission will professionals, architects and planners. The compare the merits and urban character of 2 course covers key elements of master- contrasting London development locations. planning, architectural design, real estate This combination of team-working and concise and project management, which combine to presentation mirrors the “real world” of real produce successful development projects in estate. London, a world business city.

12

of Bayswater. of

yourself to Bayswater! Bayswater! to yourself

and drink made by the local café’s and delicatessens delicatessens and café’s local the by made drink and

open open celebration long week and and a for us Join

in the park, can be enjoyed along with the local food food local the with along enjoyed be can park, the in

of Bayswater in Hyde Park. Outdoor films and theatre theatre and films Outdoor Park. Hyde in Bayswater of

magnificent architecture, faith and languages and faith architecture, magnificent .

London to exchange and share culture at the fringes fringes the at culture share and exchange to London

enhancing your exploration of the neighbourhood’s neighbourhood’s the of exploration your enhancing

THE BIG PICNIC: BIG THE Lets encourage the communities of of communities the encourage Lets

communities engage and of Bayswater, Bayswater, of the with

meet meet House Open ’ format will allow you to to you allow will format ’ ‘ The

history. history.

with you the neighbourhoods rich social and cultural cultural and social rich neighbourhoods the you with

rich social history social rich . neighbourhood’s

will guide you through the neighbourhood sharing sharing neighbourhood the through you guide will

delving into delving food the the whilst cultures different from

through the eyes of a local. Members of the community community the of Members local. a of eyes the through

taste taste music hear art see , and and , , You will be able to to able be will You

COMMUNITY LED TOURS: LED COMMUNITY Experience Bayswater Bayswater Experience

cultural identity cultural that defines modern Bayswater. modern defines that

defining Bayswater as a culturally diverse gateway. diverse culturally a as Bayswater defining

revealing activities led community the the each with ,

see how the diversity in food plays an integral part in in part integral an plays food in diversity the how see

Open Bayswater will showcase various forms of of forms various showcase will Bayswater Open

led by the street smart culinary artisans; learn and and learn artisans; culinary smart street the by led

to the world the to COOKING CLASSES: CLASSES: COOKING . Take part in in cooking classes classes cooking in in part Take

London’s gateway gateway London’s neighbourhood of Bayswater, Bayswater, of neighbourhood

celebrates art, music, drama, dance and food! and dance drama, music, art, celebrates

This celebration will be held in the delightful delightful the in held be will celebration This

culture! Open yourself up to a street party that that party street a to up yourself Open culture!

STREET FESTIVALS: STREET diversity Come and share with us your your us with share and Come .

celebrates London’s cultural cultural London’s celebrates festival that that festival

HIGHLIGHTS... Bayswate Open Welcome r, a vibrant annual annual vibrant a r, to

WHAT’S ON. WHAT’S HELLO.

GET HERE. OPEN WHEN: Open Bayswater will run throughout May A FESTIVAL OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE with main festivals on the opening and closing weekends of the month. Opening Festivals: MAY 5th - 6th Closing Festivals: MAY 26th - 27th BAYSWATER Festivals start at 13:00pm and finish at 21:00pm MAY 2018 WHERE: Please refer to the inside map for activities their locations throughout the neighbourhood. Time listing may vary, but please do check online or download the Open Bayswater App for activity times and listings.

HOW: Bayswater Underground Station is accessible via the District or Circle Lines and brings

you straight onto Queens Way. P

Paddington Staion is approximately a 10 minute O

R D walking distance from Queens Way C H E S T E PADDIN G E R O A D ADMISSION: FREE R I PORCHESTER SQUARE B G TON TRAIN STATION ‘ S 12 P R FOLLOW & CONNECT WITH US: R O A D Facebook. Instagram.Twitter. 11 B I S H O #openbayswater

ACTIVITY GUIDE R E E T

WS T H E S T B O W E S T B O U R N E G R O V E C H I L W O R T U G A R W A Y R O A D R 10 N

CLEVELAND R E E 8 SQUARE T 9 S E Q U A GAR I N V R

K R DE E N A N SING C SQ L E V E L A N D E C E R N E S S T E SQUARE UA TO STER R N LEIN Q E Q U

U

E E N E

E N S B O R O

UARE S SQ NCE’ PRI S

R R A C W

D A O A

W R Y C O 1 M O S BAY UN 7 S E

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S T . P E T E R S B U R G H P L A C E A DERG S G H T E R T W I O

A N

TE R

O R

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2 D

6 R A C 3 4 5 E

QUEENSWAY

UNDERGROUND STATION A T E R R O A D B A Y S W

HYDE PARK

Places of Interest and Activity These events are scheduled only for the Opening and Closing Weekends. Dates and times may vary. Please check the Open Bayswater App for details and timetables

1: The Greek Orthodox Cathedral 7: The Inverness & 11: Porchester Hall & Library of the Divine Wisdom Queensborough Strip -Local Music Showcase Outdoor Activity Centres -Open House Tours -Architectural Tours -Local Literature Festival -Food Tasting & Classes -Live Storey Telling -Cooking Classes Hyde Park -Art Exhibitions -Flea Market -The Big Picnic 2: St. Mathew’s Bayswater -Open House Tours -Live Storey Telling -Open House Tours -Local Street Performers 12: Porchester Spa -Christian Film Festival -Open Day Cleveland Square 8: Whitley’s Department -Complimentary Treatments -Performance in the Park 3: West End Synogogue Store -Cooking Classes -Open House Tours -Retro Fashion Pedlars Market -Jewish Film Festival -Cooking Classes Market Streets Porchester Square -Architectural Tours -Outdoor Spa 4: Lansdowne College -Art Exhibitions Food / Farmers Market -Outdoor Tai-Chi -Open Day -Language Intro Courses 9: Bayswater Odeon Kensington Garden Square -Local Film Showcase Antique Market -Language Corner Bayswater Brochure | students: Helen 5: Queensway Indoor Market -Open Film Critique & Review -Outdoor Art & Craft Classes -Flea Market -Film Directing Classes -Food Tasting -Language Film Festival Flower Market Prince’s Square Hepher, Omar Islam, -Cooking Classes -Antique Festival 10: Hallfield Primary School -Local Antique Auction 6: The Queensway Strip -School Fête Art Market -Food Market -Student Drama Showcase Leinster Square Taichi Hobbs, Yitong Chen, John Muller, -Food Tasting -Architectural Tours -The Neighbourhood Dinner -Open House Tours -Live Storey Telling -Flower Arrangement Classes Louisa Coleman, Yu Xu -Local Street Performers -Treasure Hunt

13 BENVGTC2 URBAN DESIGN: LAYOUT, DENSITY AND TYPOLOGY

Module coordinator: Dr Juliana Martins

Module tutors: Dr Juliana Martins, Prof Stephen Marshall, Colin Haylock, Neha Tayal

This module is the first part of the an understanding of the spatial structure Urban Design Specialism. It provides an and scale of the built environment, and opportunity to critically investigate the how these characteristics relate to the spatial characteristics and qualities of the qualities and perceived character of place, built environment, with a focus on layout, as well as analytical and graphic skills; density, and typology, and explore the use - Task 2: Urban design proposal (group of different typologies in the development work, 6 weeks) consists of developing an of design proposals. It aims to develop alternative vision and masterplan for Mount knowledge and a range of skills for Plesant by exploring and testing different carrying out urban design investigations typologies. This exercise aims to foster and proposals. Considering a hypothetical the ability to engage with design as an scenario in which the Mayor of London iterative process and includes: an analysis aims to revise the existing scheme for of the urban context; the development of the contentious redevelopment of Mount an overall strategy and two options that Pleasant site in London, students are asked explore alternatives for redevelopment; a to undertake two interrelated tasks: - Task final masterplan. This project-based module 1: Comparative analysis of two urban combines lectures and weekly tutorials. building types (individual work, 4 weeks) Students are encouraged to explore relevant is an introduction to the concepts of theory to inform the analytical and design density and typology and aims to develop work.

14 F L E E T P A R K a new vision for Mount Pleasant Constraints Opportunities Typologies

3 Exmouth Market

Farringdon Road Farringdon Road 5 2

VISION Calthrope St. 6 1 The desired outcome of RESOLVING URBAN TENSIONS the urban design proposal With the widespread application of density as an urban planning tool and in light of Site 7 pressures for higher density development,Site decisions concerning built typology can beHotel Busy Junctions is to achieve a unifying Offices Borough Barrier driven principally by density. Yet typology is a choice; the same density can be achievedActive Frontage Imposing Buildings Museum strategic vision for the Noise Barrier through vastly differing built forms. Moreover, as typology profoundly influences theSuper Cycle Highway Visual Barrier Opportunity Route 4 8 School Activity Node Mount Pleasant site. The N N outcomes of density, decisions about typology become normative. The choice of typology N N 0 20 40 60 80 100 m Office Cluster N Scale 1:2500 0 20 40 60 80 100 m 0 20Scale 40 601:2500 80 100 m © Crown copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY. © Crown copyright and database rights 2017 Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence). FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 m 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 m proposal aims to create a and resultant outcomes depend on which urban needsNov 16, 2017 12:04 and desires have been prioritised. Nov 16, 2017 12:04 University College University College London London community by following a Hybrid Perimeter LinkedScale 1:2500 Towers Perimeter PerimeterScale 1:2500 Perimeter with Perimeter with Rows number of complementing This study compares the performanceTower of the Blocks perimeter block and mews-backed row with Mews within principles revolving around respect to three commonly-cited urban tensions. In doing so, it sheds light on nuances in the tensions - qualities are interdependent, and those often assumed to be conflicting the neighbourhood, public can in fact be mutually reinforcing. Although this increases complexity, it also provides realm, and channelling Perimeter block a basis for seeking solutions which needs not be a zero-sum game. Mews-backed row movement. Neighbourhood 1 Plot Area: 1439m2 2 Plot Area: 3101m2 3 Plot Area: 7,414m2 4 Plot Area: 2371m2 5 Plot Area: 3570m2 6 Plot Area: 2966m2 7 Plot Area: 7800m2 8 Plot Area: 1731m2 Public Realm Channelling Movement Units: 84 Units:1. 181 PUBLIC VSUnits: PRIVATE 147 AMENITYUnits: 112 Units: 59 Unit: 96 Units: 46 Units: 468 FAR: 3.08 FAR: 5.28 FAR: 1.16 FAR: 4.64 FAR: 2.09 FAR: 3.12 FAR: 2.28 FAR: 2.08 Plot Coverage: 49% Plot Coverage: 69.5% Plot Coverage: 20.4% Plot Coverage: 33% Plot Coverage: 49% Plot Coverage: 62.5% Plot Coverage: 65% Plot Coverage: 75% SPACE HIERARCHY AND LAYOUT Unit/ha: 583.6STREET INTERFACEUnit/ha: 583.9 Unit/ha: 396.5 Unit/ha: 472 Unit/ha:CONCLUSION 165.3 Unit/ha: 323.7 Unit/ha: 25.9 Unit/ha: 129.9 Perimeter block offers better public amenity - generous space which is activated by the street interface - but Amount and layout of plot accessible to public vs private Plays a key role determining the actual use of spaces lower private amenity. Mews-backed row offers greater private amenity, though garages are detrimental to public activation. Perimeter block offers useful public and semi-private spaces but no fully Perimeter block: Lends itself to public amenity through Mews-backed row: Offers significant private amenity private space (left). active frontages, as well as some private amenity with in the form of garages, at the expense of activation of Public 21Mews-backed m row offers a greater range of spaces, including a semi- the addition of setbacks from the street. public space in the mews. T E S T I N G O P T I O N S public mews (below). 15space m 18 m 12Private m space

9 m 52 m 9 m 9 m 34 m 9 m Strengths include private spaces within the perimeter blocks and the creation of two Strengths include the green strip between the crescent rows and the enclosed green corridors. Weaknesses include imposing tall buildings and undefined open space hardscape plaza. Weaknesses include omission of any private space and a disconecction surrounding the museum. between the two public spaces within the site.

Private - built form Private - open space Semi-private Semi-public Public Public Private servicing activation

2. SUNLIGHT VS ENCLOSURE

SHADING OF SPACES AND BUILT FORM ENCLOSURE CONCLUSION Mews-backed row shades public space less than the perimeter block whilst achieving a higher degree of enclosure, Built types may deny solar access to their own built form Contributes to experience and character of public space indicating there need not be a payoff between the two qualities. Mews-backed row also outperforms the perimeter block in avoiding shading of adjacent blocks. as well as to adjacent spaces and built form The perimeter block’s wide northern street creates low enclosure, nevertheless experiencing maximum shading. N N 0 20 40 60 80 100 m The eastern street has a stronger degree of enclosure0 20 and 40lower 60shading 80 due100 to maspect. Perimeter block shades adjacent public space and built form more completely (above), whilst mews-backedCrescent row North East Green Corridor produces more extensive but more dispersed shadows (below). Both types maximise their sunlight exposure Public through stepped forms where height reduces to the south/west. sunlight F L E E T P A R K S E R I A L V I S I O N The various activities occupying the open space will complementPrivate the overall vision of embedding a neighbourhood intothe surrounding community. sunlight

1 2

The mews-backed row offers a moderate degree of enclosure and shading to the north, with a higher enclosure concurrent with greater shading to the east. North East

Enclosure

Shadows at 12pm, March equinox

3. MOVEMENT VS PLACE

4 PERMEABILITY BLOCK ACCESS CONCLUSION Perimeter block performs better in most qualities relating to movement as well as place. However, the mews- Type of traffic and visual permeability of routes affects both Influences movement and place, dependent on traffic flow backed row’s relative impermeability and private character could constitute a tranquil place less readily captured east of movement and sense of place context - with greater flows, entrances contribute more to by the criteria. Perimeter block supports a denser network of minor routes off the main road, which provides greater permeability Theas wellwater as being likelychannel, to contribute to which a greater sense is of representative place. Pedestrian flows dominate ofLeather the Lane toRiver the west Fleet,movement runs throughthan to streetlife the green The continuous nature of the green space ensures a connection between the Camden due to its market function, and to the south - Hatton Garden - due to its positioning. There is very limited permea- Both blocks have frequent entrances. Enclosure bility into the semi-private yard. The perimeter block’s entrances are and Islington sides. spaceMews-backed and row provides offers lower permeability an opportunity - its long block length and for impermeable play. mews reinforce dominant concentrated on pedestrian-dominated west 3 north west - south east vehicle flows. On the other hand, Brownlow Mews, which is blocked to vehicles at the north and south streets, enhancing movement and Access end, may contribute to a sense of place of contrasting character to Grays’ Inn Road. place (below).

The mews-backed row’s densest entrances are on Brownlow Mews, where they would 3 contribute more to place than to movement 4 (right). However, as seen above, the mews’ concentration of garages act as a barrier to public vitality.

