Special Libraries, December 1974

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1974 Special Libraries, 1970s

12-1-1974

Special Libraries, December 1974

Special Libraries Association

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1974

Part of the Cataloging and Metadata Commons, Collection Development and Management Commons, Information Literacy Commons, and the Scholarly Communication Commons

Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, December 1974" (1974). Special Libraries, 1974. 9. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1974/9

This Magazine is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1970s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1974 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I December 6934. vol. 65, no. 12

2 Evaluation of Special Librarians

3 Sensitivity Training

3 Time/Cost Savings

3 Picture Professionalism-I1

Automated Circulation

D Cost-Effective Information Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers: A Guide to Special Libraries, Research Libraries, Information Centers, Archives, and Data Centers Maintained by Government Agencies, Business, Industry, Newspapers, Educational Institutions, Nonprofit Organizations, and Societies in the Fields of Science, Technology, Medicine, Law, Art, Religion, History, Social Sciences, and Humanistic Studies. THIRD EDITION, THREE VOLUMES-JUST PUBLISHED Volumel, DirectoryofSpecialLibraries Volume2,Geographic-Personnellndex. ISBN 0-8103-0281-0. Subscription, 4 and Information Centers in the U.S. Geographical section lists the libraries issues, with binder for new subscribers, and Canada. The basic volumecontains by state or province. with names, $57.50. over 25,000 changes in previous entries addresses,and primary fieldsof interest. plus 4,000 brand-new entries, for a The second section lists alphabetically NOW IN PREPARATION: Subject total of 13,078 libraries representing all personnel (with titles and affilia- Directory of Special Libraries. Five sources of in-depth information on tions) mentioned in Volume 1. 674~~.clothboundvolumes: BusinessandLaw, over 2.000 topics. Entries give full ISBN 0-8103-0280-2. $35.00. Education and Information Science, descriptions of collections, and include Vdume 3, New. Special ,5;braries. his Health Sciences, Social Sciences and name of person in charge. address, looseleaf, four-issue supplement pro- Humanities, Science and Technology. and phone number. With 35,000-ref- vides up-to-dateinformationonspecial $90.00/set. $25.00/~0I. Write for erence Subject Index. 1,435~~.ISBN libraries formed between the third and descriptive brofhure. 0-8 103-0279-9. $55.00. fourth editions. Cumulatively indexed. Consumer Sourcebook: A Directory and Guide to Government Organizations; Associations, Centers and Institutes; Media Senices; Company and Trademark Information; and Bibliographic Material Relating to Consumer Topics, Sources of Recourse, and Advisory Information. JUST PUBLISHED This new directory presents timely and accurate details on prime information sources for the American consumer. Provided are specific names, addresses. and phone numbers of the people and departments assigned to handle complaints or redress grievances and to supply information about how and where a product or service can be obtained. Arranged in the sections enumerated in the subtitle. With indexes of organizations, personnel, and publications. Foreword by Rep. Chet Holifield. Chairman of the House Committee on Government Operations. About 650pp. ISBN 0-8103-0381 -7. $35.00. International Portrait Gallery THREE NEW SUPPLEMENTS Now there are five collections of 81h" x varied as those featured in the Base screen and TV writers, playwrights, 1l"captionedplates-over2,300differ- Collection (IPG-I) and the First Gen- historians, etc. (Ready Oct.). $75.00. ent subjects represented! A Master era1 Supplement (IPG-2). (Just Pub- pG-5, Juvenile Authors Supplement. Index covering all subjects is included lished). $75.00. Contains portrait plates of 350 authors with each order. IPG-4, Literary Figures Supplement. and illustrators of books for children IPG-3, Second General Supplement. Covers 350 writers from many coun- and young adults. An excellent visual Adds 350 more historical and con- tries in all fields: novelists, short-story resource to stimulate an interest in temporary figures in categories as writers, poets, essayists, journalists, reading. (Just Published). $75.00. Library of Congress Classification Schedules: Cumulations of Additions and Changes Through 1973 NOW BEING PUBLISHED Most of the 32 cumulations are already in print; the remainder will be published by the end of 1974. (Cumulations may be purchased separately-prices furnished on request.) Without the cumulations of additions and changes through 1973 (or the previous Gale cumulations), catalogers and technical services librarians wishing to check current LC cataloging practice in a subject area would have to search in as many as 45 different sources. Gale's latest series of 32 cumulations of material from LC's quarterly Addition; and Changes includes: I. All material in Gale's first series of cumulations, which covered all changes and additions from the latest edition of each schedule through 1970; 2. The Gale cumulations of 1971-72 changes; 3. The previously uncumulated 1973 quarterly additions and changes. Thus, each of the 32 cumulations contains all changes and additions for a particular schedule through 1973, in one sequence within one binding. ISBN 0-8103-0765-0. Full set of 32 cumulations, $650.00. Each additional set, $375.00. Please write for further details on these and other Gale books GALE RESEARCH CO. All books sent on free Wayapproval. Book Tower . Detroit, MI 48226

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This is Booktrievemby Booktrieve works with any- Supreme, a totally automated thing a library needs to store: storage and retrieval system not just books but periodicals, for libraries. brochures, technical reports and It's a sleek-looking module specifications. that uses surprisingly little floor There's no costly installation space and can take advantage of needed, no complex wiring the full height-. of your stacking - problems, no necessity to replace area. your current stacks. It's pushbutton fast-locates How much does it cost to make and delivers a specified book to your library more efficient and Supreme 1318 the librarian in seconds. And more helpful than you ever $$g;:yswm Gorp returns it with the same speed. dreamed possible? Bnnklyn, Sew York 11232 That means much less wasted The initial investment for 0 Please send me further details on Baok- time for the librarian, much more Booktrieve can be as low as $1 trieve. 0 Have your representative visit (with no ob- time to do what he or she was per volume. That's what we call ligation on my part1 to explain Booktrieve trained for. book value. Automated charge- fully Booktrieve is incredibly ouf systems are available, tog. Name accurate -misplacement is virtually impossible. Booktrievem Library I Booktrieve is secure-the by Supreme. Address module can be locked against CttY Stnte ZIP- pilferage. Finders. Keepers. DECEMBER1974 special libraries vo..~. 65, NUMBER12

Letters 6~

The Evaluation of Special Librarians 489 Bess P. Walford

Sensitivity Training- A Possible Application for Librarianship 493 Pamela Tibbetts

Restructuring the NASA Data Base for Time/Cost Savings 499 Urban J. Sweeney

Picture Professionalism. Part I1 505 Renata V. Shaw

Automated Library Circulation Donald D. Dennis System Boosts Service, and Control at American University 512 Patricia A. Stockton

