DOCSLIB.ORG

Technical Note: Application of Geophysical Tools for Tree Root Studies in Forest Ecosystems in Complex Soils

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Technical Note: Application of Geophysical Tools for Tree Root Studies in Forest Ecosystems in Complex Soils Biogeosciences, 14, 5343–5357, 2017 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5343-2017 © Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Technical note: Application of geophysical tools for tree root studies in forest ecosystems in complex soils Ulises Rodríguez-Robles1,a, Tulio Arredondo1, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald1, José Alfredo Ramos-Leal2, and Enrico A. Yépez3 1División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José # 2055, Lomas 4ta Sección, C.P. 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico 2División de Geociencias Aplicadas, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José # 2055, Lomas 4ta Sección, C.P. 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico 3Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Col. Centro, C.P. 8500 Ciudad Obregón, Mexico acurrent address: Cátedras CONACyT, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Villahermosa, Mexico Correspondence to: Tulio Arredondo ([email protected]) Received: 14 March 2017 – Discussion started: 29 March 2017 Revised: 14 October 2017 – Accepted: 23 October 2017 – Published: 30 November 2017 Abstract. While semiarid forests frequently colonize rocky logical niche functions and their role in forest ecohydrology substrates, knowledge is scarce on how roots garner re- and productivity. sources in these extreme habitats. The Sierra San Miguelito Volcanic Complex in central Mexico exhibits shallow soils and impermeable rhyolitic-rock outcrops, which impede wa- ter movement and root placement beyond the soil matrix. 1 Introduction However, rock fractures, exfoliated rocks and soil pock- ets potentially permit downward water percolation and root Strategies of plant water use and mechanisms of water trans- growth. With ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical port on the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum are critical to resistivity tomography (ERT), two geophysical methods ad- understand ecosystem functioning in arid and semiarid re- vocated by Jayawickreme et al. (2014) to advance root ecol- gions, where plant productivity is primarily limited by wa- ogy, we advanced in the method development studying root ter availability (Prieto et al., 2012; Burgess and Bleby, 2006; and water distribution in shallow rocky soils and rock frac- Li et al., 2007). Roots’ major functions are absorbing wa- tures in a semiarid forest. We calibrated geophysical images ter and mineral nutrients, as well as supporting stems and with in situ root measurements, and then extrapolated root anchoring plants to the ground (Prieto et al., 2012). Grow- distribution over larger areas. Using GPR shielded antennas, ing roots change soil structure, displace pore water and gas we identified both fine and coarse pine and oak roots from and increase porosity (Jackson et al., 1996). Plant water bal- 0.6 to 7.5 cm diameter at different depths into either soil or ance and physiological processes depend on the control of rock fractures. We also detected, trees anchoring their trunks root water uptake (Anderegg and HilleRisLambers, 2016). using coarse roots underneath rock outcroppings. With ERT, Placement of roots at different soil depths favor both spatial we tracked monthly changes in humidity at the soil–bedrock and temporal resource partitioning and effective resource ex- interface, which clearly explained spatial root distribution of ploitation of whole soil profiles, thereby enhancing biomass both tree species. Geophysical methods have enormous po- production (Fernandez et al., 2000; Brooks et al., 2002; Hul- tential in elucidating root ecology. More interdisciplinary re- tine et al., 2003; Renee et al., 2010). Many ecosystems with search could advance our understanding in belowground eco- shallow soils (< 1 m) are located in water-limited climatic re- gions with highly variable, seasonal precipitation, where a small water storage potential in the substrate is paramount Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5344 U. Rodríguez-Robles et al.: Technical note: Application of geophysical tools for tree root studies to maintain perennial vegetation cover (Rose et al., 2003; Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an effective and rapid Schwinning, 2010; Rodriguez-Robles et al., 2015). So far, tool for geophysical surveys because it is non-destructive and there exist a fair number of studies on hydrological aspects of delivers real-time information (Parsekian et al., 2015). The plants from semiarid regions, in particular from sites where GPR permits the use of a variety of antennas with different vertical root development is not restricted by hardened soil (high- and low-resolution) frequencies for the examination layers such as in karstic regions (Schwinning and Ehleringer, of different substrates and to be used by multiple disciplines. 