2

Public activation Permeability

Vehicle-dominated route Mix of uses Pedestrian-dominated route Visually impermeable route Thickness of line denotes level of flow m (based on traffic counts at 12pm, weekday) Pedestrian entrance Fleet Park was developed after careful Task 1_Resolving Urban Tension| student: Olivia Halper analysis of our two proposals, we settled on this final scheme which incorporates BENVGTC2 URBAN DESIGN: LAYOUT, DENSITY & TYPOLOGY TASK 1 STUDY OF DENSITY, TYPOLOGIES AND URBAN CHARACTER strengths from the previous two. 1 The primary open space is a place of activity. The active frontages and playground The linear pathway serves as a connection between Farringdon Road and the green Below we have examined important OLIVIA HALPER BA (HONS) GEOGRAPHY & ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE/ URBAN & ECONOMIC PLANNER, ATKINS N provide a space for both adults and children. space within the site. components of the site. 0 20 40 60 80 100 m P R O P O S E D T Y P O L O G I E S Park Section

18 m

15m

9m 82 m Royal Mail sorting office The inclusion of a large open space gave us the opportunity to include active frontages, a water feature, a playground and recreational activity. C O U R T Y A R D Single Loaded Residential Single Loaded Perimeter Block Commercial Block Double Loaded Residential Row Double Loaded Residential Row Perimeter Block with Retail Block with Retail Block

Green Corridor LandCrescent Use BuildingFleet Park Heights Movement Entrances People Density Green Spaces

Entrances Entrances Entrances

Crescent Fleet Park Residents Green CorridorResidents Residents

Visitors EntrancesVisitors Entrances Visitors Entrances

Private ResidentsPublic Residents Semi-private Residents Crescent Fleet Park Semi-private Public Green Corridor Visitors Visitors Visitors Public Entrances Entrances Entrances Private Public Semi-private Primary Primary Primary Semi-private Public Secondary Secondary Secondary Residents Residents Residents

Tertiary PublicTertiary Tertiary Visitors Visitors Visitors Green Corridor Crescent Fleet Park Primary Primary Primary 11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories 9-10 Stories Entrances Entrances Entrances Secondary Secondary Secondary Private Public Semi-private 9-10 Stories 5-6 Stories 7-8 Stories Crescent Fleet Park Semi-private Green Corridor Public 7-8 Stories Tertiary3-4 Stories Tertiary 5-6 Stories Tertiary Residents Residents Residents 5-6 Stories 3-4 Stories Public Entrances Entrances Entrances We envision the courtyards to be flexible spaces, by providing a mix range of 11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories 9-10 Stories Visitors Visitors Visitors Residential Residential Residential Primary Primary Crescent Primary Fleet Park 9-10 Stories 5-6 Stories 7-8 Stories Green Corridor Residents Residents Residents materials, ranging from soft to hard landscapes. A more enclosedRetail space where Retail Retail Private Public Semi-private 7-8 Stories 3-4 Stories 5-6 Stories Secondary Secondary Secondary Entrances EntrancesVisitors Visitors Entrances Visitors Commercial Semi-private Public residents can meet. Movable furniture will allow residents to engage with the space 5-6 Stories 3-4 Stories Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Cultural Public Private Public Semi-private as they see fit. Residential Residential Residential Residents Residents Residents 11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories Semi-private9-10 Stories Public Retail Retail Retail Primary Primary Primary 9-10 Stories Visitors5-6 Stories Visitors 7-8 Stories Visitors Commercial Secondary SecondaryPublic Secondary Task 2_ F L E E T P A R K a new vision for Mount Pleasant7-8 Stories | students: Benedetta3-4 Stories Ficarelli, Robert5-6 Stories Frost, Wilson Cultural Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary Private PublicPrimary Primary Semi-private Primary B E N E D E T T A F I C A R E L L I R O B E R T F R O S T W I L S O N L A W I V A N A S I R O V I C A 5-6 Stories R E B E C C A S L O C U M Module Name:3-4 Stories BENVGTC2 Urban Design: Layout, Semi-privateLaw, Ivana Sirovica,Secondary Rebecca SlocumSecondary Public Secondary 11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories Density and Typology9-10 Stories Task 2 Residential PublicResidential Tertiary Residential Tertiary Tertiary Msc Urban Design and City Msc Urban Design and City Msc Urban Design and City Msc Urban Design and City Msc Regional9-10 Storiesand Urban Planning Module5-6 Stories Coordinator and Tutor: Juliana7-8 Stories Martins Retail Retail Retail 7-8 Stories 3-4 Stories 5-6 Stories Planning Planning Planning Planning Studies Primary Primary11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories Primary 9-10 Stories Commercial 5-6 Stories 3-4 Stories Secondary Secondary9-10 Stories 5-6 Stories Secondary 7-8 Stories Cultural 3-4 Stories TertiaryResidential ResidentialTertiary7-8 Stories ResidentialTertiary 15 5-6 Stories 5-6 Stories Retail Retail Retail 3-4 Stories 11-12 Stories 7-8 Stories Commercial9-10 Stories Residential Residential Residential 9-10 Stories 5-6 Stories Cultural 7-8 Stories Retail Retail Retail

7-8 Stories 3-4 Stories 5-6 Stories Commercial

5-6 Stories 3-4 Stories Cultural

Residential Residential Residential

Retail Retail Retail Commercial

Cultural BENVGPLC URBAN DESIGN AND PLACE MAKING

Module coordinator: Professor Matthew Carmona

Module tutors: Wendy Clarke, Elisabeta Ilie, Valentina Giordano, Mat Proctor, Stefania Fiorentino, Leo Hammond, Hooman Foroughmand, Katy Karampour, Pablo Sendra, Gualtiero Bonvino

Built environment professionals should have like its related disciplines, benefits from a clear understanding of how their various an extensive and legitimising theoretical interventions combine together to potentially underpinning. In this respect the theory of create high quality, sustainable, people urban design is a subject with ancient roots friendly, vital and viable environments; or and yet also a subject which in modern times conversely, poor quality, alienating, or simply has developed quickly and continues to evolve. unsustainable environments. This course draws on the extensive theoretical As all significant built environment underpinning of urban design as a means to interventions inevitably have an impact on the explore approaches to appraise the character quality of the physical environment and how it of the built environment, and, as a result, to is used and experienced, it is important that an forward practical and even visionary proposals appreciation of that impact is developed. aimed at beneficially influencing the quality, liveability and value of urban space as a key Urban design as a discipline has been the contribution to sustainable place making. subject of much recent attention and has secured its place in the interstice between the other established built environment professions. In this position urban design is a policy and practice based subject, which, 16 LEA VALLEY REGIONAL PARK

RESTORING STRATFORD WETLANDS WALK

Our vision for Stratford High Street centres around its location at an Kings Cross - 25 minutes Stansted Airport - 1 hour Canary Wharf -20 minutes

important convergence within London. Stratford is of growing importance as an City of London urban node within the greater trend of London’s eastward movement. However, Cambridge - 1.5 hours 15 minutes its location within the 26 mile Lee Valley Regional Park is also key to its future. The rehabilitative effects of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park have been limited to the park’s boundaries, resulting in an urban realm dislocated from its natural ecologi- cal context.

We seek to restore this connection. We envision a future in which Stratford’s en- vironmental potential drives development by creating a rich ecological setting for Stratford’s burgeoning population, putting sustainability and ecology at the heart of every design decision.

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Visual Representation of the vision Methodology

Create a community The 10 interventions

A major population jump is on the horizon for Stratford; The Pavilion The our proposals will offset the potential for a sterile dormitory and Art Botanical community by prioritizing mixed development, creating of Gallery Gardens vibrant areas of social activity and providing the necessary infrastructure for a thriving community.

Strategy 1: Create balanced communities Boxpark Festival Space Strategy 2: Create distinct quarters Strategy 3: Create new social nodes Strategy 4: Create social assets Pedestrian Ecological Railway and Hertiage Intervention: Stratford’s Botanical Gardens Site Boundary Bridge Park

Residential

Commercial The Market Community Education Place Sports Centre Office

Light Industry

Transportation Hub Three Mills The Marina Heritage Community Centre Religious Institution

Council Ground Floor Land-use map Intervention: The Pavilion and Art Gallery

Increasing connectivity

Poor pedestrian connectivity and a lack of permeability means that Stratford’s existing transport and green assets can’t be enjoyed. We seek to rework existing pedestrian pathways, roads, canal sides and cycling lanes, as well as introduce new means of transportation, to ensure that local residents have full access to the Stratford’s many and growing amenities.

Strategy 1: Create permeable, pedestrian-friendly streets Strategy 2: Increase mobility within the site and at key gateways Strategy 3: Overcome the railway barrier Strategy 4: Enable the river as a viable mode of transportation

Framework for a High Street Framework for a Secondary Street Intervention: New green rail overpass

Maximise interaction with the river

We propose to make Stratford’s underutilized waterways a focus by creating attractive, exciting places of activity along their edges, and improving their potential as a navigational tool.

Strategy 1: Exploit the untapped social potential of Stratford’s waterways Strategy 2: Using the canal as a navigational tool

Framework of a residential riverside

Framework of an active riverside with a residential The River Lea Water Service Intervention: New marina district riverside

Enhance the environmental sustainability Strategies for flood mitigation Plant species

Taking a lead from the Lea Valley Regional Park, we will Absorb prioritise the biotic integrity of the area through the intro- • The location of newly planted trees will be duction of green corridors and the restoration or creation of guided in part by their ability to absorb addi- green and blue spaces that benefit residents, the local cli- tional runoff water. mate and the wider environment alike. • The introduction of green roofs and walls.

: Improve biodiversity Strategy 1 Wildflowers Strategy 2: Improve the quality and quantity of green spaces Strategy 3: Flood mitigation Collect • Store rainwater for later use. • Discharge rainwater direct to a watercourse. • Discharge rainwater to a surface water sewer/drain.

Reeds Slow • Use infiltration techniques, such as porous surfaces. • Attenuate rainwater in ponds or open water features for gradual release. • Bioswales will be installed nearby all areas consisting of impervious surfaces. Succisa pratensis Intervention: New floodable park

Urban design project part 3: Vision Helen Hepher Katherine Keyes John Muller Victoria Jack Philo Thompson Module Name: BENVGPLC Urban Design: Place Making Msc Urban Msc Urban Msc Urban Msc Spatial Design and Design and Design and Msc Urban Module Coordinator: Matthew Carmona Planning City Planning City Planning City Planning Design and City Planning Tutor Name: Gualtiero Bonvino Restoring Stratford| students: Helen Hepher, Katherine Keyes, John Muller, Jack Philo, Victoria Thompson

17 F I E L D T R I P N E W C A S T L E

Wilson Law

Yitong Chen

Our field trip to Newcastle took place in October, and the main purpose of it was to ‘break the ice’ and for the staff and students to get to know each other. The programme included guided walking tours around the city, as well as a dinner and evening activities. The 2-day trip helped us to come together as a group and get to know each other. Looking back at the field William Palmer trip, it surely helped us form strong bonds between each other and made everyone feel welcomed and confident, making the group work easier and more enjoyable.

18 Roger Montelongo Katherine Keyes

Michael Short Ivan Yi

Roger Montelongo Jiahao Du

Michael Short Juliana Martins 19 UD CP

EXPO BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING 2017/ 2018/ MSC URBAN DESIGN & CITY PLANNING

2017 / 2018 URBAN COMPOSITION EXPO CATALOGUE 20 T E R M T W O

21 BENVGPD3 COLLABORATIVE CITY PLANNING STRATEGIES

Module coordinator: Elena Besussi

Module tutors: Michael Short and Pablo Sendra (UCL) Ilinca Diaconescu (Just Space)

Revealing the life of Camley Street This 10 week module uses a mix of ethnographic The London economy is much more than and urban analysis to map and narrate the the financial district or TechCity. It is also, value and significance of businesses in the and as importantly, a city-wide network of wider London urban context and economy. activities and businesses dedicated to making This year we focused on the businesses of the and repairing the material and immaterial Camley Street and Cedar Way Industrial Estate, components of the city’s everyday life and located to the north of Kings Cross. This area to servicing the more frequently celebrated is currently targeted for future development global economy. Their location in the city and the businesses located there have been ensures affordable and accessible provision campaigning for an inclusive development that of services and products to all in and beyond takes their role and value into account. London: from car repair to food packing, from Working in groups, students embedded print services to logistics and delivery. They themselves into the life and working of one are symbiotically linked to each other and to business and their employees to reveal the life the whole of London in chains of suppliers of an unknown London economy. and clients rooted in anonymous spaces and buildings which are an essential part of London’s urban form.

22 Summary

This report investigated the relationship of ALARA to the wider economy of Camley Street, Camden, London, UK and world-wide. The report is divided into three main sections, look- ing into the detail of ALARA’s supply chain, SustainabilitySummary Agenda and the relationship to the Camley Street Neighbourhood Forum.

BENVGPD3 Collaborative City Planning Strategies | TASK2

CHRISTIAN CAMLEY STREET

SPENCER RESIDENTS / 06 | SUMMARY COMMUNITY CAMLEY STREET ALEX CAMLEY STREET 06 / CEDAR WAY SMITH NEIGHBOURHOOD INDUSTRIAL FORUM SUMMARY ESTATE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY INDUSTRIAL ESTATE SOCIAL SHIPPING & SUSTAINABILITY DELIVERY SERVICE MACHINES ENVIRONMENTAL PROVIDERS SUPPLIER & SUSTAINABILITY MANUFACTURES EQUIPMENTS CUSTOMERS SUPPLIERS & BUSINESS FOOD MANUFACTURES PARK RAW This report investigated the relationship of ALARA to the wider economy of Camley Street, PROCESSING INGREDIENTS BUSINESSES Camden, London, UK and world-wide. The report is divided into three main sections, look- INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS MAINTENANCE ESTATES INDUSTRIAL BUSINESS SERVICE ing into the detail of ALARA’s supply chain, Sustainability Agenda and the relationship to the ESTATES PARK PROVIDERS

Camley Street Neighbourhood Forum. In terms of methodology, mapping, interviews, site NON-UK PACKAGING INDUSTRIAL visit and data analysis have been taken and visualized through infographics, maps, graphs SUPPLIERS ESTATES RETAILERS and charts. Given reference to our findings and insight, it is explored that ALARA has a signif- UK RETAILERS CLIENTS icant level of contribution in different spatial level, an interconnected relationship between COMPETITORS the company and different stakeholders, and certain extent of influences to the networking mechanism within the cluster. At the same time, ALARA’s sustainability agenda is believed to play an important role in the cluster and form stronger actor-network. As stated by Bem- benek (2015), clustering development enables the identification of sustainability value that optimise the opportunities to individuals and benefit the cluster as a whole.

To sum up, the interdependent and yet dependent ‘actor-network theory’ is the best way to conclude ALARA’s position in different context of economy. It is reflected that it would not be easy to establish a durable relationship between various partners to maintain such an intensive network found in ALARA, in which might not easily be found in other SMEs in any business cluster. We believed that the success of ALARA is not merely about the sustainable agendas of the company itself, yet it could be even traced back to the notion of the ‘two 19 pounds story’ and the wider interdependent network locally and globally built up by Alex’s valuable asset of social capital we discussed in this report.

GLOBAL GLOBAL GLOBAL UK UK UK LONDON LONDON LONDON CAMDEN CAMDEN CAMDEN CAMLEY STREET CAMLEY STREET CAMLEY STREET

69% 45% 7% 89% 19 10% Alara Employees | students: David Daines, Runtao Li, Yanhan Liu, Xiaoyang Yi, Wen Zhang 11%

NC 24% EDIEN NA E 45% R T E G S T N NT N I E I R & A W EXPORT PACKAGING M RAW MARERIAL LOGISTICS X A A R

T GING NT A GLOBAL ME K GLOBAL GLOBAL P C IMPORT I E A UK U IN H P UK UK UK ORGANIC GLOBAL Q C MUSELI A UK REGION OVERSEAS LONDON LOCAL FARM E & DEL M 70% 30% LONDON LONDON T I R V OURC CAMDEN O E ES E P R S CAMDEN CAMDEN FREIGHT R CAMLEY STREET 1% S & CARGO Y N CAMLEY STREET CAMLEY STREET N A Employee

A

M R

U

T H 48% 62% 62% 26% 3% 2% ALARA MUSELI MUSELI MUSELI MUSELI

48%

10% 38% EXPORT CLIENT & RETAILER MACHINE & EQUIPEMENT MAINTENANCE PRODUCTION FLOW

Alara Business | students: Nixon AU, Catherine Chao, Sannie Chung, Kai Lok Wong21

23 BENVGPD4 SUSTAINABLE FUTURES BY DESIGN

Module coordinator: Dr Pablo Sendra

Module tutors: Dr Pablo Sendra, Dr Michael Short, Diana Ibáñez López, Joost Beunderman

The aim of the course is to provide the student fauna and flora. with a holistic approach to all the aspects of • Urban character and heritage: what makes a sustainability: social, cultural, economic and place, townscape, urban conservation. environmental. It seeks to make the student • Collaborative urbanism: participation, co- reflect on possible sustainable future cities production, co-design, collaborative economy. by addressing issues that are currently at the • Inclusive cities: social justice, culture, gender, forefront of the debate on urban design and city age, democracy and welfare delivery. planning: how to make cities more inclusive, collaborative, consume less resources, interact with nature and, at the same time, strengthen its design and maintain and reuse its heritage. The module combines design and theoretical reflection through a series of lectures, workshops and a design proposal. The key topics of sustainability that the lectures and workshops address are: • City and nature: interaction between humans, non-humans, city and nature. Land use, food, waste, urban metabolism, urban

24 T H E P O P L A R C O M M U N I T Y S K I L L S M A R K E T T H E P O P L A R C O M M U N I T Y S K I L L S M A R K E T E M P O W E R I N G C O M M U N I T I E S WI T H E M P O W E R I N G C O M M U N I T I E S WI T H L O C A L K N O W L E D G E L O C A L K N O W L E D G E

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Proposed is a temporary makeshift market has been designed in order M U N

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05 to increase social mobility, equity, and community identity through 07

three key actions of ‘learning’, ‘teaching’ and ‘sharing’. 26

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engage with one another, and exchange local knowledge and skills, L ability to learn together, teach one another and share valuable skills with one another.