Expediting Book Acquisitions 516 Michael E. D. Koenig

Criteria for a User-Oriented Cost-Effective Information Service 517 Sean Cooney

SLA News SLA Amicus Brief 527 In Memoriam 531 Members in the News 529

Vistas Washington Letter 533 Reviews 535 Have You Heard? 534

Placement 541 Index to Advertisers 542

Annual Index 543

Editor: JANET D. BAILEY Assistant Editor: NANCYVIGGIANO Advertising Sales: ANNABELLEQUICK Circulation: FREDERICKBAUM Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. @ 1974 by Special Libraries Association. Monthly except double issue for May/June. Annual index in Decem- ber issue. Material protected by thid copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. Sewnd class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing offices. Dumbarton Oaks Bibliographies based on Byzan tinische Zeitsch rift Literature on Byzantine Art, 1892-1967 Edited by Jelisaveta S. Allen Each issueof thesemi-annual periodical Byzantinischezeitschrift has always included an extensive critical bibliography prepared by leading scholars from many countries. These listings have now been cumulated, classified, expanded and updated to provide an annotated bibliography of literature on art and archaeology. Volume 1 (two parts) contains nearly 20,000 entries, topographically arranged, which cover the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. Volume 2, which will be arranged by subject, is in active preparation. Volume 1 (two parts) Cloth ISBN 0 7201 0217 0 f 24.00 (U.S. $60.00) the set Mansell 3 Bloomsbury Place London WCIA ~QAEngland

Subscription Rates. Free to SLA members. Nonmem. Special Libraries Association assumes no responsi- bers, USA and Canada, $22.50 per calendar year; add bility for the statements and opinions advanced by $2.50 postage for other countries. Single copies (re- the contributors to the Association's publications. cent years) $2.75 except for September issue (Direc- Instructions for Contributors last appeared in Special tory) which is $12.00. Libraries 64 (no.9): p.413-414 (Sep 1973). A pub- Back Issues & Hard Cover Reprints: Inquire Kraus lications brochure is available from the Association's Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York, N. Y. New York offices. Editorial views do not necessdy represent the official position of Special Libraries As- Microfilm & Microfiche Editions (1909 to date): sociation. Acceptance of an advertisement does not Inquire University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. imply endorsement of @heproduct by Special Libraries Changes of Address. Allow six weeks for all changes Association. to become effective. A11 communications should include both old and new addresses (with ZIP Codes) Indexed in: Book Review Index, Business Periodicals and should be accompanied by a mailing label from a Index, Information Science Abstracts, Historical Ab- recent issue. Members should send their communica- stracts, Hospital Literature Index, Library Literalure, tions to the SLA Membership Department, 235 Park Library C Information Science Abstracts, Management Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Nonmember Index, Public Affairs Information Service and Science Subscribers should send their communications to the Citation Index. SLA Circulation Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 90 days from date of mailing Membership plus the time normally required for postal delivery of the issue and the claim. No claims are allowed because of failure to notify the Membership Depart- DUES. Member or Associate Member ment or the Circulation Department (see above) of $30; Student $8; Retired $10; Sustaining a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files." $100. NEW Up-To-Date Books From Noyes Data

NOYES DATA has developed two new techniques of vital importance to those who wish to keep abreast of rapid changes in technology and business conditions: 1) our advanced publishing systems permit us to produce durably-bound books within a few months of manuscript acceptance; 2) our modern processing plant ships all orders on the day after they are received.

HARDCOVER BOOKS PUBLISHED LATE FALL 1974

POWDERED METALS TECHNOLOGY by J. McDermott: Comprehensive data base for the production and application of metals in powder form, ranging from iron to super- alloys. For specific purposes, powders offer many advantages over solid metals. ISBN 08155-0550-7; $36

INCINERATION OF SOLID WASTES by F.N. Rubel: Incineration offers the most significant volume reduction of solid organic wastes, when compared with other disposal methods. Also describes sophisticated devicas for the retention of fly ash. ISBN 0-81 554551-5; $24

WHEY PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION by M.T. Gillis: Whey has been an unwanted by-product of cheese manufacture. Good economic practice calls for practical methods, described here, to tum whey from a liability as a costly pollutant into an asset as a nutritious food concentrate full of proteins. ISBN 0-81554552-3; $24

IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES by S.J. Gutcho: Immobilization renders practical the enzy- matic approach to the production of chemicals, food, and medicioes. It has created a new process development concept: Enzyme Engineering as shown in this book. ISBN 0-81 554553-1 ; $36

INDUSTRIAL WATER PURIFICATION by L.F. Martin: Describes over 160 recently devised processes for the treatment of contaminated industrial waters. Pursuant to new federal legislation all industrial facilities must include downstream water purification processes. ISBN 0-81554554X; $36

UTILIZATION OF WASTE HEAT FROM POWER PLANTS by D. Rimberg: The growing quantities of waste heat discharged, and the resulting ecological anxieties, have stimulated an examination of methods as described in this book, for productively using energy presently wasted on the environment. ISBN 0-81554555-8; $18

PROPELLANTS AND EXPLOSIVES by R.W. James: Technical processes are discussed; practical applications are manifold and surprising. Aside from driving projectiles, many explosive systems and components are formulated for a variety of end uses in the hands of professional experts. ISBN 0-8155-0556-6; $36