2001; Poulos et al., 2007; Lebourgeois et al., 1998; Estrada- The ground electrical conductivity, the transmitted center fre- Medina et al., 2013). Few studies, however, have examined quency and the radiated power all may limit the effective semiarid forest ecosystems with shallow soils forming over depth range of GPR prospection. Increases in electrical con- bedrock, cemented horizons, or strongly developed argillic ductivity in the ground may attenuate the introduced elec- horizons that impede downward water movement and root tromagnetic wave, and thus its penetration depth decreases. growth (Andrews et al., 2005; Katra et al., 2008; Rodriguez- However, higher GPR frequencies may provide improved Robles et al., 2015). resolution. Hence, operating frequency is always a trade-off In semiarid climates, poorly developed shallow soils over between resolution and ground penetration (Aditama et al., water-impermeable substrates rarely exhibit sufficient wa- 2017). The application of GPR ranges from characterizing ter storage capacity to maintain forest ecosystems. Empiri- subsurface stratigraphy (Adepelumi and Fayemi, 2012) and cal evidence suggests that trees and shrubs growing on this spatial extent of weathered blocks and fracture-cracked sys- type of substrate are able to access water from weathered tems (Ogretmen and Seren, 2014) to measurements of soil bedrock once water supply from the top soil becomes ex- water content (da Silva et al., 2004) and the determination of hausted (Schwinning, 2008; Querejeta et al., 2007). Still, the belowground tree roots of different diameter (with minimum geological context of shallow soils in plant–water relations diameter of 5 mm) in forest and urban settings (Tanikawa et is controversial both in terms of the physical source of water al., 2013; Ow and Sim, 2012; Hruska et al., 1999). A com- and the adaptive mechanisms to thrive under these limiting bined application of GPR with ERT explored the distinction water conditions. This has been the focus of recent ecohy- and distribution of roots with different diameters over a broad drological studies (Tokumoto et al., 2014; Schwinning, 2013; range of soil conditions in southeastern United States (But- Rodriguez-Robles et al., 2015; Estrada-Medina et al., 2013). nor et al., 2001). According to their study, soils with high Because of methodological difficulties, the impracticality of electrical resistivity are the most amenable for root detec- bedrock excavation and a general lack of specific research tion with GPR. More recent studies (Zhu et al., 2014; Bor- tools to study root distribution in situ, little is known about den et al., 2014) have tried to track the direction (vertical species-specific rooting patterns and growth strategies of for- or horizontal) of root growth and to evaluate the efficiency est ecosystems colonizing shallow soils over bedrock. Com- of GPR in mapping coarse root systems and estimating root plementary methods are needed to simultaneously study ver- biomass under field conditions. However, various factors af- tical root distribution and seasonal soil humidity patterns to fect detection of roots using GPR, such as root position, elucidate potentially diverse species-specific adaptations to wood density and the conditions surrounding roots. These complex geoecohydrological conditions. conditions include, for instance, physical properties, altered With surface geophysical methods, such as electrical re- or removed material, the volumetric water content, temper- sistivity tomography (ERT), it is possible to monitor water ature, dissolved solids or salinity, the existence of regolith content at soil–bedrock depths between 2.5 and 17 m and material, and applied GPR wave frequency. These conditions at frequent time intervals (Beff et al., 2013). ERT is a non- may interfere with signal transmission and thus resulting in destructive, geoelectrical method to examine soil properties low-quality and difficult-to-interpret profiles (Table 1). For (Martinez-Pagan et al., 2013); it allows the generation of example, root zones in wet conductive soils, high-frequency two- and/or three-dimensional images and maps depicting waves are strongly attenuated limiting the resolution to detect both the spatial and temporal variation in soil electrical con- roots and depth penetration (Butnor et al., 2012). ductivity, corresponding to variations in soil water content To explore the potential of these geophysical methods in (Cosentini et al., 2012), and singularities like cracks and frac- ecology, we examined ecohydrological processes at the soil– tures (Travelletti et al., 2012). The resistivity of rocks
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix L: Oak Savanna Definition