It is currently being promoted by local community groups, a call for Proposed is a temporary makeshift market has been designed in order more local residents to get involved with various types of workshops and local leadership programs (splashcommunity.com). The South to increase social mobility, equity, and community identity through Poplar & Limehouse Action for Secure Housing (SPLASH) are currently three key actions of ‘learning’, ‘teaching’ and ‘sharing’. advocating for the development of a Local Neighbourhood Plan for The diagrammatic clock (above) illustrates how the key actions enable, socially equitable Plan is formulated. One of the ways in which SPLASH individuals, groups and the whole community to empower each other, advocate for this is through the provision of workshops and skill sharing, engage with one another, and exchange local knowledge and skills, believing that the establishment of a shared sense of community will ensure a fair and socially just Neighbourhood Plan. ability to learn together, teach one another and share valuable skills Unfortunately there is a lack of space for SPLASH to broaden their with one another. approach towards community participation, and consequently this project explores the possibility of expanding their vision of social inclusivity through the provision of a space within Poplar. It is currently being promoted by local community groups, a call for

1 Chrisp Street Market: the market maximises publicity for the CSM 1 more local residents to get involved with various types of workshops and offers the opportunity for participants to sell there own goods and and local leadership programs (splashcommunity.com). The South services Poplar & Limehouse Action for Secure Housing (SPLASH) are currently 2 Classrooms: shipping containers will provide space for a series of classrooms; multiple classes can take place at once, enhancing the advocating for the development of a Local Neighbourhood Plan for communal setting and maximising public participation 3 Workshops: the workshop will be equipped with machinery and tools so that a series of technical classes can take place such as carpentry, plumbing and metal work socially equitable Plan is formulated. One of the ways in which SPLASH 4 Online Suite: these rooms will allow community members to begin free advocate for this is through the provision of workshops and skill sharing, online courses provided by global universities and other online learning believing that the establishment of a shared sense of community will platforms expanding the level of higher education within the community 5 Outdoor Market Stalls / Podium: a space where community events ensure a fair and socially just Neighbourhood Plan. can take place ranging from a mini food market to outdoor cinema and community theatre Unfortunately there is a lack of space for SPLASH to broaden their Art Studios: 6 these shipping containers will be converted into studios approach towards community participation, and consequently this pottery, print making and textile / fashion design project explores the possibility of expanding their vision of social 7 Urban ‘Farmyard’: an outdoor space where agricultural activities are inclusivity through the provision of a space within Poplar. taught and shared with the opportunity of establishing a community orchard and farm shop 8 Kitchens: these kitchens will provide local residents with a space where 1 Chrisp Street Market: the market maximises publicity for the CSM 1 they can share and teach each other recipes and cooking methods and offers the opportunity for participants to sell there own goods and services 5 2 Classrooms: shipping containers will provide space for a series of 2 classrooms; multiple classes can take place at once, enhancing the communal setting and maximising public participation 4 3 Workshops: the workshop will be equipped with machinery and tools so that a series of technical classes can7 take place such as carpentry, 3 plumbing and metal work 4 Online Suite: these rooms will allow community members to begin free 8 online courses provided by global universities and other online learning platforms expanding the level of higher education within the community 6 5 Outdoor Market Stalls / Podium: a space where community events can take place ranging from a mini food market to outdoor cinema and community theatre 6 Art Studios: these shipping containers will be converted into studios SUSTAINABLE FUTURES pottery, print making and textile / fashion design John Christopher Muller 7 Urban ‘Farmyard’: an outdoor space where agricultural activities are taught and shared with the opportunity of establishing a community SUSTAINABLE FUTURES BY DESIGN orchard and farm shop Module coordinator: Pablo Sendra. Tutor: Pablo Sendra Proposed is a temporary makeshift market has been and local 8 leadershipKitchens: these kitchens programs will provide local residents (splashcommunity. with a space where designed in order to increase social mobility, equity, com). The Souththey can share and Poplar teach each other & recipes Limehouse and cooking methods Action for 5

and community identity through three key actions of Secure Housing (SPLASH) are currently advocating 2

‘learning’, ‘teaching’ and ‘sharing’. for the development of a Local Neighbourhood 4 7 The diagrammatic clock (above) illustrates how Plan for Poplar. The community group has identified 3 the key actions enable, individuals, groups and the that public awareness and inclusivity is a significant 8

whole community to empower each other, engage task that will ensure a representative and socially 6 with one another, and exchange local knowledge equitable Plan is formulated. One of the ways in which and skills,increasing community confidence and SPLASH advocate for this is through the provision SUSTAINABLE FUTURES social cohesion through the ability to learn together, of workshops and skill sharing, believing that the John Christopher Muller teach one another and share valuable skills with establishment of a shared sense of community will SUSTAINABLE FUTURES BY DESIGN one another. It is currently being promoted by local ensure a fair and socially just Neighbourhood Plan. Module coordinator: Pablo Sendra. Tutor: Pablo Sendra community groups, a call for more local residents to get involved with various types of workshops

The Popular Community Skills Market | student: John Christopher Muller

25 BENVGTC4 URBAN DESIGN : GUIDANCE, INCENTIVE AND CONTROL

Module coordinator: Professor Colin Haylock

Module tutors: Wendy Clarke, Justinien Tribillon, Stefania Fiorentina, Jorge Martin

This module is the second part of the Urban evaluate the existing planning document which Design Specialism. This is urban design as is seeking to respond to its issues and guide its conducted through the planning process and future - and particularly, how it approaches its work on influencing design delivered by guiding the future shape and character of the others --- developers, architects etc. It works area. from visions and related outcomes, through In a second stage, over the remaining 5 weeks, mechanisms designed to secure the outcomes they take charge of shaping the future of their sought in terms of the nature and quality area themselves. Using their familiarity with of places. The module studies this activity the area and what they have seen by way of at a range of scales from the strategic to the approaches to other areas studied in stage detailed. 1 as a starting point, they further explore The module uses London as laboratory and approaches and tools to guide, incentivise current plans for various parts of the city as and / or control development produce their the starting point for study. The areas chosen own vision for its future, and select what deliberately cover a wide range of scales they consider appropriate approaches to ranging from London Plan Opportunity Areas securing the delivery of this vision. A critical with their strategic approaches to delivering component is the justification of the selection large scale change, through the more modest of approaches and tools to deliver the London Plan Intensification Areas to very outcomes sought - a process in which careful locally based Neighbourhood Plans. In the evaluation of wide ranging exemplars with first 5 weeks students become familiar with potentially transferable features makes a major the area they are working on. They critically contribution.

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吀漀 最甀椀搀攀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀洀 渀攀眀 爀攀猀椀搀攀渀琀椀愀氀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀昀攀爀猀 愀 搀椀瘀攀爀猀攀 琀攀渀甀爀攀 漀昀 栀漀甀猀椀渀最Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 愀氀猀漀 洀攀攀琀猀 琀栀攀 渀攀攀搀猀 漀昀 愀氀氀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 椀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀

吀栀攀 攀砀攀洀瀀氀愀爀 䌀愀戀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 愀爀攀愀猀 猀椀琀攀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀⸀ 䤀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀 椀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 戀礀 搀漀爀洀椀琀漀爀礀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀ⴀ 吀栀攀 洀愀猀琀攀爀瀀氀愀渀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀猀 栀漀眀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 漀瀀攀渀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀漀漀搀猀 搀椀猀挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 椀猀漀氀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 昀愀挀椀氀椀ⴀ 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀猀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 愀爀琀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 瀀攀爀洀攀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀瀀猀⸀ 䔀瘀攀渀 椀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 䰀礀漀渀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀挀愀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀挀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 最漀漀搀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 氀攀最椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀愀氀氀 ⠀洀攀琀爀漀瀀漀氀椀琀愀渀 愀渀搀 挀椀琀礀 猀挀愀氀攀猀⤀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀栀攀爀攀渀琀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀椀琀愀氀椀猀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀攀攀琀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀⸀ 圀栀攀爀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 椀猀 氀攀昀琀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 琀栀攀渀 椀渀琀攀爀最爀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀甀戀椀挀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 漀瀀攀渀 猀瀀愀挀攀⸀ 愀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 瀀椀愀稀稀愀猀 愀渀搀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 椀渀 愀氀氀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀⸀ 䤀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 猀琀爀漀渀最氀礀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䰀愀猀琀氀礀Ⰰ 搀攀猀椀最渀 挀漀搀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 最甀愀爀愀渀琀攀攀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 戀甀琀 椀渀 愀氀氀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀砀攀洀瀀氀愀爀 䌀愀戀攀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 愀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 愀爀攀愀猀 猀椀琀攀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀⸀ 䤀渀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀樀漀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀愀渀搀 椀猀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 戀礀 搀漀爀洀椀琀漀爀礀 渀攀椀最栀戀漀爀ⴀ 吀栀攀 洀愀猀琀攀爀瀀氀愀渀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀猀䈀愀爀挀氀愀礀猀 栀漀眀䌀礀挀氀攀 瀀爀椀漀爀椀琀礀 匀甀瀀攀爀栀椀最栀眀愀礀猀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 愀爀攀琀栀攀 渀攀眀漀瀀攀渀 挀礀挀氀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀氀礀 琀栀愀琀 爀甀渀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀甀琀攀爀 栀漀漀搀猀 搀椀猀挀漀渀渀攀挀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 愀渀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 椀猀漀氀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 昀愀挀椀氀椀ⴀ 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀渀猀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 愀爀琀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀椀琀攀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 愀 最漀漀搀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 瀀攀爀洀攀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀甀琀攀爀 挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀愀昀攀爀Ⰰ 昀愀猀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀礀⸀ ㄀㄀ 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瀀攀搀攀愀琀爀椀愀渀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 琀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 猀栀漀瀀猀⸀ 䔀瘀攀渀 椀昀 琀栀攀 挀愀猀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 䰀礀漀渀 爀攀昀攀爀猀 琀漀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 猀挀愀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀挀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 最漀漀搀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 氀攀最椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀挀爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀愀氀氀 䈀愀爀挀氀愀礀猀 䌀礀挀氀攀 匀甀瀀攀爀栀椀最栀眀愀礀猀 愀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀搀 琀漀 搀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 栀愀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀欀 ⠀洀攀琀爀漀瀀漀氀椀琀愀渀 愀渀搀 挀椀琀礀 猀挀愀氀攀猀⤀Ⰰ 愀 挀漀栀攀爀攀渀琀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀椀琀愀氀椀猀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀琀爀攀攀琀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀⸀ 圀栀攀爀攀 猀瀀愀挀攀 椀猀 氀攀昀琀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 琀栀攀渀 椀渀琀攀爀最爀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 㜀 ─ 漀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀漀甀琀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀漀猀攀搀 瀀氀愀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 愀琀 戀甀猀 猀琀漀瀀猀 琀漀 爀攀甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀砀椀猀琀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瀀甀戀椀挀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀洀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 攀愀猀椀氀礀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 漀瀀攀渀 猀瀀愀挀攀⸀ 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 椀渀琀攀爀挀栀愀渀最攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 戀甀猀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 戀椀挀礀挀氀攀 瀀愀爀欀椀渀最 椀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最爀攀攀渀 愀爀攀愀猀 愀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀 漀昀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 瀀椀愀稀稀愀猀 愀渀搀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 椀渀 愀氀氀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀 搀椀猀琀爀椀挀琀⸀ 䤀琀 愀氀猀漀 渀攀最氀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀 椀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀漀爀 椀渀琀攀爀挀栀愀渀最攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 洀漀搀攀猀⸀ 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 猀琀爀愀琀攀最礀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 猀琀爀漀渀最氀礀 眀漀爀欀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䰀愀猀琀氀礀Ⰰ 搀攀猀椀最渀 挀漀搀攀猀 眀漀甀氀搀 最甀愀爀愀渀琀攀攀 愀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 氀愀渀最甀愀最攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 焀甀愀氀椀琀礀 猀瀀愀挀攀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀眀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀猀 戀甀琀 椀渀 愀氀氀 䌀漀氀椀渀搀愀氀攀⸀

䈀愀爀挀氀愀礀猀 䌀礀挀氀攀 匀甀瀀攀爀栀椀最栀眀愀礀猀 愀爀攀 渀攀眀 挀礀挀氀攀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 爀甀渀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 愀渀搀 漀甀琀攀爀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀甀琀攀爀 挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 猀愀昀攀爀Ⰰ 昀愀猀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 洀漀爀攀 搀椀爀攀挀琀 樀漀甀爀渀攀礀猀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀礀⸀ ㄀㄀ 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瀀攀搀攀愀琀爀椀愀渀 爀漀甀琀攀猀 䈀愀爀挀氀愀礀猀 䌀礀挀氀攀 匀甀瀀攀爀栀椀最栀眀愀礀猀 愀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀搀 琀漀 搀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 栀愀猀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀愀爀欀 㜀 ─ 漀渀 琀栀攀猀攀 爀漀甀琀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀瀀漀猀攀搀 瀀氀愀渀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀漀甀猀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀礀 昀漀爀 挀礀挀氀椀猀琀猀 愀琀 戀甀猀 猀琀漀瀀猀 琀漀 爀攀甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 攀砀椀猀琀椀渀最 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 挀攀渀琀爀攀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀 椀渀琀攀爀挀栀愀渀最攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 戀甀猀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 戀椀挀礀挀氀攀 瀀愀爀欀椀渀最 椀猀 挀漀渀渀攀挀琀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 最爀攀攀渀 愀爀攀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 渀攀最氀攀挀琀攀搀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀琀 椀猀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 昀漀爀 椀渀琀攀爀挀栀愀渀最攀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 挀礀挀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀瀀漀爀琀 洀漀搀攀猀⸀

氀漀挀愀氀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀洀攀渀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 攀渀栀愀渀挀椀渀最 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 戀甀猀椀渀攀猀猀攀猀

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嘀 ☀ 䄀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀漀渀 戀礀 䄀洀愀渀搀愀 䰀攀瘀攀琀攀Ⰰ 䰀漀渀搀漀渀

CO(RE)INDALE, a pleasant place to stay | students: David Daines, Dina Morsy-Fahmy, Styliani-Kalomoire Kon- togianni, Rattan Sehre, Giorgia Scognamiglio, Che Wang

27 BENVGPD2 CRITICAL DEBATES IN URBAN DESIGN

Module coordinator: Dr Filipa Wunderlich

Module tutors: Dr Filipa Wunderlich, Dr Pablo Sendra, Dr. Hooman Araabi, Ms Bianca Maria Nardella, Dr. Juliana Martins

This module invites students to dive deep into each of these areas of debate, each week will the field of urban design knowledge. It will give focus on a different topic to focus on. Students an insight into the complex nature of urban will need to deliver complete of a preparatory design theory and encourage students to note for each class – a synopsis, and will be construct their own understandings of topics assessed based on this and their participation. and rationale for urban design interventions. 2. Individual essay focusing on the theme of Rather than assimilating facts, students will be “The principles of urban design: a literature learning ‘to think urban design’ by exercising review and learning through experience’. This their debate skills, while also contributing essay is composed by a literature review on to the constant evolution and up-grading of one chosen UD principle, and discussion on urban design knowledge. related chosen topic. This is complemented by The module has further an individual written graphic illustrations synthesizing the student and analytical project, which enables students acquired knowledge (eg. ideas, concepts and to apply and test their understanding and frameworks referred to in their review), and thinking about particular urban design also tested with observations of London case- principles and related discussion topics. studies. Student submit as set of two posters at This module has two components: the end of the module. 1. Weekly critical debates seminars with a focus on the above two key areas of debate. Under

28  

 
 
   

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L. Moodey | BENVGPD2 | Dr Filipa WunderlichBRIDGE LONDON | April 2018 Millenium Wheel, London Aquarium, ‘private property’ plaques, uniformed Shirayama Shokusun Co Ltd Metropolitan Estates Merlin Entertainments

  


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performers, franchised souvenir no homeless, no unlicensed street THE GLOBE 1 BRIDGE TOWER

stores, McDonalds, merry-go-round sellers, tidy TATE MODERN HUNGERFORD BRIDGE BFI SOUTHBANK

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ship and management structures, stakehold- to achieve a more nuanced and wholistic understanding of -44
 
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realm have deep roots in western thought. reference to ownership, control, access, thought largely based on observation of human behaviour. ers and pressures. the dynamics shaping public space. Access, who controls the space, and ownership This tool synthesizes much of the However, there are reasons MEANINGFUL vii. viii. ix. and use. Use is the most common, PLEASURABILITY E literature on public space quality and to believe these concerns are key components of public space B 7:A
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communal activities as defining the

space quality. involvement of private

publicness of public space. A public space can be defined as a space that allows all the people to have access to it

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space to meet social and economic requirements

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public have physical and visual access Walzer, 1986

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where decisions can be made through rational-critical debate where they can be publicly reviewed

a space we share with strangers, people people who aren’t

our relatives, friends, or work associates. It is a space for politics,

religion, commerce, sport,peaceful coexistence and impersonal encoun

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Thomas, 1971

Mehta, 2013 E A physical manifestation of the public realm

Space thatMitchell, is publically 1995 accessible and which people use xiii. xiv. xv.