NOYES DATA CORPORATION ndc NOYES BUILDING, PARK RIDGE, NEW JERSEY 07656 LETTERS

A Comment from ESAN yet. Patents originating in the new Patent Office in Munich were assigned numbers As a regular reader of Special Libraries, starting with 800,001. In 1957 they started I have had a pleasant surprise when I read in yet another numbering series with 1,000,001. the January 1974 issue, Robert Clarke's ar- Correspondence with the (West) German ticle titled "Catalog Card Produced Bibliog- Patent Office indicates that extra copies of raphies." the needed patents are not available. 1n fact We have been using, for the last two years, they are rather vague about the availability the same system for quick bibliographies and of any patents prior to October 1, 1968. this method has proved satisfactory to the Thus we are anxious to learn of the avail- Documentation Center at ESAN. ability of German Patents (by means of du- Also we have strongly recommended it to plicate or low-use collectio'ns on paper or our local library network, which permanently microform) which in particular fit the follow- is being asked for this kind of service. ing gaps: 302,901-455,200 (1916-1928); 751,- We also observed, as Mr. Clarke says, the 000--1,000,000 (1945-1956); 1,167,201-1,- practical application on this, taking into con- 173,200 (May-June, 1964); 1,173,401-1,173,- sideration the reduction of the compilation 700 (July, 1964). and the clerical time. I will be most happy to answer all ques- I am sure, as it is mentioned in the article, tions and consider any suggestions sent to me. that the absence of the cards from the catalog are not the problem, particularly because Robert G. Krupp they are out just for a short period of time. Science and Technology Research Center Isabel Olivera R. New York Public Library Escuela de Administracidn de Negocios New York, N.Y. 10018 para Graduados Centro de Documentaci6n Casilla Postal 1846, Lima 1, Peru Opposition View Allan F. Windsor cites several advantages Do You Have . . . ? in microprinting the United Nations documents in his article, "New UN Microfiche One of the most comprehensive US. and Service Augurs Large Storage Economies" foreign patent collections exists as part of which appeared in Special Libraries [65 (nos. The Science and Technology Research Cen- 516): 234-236 (May/Jun 1974)l and I should ter, The Research Libraries, New York Pub- like to add some comments on them. lic Libraries. And one of our prized collec- The advantages Mr. Windsor describes in tions is from Germany and dates back to the his article have already been well proved and very beginning of German patent history. accepted among librarians. However, in or- Unfortunately there are a number of serious gaps for a variety of reasons, one of the most der to assess the merits of microprinting the United Nations documents, we must weigh obvious being World War 11. Naturally we these advantages against the disadvantages it are quite anxious to fill these gaps, so that complete service to organizations and institu- may have. My experience indicates some disadvantages in microprinted documents: tions which need them will be possible. Correspondence with the U.S. Department 1) Documents with information which is of Commerce, Patent Office, in Washington, difficult to read in miaoprint. Statistical and D.C., explains the major gaps in the follow- technical documents are the major compo- ing way: According to the German Patent nent of this category. Office, the last number printed in 1945 was 2) Documents selected for reference use. 750,986 and the first number printed in 1950 3) Loose-leaf documents which are kept up was 800,001. Numbers from 769,000 through to date by frequent change sheets and inser- 800,000 were never used. Although 18,000 tions. patents subsequent to 750,986 were granted prior to the close of the war, very few seem In general, the above categories of docu- to have been printed until long after the ments have not only poor legibility in miao- war. No one seems to know whether or not print but also poor printout because they the pre-war printing task has been completed carry maps, tables, charts, diagrams, pictures, etc., in finer print or in color. Moreover, microprint is not a preferred format for reference use. My examination of Microfiche Price List of the United Nations documents shows that some of the titles listed are for reference use; for example, Statistical Yearbook, Demo- graphic Yearbook, Yearbook of the Unit~tl Nations, etc. A random survey of Sales publications of the United Nations indicates that a majority of titles of this group are either for reference use or for circulation use (mono- graphic titles). Information of most ST/ series are statistics and therefore, microprint is not a recommended format for this category. The group of the United Nations documents to which microprint would be most adapt- able are the documents whose paper quality is generally poor and whose information is not statistics. The so-called "mimeographetl Ifor Your Copy of this 1 series," official records, treaty series, etc., would belong to this type. I Unique, Economical I As far as current and high-use documents are concerned, hard copy remains to be the Supply Bulletin. preferred format among the patrons and li- WRITE TO brarians. All in all, microprint would be a preferred means in preserving retrospective and low-use documents. Jai L. Yun Documents Librarian SUNY at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794 Bricker's I INTERNATIONAL] Enthusiasm Pays Off Directory In their "Report from Michigan" [Special of UNIVERSITY-SPONSORED Libraries 65 (no.7): 297-298 (Jul 1974)], Diane EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT Worden and Valerie Noble correctly stated PROGRAMS that the reaction to the Western Michigan 1975 EDITION University presentation was mixed. In fact, A newly revised and enlarged to many of is it was disappointing. However, up-to-date edition of the first and as a result of that colloquium and the efforts only objective guide to more than of Chapter President Mrs. Elizabeth Moore, 90 in-residence management de- a student chapter of the Special Libraries As- velopment plus major marketing sociation has been established. Many of the management programs sponsored students were impressed with the fact that by leading centers of learning in busy librarians were interested enough to the U.S., Canada, Europe, U.K., talk with them. With people like Ms. Wor- and Australia. den and Ms. Noble in the area, I know that "A must in the library of any we will have plenty of assistance and a viable firm which sends itqmecutives student chapter. to campus programs. - Michigan Business The moral of this story is "be careful." En- Review tl~usiasmcan be contagious. Lc73-110249 368 pp $52.50 Robert M. Ballard GEORGE W. BRICKER Faculty Advisor P. 0. Box 265 Western Michigan University South Chatham, Mass. 02659 Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001 Haworth Press YES, We will send you FREE 130 West 72nd Street samples of any periodical listed, New York, N.Y. 10023 for evaluation. Name Library ( ) Journal of Homosexuality l nstitution ( ) Social Work in Health Care ( ) Library Security Newsletter Address ( ) The Serials Librarian City State Zip

JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY

Editor: Charles Silverstein, Director Institute for Human Identity New York City

The only professional journal devoted exclusively to empirical and clinical research on homosexuality and gender identity, from the social and biological sciences.

SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE The Quarterly Journal of Medical & Psychiatric Social Work

Editor: Sylvia S. Clarke, MSW, ACSW Director, Social Service Department The Roosevelt Hospital New York City

Specifically created for medical and psychiatric social workers, hospital social work directors, and health planners in a wide spectrum of settings.

Volume I, No. I. September 1974 LIBRARY SECURITY NEWSLETTER zyE1"3',4,0,219 The only professional newsletter devoted exclusively to protecting library books, periodicals, microform, and other assets from theft, vandalism. mutilation, fire, and natural deterioration.

THE SERIALS LIBRARIAN a quarterly journal A combined professional journal and computer-based current awareness tool for serial librarians ...featuring a constantly updated comprehensive index to variant serial titles. Announcing Pergamon s New Distribution Network For Better Service ... We have established a network of selected regional distributors in the United Statas and Canada who will maintain a representative stock of Pergamon books. Each will provide area bookbuyers with prompt personal attention and quick shipment of orders so that bookstom, libraries, and the general public will be sewed more effectively. Please order Pergamon books from your regular bookseller or from one of the following Pergamon Book Distributors:

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Ywr comments and inquiries will receive prompt attention. Please direct them to Mr. Otto Rapp. I Executive Vice Presihnt. Maxwell House. I Percmmon Press Fairview Park. Elmsfwd, New York 10523 V Td.phone (914) 592-7700 Maxvvsll House. Fai~i~Park. Elmrford. New York 10523 Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England DATA COURIER, Inc. is pleased to announce that its data base of POLLUTION ABSTRACTS is now available for on-line searching through System develop me^ Corporation

Pollution Abstracts covers the world's literature on pollution control and associated environmental topics. The data base, which covers the years 1970 to the present, consists of nearly 40,000 items, indexed under a special environmental thesaurus.

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P.S. The Pollution Abstracts magnetic tape files are available for information centers which perform their own computer searches or offer SDI services to outside researchers. Contact: Thomas H. Hogan, Data Courier, Inc., 620 South Fifth Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 . . . 502/582-4466. The Evaluation of Special Librarians