    Appendix L: Oak Savanna Definition Appendix L: Oak Savanna Definition Working Definition of “Savanna” for shaded environments under trees, shifting as the tree canopy becomes more open or closed. Herba- Restoration Efforts at Crane Meadows ceous species typical of prairie and forest co-occur; NWR in addition to a set of very specific savanna species (see lists below) that have high fidelity to this com- General Definition of Southern Dry Savanna: munity type (Texler Personal commun., Drobney Personal commun. (Buchanan 1996). This spatial Savanna habitat at Crane Meadows NWR, like variation within the understory is a function of the savanna across its range, is a fire-dependent, varying degrees of species tolerance to shade and dynamic community characterized by scattered sun. Forbs are an essential component of the under trees or groves of trees, mostly comprised of oaks - story. Another important component of savanna (Quercus sp.) with a canopy cover ranging from 10– 70%, but more typically between 25-50%; and a understory is the shrub layer. The understory of basal area (BA) of 5-50 sq ft / acre. A wide range is savanna on the Anoka Sandplain, including those at Crane Meadows NWR, can be present with or with- used because canopy cover is not the most impor- tant characteristic that defines savanna and also out shrubs. The extent of shrub density is depen- because savanna ecosystems are dynamic and are dent on the subtype savanna classification and the frequency of fire (Law et al. 1994, Swanson 2008, associated with a natural range of variation through space and time.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Oak Savanna Nature Centres 5 Summer Camp Sign-Up 6 by Kevin Tupman Oak Savanna
    THE GRAND STRATEGY NEWSLETTER Volume 15, Number 3 - May-June 2010 Grand River The Grand: Conservation A Canadian Authority Heritage River Feature Fire restores a rare savanna forest 1 Milestones Byng island’s 50th 2 Look Who’s Taking Action Caring for bluebirds 3 Swallow habitat 4 Rotary forest 5 Fire restores a rare forest: What’s happening New programs at black oak savanna nature centres 5 Summer camp sign-up 6 By Kevin Tupman oak savanna. Older oaks now existing within the SWP update 6 Natural Heritage Specialist area are a testament to the vision, progressive for Grand River a grand its time, expressed in the master plan. place to paddle 7 ost people know that some plants and ani- Fire is necessary because this rare ecosystem Water festival photo 7 Mmals are at risk, such as the bald eagle and is sustained by fire. Historically, fire resulted American ginseng, but not many people realize from either lightning or aboriginal inhabitants. Now Available that communities such as forests, can also be at Fire ensures that savanna areas do not turn into Grand new risk. dense forests. Only trees with a high tolerance fishing book 7 It is true that sugar maple woodlots and pine for fire, such as the black oak, are able to sur- plantations are commonplace. However, the vive. European settlers cleared much of the savanna Calendar 8 GRCA is restoring one of the rarest of forests — for agriculture. They also suppressed the fires. a black oak savanna close to Apps’ Mill in Brant This meant that surviving pockets of savanna Cover photo County.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Grau Memorial Oak Savanna Trail Guide
    Robert Grau Robert Grau was a forester and a true conservationist. He was a charter member of Robert Grau the Clayton County Conservation Board from 1958-1978, and he was one of the first to Memorial Oak reconstruct a prairie in Clayton County in the late 1970's . The reconstruction of Savanna Trail this Oak Savanna is dedicated to his memory. Guide 29862 Osborne Road Elkader, IA 52043 Clayton County (563)-245-1516 Robert Grau with his son and grandsons Conservation Board Welcome! Prairie Reconstruction Oak Savanna Welcome to the Robert Grau Memorial Oak As you make your way up the first hill, you’ll notice a At the top of the hill, you have a good view of the oak Savanna and Trail! Use this brochure to help large open prairie off to the right. Prairie was once savanna. Savannas are open landscapes of widely guide you along the trail. We hope you enjoy common in NE Iowa. The original spaced, broad-crowned trees and a diverse mix of your visit! prairie around the village of Motor shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers. Once common in was turned into farmland when the NE Iowa’s hills and river valleys, savannas are now Limestone Kiln Klink family bought Motor Mill and rare, due to land use change for farming and building. At the beginning of the trail next to the road, just past surrounding buildings in 1903. the Cooperage, is where a lime kiln was once located. Clayton County Conservation Limestone Quarry acquired the site in 1983 and has The kiln would have been used during the late 1860’s Once at the top of the hill, you will notice a large since restored this area to prairie when Motor Mill was being constructed.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Abstract Oak Openings