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Where the anarchy of the market meets the anarchy of politics to

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create an interactive democratic public Fig. 9: Photographs of examples of observations made during walk along South Bank which

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informed scoring indictionary Fig.10. Letters definiton correspond to 5 measures of quality presented in Fig. 10. C

C SAFETY

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i. homeless man asked by guard to move on seconds after photo at More London ii. sign

thread of public realm theory

excluding buskers near Tate Modern iii. presence of diverse ages, genders, races in Coin St

area iv. skate park at Southbank Centre v. permanent used book sale at Southbank Centre

general definition

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Smith and Low, 2013 vi. presence of diverse food options at Gabriel’s Wharf vii. sign announcing use of CCTV and

Carr, 1992

Fig. 9. These scores were determined loosely with reference to Mehta’s criteria in his 2013 index rather than complete use of his scoring formula.

the range of social location offered by the street, the park, security guards enhances perception of safety for some outside More London viii. appropri-

The common ground where people carry out the

the media, the Internet, the shopping mall, ate maintenence of Hays Galleria area enhances perception of security ix. lack of lighting or

functional and ritual activities the United Nations, national governments and local neighborhoods NYV\UKÅVVYHJ[P]P[PLZHSVUNZWV[ZVMYP]LYULHY;H[L4VKLYU\UZHML_NHaLIVWYV]PKLZZOLS[LY that bind a community -PN!+LÄUP[PVUZVM¸W\ISPJZWHJL¹THWWLKHJJVYKPUN[V[OLPYYLMLYLUJL[Vownership, control, access, from sun and rain xi. variety of seating options available at South Bank Centre xii. ledges, and use. 4HWWPUNHJJVYKPUN[V[OLZL[OLTLZYL]LHSZ[OH[TVZ[VM[OLSP[LYH[\YLL_WSVYLKKLÄULZW\ISPJ though perhaps unintentional, provide comfortable seating option for overlooking walkway xiii. OXO center has variety of open and enclosed spaces, enhancing visual complexity xiv. space primarily in relation to the uses it gives rise to.    opportunities to enjoy vistas of the river occur almost all along the South Bank xv. Southbank Centre has a variety of outdoor artwork installations enjoyed by public DEFINING & ASSESSING QUALITY

INDEX = definition + framework

Quality of public space is partly sub- There is much resistance to The urban fabric is, in reality, a patchwork of There is an opportunity to combine evaluation of space Public space is the spatial element of the public realm. Definitions of public space can be Quality of the public realm can be broken down into attractiveness, safety, framework jective, but its elements have been the involvement of private public and private spaces with various owner- quality with information about management and ownership Concerns about the political importance of the public broadly categorised according to and comfort. The definitions of these are based on general urban design  organised into a useful evaluation tool.  actors in public space. ship and management structures, stakehold- to achieve a more nuanced and wholistic understanding of  realm have deep roots in western thought.  reference to ownership, control, access,  thought largely based on observation of human behaviour. Gehl (1987): This tool synthesizes much of the However, there are reasons ers and pressures. the dynamics shaping public space. and use. Use is the most common, literature on public space quality and to believe these concerns outdoor activities can be with most referring to social and translates it into a formula for scoring do not recognise the varied communal activities as defining the categorised as... space quality. involvement of private publicness of public space. actors and therefore paint the issue with too broad a NECESSARY a. a. brush. c. a. c. Fig. 11: Diagram summarising conclusions of this review c. OPTIONAL

SOCIAL Quality of the public realm: Ownership and management: London South Bank | student: Lily Moodey

definition Carr (1992): Mehta (2013): the ideal public space is... qualities of public space can be categorised as ... RESPONSIVE 29 THOSE WHICH MAKE THE SPACE WORK DEMOCRATIC THOSE WHICH MEANINGFUL MAKE THE SPACE USED OR b. d. b. d. b. d. DESIRABLE

Fig. 4: photographs depicting examples of elements of attractiveness Fig. 6: photographs depicting examples of elements of comfort in in public spaces. Fig. 5: photographs depicting examples of elements of safety in public Mehta (2013): spaces. public spaces. Index for evaluating a. visual complexity: Mile end park’s diverse features, curves, and HZLH[PUN!7HUJYHZ:X\HYLVќLYZH]HYPL[`VMZLH[PUNVW[PVUZMYVT public space T\S[PWSLSL]LSZVќLYH[[YHJ[P]L]PZ\HSJVTWSL_P[` a. security guards: private security guard in Granary Square grassy steps to benches A INCLUSIVENESS b. landmarks: statues such as this in Cartwright Gardens act as mem- b. lighting: lighting at night along the South Bank increases safety c. maintained public space: Paternoster Square always feels well b. food: the square in Euston station has proximity to multiple food B MEANINGFUL ACTIVITIES orable landmarks snd focal points in space vendors maintained and makes the area feel safe C SAFETY c. view of activities: seating on the canal in Kings Cross is situated to JZOLS[LYMYVT[OLLSLTLU[Z!JHU]HZZ[Y\J[\YLH[:WP[HSÄLSKZVќLYZ provide views of canal and pedestrian activities d. active frontage: a restaurant pation overlooking Eel Brook Common D COMFORT in Fulham helps make it feel safe in the evenings protection from rain and sun d. change in activity/change in view: the clear visual change between d. exclusionary design: signs seek to discourage specifc activities in E PLEASURABILITY academic and nonacademic uses achieved through views in Woburn Hackney Square Gardens makes the space navigable and pleasant 1;+=;;176;
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, F I E L D T R I P M A R S E I L L E & L Y O N

Nixon Au

We spent five days in France, in the Mediterranean city of Marseilles and the Rhône-Alpes city of Lyon. Through lectures and guided tours, we experienced two urban Iacovos Loizou histories and trajectories, unpacking how heritage and contemporary development (re) create the city.

In Marseilles, we explored ideas of change in the built environment: from the lastingness of the Unité d’Habitation, a radical building turned emblem of 20th century modernist design, to the incremental change stewarded by “Quartier Libres” project, to major transformations sweeping the city’s industrial districts under its Euroméditerranée project.

In Lyon, we explored the multiplicity of a city’s Benedetta Ficarelli image, contrasting the UNESCO heritage Vieux- Lyon with the unfolding culture of a new urban district, La Confluence.

30 Roger Montelongo Benedetta Ficarelli

Roger Montelongo Robert Frost

Roger Montelongo Iacovos Loizou

Ivan Yi Juliana Martins 31 F I E L D T R I P : P H O T O C O M P E T I T I O N W I N N E R S

Catherine Chao Benedetta Ficarelli

Nixon Au

32 Alex Wright

Motunrayo Adegbenro

Wilson Law

33 UD CP

EXPO BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING 2017/ 2018/ MSC URBAN DESIGN & CITY PLANNING

2017 / 2018 URBAN COMPOSITION EXPO CATALOGUE

M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T S & D I S S E R T A T I O N S

34 The following section showcases the work students have produced in fulfilment of a dissertation or major research project. After two terms of core modules, students had the opportunity to develop—from start to finish—their own project based on their specific interests and showcasing a compilation of their new urban design knowledge.

As we branched out, so did we come to produce work about a number of different strands of urban research; this is the core of the expo’s concept: Urban Compo- sition. Each component, a building block of the city, is derived from themes common throughout our projects and dissertations, such as the street, social inclusion in the city, green spaces, the neighbourhood. Piece by piece, through complementary and dichotomizing find- ings, we have produced a collective knowledge on many different components of the city: an urban composition.

35 Streets From their edges to their carriageways, streets sit at the intersection of all the city’s flows and functions. These projects explore these myriad functions, from movement to lingering.

Social issues It is not buildings or benches which breathe life into the city – it is its people. These projects discuss the ways in which the city can be safer, healthier, happier, and more inclusive.

Governance The city is much more than a collection of spaces and buildings. How we manage them, fill them, and use them is as much the city as its physicality.

Residential A home is a place of respite, but a neighbourhood is so much more. These projects explore how we live as individuals and communities.

36

Commercial Commerce was the birth of the city as we know it, and still drives its rhythm. These projects explore the design of retail, business, and industrial spaces.

Green We are increasingly coming to understand the city and nature not as dichotomous, but as complementary. These projects explore the symbiotism of green spaces, their urban settings and their inhabitants.

Water Flowing under and overground, moving and attracting people, bodies of water form an integral part of any urban ecosystem. These projects explore the myriad roles water plays in the city.

Public Spaces To be urban is to be collective, to be together. These projects explore how the public realm can help and hinder the urban experience.

37 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T S Module coordinator: Dr Filipa Wunderlich

To complete the MSc Urban Design and reflect upon its limitations. The major City Planning programme, students are project embraces the complexity of the given the option to submit a Major chosen topic and applies knowledge in Research Project. This project typically a critical and reflective manner. Overall, focuses on a key area of knowledge the project prepares students to enact covered in the programme, e.g. urban positive change through design and is design, urban design guidance and an opportunity to develop both research control, housing and development, and problem-solving skills and abilities sustainable urban design, sustainable whilst entering in-depth a particular transport, or other. area of studies and explore a problem that is up-to-date, critical and complex. A Major Research Project represents an in-depth exploration of a complex A Major Research Project integrates a topic or problem. It is a demonstration literature review and analytical research, of knowledge, a critique, and the but also, and most importantly it is application of this knowledge and propositional. Students look ahead, seek critique into a project. The project opportunities to imagine a different focuses on a particular site, method or world and explore and test innovative process and is propositional, delivering approaches to planning, design and or a vision, and working it out in depth development in the city. as to exhibit its potential, but also

38 The major project may take various method which may catalyse, guide or forms: a) test a particular theory through manage change in an urban environment. practice,b) investigate planning and design strategies, c) investigate methods The Major Research Project is the through which to tackle a problem, d) culmination of the Urban Design bring forward a vision and attempt to and City Planning Masters degree. It design /build parts of this vision in order is the student’s chance to synthesise to test the possibilities, e) investigate knowledge in a major and largely self relationships between built form, society managed study, what he or she has and culture, developmental processes and gained from the programme and, sustainability within an interdisciplinary possibly, to integrate it with elements and project based dialogue. As part of from previous studies or professional this, students test and apply their ideas experiences. The Major Research Project in a practical exercise. These can take is something the students take with the form of a regeneration framework, them, demonstrate their expertise and a delivery strategy, an opportunity launch the next stage of your career. development framework, a masterplan, a neighbourhood plan, a design code, development brief, town charter, etc. , or indeed any other form of practical

39 D I S S E R T A T I O N S

To complete the MSc Urban Design and demonstrate their fieldwork research skills City Planning programme, students can and complement this with secondary data also choose to submit a dissertation. The when pertinent. Occasionally, depending dissertation represents an academic on the topic and justification, dissertations research study of a specified topic. may draw from secondary data only, in Students will normally draw from available which case, they will cover a robust and theory or debates on a particular subject diverse amount of data. Drawing from and submit them to a critical analysis this type thorough analysis, the student based on a review of the literature and the then advances concludes by reflecting gathering and interpretation of primary on the findings and bringing forward and / or secondary data. Primary data is recommendations for change. information collected by the students for the specific purpose of the research. The dissertation is typically divided into This entails the use of case-studies and three main research components: 1) the the methods of surveys, interviews literature review; 2) the methodology and or direct observations. Secondary chapter, where the student presents his/ data is information which is readily her research strategy to successfully available, documents, reports, databases, conduct the proposed research work; and others. Students will most often and 3) the analytical chapter(s), where concentrate on the use of primary data, case-studies, fieldwork and other data in order to practice, put into action and sources are described and the information

40 gathered is analysed and discussed. As MSc programme, a major and largely self- with all research works, the student managed study, where students put into completes the dissertation by reflecting practice and synthetize what he or she has upon and drawing conclusions from his/ gained from the course. The dissertation her research work. is something students take with them, and use to demonstrate their expertise in a Overall, the dissertation develops students’ particular urban design / planning related research skills and abilities, offering them subject, launching the next stage of their the opportunity to follow a rigorous career. academic programme and think through and design their own research strategy; as much as it allows students to explore – in depth – a particular and usually complex area and / or question covered in the course and some of its specialist teaching. The student demonstrates abilities in research topic design, execution and presentation and a capacity for in-depth critical thinking in their chosen area of study. This is the culmination of their

41 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Creating a street environment at the neighborhood level that suits to senior citizens to encourage their sociability

Student: Yitong Chen [email protected]

Sociability plays an important role in protecting is transferable for successfully shaping a decent people from the experience of psychological street environment to encourage sociable distress and in enhancing well-being, especially for its users, especially for the senior users. It for the elderly. Recently, social isolation is also suggests a detailed design proposal for considered to be the major problem leading to West End Lane in West Hampstead, London impaired quality of life among elderly persons. through site analysis, evaluation and selection For specific performance, data shows that 9 of summarized toolkit. Being a bridge to million people aged over 65 in the UK often connect physical street environment and feel ignored or invisible and 3.7 million of them elderly persons’ sociability issue, the findings agree that TV is their main form of company of this project could inform transferable design (Age UK, 2016). It has aroused great attention solutions. Moreover, the application of such from all walks of life and also been commonly projects is proposed to improve the living concerned by urban designers and planners. It quality of senior citizens and maxmise the is indicated that a greater outdoor environment potential of successfully shaping age-friendly is more likely to encourage senior citizen’s cities all over the world. sociability. Nevertheless, sometimes even in a busy street, we still see that the facilities are unable to meet basic needs of the elderly, let alone attracting sociable activities. Thus, this project is going to understand the real needs of the elderly when using streets and explore the relationship between street elements and how they can encourage sociable activities. The research project aims to develop a toolkit that

42 43 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

How can cross-sea bridges in Hong Kong be transformed to become pedestrians and cyclists friendly environment?

Student: Kai Lok Wong [email protected]

The territory of Hong Kong is made up by over the area. Yet, the normal length of the basic 260 onshore and offshore islands. To create an cross sea bridge in Hong Kong are varies from integrated boundary of HK, many of the major 230 metres to 2.1 kilometres, some of which islands are linked by the cross-sea bridges, to go beyond the desire walking distance for enhances the connectivity and accessibility local travelers, in which reduce the willingness between the islands. However, many of the for people to use the sustainable mode of bridge is primarily design for the traffic flow transport especially during the summer period. without sufficient and quality walking or cycling facilities. This limited the opportunities Therefore, the research is going to take a whole for pedestrian and cyclist to pass through system approach to improve the walking and the islands in a comfortable and pleasing cycling experience from the settled community environment, and eventually manifest an on one end of the bridge to the equipment entrenched transportation hierarchy in HK that end of the other. The overarching goal of the clearly places automobile above other active research is to explore the motivation of people mode of transportation. to walk and cycle under the hot and humid weather, and transform the underused public The hierarchy is further exacerbated under space of the bridge to a liveable destination the hot and humid subtropical climate in HK for all people, so as to facilitate the concept of with more frequent extreme weather events ‘comfort mobility ‘ when people pass through occurred caused by the climate change. Local and from the islands. travelers are normally only willing to walk come to 300 to 500 metres or with walking distance around 10 minutes, and further stretches according to the design elements of

44 45 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Making use of elevated pedestrian walkways in compact cities

Student: Sannie Chung [email protected]

In compact cities, the dense population cause cities and explain both the success and failure places suffered from overcrowding and traffic of having such intervention in compact cities. congestion. To ease the problem of lack of In particular, the monotony usage of elevated ground floor space and to accommodate the pedestrian walkways is found as the main focus traffic network, elevated pedestrian walkway of this project and is aiming to focus on how as a form of pedestrian-oriented transit urban design could be applied in the compact public space is created to separate vehicles city in order to enhance the flexibility and and pedestrian as well as redistributing street sustainability of this type of infrastructure. movement to comfort pedestrian mobility. However, many works of literature have been criticizing that elevated pedestrian walkway is a type of intrusive intervention which hindering street life. Therefore, this research project will critically explore the reasons for having elevated pedestrian walkways in compact

46 47 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

‘Estate Streets’: Developing a design toolkit based on the lessons learned from high density low-rise social housing estates

Student: Benedetta Ficarelli [email protected]

Social Housing Estates are under an increasing The project suggests the need to establish threat in many parts of London as more and a street typology for social housing estates, more of them are lined up for redevelopment. and argues for estate streets to be improved The problematics of modernist social through a guiding toolkit that improves the housing have in some cases led to their connectivity, safety and frontages, implements complete demolition through the process of buffer zones and encourages social interactions. regeneration. The project recommends that interventions This research investigates the role of urban and proposals should be guided by the toolkit, design in improving the public realm and but that there should be careful consideration enhancing the connectivity and sociability in for the context and specificity of each case, post-war housing estates through the use of testing and experimenting with different micro street interventions. The research has approaches. The interventions should then explored some of the discourses involving the be evaluated based on the resultant spatial physical design and implications of modernist connections and uses they enable, as well as housing estates, as well as the lessons learned on the experiences, social encounters and from the alternative responses to social activities they encourage, demonstrating both housing design that have taken place in the UK. the spatial and behavioural impacts.