Bess P. Walford

Philip Morri,s U.S.A., Research Center Library, Richmond, Va. 23261

Planning Since special librarians usually work for nonlibrary managers, the perform- Administration of the library in terms of these objectives is certainly a primary ance of a professional librarian may be function of the librarian. For example, a difficult one to evaluate. This paper how well has long- and short-term plan- explains what management and users ning been performed? Did the recom- should expect in the way of services and mendation for additional shelving come holdings. before or after the present shelves became overcrowded? Was management informed of the need for a new clerk because of increased work load? Were BEFOREthe performance of a profes- shifts made in duties as a result of sional special librarian can be rated, one changing library services? Planning is a first has to establish what that particular part of all administrative objectives, and library's responsibilities are in relation planning also involves the initiation of to the objectives of the organization to new methods and procedures. This be served. Special libraries are informa- means that the librarian must keep tion centers geared to serve a specific abreast of new developments in the field clientele; they are not just an organized and must see that management is kept storage area br occasional retrieval of informed of progressive library methods, old journals or for quick answers to new equipment, and the formation of urgent reference questions. They are ex- cooperative network systems. Special li- pected to furnish in-depth searches, to braries cannot afford to be static, but use outside data banks when necessary, must grow and develop similarly to the and compile necessary bibliographies organizations which they serve. It is up and abstracts. Special library users need to the librarian to initiate and supervise information in whatever form the infor- the implementation of new programs. mation is produced-hard copy, micro- Planning also involves the library's form, computer print-out, or audiovisual physical arrangement. Space must be cassette. Each company needs to define provided for new equipment, as well as the objectives for its library in terms of for expansion of shelving and filing. its own organization and goals. The eval- Most special librarians, sooner or later, uation of the special librarian can pro- are involved in moving the library from ceed in the light of these objectives in one location to another, or in planning terms of the librarian's activities as a for a new library in a new facility. Physi- manager as well as those performed as a cal planning for a growing library is an librarian. important part of library planning. Any planning for today's special libraries and that needed forms are devised. With- must take into account the growing use out statistics, facts will not be available of microforms including computer out- to present to management. Budgeting put film and cooperative networks on and accounting are also important parts local, state, regional, national and even of most special library procedures. Pre- international levels, and the hardware senting financial data so that it will be and software needed for the use of these meaningful is a duty the librarian should new means of communication. perform with great attentiveness. Most special librarians are not dealing with Staff and Management Relations library trained or library "minded" management and, therefore, must exercise Supervision is another important duty special care that the terminology used in of most librarians, even though in spe- reports is easily understood. Regular re- cial libraries the staffs may be small in porting that is short and concise is an im- number. First comes selection of person- portant means of communicating the li- nel suited to a specific job. Then the library's present status and future plan- brarian must divide the work-load to ning to management. provide the most efficient service possible. The staff members should feel that Relationship with Users the librarian will stand up for them, give them credit for their accomplishments, A good relationship with library pa- and give criticism privately and justly. trons is as important as a good relation- A part of communication also is the staff ship with supervisors, management, and meetings and personal conferences. Is library staff. Library patrons must have there ample time and does the staff feel the feeling that the library is a pleasant it will receive an attentive ear when a place to visit, that they will be received member has a problem to relate? How warmly, that their inquiries will be well does the librarian handle problems taken care of promptly and efficiently involving human relations? The upgrad- and that they will be listened to if they ing of library personnel so that positions have a complaint. Some of this is com- correspond to other positions in the or- municated by the physical environs of ganization is also an important consid- the library itself, some by other mem- eration. bers of the staff; but the wrong attitude Another important facet of a special of the librarian or library staff members librarian's function is presenting infor- can spoil the whole effect and actually mation to superiors. Management should prevent customers from requesting in- feel that its communications are being formation needed. Library patrons who received and executed with proper em- feel "easy" with the librarian and with phasis by the librarian. For example, has other members of the staff will develop the librarian presented the facts to his the habit of dropping by for informa- immediate supervisor in such a way that tion and assistance. Even if the informa- the latter can use them in presentation tion or publication is not available im- to higher levels of management? Have mediately, if patrons feel that something policy changes and new procedures been is in the process, or that their request effectively communicated to the library will be completed by a certain date, their staff? Closely connected with this last attitude toward the library, the librarian, item is follow-up to see that the policies and the library staff will be one of re- and procedures have been instituted. spect and confidence. A failure to com- Have the check dates been set up so that municate these attitudes results in a re- progress of each step in the plan can be sentful attitude or an attitude of indiffer- reviewed? ence toward the library. In a small library the librarian must In a special library the act of calling see that work assignments are effectively patrons' attention to articles, books, pe- performed, that proper records are kept, riodicals, Government publications and other material may assume more impor- thusiasm contributes to employee mo- tance than the librarian's selection of rale and the staff becomes more inter- material for the collection, though the ested in contributing to the efficacy of building of an active, useful collection is the library service. Emotional control is one of the facets of good library plan- necessary. The ability to take suggestions ning. In order to maintain a working and criticism is also important. The 3- collection, the "dead wood" must be re- brarian who is not willing to make the moved, so an active culling policy is adjustments necessary to constant change needed. Most special libraries are pressed has no place in today's business world. for space and cannot afford to store ma- Therefore, in addition to qualities of de- terial which is no longer useful to the pendability, the acceptance of responsi- patrons. Are patrons kept informed of bility and the exercise of good judgment, new information of possible value to the librarian must have resourcefulness, them? Is the librarian aware of trends in confidence, adaptability, flexibility, and the organization in order to be prepared a spirit of cooperativeness. When differ- for new developments? This responsibil- ences of opinion regarding a question do ity cannot be overemphasized. occur, a good librarian can and does Proper indexing, classification and compromise judiciously. cataloging is important for any library, The librarian should have certain but in a special library the ability to get qualifications at the time of hiring- the material to the user when it is needed such as education, job training, and ex- is paramount. In order to do this, the perience. However, these prerequisites special librarian needs to be aware of are not to be considered final. Continu- and to use any of the newer methods of ing education courses are a must in keep- automation or semi-automation that are ing today's special librarian up-to-date applicable such as computerized pro- on advances and trends in the library grams or electronic tape typewriters. profession. Short courses, institutes;' Answering patrons' questions and con- workshops, and annual library confer? ducting literature searches are the most ences are all important in keeping the li- important part of daily library routine, brarian informed. If supervision of oth- and to be effective in these areas the li- ers is part of the librarian's duties, brarian must be aware of possible infor- courses in supervision and management mation sources outside one's own li- are equally as important. Courses in the brary. Other information sources in the subject fields of the library's specialty are librarian's own organization, including useful, especially to a librarian becoming specialties of the library's patrons, are involved in a new subject field. In eval- important. Library resources within the uating the librarian, consideration city, region, and state should be well should be given to educational training known by the librarian. Of increasing courses participated in during the time importance is a knowledge of data banks period covered by the evaluation as well such as the regional centers of NASA, as the ability to absorb and utilize this MedLine and the Smithsonian Science additional training. Information Exchange, as well as the commercially available data bases and Summary newer regional network systems. Does the librarian keep the immediate super- In conclusion, the evaluation of a spe- visor apprised of new developments in cial librarian involves an understanding information services? of the role of the special library in the organization, and the long- and short- Personal Characteristics term objectives of the library in fulfill- ing that role, as well as the need for the Personal characteristics of the librar- librarian to understand fully the goals ian are important for they set the "tone" of the organization upon which the li- of the library staff. An attitude of en- brary objectives are based. How efficiently the library is organized to meet 6. Ladendorf, Janice / The Changing Role its objectives and how well the librarian of the Special Libraries in Industry, Busi- and library staff serve their clientele ness, and Government. New York, Spe- will be reflections of the librarian's abil- cial Libraries Association, 1973. 29p. 7. Objectives and Standards of Special Li- ity to keep up-to-date with technology braries. Special Libraries 55:672-678 and to provide the leadership needed to (Dec 1964). get the job done. 8. Peele, David / Evaluating Library Em- ployees. Library Journal 97:2803-2807 Bibliography (Sep 15, 1972). 9. Stebbins, K. B. / Personnel Administra- 1. American Library Association / Descrip- tion in Libraries. 2d ed. rev. and rewrit- tive List of Professional and Non-profes- ten by Foster E. Mohrhart. New York, sional Duties in Libraries. Chicago, 1948. Scarecrow Press. 1966. 373p. 75p. 10. Strauss, L. J., I. M. Shreve, and A. L. 2. Hamburg, Morris, L. E. Ramist, and Brown / Scientific and Technical Li- R. W. Bommer / Library Objectives braries, Their Organization and Admin- and Performance Measures and Their istration. 2d ed. New York, Becker and Use in Decision Making. Library Quar- Hayes, 1972. 450p. terly 42: 107-127 (Jul 1972). 11. Thompson (John I.) & Company / Cri- 3. Herner, Saul and M. K. Heatwole / teria for Eualuating the Eflectiueness of The Establishment of Stafl Require- Library Operations and Seruices. Phase ments in a Small Research Library. 111: Recommended Criteria and Meth- (ACRL Monograph No. 3) Chicago, As- ods for Their Utilization. Final Report sociation of College and Research Li- Contract DA-28017-AMC-2483 (A) for braries, 1952. 16p. Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., Jan 1969 4. Johnson, Marjorie / Performance Ap- (AD682758). 93p. praisal of Librarians-A Survey. College and Research Libraries 33:359-367 (Sep 1972). 5. Ladendorf, Janice / Information Service Received for review Mar 15, 1974. Re- Evaluation. Special Libraries 64:273-279 vised manuscript accepted for publicq- (Jul 1973). tion May 2,1974. Sensitivity Training -A Possible Application for Librarianship