    Oak Openings CommunityOak Openings,Abstract Page 1 Historical Range Prevalent or likely prevalent Infrequent or likely infrequent Photo by Michael A. Kost Absent or likely absent Overview: Oak openings is a fire-dependent, savanna climatic tension zone. In the 1800s, oak openings were type dominated by oaks, having between 10 and located in the south-central Lower Peninsula of Michigan 60% canopy, with or without a shrub layer. The on sandy glacial outwash and coarse-textured moraines predominantly graminoid ground layer is composed (Wing 1937, Comer et al. 1995, NatureServe 2004). Oak of species associated with both prairie and forest openings occurred within the range of bur oak plains communities. Oak openings are found on dry-mesic and oak barrens, with oak openings dominating more on loams and occur typically on level to rolling topography dry-mesic to mesic soils, bur oak plains occupying more of outwash and coarse-textured end moraines. Oak mesic, flat sites in the southwestern part of the Lower openings have been nearly extirpated from Michigan; Peninsula, and oak barrens thriving on droughty sites. only two small examples have been documented. These similar oak savanna types often graded into each other. Oak openings were historically documented in Global and State Rank: G1/S1 the following counties: Allegan, Barry, Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Clinton, Eaton, Genesee, Hillsdale, Range: Oak savanna1 and prairie communities reached Ingham, Ionia, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Kent, Lapeer, their maximum coverage in Michigan approximately Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Montcalm, Monroe, 4,000-6,000 years ago, when post-glacial climatic Newaygo, Oakland, Ottawa, Shiawassee, St. Joseph, Van conditions were comparatively warm and dry.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Phenology of a Texas Post Oak Savanna from a CHRIS PROBA Time Series
    remote sensing Article Functional Phenology of a Texas Post Oak Savanna from a CHRIS PROBA Time Series Michael J. Hill 1,2,* , Andrew Millington 2 , Rebecca Lemons 1 and Cherie New 1 1 Department of Earth System Science and Policy, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (C.N.) 2 College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; andrew.millington@flinders.edu.au * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-413161853 Received: 19 September 2019; Accepted: 13 October 2019; Published: 15 October 2019 Abstract: Remnant midwestern oak savannas in the USA have been altered by fire suppression and the encroachment of woody evergreen trees and shrubs. The Gus Engeling Wildlife Management Area (GEWMA) near Palestine, Texas represents a relatively intact southern example of thickening and evergreen encroachment in oak savannas. In this study, 18 images from the CHRIS/PROBA (Compact High-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer/Project for On-Board Autonomy) sensor were acquired between June 2009 and October 2010 and used to explore variation in canopy dynamics among deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs, and savanna grassland in seasonal leaf-on and leaf-off conditions. Nadir CHRIS images from the 11 useable dates were processed to surface reflectance and a selection of vegetation indices (VIs) sensitive to pigments, photosynthetic efficiency, and canopy water content were calculated. An analysis of temporal VI phenology was undertaken using a fishnet polygon at 90 m resolution incorporating tree densities from a classified aerial photo and soil type polygons.
    [Show full text]
  • Bur Oak Savanna
    Bur Oak Savanna 1992 Bur oak savanna remnants exist in the southern half of WNT. Native herbaceous vegetation typical of savanna exists in the understory and will serve as a fuel base for future prescribed burns. 1993 Much interest has been generated in savannas as a topic. In February 1993, the first North American Oak Savanna Conference was held in Chicago, Illinois. Refuge Biologist Drobney was a participant in an effort to share information and to draft a Midwest Savanna Ecosystem Recovery Plan. During the same conference, interest was generated in WNT’s savannas that have mesic to wet-mesic characteristics. Most of the current information about savannas has been derived from sand savannas. Sand savannas have been more likely to survive because they are less suited to agriculture and therefore less a subject to the plow. In addition, invasive woody species often tend to develop more slowly in dry sandy areas resulting in a longer time period prior to canopy closure. In some areas on WNT, prairie cord grass and other moisture loving species occur in the oak understory on hillsides associated with seeps. In other areas, savannas occur in relatively low moist areas. WNT, therefore, is potentially an important study site that could yield a better understanding of a once common kind of Midwestern oak savanna that is poorly understood and largely obliterated. 1998 In 1998, we cleared approximately 3 acres of trees in natural community remnants including Thorn Valley Savanna, Coneflower Prairie, Buzzard Head, and Don’s II. 1999 Hundreds of orchids of three species including twayblade (Liparis liliifolia), showy orchis (Galearis spectabilis), and nodding ladies’ tresses (Spiranthes cernua) were manifest and blooming profusely in summer of 1999 in the Buzzard Head Prairie remnant.