48 49 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Invitations to walk: Developing a toolkit that enhances the public realm around major transport interchanges for walking

Student: Kieren Butler [email protected]

This project is about walkability. With the metrics structured loosely on a sliding scale Mayor’s increasing focus on non-motorised from functional to aesthetic considerations. transport and an ambition for all Londoners The toolkit is used to critically assess six-case to partake in 20 minutes of active travel per studies, based on the extent to which each day, there is an opportunity to explore the metric has been achieved. This then feeds into extent to which urban landscape encourages a synthesis and revision of the toolkit, where it people to travel by foot. Additionally, with the is found that the eighteen metrics fit under four expansion of London’s transport network via overarching principles: enhancing connections, HS2 and Crossrail, resultant increases in people supporting movement, enhancing comfort and travelling to and from transport interchanges supporting public life. A set of design principles and the observation that too often spaces follow, which offer practical design solutions around interchanges are not conducive to a for each metric. Finally, an application strategy pleasant walking environment, there is also is presented, which offers guidance for the an opportunity to rethink the design of these efficient implementation of the toolkit on any spaces in relation to walkability. With these two relevant site. opportunities in mind, this project develops a practical toolkit that will help designers The toolkit is applied and tested on the public integrate transport interchanges with the realm surrounding Euston Station, London. surrounding urban fabric with the specific aim Following an analysis based on the toolkit, a of inviting walking. set of recommendations are made for each strategy which builds to a masterplan for the Following a literature review a conceptual site. toolkit is formed, which contains a set of

50 51 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Child-friendly streets: Design strategy to promote children to walk to school independently

Student: Daulet Ospanov [email protected]

In the process of urbanisation, cars have identified the link between walking behaviour taken the dominance in the cities in the 20th and the environmental aspects consistent with century and people have been neglected the walkability notion. and discouraged to walk. As a result, streets Walkability – the extent to which an became unsafe, unfriendly and unattractive environment is facilitating walking. According for children. Hence, concerned about the to walkability studies, certain characteristics safety of their offspring, parents prefer to drive of an environment at macro and micro level their children from home to school and vice characteristics affect walking behaviour of a versa. Consequently, the rise in the number of person, but these characteristics have been children being chauffeured to schools has been brought upon adults’ (parents’) behaviour observed in many countries worldwide and the and attitudes. There are few studies on what decrease in the number of children walking to attributes of an environment would influence school in the past few decades. children’s walking, particularly walking to Children have been excluded from the unsafe school in the first place. car-based world. The policy and the regulatory One of the main factors that discourage environments in many countries have targeted children from walking to school is parents’ eliminating children from the dangerous perception of an environment. Thus, most environment and their behavior has been of the studies focus on parents’, adults’, modified to avoid danger instead of a focus on perception of a walkable environment. Yet, creating safe and walkable environments for parents and children perceive environment and them. experience it in different ways. By considering All of these factors have become the children as active agents and critical users of an background of this research project. It will environment, this research project will examine examine what physical elements create a both parents’ and children’s perception of a walkable environment for children. Urban walkable environment on what creates child- designers and transport planners have friendly environment to walk to school.

52 53 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

How could urban design create or enhance sense of place at transport interchange public realm?

Student: Nixon Au [email protected]

In compact cities, the dense population cause cities and explain both the success and failure places suffered from overcrowding and traffic of having such intervention in compact cities. congestion. To ease the problem of lack of In particular, the monotony usage of elevated ground floor space and to accommodate the pedestrian walkways is found as the main focus traffic network, elevated pedestrian walkway of this project and is aiming to focus on how as a form of pedestrian-oriented transit urban design could be applied in the compact public space is created to separate vehicles city in order to enhance the flexibility and and pedestrian as well as redistributing street sustainability of this type of infrastructure. movement to comfort pedestrian mobility. However, many works of literature have been criticizing that elevated pedestrian walkway is a type of intrusive intervention which hindering street life. Therefore, this research project will critically explore the reasons for having elevated pedestrian walkways in compact

54 55 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Uncovering the Planning and Design Tools which can Help Promote Diversity in London’s Cycling Population: Learning from Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Berlin Case Studies

Student: Robert Frost [email protected]

In low-cycling cities, cycling is not evenly preferences of currently under-represented distributed across demographic groups. groups. Thus, this dissertation uncovers the In London, UK, women and older adults planning and design tools which make cycling constitute a strikingly low proportion of the a viable transportation option for women and modal share. By contrast, in high-cycling older adults. The analysis relies on survey cities, cycling is an inclusive, population-wide data, national and regional policy documents, activity. In Amsterdam, Copenhagen and informant interviews, as well as ethnographic Berlin, gender differences are negligible or observations in Amsterdam, Copenhagen and even reversed, and cycling levels remain high Berlin case studies. The research finds that the even among older adults. In recent years, success of these cities in enabling diversity in London has experienced a rise in the modal cycling is largely attributable to the successful share of cycling, but such an increase is not coordination of many policies and programs coupled with greater diversity among cyclists. that make cycling a safe, convenient and In order to enable a transition to a mass- attractive mode of transportation. cycling culture, cycling coordinators need to give special consideration to the needs and

56 What Planning and Design Tools Could Be Applicable to the London Context?

Planning or Design Tool Policy Implications How Might this Tool Enable Diversity in Cycling in London?

Infrastructure and Cycling Environments Segregated cycle lanes • Network of well-maintained, wide and • Increase perception of safety segregated paths and lanes • Increase convenience of cycling • Side-street short-cut connections

Traffic control and calming • Speed restrictions and physical infrastructure • Facilitates quieter, much safer and deterrents for vehicles in residential areas less stressful cycling • Special bicycle streets

Intersection modifications • Crossings clearly designated with distinctive • Limits cyclists’ exposure to the flow colour of vehicular traffic • Traffic-lights especially for cyclists • Traffic islands/bollards in road make cars slow down when turning • Bike crossings realigned away from parallel road to avoid collisions with turning vehicles

Bike parking and • Easily accessible, secure bike parking • Lessen risk of bike theft coordination with public facilities at major stations and throughout city • Increase safety at night transport • Bike parks with high levels of security and lighting

Familial Responsibilities and Journey Characteristics Freight and electric bikes • Easier access to freight and electric bikes • Allows the bike to be used for a greater variety of journeys

Cultural Norms and Preferences Education and training • Provide children with education and training • Educational programs generate in the practice of safe cycling as part of their enthusiasm primary school curriculum Traffic laws and regulations • Responsibility of ensuring safety on the road • Law protects cyclists from the is put on the motorist dangers imposed by motorists • Enforcement of cyclist rights

Anti-car measures • Restrictions on car travel, ownership and • Increases attractiveness of cycling parking make driving expensive and inconvenient

Table. Planning and design tools to enable diversity in cycling in the London context

57 D I S S E R T A T I O N

The relationship between building use and building- street interface performance: A study of Clerkenwell and Caledonian, London

Student: Che Wang [email protected]

Either building-street interface or building use fieldwork, and ArcGIS processed them to map. has been discussed by many previous research. Findings reveal that there are relationships Some studies roughly mention that they can building use and building-street interface influence each other. However, few have performance, and changes of building use may specifically explored on their relationships. This lead to interface adaptations. These findings dissertation aims to contribute the relationship inform strategies to integrate the (changes between building use and building-street of) building use and the (changes of) building- interfaces performance: accessibility, street interface together. Findings further proximity, transparency, and access mode. suggest to improve interfaces of small offices Two areas in Clerkenwell and Caledonian are and residential buildings to increase social chosen for case study. The approach has two activities on street. The final suggestion isto stages: a quantitative one using mapping to transform building uses towards small shops compare them based on new typologies; and for more active building-street interfaces. a qualitative one focusing on examples of interface adaptations. Data were collected through observation and visual recording in

58 59 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Feeling Safe in the High Street? —— Exploring the Differences Between Residents’ and Visitors’ Fear of Robbery Crime in London’s High Streets

Student: Jiahao Du [email protected]

In recent years, fear of crime has been three of London’s high streets. By interviewing considered to be one of the important reasons residents, visitors, and urban planners about for the decline of the high street and it has led to their views on environmental cues and restrictions on people’s activities. Although the mitigation approaches in the built environment crime rate on the street has been reduced, the from the theory, and discussing it in the fear still exists. In the process of urban design, situational context, the research suggested due to the lack of comprehensive consideration that the theory does not always apply to of safety perceptions, some characteristics residents and visitors. The environmental cues of the environment may become a symbol of that people really fear were found from the fear. Place and the characteristics of different fieldwork, and our urban design should have groups of people make safety perceptions the ability to deal with these problems. This of the built environment different, while research believes that, in such a context, the unfamiliarity is one of the factors that deepen differences between residents and visitors are the visitor’s fear of unfamiliar environments. that the former care more about the overall This paper conducted research to explore the physical and social environment, while the differences in perception of fear of robbery latter are more focused on the immediate crime, one of the most common types of threats from the surrounding environment. street crime, between residents and visitors in

60 61 D I S S E R T A T I O N

“Cycling promotion: Gender-based utility cycling behaviours and the perception of barriers of cycling in Hong Kong”

Student: Suet Yan Lee [email protected]

Previous research has identified the gender no large gender influence on cycling behaviour influence in cycling pattern and the relationship in Hong Kong and the cycling pattern are between barriers on cycling, determinants relatively gender neutral. The relationship and cycling promotion strategy. However, between barriers and determinants are more little focus on the relationship between the complex and problematic than we expected. barriers and determinants in shaping the Statistics shows the removal of barriers does cycling intension i.e. The Theory of Planned not necessarily lead to the determinants Behaviour (TPB) This dissertation examines on cycling and enter the TPB for prediction the degree of gender influence in the cycling analysis. TPB is weak in predicting the cycling intension arena, investigate the overlapping intension in Hong Kong due to the too well “unknown area” between the barriers and developed public transport which might be the determinants for further discussion and the potential amendment of the theory. Last but predictability of TPB in modern cities. A survey not least, citizens perceived the term “cycling” study of Hong Kong is undertaken with a clear as recreational cycling only, launching “hard” analytical framework. Questionnaire is used to measures such as installation of cycle parks collect the update and thorough quantitative and communal bike system might be the best data for discussion. Study reveals that there is policy at this moment.

62 What we tend to think:

Gender based barriers on cycling Overlapping factors transform itself

Overlapping area 1) weather 2) safety 3) travel distance 4) cyling infrastructure 5) cycling skills

Determinants on cycling

What might be in reality:

Gender based barriers on cycling

barriers determinants are not linear

Overlapping factors

Not all barriers can enter the determinants arena Determinants on cycling

Introduction

Literature Review Cycling Gender based Barriers Determinants Theory of Promotion cycling behaviour on cycling on cycling Planned Behaviour Strategy

Research design and methodology

Surey case study: Hong Kong

Analysis

Conclusion

63 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Exploring the Sensory Experience in Chinese Historical Street: Case study of three streets in Suzhou.

Student: Yu Xu [email protected]

There are increasing numbers of historical states, Pingjiang Street, Zhongshi Street and streets in China are being or already Fengmen Bystreet. The exploration is based have been regenerated to cater to the on exploration of the multi-sensory experience tourism development due to their place- associated with both physical environment based heritage value. However, during the and socio-economic activities and also the regeneration process, the sensory experience interviews with the people on three streets. of these historical streets have been changed This key finding of this research is that the multi- accordingly. This transformation of sensory sensory experience in three streets various experience is largely influenced by the switch from each other due to their differences in the of street-level socio-economic activities and led constitution of street business. Besides, the to a questionable result: from the perceptual sensory experiences of tourists and inhabitants perspective, as one of the public space, these are also different base on their perception of historical streets are generated to cater the the three streets. Base on the findings, this tourists’ experience rather than other users. research suggests that sensory experience In this context, this research explores the should be taken into consideration during the sensory experience of Chinese historical street regeneration process of the historical street in through the case study of three historical perspective from both sides of the tourists and streets in Suzhou with different regeneration inhabitants.

64 65 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Designing a toolkit: An exploration of how Forest School principles can be used as a tool to encourage children’s play with nature in public spaces

Student: Stefano Ang [email protected]

Urbanisation has meant that nature is rapidly by the growth of electronic devices (Crace, diminishing from the urban environment and 2006). This trend is also seen in Asian cities, the increasing disconnection with nature has such as Hong Kong. In 2013, a survey of 500 detrimental effects (Kellert et al, 2008). Asa young Hong Kong citizens concluded that 90% result, children’s access to free play with nature of youth were addicted to their phones (SCMP, in public spaces has deteriorated. This has 2017). hindered children’s well-being, physical and mental development in their early ages. Louv Several play-schools have incorporated Forest (2005) highlights the importance of children School principles to combat these issues and to playing in natural environments and presents a ensure their contact with nature. This project phenomenon called ‘natural-deficit disorder’. incorporates these principles to high density This describes the negative impacts on cities to provide a possible solution to increase children’s biological and cognitive development the opportunity for children’s play with nature when alienated from nature. By replacing within the built environment. A practical natural environments with urban buildings, the toolkit is developed based on literature, case opportunity for children’s play with nature studies and an interview. The toolkit is then has drastically decreased. This is evident in applied to a suitable project site (Mont Kiara, the UK, as the Department of Health reported Malaysia) and evaluated. Additionally, the that children now spend only 9% of their time toolkit proposed through this project will have outdoors (HPA, 2008). Subrahmanyam et al a degree of transferability across high density (2000) suggests the reason for the decrease cities. Upon evaluation, it was concluded that in experimental play outdoors is compounded the toolkit provides positive impacts.

66 ACCESSIBILITY FLEXIBLE AND CHALLENGING PLAY KNOWLEDGE AND CONTACT WITH NATURE

Design interventions should provide The space should provide opportunities for Visitors should engage with nature symbolic, constructive and functional play, access to all of the public to freely use. in all possible ways. They are which are essential elements of the Forest encouraged to get dirty through School principles. It should also be contact with nature. physically and mentally challenging for PRINCIPLES children to develop their motor and cognitive skills. There should be minimal man-made structures. MAIN PRINCIPLES MAIN SAFE CLIMBABLE EXITS ENTRANCES MOVABLE ADAPTABLE TREES ANIMALS FOLIAGE FLOWERS ACCESS OBJECTS STRUCTURES SPACE

TOOLS VEGETATION INSECTS WEATHER WATER DIFFERENT TOPOGRAPHY NON-LINEAR FEATURE SURFACES PATHS STONES, PEBBLES

VISUALLY STIMULATING SOCIAL INTERACTION RISK AND SAFETY SENSORIAL VARIABILITY Element of risk should be Forest School principles To attract by passers, the The environment should intervention should be encourage and promote integrated to the environment stress the importance and aesthetically pleasing. This social cohesion. and activities. Children’s bene ts of engaging all inclination towards taking risk senses. Thus, the space would create curiousity is bene cial to develop should provide and draw them into the important resilience, life and opportunities for interaction space. PRINCIPLES adaptation skills. Measured and stimulation of a range safety should be implemented to mitigate unnecessary risk. of senses.

FLORA AND NATURAL

SUB PRINCIPLES MINIMISE OPPORTUNITY INCLUSIVE ADEQUATE COLOURS ORDER AND EXTREME SAFETY FAUNA MATERIALS TO INTERACT SPACE SAFETY COMPLEXITY MEASURES INFRASTRUCTURE LIGHTS NATURAL SMELL OPEN COOPERATIVE SOUNDS TOOLS SPACES TASKS SHADE RISKY CHALLENGES ANIMAL AESTHETICS SOUNDS

EXIT

67 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Redefining Public Spaces – Nature Play as a Response to Homogeneous Outdoor Public Playgrounds and Lack of “Natureness” in Government-owned Neighbourhood Public Open Spaces in Hong Kong

Student: Catherine Chao [email protected]

Outdoor public playgrounds in Hong Kong and to widen the user group by being more are often being characterised as “’fast-food’ inclusive and flexible in the design. standardized” and underused. Their design This research has proposed a conceptual focuses on having less safety issues, easier and design toolkit that supports multi- management and maintenance rather than on use public spaces using 3 interrelating key engaging children in play. They have also been principles (People-driven, Nature Encounter, noted for their lack of natural elements that and Reconciliation) and 6 tools (community- provide exciting ways of play for children. In centric, inclusive to all ages, diverse activities, addition, government-owned neighbourhood natural materials, distinctive design, and multi- public open spaces (POS) is scarce in Hong managed system). Kong, only about 2% of the city is designated as The 3 + 6 toolkit has been tested on 2 sites in ‘open space’ and many are not for recreational Mongkok, Hong Kong. In light of the research use. They have also been criticised for being and analysis performed it is apparent that lack of “natureness”. Most of them are playgrounds and POS not only in Mongkok but extensively covered by manicured landscape all parts of Hong Kong are in need of attention. with limited green cover. It is hoped that this research could shine light The issues of underuse, insufficient, and on the possibilities of taking the flexibility and inadequate quality of playgrounds and POS in greening of nature play into creating public Hong Kong suggest that more efficient use of spaces that not only children are interested in public spaces is needed in general. This can be playing but everyone can enjoy. done through better use by intended users,

68 69 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

What are the Ideal Conditions That Encourage The Long Term Resilience of Community Gardens in London?

Student: Dena Dabbas [email protected]

Community gardens are community-led This project aims at shedding light on the initiatives, where food production can be used impacts that community gardens have on their as a tool to foster socially inclusive spaces respective surroundings in terms of physical in a neighbourhood. In London, there is a fabric and potential users, particularly in growing interest towards the resulting positive achieving social inclusion goals. This will be influences they contribute to catchment areas. coupled with an analysis of existing community However, they suffer from a two-fold problem gardens in London, to observe and evaluate as they are often built on derelict or vacant the factors that lead to their success. The pockets of land and are generally developed findings are used to develop a two-layered without the necessary planning and well tool kit, which explores the ideal management conceived design. This causes their intended and design principles stakeholders can apply impacts to be less influential and resilient over during the development of community time. In addition, their targeted contributions gardens to further support their success, long to their surroundings are not yet fully valued by term resilience and sustainability. The tool kit planners and local authorities, hence, they tend is applied to Tottenham, London to test its to be regarded as a temporary utilisation of practicality and demonstrate the potential space, rather than a permanent development, value added to the neighbourhood and which limits the extent of support and funding surrounding community. they should ideally attract.