Pamela Tibbetts

Fairview Communi'ty Hospitals, Minneapolis, Minn. 55406

Librarianship is very much concerned become aware of the various techniques with communication, with improving being developed for dealing with inter- and facilitating the flow of information personal communication. Sensitivity from the source to the person who needs training is just one method for studying it, when he needs it. Librarians must interpersonal and group communication. visualize themselves, not as separate en- Very simplistically, sensitivity training tities within an information setting, but seeks to increase a person's awareness of as vital links between the client and the how people relate to one another. information he needs. We should then

L IBRARIANSHIP is very much con- work can not be truly effective. Coop- cerned with communication, with im- erative programs must be based on a proving and facilitating the flow of in- firm foundation at the level of individual formation from the source to the person and small group relations. who needs it, when he needs it. One re- Communication or information flow sult of this concern for improving the problems do exist in librarianship, both flow of information has been the devel- in the sense of getting specific informa- opment of local consortia and state-wide tion to the client and in effectively com- and regional information networks. municating with him. As librarians, or as These cooperative programs have sought any person who must necessarily deal to improve and facilitate the flow of in- with another human being or group of formation and to reduce some of the people, we need to be aware of the vari- duplication that has existed. However, ous techniques that have been developed one aspect of these cooperative commu- for dealing with interpersonal communi- nication networks has oftentimes been cation and for studying group dynamics neglected and many times has been com- within an organization. Sensitivity train- pletely ignored-that is, the lines of coming is just one method for studying in- munication between library staff mem- terpersonal and group communication. bers, between groups of librarians, and The increased use of sensitivity training between the librarian and the client. If and other methods for dealing with in- these interpersonal communication lines terpersonal relations suggests that more are not firmly established, a library net- and more people are realizing that there is a definite need for new techniques for interpersonal problems. A library should facilitating interpersonal and group com- not only be a place where people can munication. come to obtain information, but it also Barriers in communication are by no should provide a setting for interpersonal means confined to librarianship. From interaction. The librarian should deal the time we are born we are bombarded with the entire person and not just his with information, from our family and information needs. As librarians, we friends, our educational system, our so- need to deal with problems at their con- cial groups and our surroundings. We tent level, to be sure, but in addition, we absorb our culture's beliefs and values need to deal with them at the level of concerning ourselves and our relation- feelings. I am not suggesting that we ships with others. Most of the time we shoultl all set up psychotherapy sessions never question these beliefs. We usually in our libraries. We should not be deal- interact with another person in well de- ing with motives and problems of the fined situations where rather specific inner self, but we can deal with interper- roles have been assigned to each partici- sonal and group relationships and ob- pant. We seek information or feedback servable behavior. on topics that are relevant to the specific The opportunity is already present, role we are playing at that time. The for tlie client has come to tlie library be- question we would most likely ask about cause lle has an information need. This someone is not: "What is he like," but, need may be for a specific bit of informa- "What do I do next?" or "What does he tion, or it may be more loosely defined. expect of me next?" Thus a perceiver in The client may not even be sure himself a personal interaction will usually act in what he exactly needs. Many times the such a manner as to reduce the need for librarian needs to be an interpreter of information to sustain the relationship. unclearly verbalized needs, and as such In other words, we are satisfied to know an interpreter, the librarian needs cer- the least amount about another person tain types of information from the user. that is consistent with the role that we This information need may exert a selec- have been assigned and the role we have tive effect on what will be perceived by assigned to the other person. both parties. People absorb what infor- Our complex society provides us with mation they need to function adequately. a large and varied group of people with It is not enough that the information whom we could interact, but at the same you are giving to the client is what yo11 time the complexity and pace of our think is important, it must also be re- daily life has forced many of us, just be- lated to the client's current problems or cause of lack of time in many cases, into needs. Librarians who truly want to com- self-limiting role-playing boxes. This is municate with their clients must neces- also true in the library. Most of the time sarily be sensitive to their client's needs we are so busy that it becomes easy to and be skillful in relating what informa- put off getting to know even our own tion and knowledge they have at their staff and their needs, much less our disposal to help satisfy these needs. It client's. then becomes important that the librarian realize that his behavior, his tone of voice, and his attitude all affect tlie cli- Why Sensitivity Is Necessary ent. The librarian may find exactly what What relationship is there between the person has asked for, but made him providing help to clients or in running a feel so miserable in the process that he library effectively and the concern for will never come in again. improving communication? Actually the Many different things determine relationship is close. Today's librarian whether real communication takes place does not live in an ivory tower, if he ever between people. It is hard sometimes for did, for the modern library setting people to admit that they do not know should not offer a retreat from social and something, that they need help. Thus when they come to you for help, they tudes from the other person's point of may already be somewhat on the defen- view, trying to sense what he is really say- sive. Difficulties may also occur when ing, and what it means to him. In the either party feels threatened by the inter- words of a popular song of a few years view situation or by the other person. To ago, to "Walk a mile in MY shoes." Carl penetrate barriers such as these, the li- Rogers in his book entitled On Becom- brarian needs to put his own needs aside ing A Person, suggested that true com- for the moment and tune in to what the munication would be facilitated if before other person is trying to communicate. each person could speak up for himself If we would look at the client's responses he would first have to restate the ideas we would be in a better position to un- and feelings of the preceding speaker ac- derstand his behavior and then aid him curately and to the speaker's satisfaction in obtaining not only what he needs but --only then could he proceed with his also massaging his ego. The client then side of the conversation (1). leaves with a sense of well being. In the same manner, if there ever is to Difficulties may also arise when people be true interlibrary cooperation, we are are ignorant of the other person's ca- going to have to put aside some of our pabilities. For example, a doctor may not own defenses, priorities, and any desires go into a detailed description of what he we have to build little empires of our wants the librarian to check the litera- own within our institutions. We will ture for, because he feels that the librar- have to listen to what the others in the ian would not understand the technical group are saying they need to function. language or the subject area. As a result Any type of cooperative program must the librarian does not have a clear idea necessarily have a foundation built upon of what the doctor is really after and good lines of communication between may miss the boat completely or inun- the members. It then becomes important date him with information he does not that each member be able to openly re- need. The librarian may not understand act to the other members and to their why the doctor can not or will not pin- ideas. It is also important for librarians point his information needs. At the same to have an appreciation for how the vari- time, the librarian may assume the doc- ous groups in a library may affect what tor is ignorant or uninterested in the ex- goes on in the library. istence of a controlled subject list for entry into the medical periodical literature Communication which may restrict the librarian's search capabilities. In short, the client may not What would you do if the normal have an understanding of some of the structured relationships in your library problems involved in obtaining the in- broke down? How do you react to an em- formation he needs. Neither person is ployee or volunteer who objects to one really getting through or trying to under- of your requests? How do you deal with stand the other's qualifications or par- unexpressed feelings? Could you ade- ticular needs at the time. quately deal with interpersonal problems Another major barrier to mutual in- that arise during a staff meeting? It terpersonal communication is our nat- seems clear that a heightened awareness ural tendency to evaluate and to judge of oneself, of how one's behavior affects the statement of the other person, or an- the needs of others and of how one reacts other group. This tendency is heightened to others would put one in a better posi- in situations where feelings, emotions tion to deal with these questions. and past prejudices are involved. If com- Real communication does not come munication does not occur there will be easily. Communication is not what is in- two ideas and two judgments completely tended but is what actually is compre- missing each other in psychological space. hended. Just because you have inter- Real communication does occur when we preted a series of words in relationship to listen to the expressed ideas and atti- your frame of reference does not mean the next person will bring to the situa- awareness and sensitivity can be learned. tion the exact same frame of reference. A first step is just to recognize that there For example what do the following is a problem. Do not deny that barriers phrases mean to you? exist or rationalize or moralize that they 1. We just had a heavy rap session. should not be there. We need to enter into interpersonal relationships with an Does heavy mean: hard, sad, deep or long? open mind. We will have