    [Show full text]
  • East Central Plains (Post Oak Savanna)
    TEXAS CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN East Central Texas Plains (Post Oak Savanna) ECOREGION HANDBOOK August 2012 Citing this document: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 2012. Texas Conservation Action Plan 2012 – 2016: East Central Texas Plains Handbook. Editor, Wendy Connally, Texas Conservation Action Plan Coordinator. Austin, Texas. Contents SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 HOW TO GET INVOLVED ............................................................................................................................... 2 OVERVIEW ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 RARE SPECIES and COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................. 13 PRIORITY HABITATS ..................................................................................................................................... 13 ISSUES ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 CONSERVATION ACTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 28 ECOREGION HANDBOOK FIGURES Figure 1. ECPL Ecoregion with County Boundaries ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Landowner's Guide to Restoring and Managing Oregon White Oak Habitats
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The landowner stories throughout the Guide would not have been possible without help from Lynda Boyer, Warren and Laurie Halsey, Mark Krautmann, Barry Schreiber, and Karen Thelen. The authors also wish to thank Florence Caplow and Chris Chappell of the Washington Natural Heritage Program and Anita Gorham of the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) for helping us be�er understand Oregon white oak plant community associations. John Christy of the Oregon Natural Heritage program provided data for mapping pre-se�lement vegetation of the Willame�e Valley. Karen Bahus provided invaluable technical editing and layout services during the preparation of the Guide. Finally, we offer our appreciation to the following members of the Landowner’s Guide Steering Commi�ee: Hugh Snook, Bureau of Land Management (BLM) - Commi�ee Leader, Bob Altman The American Bird Conservancy (ABC), Eric Devlin, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Connie Harrington, U.S.D.A. Forest Service (USFS), Jane Kertis (USFS), Brad Kno�s, Oregon Department of Forestry (ODF), Rachel Maggi, Natural Resource & Conservation Service (NRCS), Brad Withrow-Robinson, Oregon State University Extension Service (OSU), and Nancy Wogen, BLM. These Commi�ee members reviewed earlier dra�s of our work and offered comments that led to significant improvements to the final publication. All photos were taken by the authors unless otherwise indicated. Landowner’s Guide to Restoring and Managing Oregon White Oak Habitats Less than 1% of oak-dominated habitats are protected in parks or reserves. Private landowners hold the key to maintaining this important natural legacy. Landowner’s Guide to Restoring and Managing Oregon White Oak Habitats GLOSSARY OF TERMS GLOSSARY OF TERMS Throughout this Landowner’s Guide, we have highlighted many terms in bold type to indicate that the term is defined in the glossary below.
    [Show full text]
  • An Ecological Investigation Into a Remnant Oak·Savana in Southern Minnesota
    AN ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION INTO A REMNANT OAK·SAVANA IN SOUTHERN MINNESOTA by Scott C. Laursen Submitted for Independent Research St. Olaf College Northfield, Minnesota May 1997 Abstract: A small forested plot in Northfield, MN was examined to determine if it is a remnant oak savanna and to gather baseline data to assess the area's present successional status. The canopy of the 90m X 90m test site was dominated by old growth Quercus macrocarpa (bur oaks). The plot was divided into periphery and interior according to the size of surrounding shade-tolerant saplings, and radiation levels in both areas were measured over three days. The height of each oak's lowest living lateral branch was recorded along with the number of dead branches below it. Spatial dispersion, coverage, and the map location of each old growth oak were also determined. A soil pit was dug in the remnant and a nearby late-successional forest plot. Nitrates, percent organic matter, and pH were compared between the remnant and the comparison plot. There were significant differences in radiation levels, lowest living lateral branches, and number of dead limbs below the lowest living branch between interior and periphery oaks. Results suggest that each shade-intolerant Quercus macrocarpa is being overtaken from its base up, as growing invasive species reduce its light. Dispersion tests revealed a slight tendency toward a contagious pattern in the oaks, especially in the southern corner of the plot. The oak coverage estimate was less than 70°/o and, therefore, within the classification range of an oak savanna ecosystem as defined by the state of Minnesota.