70 71 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Walkability and Green Space: A Comparative Study of Four Types of Walking

Student: Ivana Sirovica [email protected]

Designing walkable and pedestrian-friendly of walking based on the responses given. The cities has been at the forefront of urban responses are then analyzed to find similarities planning for years. While studies often cite and differences regarding aspects of the green green space as an element that enhances space that invited participants to walk through the walkability of urban space, there have or within Russell Square as part of their walking been few studies about the walkability of route. The findings confirm a consensus already green space itself. Traditionally, the concept reached in previous literature about a portion of walkability, as applied to urban space, has of green space-valued aspects across the four been concerned with two major categories of types of walking, but at the same time reveal walking: utilitarian, where people purposefully several important variations between the four. walk to get from point A to point B, and This research showcases the complex nature recreational, where people walk for pleasure of walkability and how it cannot be treated with no intended destination in mind. This as a uniform concept, while at the same time research adopts the utilitarian-recreational demonstrating how it can be applied toan paradigm traditionally used for urban space, important component of urban space—green but notes that when applied to green space, space. It is hoped that this research will aide four types of walking are more appropriate. public authorities and urban planners when Russell Square is chosen as the green space to designing green space by making them more study these four types of walking. Observations aware of what kind of walking may or may not and interviews are adopted as research take place within a given green space, and how methods to collect qualitative data about what the type of walking within the green space aspects of the green space invite people to can be better integrated into an overall urban walk through or within the space. Participants space when seeking to make areas of cities are categorized into the four different types more walkable and pedestrian-friendly.

72 UW #1 UW #1

RW #2 UW #2 RW #2 UW #2

RW #1 RW #1

UW #1 UW #1

RW #2 UW #2 RW #2 UW #2

RW #1 RW #1

UW #1 UW #1

RW #2 UW #2 RW #2 UW #2

Types of Walking RW #1 RW #1

Utilitarian Loca Walking�on & accessibility(UW) #1 Convenient & useful UtilitarianPhysical environment Walking (UW) #2 Social environment Environmental condi�ons Comfort

Types of Walking A B A B

Utilitarian Walking (UW) #1 Utilitarian Walking (UW) #2

UW where one walks UW where the nal through the green space destination, point B, is to get from point A to B, within the green space, A their nal destination. B A or is the green spaceB itself.

UW where one walks UW where the nal through the green space destination, point B, is Recreationalto get from pointWalking A to (RW) B, #1 Recreationalwithin the green Walking space, (RW) #2 their nal destination. or is the green space itself.

Recreational Walking (RW) #1 Recreational Walking (RW) #2

RW where the green RW where one walks space itself was chosen through the green space for the recreational walk. as part of a larger area walk.

73

RW where the green RW where one walks space itself was chosen through the green space for the recreational walk. as part of a larger area walk. D I S S E R T A T I O N

Social inclusion and green justice in diverse communities in London: the case of Ocean estate

Student: Styliani Kalomoira Kontogianni [email protected]

Social inequalities is a common phenomenon is offered by designing parks with different in metropolitan cities and London is not an characteristics; all assisting in anticipating any exception. The city faces the challenge of possible social change in the city fabric. having in some geographical areas pockets of The Ocean Estate neighbourhood in Tower high inequalities caused by economic, social Hamlets is used to examine which of these and cultural factors. Physical environment has two green approaches can achieve efficiently always been in debate when arguing about social inclusion in diverse communities. From social equality. In the past, it was privately the literature and the findings extracted from used only by the privileged, slowly becoming the on-site research, it is concluded that the open to the public. Today, the green coverage answer cannot be one-sided. Social inclusion is deficit leading to the assumption that can be achieved more efficiently if both green everyone has a fair access to it. Yet, inequalities strategies are combined. Surely, the results lean exist and affect people’s preferences on parks more towards the park-system approach yet, and therefore, social inclusion. The focus now the element of proximity and the characteristic is on the communities, where the needs of of including a variety of activities in the parks, the people can be analysed and addressed in are values that the all-inclusive vision stresses. more detailed. In this dissertation, the issue is As such, it can be useful to implement the explored by choosing social-class as a selected latter in the park-system approach, as the focus group; a new definition is set to study results indicate. people’s interaction with green spaces. Green spaces as any other public good can The two green approaches being examined easily shift the balance and cause failures in here, have been used as green strategies the economies of cities, due to their nature. in regeneration plans. In particular, the all- For that reason, a thorough research should inclusive strategy, where the aim is to create be made upon them and their surroundings, parks with equal characteristics so that each since the interactions between them are one welcomes every user and the park-system unquestionable. one, where a variety of activities and uses

74 75 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Retrofitting and rewilding: How can the complementary strategies, retrofitting and rewilding, provide a sustainable solution for Cape Town’s water challenges?

Student: Tessel Pool [email protected]

Urban water sensitivity is the result of various Creating a porous city through retrofitting and anthropogenic activities; the agglomeration of rewilding aims to achieve more sustainable these phenomena have a negative effect on our infrastructure for the conveyance of water, to water resources. Cape Town is a Water Sensitive increase biodiversity and ecology as well as City, and was threatened by severe drought improve social amenity by repurposing disused earlier this year, which was partly self-inflicted; and unkempt pockets of land in the city. This Cape Town does not plan, design or manage proposal puts forward multiple benefits for the its water resources sustainably. The concept of City of Cape Town and its people. In addition, retrofitting Sustainable Drainage Systems has this research can also inform other cities, in thus been tested through rewilding strategies. terms of using water for best practice solutions Although greening strategies in a state of water and a sustainable output. restriction appears antithetical, retrofitting and rewilding are approached as complementary to achieve the objective of enhanced porosity.

76 HEALTH & WELLBEING

BIODIVERSITY & ECOLOGY

GREEN PLACEMAKING INFRASTRUCTURE

LOW MAINTENANCE

CONSERVATION FLORA AND FAUNA URBAN WILDERNESS INCREASED BIODIVERSITY NATURE & URBAN

LOW MAINTENANCE

INDIGENOUS SPECIES

SELF-SUSTAINING CONSERVATION FYNBOS BIOME

LESS EROSION

LOW WATER USAGE

LOW WATER USAGE LANDSCAPING

XERISCAPING ARID REGIONS

77 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Small but mighty: The role of small sites in London’s changing suburbs

Student: Katherine Keyes [email protected]

Across Outer London is a great repository of and design guidance specific to small sites in small vacant and underused spaces. Well- a suburban context, as a tool to both assist designed, they offer the potential to both developers in devising quality, context-driven deliver housing and transform neglected designs, and to empower planners to look at spaces into ones which enhance to the small sites through a lens of their own. It then suburban landscape. They are often, however, iterates this guidance and explores the housing left alone for being too difficult to develop on. and transformative potential of small sites This project explores this dual potential and through two site designs as well as a suburban argues that to realize it requires a paradigm small site registry. shift in designing and planning the suburbs. To this end, this project introduces planning

78 PRESERVE SUBURBAN PRIVACY CHARACTER & IDEALS SOUND SIGHT Open space Quiet Layout Greenery Family & home Landscape Rural character Privacy Ornaments

SUBURBAN EVOLUTION

FORCES OF CONTINUITY & CHANGE IN THE BUILT & SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT CHALLENGE PREVENT SUBURBAN ILLS THE NEGATIVES Sprawl Monotony OF INFILL

Leftover spaces Housing options Privacy loss Sunlight loss Fractured Congestion & Noise Congestion streetscape car dominance Loss of open & amenity space Isolation Lack of activity

COMMUNAL SPACES Defined edges Flexible uses Visual or Greenery physical layers Direct sunlight Primary concepts Overlooked Playspace Secondary concepts Enclosed Reconciling issues

SITE 5 SITE 7

SITE 8 10min walk 5min walk BURNT OAK STATION

SITE 2 SITE 19 SITE SITE 16 17 SITE SITE SITE 6 12 SITE 15 SITE SITE 14 18 SITE 10 3 SITE 11 SITE 9 13

SITE 1

SITE 4

QUEENSBURY 5min walk 10min walk STATION

79 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Design Guidance for New Urban Districts in Traditionally Suburban Locations in America for Maturing Millennials

Student: Roger Montelongo [email protected]

Millennials are the driving force to the thinking developers have a great opportunity revitalization of urban core centres in American to deliver the types of housing Millennials cities. According to Cortright, the migration want. There are resources like Transit-Oriented of young Millennials to city centres occurred Development and New Urbanism principle in the 1990’s and has only been accelerating guiding documents that can be put into practice. ever since due to growing preferences of urban However, many suburban municipalities still living (Cortright, 2017). Maturing Millennials rely on old out-of- date policies that were are at a stage where they are getting married established during the industrial revolution, and having children. The homes they currently often prioritizing single-use and auto-centric live in are getting smaller and less affordable (Grant, 2009). This research project aims to in the city. According to Appelbaum, young create a design code to create new urban families are forced to settle for smaller homes districts in traditionally suburban locations to in the city or larger homes in areas the look offer Maturing Millennials a new kind of living nothing like a downtown (Appelbaum, 2016). for the 21st century demographic. Local government working alongside forward

80 81 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Decoding the viability loophole: Understanding the role of the viability assessment in the provision of affordable housing across London.

Student: Rattan Sehra [email protected]

The rapid growth in London’s population and developers has developed uncertainty as the the lack of access and supply of affordable- viability-assessment has limited the number of homes has played a significant role in the planning obligations being delivered including capital’s housing crisis. The undersupply of affordable-homes. The recently revised affordable-homes is a multifaceted problem. National-Planning-Policy-Framework (NPPF) Reductions to capital grant, austerity measures has looked to restrict the use of viability placed on councils, inflated house/land values testing to developments that do not meet are one of many reasons why not enough councils local plan policies with providing affordable-homes are being built in London. greater transparency and looking to adopt a The UK planning-system has a pivotal role in standardized methodology in the assessment ensuring housing growth is sustained. Yet, process. the very mechanisms within the planning- system have exacerbated the problem of the This paper looks to focus on the extent of lack of affordable-homes being delivered. The viability testing has had on S106 negotiations use of viability by developers has become a in delivering affordable-housing in London. fundamental mechanism that determines the It also attempts to understand how effective feasibility of a development, with respect to the reforms on developer contributions in calculating the maximum amount of affordable- the revised NPPF will have on the provision of housing onsite. However, the effectiveness of providing affordable-housing in London. Lastly, the use of viability has come into question. the perception and experiences of the use of viability from both public and private sector Literature has shown that issues over the actors in the built environment will be explored transparency of information provided and through semi-structured interviews. inconsistency with the type of valuation methods adopted in assessments by

82 83 D I S S E R T A T I O N

How Effective Can Estate Regeneration Be In Increasing Social Capital Through Neighbour Interaction in the Context of a ‘Mixed Community’? An Evaluation of the ‘Mixed Communities Initiative’.

Student: William Palmer [email protected]

Renewal in the interest of socially diversifying Participants mainly responded positively to poverty concentrated neighbourhoods has the idea of regular interaction with neighbours sparked debate as to whether the policies with the new provision of community that support them are truly regenerating areas services highlighted as vital for social-mixing. of income inequality or simply gentrifying Opportunities for casual employment neighbourhoods. The Mixed Communities through interaction were prevalent between Initiative (MCI) was designed by the UK residents. However, scepticism was held when Government to create cohesive, socially- discussing the overall effectiveness of social- mixed neighbourhoods through extensive mixing between income-backgrounds as new regeneration. The aim of this study is to residents post-regeneration were identified as discover how effective estate regeneration mostly uninterested in the community. can be in increasing social capital, through providing the environment for interaction to The study highlights that the MCI requires occur between different social backgrounds. more formal community platforms, services and intervention if the values of mixed- A combination of informal interviews with communities are to be maintained to prevent residents on three London MCI estates and disconnection between income-backgrounds focus groups with their Neighbourhood or to withstand a process of gentrification or an Associations were conducted to discover eventual return to concentrations of poverty. their experience of neighbour interaction. Despite this, the connections and relationships Moreover, an interview with the GLA’s that arise out of the improvement and Director of Housing & Land uncovered the quality of community sites and spaces have opinions of those in charge of funding for provided the most promising sign that mixed- mixed community projects, to understand how communities can increase social capital for all effective they have been in reaching the goals residents. of the MCI and how it could be adapted in the context of London to increase social capital.

84 85 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Transforming supermarkets into mixed use developments: the re-making of supermarkets as new civic spaces

Student: Helen Hepher [email protected]

With supermarket box-stores needing to externalities created by the store functions diversify to stay competitive this project don’t detriment liveability (3) be responsive looks at the opportunity to create mixed to trends. Putting this framework into the use developments which are community context of a single storey supermarket in focused. This aims to enhance the social Harrow, London this project presents a model and community value of supermarket sites, which creates a key activity node within the alongside accommodating London’s need for community. housing. This project aims to create a conceptual framework which asks these transforming stores to consider designing with (1) a community focus (2) ensuring negative

86 87 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Using empty retail units and exploiting other assets on the high street to increase social value

Student: Victoria Thompson [email protected]

The issue of empty units on the high street is qualitative data was collected to understand not a new problem but is one that is making the opinion of place which was then evidenced headlines in the UK, due to increasing vacancy through empirical research measures to rates this year. This increase has been noticed ascertain the most effective approaches for by local residents and, as research shows, has intervention. a detrimental effect on a person’s social value. The research identified that there is a need This research demonstrates the possibilities for new and innovate methods of increasing available to address the UK’s declining high wellbeing for residents, along with unique ways streets while meet the demand for improving of developing high streets that are in decline; a person’s wellbeing in subtle ways. especially when thinking about using them in The key features adopted to complete this different ways from the historical model. The research were, to identify key literature relating concept created in this research would help to empty units, the high street and social towards both these areas by bringing life back value measured as mental health, wellbeing to the high street whilst meeting the needs of and emotional resilience. Quantitative and residents’ wellbeing.

88 WHOLE DESIGN APPROACH | VALUE ENRICHMENT HUB

Create a shared website and APP with all high street units, Enfield Market, High street Cop Shop created in a Palace Gardens Palace Exchange vacant unit

pportunities found at ENIE Educate Volunteer Centre New layout and space along the high Enfield Clear street Promotion protection through improved ellbeing units on the high street to variety of perception Improve provide apprentice/voluntary type Provide methods work for local students opportunities quality of the to learn high street

ork with established wellbeing Connect with Provide Planting along the length of the high centres/activities across ondon to successful elements of street create a network examples nature

ibrary of Things’ Enfield, ulk’ Enfield with Enfield Veg. Co., Improve access to current bike lane Access to More Enfield oung armers Club and orty variety of Hall arm. and planned bike lane to create a ILIEN community-led continued link transport RES T projects modes Enfield Educate Volunteer Centre Enfield

Value C Relocate/ remove bus stops along the O

Improved

high street Enrichment L Enhance Expand market along the high street

L

C

physical I

Hub A local assets to help create an improved link with

connections B

M main library

Improve road through the high street O A

R N

T

Y

I

V D E Through street design Create opportunities along the high Enhance street to allow for resting and retail, health socialising pportunities Introduction of carefully created for all cultural activities ellbeing enterprises along the Introduce free i-i along the high length of the high street street Make links with schools, Palace Gardens’ Palace Exchange’, The Promote ld Enfield Charitable Trust’, all Enhance buildings along the high Variety of heritage members of the high street, street and create a high street networks diversity andlords, council officials (Town heritage map with plaques for identity Teams) etc.. Promote Reactivate historic water fountain Mix of Increase opportunities for residents to healthy people socialise on the high street Careful consideration for ellbeing living Increase enterprises opportunities Voluntary y providing varied for activity services opportunities/activities throughout Create opportunities in the Market the day Place on non-market trading days ellbeing units on the high street to provide apprentice/voluntary type Create areas for unexpected activity work for local students Provide space to allow high street units to utilise their frontage pportunities found at ENIE Educate Volunteer Centre Allow space for Enfield Market to Enfield expand

us Terminal

N Scale 1:500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 m

89 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Mental Well-Planning: Planning for a Stress-Free CBD

Student: Louis Wong [email protected]

What is ‘CBD’? The top result from Google will hand users, planners, architects and thinktanks indicate ‘Cannabidiol’, which is one of the many collaboratively contributed their experiences, compounds within a cannabis plant. Some say professional intelligence and judgments in it helps one to mitigate stress. Nonetheless, it is attempting to evaluate the extent to which a not in the interest of the author to investigate ‘stress-free’ atmosphere is achievable within matters in relation to cannabis. Alternatively, CBDs. mental wellbeing in Central Business Districts (CBDs) is the core focus of this dissertation. The available kinds of literature generally Majority of us are exposed to chronic stress emphasise the use of greenery to enhance nowadays, which one in four of us experience one’s mental wellbeing. This research mental health problems. Similarly, more and recognises it could have been an ideal solution. more of us are living and working in cities, Yet, the type of greenery has to be specified which the urban characteristics are believed so as to maximise the utilisation under to be one of the stressors. Despite a greater different scenarios. Likewise, the findings emphasis on mental wellbeing within our identify ‘diversity’ as one of the key urban workforces, the outcomes are still unknown. design qualities in enhancing one’s mental One might question the extent to which are the wellbeing through an enriching social capital, implementations effective and how can one in attempting to develop a more inclusive, resolve the problems through urban design? caring and sustainable CBD. Utilising the Square Mile as a case study, first-

90 91 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Camley Street Industrial Estate: Illuminating value in the local economy that never sleeps

Student: Lily Moodey [email protected]

Against the backdrop of intensifying pressure firms the economy and to understand the on land and space in London and in the urban environment in which they are situated. resultant context of city-wide and borough- Qualitative data was gathered through level decisions to sacrifice industrial land to secondary analysis of existing reports on the uses considered to be more valuable, this area, surveys of employers and employees, dissertation critically examines the value of interviews with business owners, and a series businesses occupying threatened premises on of structured observations of the study area Camley Street Industrial Estate in Kings Cross, at different periods throughout the day and London. It does so with a particular focus on night. The results demonstrate evidence of their night time operations, motivated by substantial value to businesses and the wider recently renewed political momentum towards London economy of these firms, primarily due understanding the night time economy and a to logistical and transport considerations. They current knowledge gap about the night time also reveal a valuable ecosystem of nocturnal rhythms of local economies. Synthesising businesses on Camley Street. Key rhythms in literature on industrial land loss, feminist the urban environment were identified and perspectives on the economy, night time issues relevant to design and planning such economy work, and approaches to designing as noise, brightness, and street activity were and planning for industrial retention, this uncovered. Overall, my dissertation suggests dissertation assembles a framework through that an inclusion of the temporal dimensions which the diurnal and nocturnal patterns of of local economies can play a role in defending Camley Street are assessed. The aim is to shed their value and in designing and planning the light on the nonmonetary contribution of these built environment.