to be able to 2. That movie was a real rip of! Does see how our actions affect others, and accept certain shortcomings in ourselves rip off mean: exciting, a gyp, scarey and put them into proper perspective, so or a bore? that we may be free to interact with our Communication then is a function of clients and our fellow staff members. By common meanings. There must be an having a better understanding of some overlapping of the perceptual fields of of the reasons why we act in a certain the communicator and communicatee, so manner in a specific situation, we will be that the meaning existing for one person in a better position to truly communi- may exist for another as well. Words are cate and relate to another person. an extremely valuable vehicle for the transmission of information, but many Training in Communication times people do not hear what is being said to them. Even if they hear the words Sensitivity training is just one method they may not receive the message that that may be utilized for improving inter- was intended. personal communication. It is a method Words certainly do not represent the that is probably not suited to everyone total aspect of communication. One has and in fact may prove harmful for some to become aware of the wide range of people. Sensitivity training would be communicative stimuli that are available most effective as one component of a to people. Since behavior is usually an comprehensive management develop- external expression of an individual's in- ment program for libraries. ternal thoughts and feelings, a person's Sensitivity training attempts to help a behavior can tell you something about person become more aware of himself what that person needs and what he is and others, to help him become more trying to say to you. For instance, if you perceptive of how, consciously and un- know what you are looking for, you can consciously his attitudes and actions af- tell quite a bit by observing a person's fect and influence others. In other words, facial expressions. However, if observing sensitivity training seeks to increase a is to be used to increase one's sensitivity, person's awareness of how human beings it must be directed beyond the surface relate to one another. Although there are manifestations to the true nature of the many approaches to sensitivity training, individual's meaning. How are you sup- the T-group or training group is at the posed to know what a person is trying to core of most sensitivity programs and nonverbally communicate or even what will be discussed here. he is verbally trying to communicate? The T-group is usually made up of a Some people can do this naturally-t6ey group of 10-15 people. The groups may are born with the knack of being sensi- be composed of heterogeneous people tive to other people's needs. It is true coming together to pursue interpersonal that some people seem to be more sensi- and small group phenomena or they may tive than others, but this does not neces- be made up of people with a common sarily mean that they were born with this interest, i.e., people from the same com- ability. Children are much more open to pany, or people working on a specific little things that are happening around problem area, e.g., the development of a them. Unfortunately, as adults, we tend joint serial acquisitions program. There to lose the child's habit of unprejudiced is no formal authority or teacher in con- perception. Skills needed to facilitate trol of the T-group, nor is there a prescribed agenda, or a set amount of ma- Basically, then, each T-group session terial that must be covered in each becomes a means for the conscious ex- T-group session. There are no estab- amination of what are otherwise unques- lished goals or prescribed ways for han- tioned assumptions about human inter- dling the group's problems. The trainer relations. T-group sessions provide an or leader acts as an information source opportunity to question these beliefs, to and as a catalyst to bring the group to- look at them more objectively-not to gether. He ensures that the emotions ex- denounce them necessarily-but to un- pressed during the session will be steered derstand why they have come about, why into constructive channels. A trainer we react to them in a certain manner must also continually encourage the par- and what effect they have on our life and ticipants to express their opinions and our work. feelings about what is happening in the The first T-group session may arouse group. He does not control what is said, feelings of anxiety as the group struggles but provides the necessary emotional to decide what they want to talk about. support so that the other group members Even after the topic has been decided will participate. The trainer's personal upon, problems arise as various individ- qualities and confidence in the group uals try to assume leadership of the will have a great effect on the effective- group. These early attempts at taking ness of the session. over the group usually fail, and this pro- The T-group serves as a vehicle for vides a golden opportunity to discuss providing an individual with the oppor- why each member of the group felt such tunity to: 1) explore his behavior and in- an intrinsic need for some type of leader- crease his own self-assurance, 2) give and ship. receive non-evaluative feedback, 3) uti- Until some semblance of trust is built lize new methods for dealing with inter- up between the group members, the personal relationships, which may be group will continue to turn to the trainer more effective in interpersonal communi- for guidance. The trainer will usually re- cation, 4) explore his own values and be- sist accepting the leadership role, choos- come aware of the impact these values ing perhaps just to sit and remain silent. have on the others in the group, 5) lower As the group continues together, the par- his need for automatic defense mecha- ticipants begin to realize that their past nisms when interacting with an individ- effectiveness in group situations was ual, or a group, 6) gain insight into the based on an established set of rules gov- reasons why he acts in a certain manner erning formal authority roles and proce- in a specific situation, 7) become more dures. Stripped of these roles and proce- sensitive to the behavior and the needs dures, they discover that they must try of the other people in the group, and 8) different methods of interpersonal com- become aware of the wide range of communication. They discover that they municative stimuli that are available to need to become more sensitive to the be- people, e.g., facial expressions (2). havior and needs of the other people in Each T-group does not try to accom- the group so that they will be better able plish all of the points outlined above. In- to deal with the group's problems. As a stead, emphasis on any one or several of result of focusing on the actual group these points is determined by a consensus interactions the participants have a bet- of the group each time they meet and as ter understanding of small group func- they continue in a session. The fre- tioning and how groups may affect an quency and duration of each T-group organization or individual people. session will vary with the people that are It should be remembered here that participating in the sensitivity program. T-groups deal with group relationships However, practically all sensitivity train- and observable behavior and are there- ing groups focus on the group process; fore not to be confused with psychother- that is, how different members are han- apy sessions which focus on motives and dling themselves in the group. problems within the inner self. It is the responsibility of the trainer to prevent ing and with the help of some of the ac- the T-group from turning into a group tive organizations, be open to initiating psychotherapy session. Note also that T-group sessions of our own. T-groups are intended for the healthy, for people with relatively strong egos. Literature Cited Not everyone will benefit from participating in a T-group or in a sensitivity 1. Rogers, Carl / On Becoming a Person. program, and it probably takes a special Boston, Houghton Co., 1961. kind of person to reap maximum benefit 2. This list is drawn from a number of sources: Weissenberg, Peter / Int~oduc- from such a program. tion to Organizational Behavior. Scranton, Pa., Intext Educational Publishers, 1971. Wikstrom, Walter S. / reprint from Studies Conclusion in Personnel Policy No. 189. New York, National Industrial Conference Board, From the number of national pro- Inc., 1964. Argyris, C. / T-groups for Or- grams that have developed in the last ganizational Effectiveness. Harvard Busi- decade, it is apparent that T-groups have ness Review 42 (2):60-74, 1964. become a device for developing more 3. House, R. J. / T-group Education and effective managers (3). Both the National Leadership Effectiveness: A Review of the Empirical Literature and a Critical Eval- Training Laboratories and the Western uation. Personnel Psychology 20: 1-32 Training Laboratories have been con- (1967). ducting training sessions for a number of 4. Weissenberg, Peter / Introduction to Or- years (4). In addition, many colleges, uni- ganizational Behavior. Scranton, Pa., In- versities, adult education programs and text Educational Publishers, 1971. high schools across the country have be- 5. For further discussion of T-group re- gun to include sensitivity courses in their search the reader should begin by con- curricula. sulting the review by John P. Campbell Numerous studies have been devoted and Marvin D. Dunnette / Effectiveness of T-group Experiences in Managerial to measuring both the short- and long- Training and Development. Psychological term cognitive, attitudinal, and behav- Bulletin 70 (no.2):73-104 (Aug 1968). ioral changes brought on through 6. Gibb, Jack R. / Defensive Communica- T-group exposure (5). From these studies tion. Journal of Communication XI (no.3) it is apparent that enough value has (Sep 1961). been seen to recommend the use of T-group training. Received for review Sep 13, 1973. Revised In reviewing the eight points that may manuscript accepted for publicatior, Jul be covered in a T-group session, it is 17, 1974. Presented May 30, 1973, as a clear that improvement on any of these Contributed Paper, during the Medical points would increase productive inter- Library Association's 75th Annual Con- personal communication. Gibb views ference in Kansas City. communication "as a people process rather than as a language process. If one is to make fundamental improvement in communication, [one] must make changes in interpersonal relationships" (6)- Librarians must visualize themselves not as separate entities within an information setting, but as vital links between the client and the information he needs. To do this the librarian must sensitize himself to the needs of his clients. We Pamela Tibbetts is director of library must acquaint ourselves with the basic services, Health Sciences Library, Fairview techniques and goals of sensitivity train- Community Hospitals, Minneapolis, Minn. Restructuring the NASA Data Base for Time/Cost Savings