    [Show full text]
  • A Potential Understory Flora for Oak Savanna in Iowa
    Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS Volume 103 Number 1-2 Article 4 1996 A Potential Understory Flora for Oak Savanna in Iowa Karl T. Delong Grinnell College Craig Hooper Grinnell College Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright © Copyright 1996 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias Part of the Anthropology Commons, Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Delong, Karl T. and Hooper, Craig (1996) "A Potential Understory Flora for Oak Savanna in Iowa," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 103(1-2), 9-28. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol103/iss1/4 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ]our. Iowa Acad. Sci. 103(1-2):9-28, 1996 A Potential U nderstory Flora for Oak Savanna in Iowa KARL T. DELONG and CRAIG HOOPER Department of Biology and Conard Environmental Research Area Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112 Oak savanna occurred in Iowa until the time of settlement and then was degraded rapidly. There were no scientific studies of savan­ na pnor to, or after, settlement, and now no high-quality examples exist within the state. To identify those vascular plants adapted to live m the u.nderstory of savai:ina we exammed reg10nal and local flora for species that occurred in both prairie and broken woodland, and for species that occurred m both openmgs and forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Oak Opening (Global Rank G1; State Rank S1)
    Oak Opening (Global Rank G1; State Rank S1) Overview: Distribution, Abundance, or control unwanted woody growth and invasive herbs and Environmental Setting, Ecological Processes encourage suppressed native groundlayer plants. In some res- Historically, Oak Openings occurred on dry to wet-mesic toration efforts, it has been deemed necessary to reintroduce sites across much of southern and western Wisconsin. Patch native plant species that have been lost. size and configuration varied greatly, and the community As defined by Curtis (1959), Oak Openings are oak-dom- was found as isolated groves, in draws between ridges, on inated savanna communities in which there was at least one tongue-like peninsulas, on steep slopes partially protected tree per acre but where total tree cover was less than 50%. by waterbodies or wetlands, and sometimes as extensive However, he also noted that the “density (of trees) per acre ecotonal areas separating open prairie from closed forest. was the most variable of all characteristics,” a key point for According to the interpretations of Curtis (1959) and Fin- managers and restoration planners. It’s also worth noting that ley (1976), Oak Openings covered approximately 5.5 million Oak Openings could grade seamlessly into communities still acres in southern Wisconsin at the time of the federal public influenced by and ultimately dependent on periodic wild- land survey in the mid-19th century. Only the vast (and vari- fire but characterized by increasing levels of canopy closure. able) Northern Mesic Forests in the northern part of the state A continuum of the fire-dependent “oak ecosystem” could were more extensive.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Oak Savanna
    Rapid Assessment Reference Condition Model The Rapid Assessment is a component of the LANDFIRE project. Reference condition models for the Rapid Assessment were created through a series of expert workshops and a peer-review process in 2004 and 2005. For more information, please visit www.landfire.gov. Please direct questions to [email protected]. Potential Natural Vegetation Group (PNVG) R6NOKS Northern Oak Savanna General Information Contributors (additional contributors may be listed under "Model Evolution and Comments") Modelers Reviewers James Merzenich [email protected] David Cleland [email protected] Donald Dickman [email protected] Vegetation Type General Model Sources Rapid AssessmentModel Zones Woodland Literature California Pacific Northwest Local Data Great Basin South Central Dominant Species* Expert Estimate Great Lakes Southeast Northeast S. Appalachians QUAL CORY LANDFIRE Mapping Zones SCHIZ Northern Plains Southwest QUMA 41 51 SONU N-Cent.Rockies QUVE 49 52 ANGE 50 Geographic Range Northern oak savanna occurs in a complex, shifting mosaic with oak woodlands, barrens and prairies in the upper Midwest. This type occurs in southern Lower Michigan, northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana, northeastern Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and southeastern to northwestern Minnesota. This savanna/woodland/prairie type historically occurred as an ecotone between mesic hardwood forest and tallgrass prairie. Biophysical Site Description Northern oak savanna occurs primarily on level to rolling topography of glacial outwash plains, coarse- textured end moraines, and steep ice-contact features (Chapman 1984, Albert 1995, Cohen 2001, Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2003, Cohen 2004, NatureServe 2004). Soils are well-drained, moderately- fertile sands, loamy sands, sandy loams, and loams with medium-acid to neutral pH (5.6 to 7.3) and low water retaining capacity (Chapman 1984, Michigan Natural Features Inventory 2003, NatureServe 2004).
    [Show full text]