92 93 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

An imaginative management strategy: to achieve and sustain the vitality in public spaces through management

Student: Wilson Wai Shing Law [email protected]

The relationship between spaces and people is a fundamental challenge to the satisfactory is a two-way process in which people create design of public space. To enhance the overall and modify spaces, while at the same time quality of space and therefore achieve long- being influenced by spaces in various ways. term success of a place, the balance between This not only concerns about the design of freedom and control needs to be carefully built environments but also more directly struck. relates to its management. Management of The study will empirically explore the public space refers to the manner in which a management of public space, specifically space is controlled and maintained. It often focusing on the management techniques has boarder consequences associated with the in animating and managing spaces, and degree of inclusiveness and social diversity of a uncovering how the practices maintain space. Many public space around the world are a balance between freedom and control suffering from negligence that are more or less in responding to individual and collective stemmed from their failure in achieving the interests. Using the combination of literature balance between freedom and control if they review and the best practices from case are not inaccessible. It is suggested that the studies, together, the research will seek to conflict between the desire for social order and create a set of toolkit that can be universally physical tidiness and the public demand for the applied in any public space around the world. greatest opportunity for personal enjoyment

94 95 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

The exploration of how to allow Shan-shui principle to shape future development in Chongqing

Student: Wen Zhang [email protected]

Chongqing has the pretty ‘Shan-shui’ early as the 1960s, Kevin Lynch pointed out pattern because it has plenty of natural that there is an interaction between human scenery due to the unique location and and space environment. People sense the characterful topography. For a long time, its city and get the picture in their mind, which urban development also echoes with this is claimed as image of the city (Lynch,1960). kind of scenery pattern. Its urban fabric and Furthermore, it can be shaped and optimized. space environment pursue the harmony The relation of “alive” and “living” is similar among nature, urban environment and to “space” and “place”, the former are just people, therefore Chongqing is also named as the existence of physical level, while the as ‘Mountain City’. In the past, the local latter need to integrate into the spiritual people have a strong sense of belonging and significance. The “place” has Genius loci, while clear position of their identity. The space is “space” is not (Norberg-Schulz,1980). The pleasant, in harmony with nature. However, latter seems as the sublimation of the former. from the 1980s, Chongqing City enters into Chongqing has a diverse but characteristic the phase of rapid development, the model culture. Maintaining the culture, highlighting which excessive pursuit of speed and scale the Shan-shui characteristics of Chongqing, has neglected the quality of space. Under the and establishing a better correlation between background of globalization, the promotion the human and space environment, shaping of multi-culture also causes that a number of a complete image of the distinctive landscape region characteristics gradually fade or even of Chongqing city is the objective of this major vanishes. Facing all sorts of contradictions project research. In this research, I combine about ‘modern and traditional’, ’local and the study of Shan-shui and “image of city” to foreign’, people in the city is easy to get lost. propose the concept of shan-shui city image, For example, they can only clearly distinguish and apply Shan-shui principle to the future some places within their surrounding area. As development of the city.

96 7.2.1 Specific Site Design_ Key area 1

Accessible Walkable Principle3: Varying sceneries with Biodiversity Sensible changing view-points

Tool 3-1: Following the gesture of mountain to create winding Safety circulations. Fig.55 Location of key area 1 Fig.58 Principle3 / Tool3-1

Principle1: Principle4: Evoking local characteristics Covering and Revealing Tool 1-1: Reviving traditional lifestyle Tool 4-1: by using local transportation Shading the artificial method; environment with the natural Developing the historical elements. pagoda as tourist point; Fig.56 Principle1 / Tool1-1 Imitating the trational paths. Fig.59 Principle4 / Tool4-1

Principle2: Principle5: Integrating natural environment Combining the solid and the with artificial environment void

Tool 2-1: Respecting the natural Tool 5-1: environment rather than forcibly Leaving imagination for transforming it; people to immerse in the Following the natural gesture to natural environment. 44 develop human environment. Fig.57 Principle2 / Tool2-1 Fig.60 Principle5 / Tool5-1

97 D I S S E R T A T I O N

The London-Cambridge Corridor: a spatial and temporal analysis of green belt policies through a neo-institutional lens

Student: Lauren Ielden [email protected]

In the context of the contemporary assessed within the wider ambit of entrenched urbanisation pressures facing London and neo-institutional structures. Overall, my the Wider South Eastern region, my research research found that a) the ‘preserve openness’ focuses on the London-Cambridge Corridor function of the GB has been historically approach, as proposed by Mace et al., 2018, institutionalised b) there is a strong association as a plausible method of green belt reform. between Conservatism and rurality, where My paper explores the spectrum of local rurality is defined as a social construction, planning priorities for green belt land within c) there are more homogeneous and less the London-Cambridge Corridor. This paper distinctive groupings of local authorities’ in aims to uncover variances in green belt current local plans compared to previous local policy-types, with the purpose of assessing plans, d) and, through comparing previous and the relationship between these policies and current local plans, there is empirical evidence dominant local political discourses. This has for the increased uptake of policies which allow been achieved by employing a content analysis urban growth within some local authorities’ and complementary cluster and statistical plans. My study highlights the wider political analyses to the previous and current local plans challenges and recursive institutional of twelve local authorities within the spatial arrangements faced by green belt reformists; frame. Within the narrative of my research and the current associated strategic policy exists the interwoven themes of neo-liberalism directions of the London-Cambridge Corridor. and Conservatism, which have been critically

98 1 2 3 4 5

A S S O C I A T E D T H E O R I E S, M Y M A I N M Y A C C E P T E D A S S O C I A T E D F U T U R E R E S E A R C H & P O L I C I E S F I N D I N G S H Y P O T H E S E S P L A N N I N G I M P L I C A T I O N S R E S E A R C H

A strategic vision which NPPF (2012) My findings reveal that the prioritises enhancing the ‘preserve openness’ National policy - preserving the ecological assets of function of the GB has been openness of GB land high-quality GB land MACE (2018) historically institutionalised into GB policy. This function Perform a social network The GB is a historical institution which has been reinforced by ALTERNATIVE analysis to underpin key is comprised of ‘normative’ and preservationist lobby groups Conservative-majority Neo-Institutionalism A combined regional stakeholders and ‘rational’ actors such as the CPRE local authorities yield planning authority under-represented groups higher percentages of within the planning HARRISON AND CLIFFORD (2016) rural protectionist Within the London- process Historical conceptualisations policies than any other Cambridge Corridor, there of rurality political party is a strong relationship WARD (2002) between Conservatism and Polarised geographies of political rurality, where rurality is parties map embedded within socially CLOKE (1977) constructed ideologies of An Index of Rurality for England and place Conservatism vs. Rurality Wales Undertake consultation exercises with stakehold- LOVEDAY (2011) ALTERNATIVE My findings show greater Between previous and A strategic vision which is ers to gain an understand- Globalisation and distinctiveness of homogeneity between local current local plans, sensitive to local planning ing of future local needs. place authorities in current local there has been an priorities This knowledge can be CPRE & NATURAL ENGLAND (2010) plans compared to previous increase in the applied to the strategic The transforming character of GB plans number of policies vision land which ‘allow growth’ TAIT AND INCH (2015) on GB land Results found that ‘allows Urban extensions ‘One Nation’ Conservatives vs. growth’ policies increased Neo-Liberalism ‘growth localism’ Conservatives by 8.48% in current local LOCAL ENTERPRISE PARTNERSHIPS plans compared to Enhance public-private LEPs forge strategic economic plans previous plans. partnerships to strengthen the regional economy 38 Figure 18) Research road map: conclusions and future research

E X T E N N S I O B A N R S U

P R E S E R V E O P E N E S S 3 Harlow 1 Local authorities included within these 4 partnerships seek to prevent further development on open land. These control policies should set a regional 2 standard to ensure development on open land is not permitted 5 GB Cheshunt R U R A L C H A R A C T E R 3 Local authorities included within these partnerships will focus on the rural 4 function of GB land. This will involve P L A N N I N creating policies that guide farming A L G 5 C P practices and the rural economy O R L I O G R N I I T T Harlow I E E

E S A M E N I T Y 6 M Local authorities included within these 1 6 8 partnerships will primarily focus on 7 designing new networks which connect 9 the public to open spaces and leisure facilities GB Cheshunt 10 Combined regional authority 11 12 7 2

No. Benefits of the regional London - Cambridge Corridor Model

Enhances existing public-private relationships such as that for high-profile infrastructure 1 projects in the region. For example, the ongoing Crossrail 2 development Cambridge South CambridgeshireUttlesford Stevenage East HertfordshireHarlow Epping ForestBroxbourne Enfield Haringey Waltham ForestRedbridge A combined regional planning authority will shape the key strategic priorities for the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 area. This authority can resolve localised political strains. Urban extensions would remain separate to other settlements to ensure that the 3 distinctiveness and individuality of areas are preserved. Meeting regional needs. Designated urban extensions can be developed into housing, 4 infrastructure and areas for employment The GB will remain aligned to national planning policy which seeks to ‘preserve the Figure 15) Neighbouring authorities which share dominant-policy types. Spatialising potential future 5 collaborative policy partnerships. Text is amalgamated from Elson’s (1993) classification system (appendix openness’ of GB land 2) and the keywords listed in appendix 1. A strategic vision committed to meeting local planning priorities. The local planning priori- 316 7 ties, as highlighted within my study, can be collaboratively delivered. In this case Brox- bourne will focus on rural character schemes, whereas Harlow will allow urban growth

Figure 17 and table 8) The London-Cambridge Corridor - implications for planning (chapter 7.0 illustrated), sourced from: my research and Mace et al. (2018) 36

99 D I S S E R T A T I O N

Design in Planning: How can good design guide planning and development proposals in the UK?

Student: Alex Wright [email protected]

A new National Planning Policy Framework This study explores the language and intent means a new flourish of design policy. ‘For the of the issues raised above. This has been first time in 90 years we have seen a complete achieved by evaluating recent and developing withdrawal of direct national government literature to investigate barriers to the involvement in design review and the gradual implementation and inner workings of design emergence instead of a market in design in planning. An analysis of past and present review services across England’ (Carmona, planning applications and appeals will provide 2018). real-time context to the aforementioned In London today, there are close to ‘30 formal subjective national planning policy. As well as panels operating across the city, operating at an exploration of literature and application, different scales (and more informal ones)’ this study utilises the opinions and experience (Carmona, 2018). This study aims to address of professionals working within the built the question of ‘how can good design guide environment including; planners, architects, planning and development proposals in the urban designers and university planning UK?’. With a new NPPF and a new London Plan, lecturers. The question of what constitutes the emphasis on design in planning policy has good design is entirely subjective, however this never been stronger. study looks to provide a qualitative answer.

100 Dissertation Design in Planning

Survey results in full Statement: ‘Collaborative masterplanning with an emphasis on design is essential for new developments.’

75% believed that the chosen design approach was ‘successful’

Strongly agree Agree 62.5% Disagree of residents felt there should be Strongly disagree stronger design guidelines for their neighbourhood CASE STUDY 01 South Kesteven Council 8 Responses 80% believed that the chosen design approach was ‘successful’

Strongly agree Agree 80% Disagree Strongly disagree of residents felt there should be stronger design guidelines for CASE STUDY 02 their neighbourhood Jersey & St Albans 6 Responses

100% believed that the chosen design approach was ‘successful’ Strongly agree Agree 90% Disagree Strongly disagree of residents felt there should be stronger design guidelines for CASE STUDY 03 their neighbourhood Mount Pleasant, London 10 Responses

80% believed that the chosen design approach was ‘successful’

Strongly agree 60% Agree Disagree of residents felt there should be Strongly disagree stronger design guidelines for CASE STUDY 04 their neighbourhood West Howe 5 Responses

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Residents fighting tourismiftcation: how can a more socially sustainable form of Urban Tourism be achieved? The investigation of two Italian cities.

Student: Stefania Pizzato [email protected]

Tourism is considered a fundamental industry tourism. It endeavours an analysis of the for many European Cities: it not only offers phenomenon of Tourismification of cities, economic benefits through employment how this has impacted residents and what and investment, but also an opportunity has been proposed to solve such issues, to promote the urban destination image through the examination of two popular globally. Yet, urban tourism is often also the tourist cities in Italy: Venice and Florence. cause of negative impacts, both social and This study utilises a combined methodology environmental, which primarily affect the of desktop research, site observations and people living in these Cities. This paper focuses semi-structured interviews. The latter were on the negative social impacts of urban tourism, carried out to both local resident groups and which has in recent years been highlighted by local authorities, which allowed to gather an increasing residents’ protests and sentiments in-depth understanding of the issues, their of anti-tourism. Although much has been potential solutions and the way these are discussed on the social impacts of tourism in perceived. In conclusion, this paper suggests previous literature, this paper has identified what needs to be considered when proposing a lack of research in proposing solutions and solutions for a more socially sustainable recommendations to the issues, in particular form of urban tourism. Above all, it hopes to considering the need of dealing with the provide empirical grounds for further research subject through a multidisciplinary approach. on the subject, principally through the This research therefore attempts to address interdependency between tourism and urban this gap by providing recommendations for studies. a more socially sustainable form of urban

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By the Community, For the Community? The Influence of Land Ownership and Funding on the Publicness of Community Managed Parks

Student: Caitlin Morrissey [email protected]

Publicness is the ability of a public space to to private hands to advance or challenge meet the needs of as many people as possible claims of the death of public space. However, and is a constitutive element of a successful limited research has been carried out on the public space. As the urban share of the world’s experience of community-led groups as public population continues to increase rapidly and space managers and the important role they the need for more socially, economically and play in unlocking the dormant potential of ecologically sustainable cities becomes more under-used or neglected public spaces. apparent, the importance of public spaces with To investigate the publicness of three spaces high levels of publicness has been affirmed. managed by Bankside Open Spaces Trust, Publicness is traditionally associated with a community-led group in London, the public sector ownership and management of Governance, Inclusion and Management public spaces, underpinned by the view that Model was developed, applied, analysed and government agencies operate on behalf of the its findings were corroborated with insights public to meet their collective needs. However, from interviews with key stakeholders. Using in the austere political climate of the UK, this mixed methodology, this study identifies fiscally-restricted public-sector agencies have the many ways in which publicness is achieved been devolving the responsibility for public in contemporary public spaces and reveals the space to community-led groups and private challenges faced by community-led groups companies. as they attempt to achieve high levels of The transfer of public spaces to non-public publicness within the scope and limits set by sector actors has raised important questions public and private landowners and funding concerning what constitutes publicness in this partners. framework of devolved governance. Many authors focus on the transfer of public assets

104 105 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Placemaking in Deprived Neighbourhoods:Using Public Spaces to Facilitate Community Cohesion in Deprived Neighbourhoods in UK

Student: Ziqi Zhou [email protected]

Urban deprived neighbourhoods absorb large the community cohesion. Given the apparent population in cities. Being unable to provide disparity of public spaces in both quantity and inadequate housing, facilities and other quality within the UK scope, it is necessary to services, people in deprived neighbourhoods address the need for qualified public spaces suffered from poor living conditions physically in deprived neighbourhoods. Therefore, this and socially. Deprived neighbourhoods are research project focuses on how to use public reported to have weaker community cohesion spaces to enhance the community cohesion in than the rest (CABE, 2010a). Compared with deprived neighbourhoods. housing and infrastructure, the value of public spaces towards deprived neighbourhoods is neglected. As a factor affecting people’s life quality as well as fostering social capital, public space is argued to be more critical to deprived neighbourhoods, especially regarding