Urban J. Sweeney

General Dynamics Corporation, Convair Aerospace Division, San Diego, Calif. 92138

An analysis of the NASA Data Base more of the eight groups was then se- indicated that a number of fields were lected and searched, the selection cle- not being searched and could be elim- pendent upon the subject content of the inated from the record. These data in- search problem. The results of numerous cluded such items as: a) title security searches of the full data base as opposed classification, b) country of origin, c) to se;~rchesof the condensed divided data country of publication, d) personal au- hase are described. Statistics are given on thor note, etc. The second task involved the results of these searches, i.e., number the division of the condensed tlata base of hits, computer time, and relevance of into eight logical subject groups. One or retrieved data.

DATABASES have become a way of quarter million items. On Apr 1, 1974, life for many individuals workitlg in the this data base contained 1.030,000 rec- field of library and information science. ords. Regardless of the subject speciality of If you had conducted a compute]. your facility, chances are that a data base search on some specific problem in 1964, is available for your use. Engineering, you might have retrieved thirty hits; in medicine, business, and education are 1966 the same search might have producetl but a few examples of the disciplines forty-five hits; in 1970, eighty, and so on. that have compiled and processed data It is apparent that at some point in time for storage in machine-readable format. the amount of data retrieved will Ilave on-line information systems have a to be limited. To arbitrarily cut off the remarkable capability for searching large number of retrieved tlata items at 50 or data bases. Their application is increas- 75 citations is an incomprehensive ing, and with on- and off-line printing method of solving the problem; the ci- capability they are an asset to any li- tations you eliminated rnight have brary, large or small. The standard com- proved more relevant than the items puter tape search, however, continues to you retrieved. Searching only a portion be used extensively for large multi-prob- of the data base to limit recall is also a lem restrospective searches and it is with negative approach. The most effective this type of computer search that this method of limiting recall is to continue paper is concerned. to search the entire file but simultane- Data bases, as we presently recognize ously increase the specificity of the search them, have existed for more than ten problem. years and they are growing in size at a General Dynamics Convair Aerospace rapid rate. During the four-year period Division has used the NASA tape pro- of January 1962 to December 1965, the gram and its related services since 1963. NASA collection of bibliographic cita- The tapes are used to perform retrospec- tions on magnetic tape grew to nearly a tive searches, and the monthly update Table 1. Data Record Fields

Code Description Code Description

00 1 Accession number Corporate author 1 oo* Type of item Corporate author code 1 lo* Security classification of item Contract or grant number 120* Downgrading authority code COSATI subject category code 130* Distribution and/or availability Other subiect heading codes 141* Imprint and notes Primary subject terms 160* Announcement journal reference Secondary subject terms 200* Agency program coding Source of formal citation 210 Report number Originol language 220 Unclassified title Rresent language 230* Security classification of title Imprint data 240* Classified title Place of publication 260* Subtitle Country of origin of the intellectual effort 270 Index annototion Number of pages 280 Personal nome Availability and price 281* Personal name role Description notes, final repart, etc. 290* Personal name ofiliation Dissertation note Supplementary notes tape is used as the data base for an SDI capacity of the system, nor did we want Program. As users of the NASA Data to. We could, however, effectively use the Base, we were aware of the growth that storage that was available by eliminating had taken place over the years. We ap- from the record those fields that we con- preciated having a very large collection sidered nonessential. to search, but we also realized that our An examination of the fields of the searches were taking longer and covered data base indicated that a number of more and more data. fields were never searched and/or con- Three goals were established that we tained data that we did not require. Ta- believed would afford us not only short- ble 1 is a list of the fields that made up term relief but lay the groundwork for the NASA Data record. The asterisk in- more efficient use of the system in the dicates fields dropped during the conver- future. These goals were: 1) to modify sion of the file. Initially, we planned to the record length and subsequently re- drop Code 400 "Secondary Subject duce the overall size of the data base; Terms"; however, during our test 2) to shorten the amount of computer searches, we discovered that we were time required to search the data base; 3) missing many relevant documents so we to increase the relevance of the material decided to retain secondary terms as part that is retrieved from the search. of the record. To accomplish these three goals required an analysis and modification of Subdivided Data Base the data base as it was received from It was apparent that a significant NASA. Two major changes were made: amount of computer time was being 1) Eliminate those portions of the wasted by conducting our retrospective data record that were nonessential for searches against the entire NASA data the retrieval of information, or which base. If our topic concerned supersonic we considered superfluous to our needs. aircraft inlets, then there was no reason 2) Subdivide the NASA data base into to be searching documents on moon eight subject-related groups that could rocks or satellite photography. To over- be searched independently. come this problem, we decided to subdivide the data base by subject area. One Data Record of the record fields, No. 360 "Other subject codes," refers to the category num- There was nothing we could do, as ber that is assigned to each document users, to expand or enlarge the physical appearing in STAR, CSTAR, or IAA Table 2. NASA Subject Categories