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Lonely City, Lonely People: How can urban design reduce loneliness and increase social interactions in public spaces

Student: Xiaoyang Yi [email protected]

With the acceleration of urbanization that three aspects are crucial to reduce processes, more and more mental health loneliness and increase social interactions: problems are exposed to the public. reducing harmful stimuli to maintain people’s Loneliness has become a common mental mental health, increasing appropriate stimuli and psychological problem for contemporary to enhance the social interaction between residents. Meanwhile, accompanied by the strangers and increasing the comfort and anxiety, depression and various pressures of attractiveness of the space. What’s more, urban life, the loneliness of urban residents for specific measures, using green plants can easily be magnified. to separate spaces is a good solution that Nowadays, loneliness is not only a mental both reduces unnecessary stimuli and add problem, but also a social problem. Although green elements to the space. Water features there are already many researches about are very suitable to be used as interesting loneliness, most of them are from psychological stimuli in public, otherwise, creative design is perspective. And there are still many gap areas also a good solution, Semi-public spaces are of reducing loneliness through urban design. where more friendly for people to interact Therefore, in this project, author will try to than totally public spaces. And it can ensure find a junction between urban design and people’s privacy and comfort. Last but not diminishing loneliness, and promote social least, it is necessary to correctly deal with interactions among citizens in public realm, the relationship between “fourth places” and especially in ‘fourth places’. “third places”. Through the analysis of literatures, it is found

108 109 M A J O R R E S E A R C H P R O J E C T

Tackling an obsogenic environment using the disorder principle

Student: Hoorieh Morshedi [email protected]

One of the most important problems in the effect of modern urban development; Sennett world is obesity, which increases the risk of explained that it had created alienating public chronic diseases. This project aims to tackle spaces where social interaction is not possible. some negative effects of the obesogenic Therefore, this project seeks to address some environment. One aspect of the obesogenic issues related to the obesogenic environment environment is built environment, which might via disorder principle, namely ‘surface’, positively affect obesity. On the other hand, in ‘section’, and ‘process’, and incorporate literature and case studies, the effect of access community participation, which helps in to healthy food on obesity has been stated fostering social capital and consequently, more than encouraging physical activity. improves sociability and reduces obesity rate. Moreover, previous studies have emphasised It is important to note that the obesity less on the role of social interaction in the built epidemic needs many solutions. This is done environment and subsequently, on obesity. by introducing strategies at national, regional, However, some evidence shows that public and neighbourhood levels and developing a spaces are threatened by physical design, as toolkit through in-depth research. Further, they are not conducive to social interaction. by testing it through conducting an expert Therefore, a growing awareness needs to interview, the updated toolkit has been applied be created among public health and urban at the neighbourhood level on Thornton Heath planning professionals that the layout of cities in the London borough of Croydon, where the must be responsible for obesity. obesity rate is the highest. The reason might be overdetermination as an

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Creating child-friendly cities. Establishing the rights of children in the city through the application of urban principles

Student: John Chris Muller [email protected]

This Major Research Project (MRP) is focused concepts and the principal theory that has on exploring the contribution urban design influenced previous and contemporary could make towards achieving Child Friendly approaches towards developing CFCs. The Cities (CFCs). A CFC, is a concept that was research has reiterated the importance of initially proposed by the United Nations (UN) Children’s Independent Mobility (CIM). in 2004; it was a governance programme consisting of suggested frameworks and Following this, a Strategic Design Toolkit was policy recommendations, outlined by the UN’s created in order to inform an Urban Design earlier Child Friendly Cities Initiative in 1996. Strategy for the Wards of Stratford and However, as contemporary urban design and West Ham. A strategy was chosen because city planning strive to create more sustainable of its ability to consider a Site within a cities, it must be questioned how exactly do neighbourhood scale and test how CFCs are we as urban practitioners translate the UNs achieved through the tactical redevelopment concepts of CFCIs and CFCs into the physical of a number of specific sites within the area. development and design of the city? The Illustrative Proposals have demonstrated Currently there has been a lack of consideration CFCs should and could be achieved by the regarding children as rightful participants in reconfiguration of the local street and open the development of the city. This has further space network. A large scale traffic calming resulted in a lack of acknowledgement as to initiative should be considered, and inform what elements of urban design constitute a series of routes utilised by children. In towards the development of a CFC. conjunction with this the research also has demonstrated a greater need for child With the support of a Literature and Case participation in the planning and physical Study Review, this MRP has explored emerging development of cities.

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How can new urban developments overcome physical and social barriers and foster interaction and exchange in cities?

Student: Lili Abou Hamad [email protected]

Cities are important for they hold the capacity result of academic literature and case studies to produce new thinking and enable human review, a practical toolkit is proposed for new progress which defines their prosperity. They urban developments in cities and tested on a have always been the engines of innovation site in Beirut in order to respond to the critical since ancient times since they allowed physical problem. This toolkit consists of physical proximity and exchange between people. design principles and management guidelines. However, exchange is hindered by urban Design characteristics include the delivery of a sprawl that spreads out people and uses, and barrier free access development, the design of requires more infrastructure acting as physical multi modal activated streets, the provision of barriers in cities. Moreover, physical and diverse functions, material, building typologies metaphorical walls in cities represented by a and heights, the design of flexible adaptable privatization of public spaces and segregated buildings and open spaces, the provision of urban layouts, inhibit exchange and generate well-designed high-rise buildings and the social barriers. Ignorance of complexity of cities stimulation of certain kinds of disorders. These and their constantly evolving characteristic, principles transform edges of developments, obstructs exchange. After conceptualisation including ring road, into places for exchange. of the problem, the literature review outlines Social characteristics incorporate new the benefits of exchange, draws out the management guidance and approaches for required conditions for its implementation in new urban developments, proposing a tailored, cities and explains the social logic of space. deeper collaboration between developer and Case studies displayed innovation districts local community based on early interventions, and infrastructure as places for exchange, incremental changes, sharing assets and skills, and programming as tool for exchange. As a co-designing, monitoring and feedbacks.

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Urban tactics as a catalyst for social change: Exploring the links between social capital and urban wellbeing; Intergenerational projects as a means of fostering system change

Student: Motunrayo Adegbenro [email protected]

This study explores the concept of social capital. generations and contribute to building more It aims to find the links between social capital cohesive communities (Finn and Scharf 2012). and proactive wellbeing at various levels of city A systems change approach is proposed at living. It uses the approach of intergenerational neighbourhood level as it recognises the need project as a means of tackling social isolation to engage with the whole system as a series of and loneliness and proposes a system change interdependent nodes, instead of attempting approach at the Neighbourhood level and to move small parts of the system individually urban tactics at the local level. while urban tactics is proposed at a local level Social Capital is “the value of social networks, as it offers a way of orbiting the difficulty of bonding similar people and bridging between the normative ‘masterplan’ design process diverse people, with norms of reciprocity encounter, such as high resource requirements “(Dekker and Uslaner 2001; Uslaner 2001) and bureaucratic constraints but rather (Social Capital Research & Training, 2018). encourages grassroots participation and social Intergenerational practices can be resources. understood as any activity which aides The issue of isolation and loneliness is world- to bring people together in purposeful, wide, the theory of this research, therefore, mutually beneficial activities which promote should be used in both westernised and non- greater understanding and respect between westernised.

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(Re)Claiming the city from terror

Student: Olivia Harper [email protected]

The shift in terrorist focus to attacks on people to the Right to the City promoted by theories in everyday public realm and the accompanying of loose space, disorder, and incomplete and security response have accentuated concerns Tactical urbanism. about the demise of urban public spaces. This Following this, the project develops a toolkit project views counter-terrorism not as a threat, which uses HVM as an opportunity for but rather as an opportunity to enhance the spontaneity. The toolkit comprises spatial and ’Right to the City’ - city-dwellers’ rights to processual components organised in strategies appropriate and shape urban space - through to be implemented by site owners/operators urban design. according to site-specific needs and levels of confidentiality. The project explores this opportunity firstly The toolkit is tested through application to by filling a gap in evidence (currently filled by Tower Hill, London, which demonstrates alarmist discourse) on the impact of counter- its potential to deliver mutually reinforcing terrorism on urban design practice in the UK benefits between spontaneity and HVM, context. It identifies three major, interrelated irrespective of the latter’s confidentiality. impacts on design outcomes and processes: Confidentiality can, however, limit transmission Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) in public to the Right to the City; to the extent that it can spaces, urgency, and confidentiality. These be secured at the public space scale, the Right provide the basis for a solution which uses remains contingent on site owner/operator HVM to enhance spontaneity, which is central discretion.

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How Can A Climate Appropriate Retrofit Support Public Life and Promote Social Mixing Within Abu Dhabi’s Superblocks?

Student: Omar Islam [email protected]

Traditional forms of urban development in enhancing thermal comfort and supporting the Middle East were oriented towards being urban life and movement. This was then applied responsive and sensitive to the hot and to a superblock in Abu Dhabi to demonstrate arid climate; and were conducive towards an alternative direction for Gulf cities: breaking supporting social life. However, these the hegemony of indoor, air conditioned and vernacular principles were at the expense of consumer oriented public spaces by providing an imported sense of Western modernity. This high quality outdoor spaces that achieve created an urban form which is inappropriate significant thermal comfort, while enabling for the local climate (let alone a warming one) a range of recreational activities that bring and has also led to a dysfunctional public realm various groups of society together. which segregates society on socio-economic In addition, the toolkit to be proposed through levels. this project will have a degree of applicability This project consulted literature and case across the Middle East and other arid cities. studies to establish a toolkit focusing on

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Bringing people to open space: Improving Social Interaction in Open space, by Identifying Social Attractions and Barriers

Student: Runtao Li [email protected]

Social interaction is essential part in people’s commercial recreation spaces have caused the lives. It contributes to reduce people’s negative homogenization of urban spaces and make emotions during communication with others citizens passive bodies other than interactors and improve the tolerance and social skills. The within open spaces. The consumption- interaction can also help to create connection prioritized spaces also cause social exclusion between people and community and give of marginal people and reduce the chance of people the feeling of belonging. them to engagement into social activities. As economies develop, diverse commercial The purpose of the major research project is leisure activities have emerged to enrich to explore methods and toolkits to promote people’s daily lives. As a result, the social the social involvement in open spaces by involvement in outdoor public spaces have improving quality of open spaces, make them been transformed into indoor “quasi-public” places that attract people to stay and create spaces, which is privatized and commodified social interactions. with the purpose of economic benefit. These

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To what extent are counter-terrorism physical security measures being recommended and implemented in Central London and what is their impact in the perception of public space quality?

Student: Louisa Coleman [email protected]

With an increase in vehicle borne terror attacks Accessibility and Movement, Attractiveness within the UK in recent years, sufficient public and Safety and Security. The findings showed space protection has been a growing issue that overall, guidance produced by governance for urban planning. Although the government levels is fairly broad, with information has implemented a range of hostile vehicle repeated regarding the types of measures mitigation measures, studies have not yet recommended. Context was also found to concluded the impacts on users. Whereas some be key with many reports referring to the academics argue these measures can create surroundings before suggesting implementing fear using the space, others maintain that they measures. With regards to user experience help project feelings of safety and reassurance. within the spaces, findings were relatively This paper aims to understand how users mixed. Although some felt feelings of fear experience public space containing counter- with the measures in place, they also agreed terror security measures. Qualitative research, that they would not feel as safe without secondary data analysis and observation of the measures there. The majority however, implementation were undertaken within were seen to be fairly indifferent as they Central London to understand the design were used to seeing security measures when guidance from different layers of governance moving through London. It was concluded and what types of counter-terror security that although visual security measures can be measures were being implemented in light of perceived to create negative experiences for this. Subsequently observation and interviews users, in many cases this might be the opposite. were carried out with users of two public Therefore, in the future of planning, although it spaces in London; Paternoster Square and is recommended to design measures in context Trafalgar Square in order to understand how with the surrounding environment, the use of the public interact with security measures and visual security measures do not necessarily how it changes user experience of the space. need to be hidden and can be incorporated Three qualities were used to analyse this; into a successful public space.

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Towards Light Urbanism: Envision Nocturnal Space of the ‘24-hour City’. The Case of London.

Student: Jie Lu [email protected]

Urban design and city planning are not funded and unconscious levels, light is often being long ago unlike architecture, with rich profound underestimate design element even in the history and achievements, as a planning student nocturnal settings. Landscape lighting designer I had initial impression my academic training Linnea Tillett interprets that ‘night is a process, is an extension of architecture department. not an event’, there is a need to consider the The longer I have studied planning course, I flexible form of public lighting in the similar have found the uniqueness of this profession way of treating public space, which both needs are derived from fascinating combinations of consider the adoption over time. cross-professional knowledge, it is the type of profession that will be implement with people To study nocturnal urbanscape through lighting who are studying it. Urban lighting is a similar design, I found that the lit space should be issue that links to architecture, landscape and extended beyond normative understandings designing for space, and it is also relevant artificial lights, and more collaborative works to city planners in terms of arranging and should be done with different stakeholders. managing nocturnal landscape. However, due to the power of light can affect at conscious

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Music and the urban environment: How does the presence of music change users’ experience and perception of a public space?

Student: Sara Vaziri Tabar [email protected]

The quality and user experience of public of music can change users’ experience and spaces is a topic which urban planners and perception of public spaces in London, policy makers are often exploring, searching for demonstrating the potential music has asa creative ways to revitalise and activate the public tool to enhance the quality of a public space environment. Frequently, this is considered and overall experience for users. through cultural interventions, public art and simple public realm improvements, which Focusing on the perceptual attributes of contribute towards stimulating the five senses. successful public spaces, this research However, one element of public art which examines how music affects these qualities seems to be less acknowledged within urban and how this is experienced and perceived design and planning academic research, is that by users of public spaces. The study explores which engages the ‘sound’ sense – music. some of the existing theories on music in public realm and puts these to test through One component of this is the use of live music empirical research. Data for the study has performance in public space, which can be been collected through interviews and on-site seen around central London and beyond, research at two locations in London, Wembley for example in tube stations, along Oxford Park and King’s Cross Station, where users’ Street and in Covent Garden, to name a few. reactions to the addition of music in the spaces However, the societal value and benefit of the were recorded and analysed. The study finds presence of this music not always recognised that the presence of music has varying impacts and appreciated amongst professionals and on attributes of public spaces, most directly even the general public as a whole. This study affecting attributes of comfort, and meaning therefore seeks to establish how the presence (emotion), also enhancing sense of community.

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The impact of tourism development on the residents’ sense of place in China’s rural area

Student: Yanhan Liu [email protected]

Tourism development has had an important find out the impact of physical environment impact on the lifestyle and emotional bond change and tourists on place identity, place with place of local residents. The changes in attachment, and place dependence of the physical environment and the behavior of residents. The research shows that instead of tourists directly affect the place sense of the making people feel strange and separation, the residents and there are few research about change have played a positive role to enhance it. For the unique traditional culture of rural people’s sense of place. area in China, study the changes in residents’ lifestyles and sense of place is important for promoting the harmony of place and people. Taking Jiaguan Town in China as example, through literature review and field research, take AHP analysis and qualitative analysis to

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The Gates of Cairo: Towards an understanding of the growing gated community phenomenon in a city of the Global South

Student: Dina Morsy [email protected]

Today, in the rapidly urbanising cities of the choice of where people want to live and why Global South, almost all urban growth is sprawl. is fundamental to urban design and planning. Yet, despite this outward growth directing However, there is insufficient literature about urban expansion away from the congested the key drivers that have contributed to the city centres out towards desert land, many of proliferation of these gated developments in these cities are actually becoming increasingly the Global South. Therefore, this empirical enclosed in many ways. The primary solution research uses the Greater Cairo Region (GCR) to the ongoing and projected population as a case study, drawing on a mix of qualitative surges and sprawl has resulted in one of the methods to analyse three key drivers – security, most popular and striking phenomena of lifestyle and prestige. It also highlights and urbanisation in our time: the guarded, ‘gated analyses techniques used by heavy advertising community’ (GC). These gated residential areas marketing material to romanticise and promote have resulted in the spatial fragmentation and a certain image of GCs to consumers, affecting polarisation of many cities, yet, this trend their desires and needs. has continued to become more and more common in cities of the developing world. The

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Exploring the characteristics of a shrinking city that residents are attached to

Student: Taichi Hobbs [email protected]

This exploratory paper studies what high street), the community and the water in characteristics within shrinking cities residents the city. The findings also reveal that there are are attached to and the reasons for these many reasons why the residents are attached attachments. It fills a gap within the existing to these characteristics. The article concludes literature on shrinking cities where the by discussing the significant contribution these relationship between people and place has findings have to the literature and by showing been ignored. This has led to popular theories how an understanding of these characteristics of intervention which are detached from can lead to better solutions for shrinking cities. what the residents value; these theories have been criticised for this oversight. The study adopted a phenomenological approach for its methodology. 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted in downtown Ogaki city, Japan. The results show that residents in Ogaki are attached to a few dominant but diverse range of characteristics which are the shotengai (the

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