Aerodynamics Materials, Nonmetallic Aircraft Mathematics Auxiliary Systems Meteorology Bioscience Navigation Biotechnology Nuclear Engineering Chemistry Physics General Communications Physics Atomic, Molecular Computers Physics, Plasma Electronic Equipment Physics, Solid State Electronics Propellants Facilities, Research & Support Propulsion Systems Fluid Mechanics Space Radiation Geophysics Space Science instrumentation & Photography Space Vehicles Machine Elements & Processes Structural Mechanics Masers Thermodynamics & Combustion Materials. Metallic General

Table 3. Subject Related Groups

Group Category Group Category

Aerodynamics 4. Physics, Plasmo Aircraft Propellants Facilities Research & Support Propulsion Systems Fluid Mechanics 5. Chemistry Auxiliary Systems Machine Elements & Pjrocesses Communicotions Materials, Metallic Computers Materials, Nonmetallic Electronic Equipment Structural Mechanics Electronics 6. Space Sciences Mathematics Space Vehicles Navigation Thermodynamics Physics, General 7. Bioscience Geophysics Biotechnology Meteorology Instrumentation & Photography Nuclear Engineering Masers Physics Atomic Physics, Solid State Space Radiation 8. General High X and N numbers

(Table 2). Fortunately these categories To summarize our efforts, we exam- could be machine searched and this pro- ined the 35 record codes that made up the vided us with the capability to compile input to the NASA file; we retained 18 our subject-oriented data base. and dropped 17. Using the 34 subject After much rearranging, the 34 cate- categories that are assigned to each docu- gories were placed in eight subject re- ment entering the system, we had sub- lated groups (Table 3). The arrangement divided the NASA data base into eight of the groups was based on a mixture of groups. experience with the data base, an analy- Phase 2 of the project concerned analysis of the location of entries in STAR sis and evaluation of computer output (Scientific and Technical Aerospace Re- obtained from searches using the original ports) and the results of test searches. and the revised versions of the data base. You will note that group No. 8 con- Our objective was to acquire informa- sists of Categories (34), General; and (99), tion relative to the three goals that had High X and N numbers. The documents been established. in Category 99 are older reports. They To conduct our searches, we selected do not appear in STAR or CSTAR, but the portion of the NASA Data Base for because of their technical value NASA the year 1972. This segment of the base included them in the data base. contained 79,082 records including In- ternational Aerospace Abstracts "A72-" Subdividing the data base into sub- accession numbers, Scientific and Tech- ject groups proved highly successful. The nical Aerospace Reports "N72-" acces- retrospective search of the year 1972 us- sion numbers, CSTAR "X72-" accession ing the full file required a search of only numbers, and the Category 99 "High N 9,723 records, or 12% of File "A." and X Numbers." To identify the orig- Searching a shorter record and a sub- inal and the revised data bases, we re- stantially smaller data base provided us ferred to them as File "A" and File "B," with a computer timelcost saving of ap- respectively (see appendix). proximately two-thirds or 687,. Examin- To determine the relevance of the ma- ing these figures with a full retrospective terial retrieved, we asked the person who search of ten or twelve years in mind in- requested the searches to analyze the dicates a substantial reduction in time output from File "A," and check those and cost. items he considered relevant. Inasmuch Perhaps the most impressive statistics as File "A" would also include all hits are concerned with the relevance of the from File "B," we could then determine data retrieved. Considering that we only how many documents were "missed" on searched 127, of the file, the data re- File "B" and compute the percentage of trieved from File "B" exceeded File "A" relevant documents retrieved. in relevance by 27%, i.e., File "A" 51.6%, All searches were performed on the File "B" 78.5% relevance. IBM 370 and the CDC CYBER 70. The If the documents in Category 99 could search of File "A" included Category 99, be assigned a subject category, we could and required only one pass of the com- include them in one of our eight groups. puter. The search on File "B" required This would further reduce our computer two passes, inasmuch as Category 99 can- time inasmuch as we presently have to not be merged with the subject groups perform separate searches. and must be searched separately. The time listed for each search includes Cate- Acknowledgments gory 99. The author would not want this paper to close without mentioning two individuals, Nick Caesar and Ray Livesay, who have con- Conclusion tributed greatly to this paper. Their exper- Modifications to the NASA data base tise in computer systems and programming were made after considerable analysis have helped me immeasurably. and evaluation. Approximately half the Finally a word of praise for NASA. This branch of the government has performed a existing record fields were eliminated remarkable service to meet the information without disrupting or reducing our ca- needs of the aerospace industry. NASA pro- pability to search the file. As a result of vided a service where none previously ex- this operation, a considerable amount isted and we certainly hope that it will con- of tape space was saved. tinue.

Appendix ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF COMPUTER SEARCH File "A"-79,082 records Problem 1 One file arranged in accession number order 35 data fields, including Category 99 Title: V/STOL Aircraft File "B"-79,082 records Descriptors: A. Tilt-Wing Aircraft. B. Tilt- 8 subfiles arranged in subject groups; ing Rotors. C. Lifting Rotors. D. Fan-in- Category 99 included in Group 8 Wing Aircraft. E. Vertical-Wing Aircraft. 18 data fields per record F. Rotary-Wing Aircraft. G. Ducted-Wing Aircraft. H. Lift Fans. I. Short-Takeoff Air- Logic Equation: J (K + M f R + S + craft. J. Vertical Landing. K. Vertical Take- T+U+V+W+X+Z+FF)$ off. Results of Search Logic Equation: A + B + C + D + E + File "A" F+G+H+I+J+K$ Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- Results of Search cluding Category 99) File "A": Hits: 13 (5 categories) Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- Relevant Hits: 4 (30.7y0) cluding Category 99) Nonrelevant: 9 (69.3y0) Hits: 472 (19 categories) Category 99: 1 Hit-0 relevant, 0% Time: 12 minutes 23 seconds File "B" File "B" Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 cate- Searched: 26,167 records (~rou~1, 35 gories + Category 99) categories, including Category 99) Hits: 9 (2 categories) Hits: 374 (4 categories) Relevant Hits: 4 (44y0), 1 category Time: 5 minutes 45 seconds Nonrelevant: 5 (66y0) Problems No. 2 through 8 were similar in Category 99: 1 Hit-0 relevant, Oyo subject content; consequently, all seven searches were run against Group 2. The total computer time for the seven searches is Problem 4 contained in the figures for Problem 8. Title: Backscattering Descriptors: K. Backscattering. Q. Signal De- Problem 2 tection. S. Surveillance Radar. T. Tracking Radar. U. Search Radar. W. Clutter. AA. Title: Radar Performance Radar Targets. FF. Moving-Target Indicat- Descriptors: A. Signature Analysis. B. Radar. ors. Clutter Maps. C. Rayleigh Distribution. D. Logic Equation: K (Q + S + T + U + Correlation Detection. E. Monopulse Radar. W+AA+FF)$ F. Pulse Doppler Radar. G. Incoherent Scat- Results of Search tering. File "A" Logic Equation: A + B + C + D + E + Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- F+G$ cluding Category 99) Results of Search Hits: 4 (2 categories) File "A Relevant Hits: 2 (500/,), 1 category Search-79,082 Records (35 categories, in- Nonrelevant: 2 (50y0) cluding Category 99) Category 99: 0 Hits: 127 (21 categories) File "B" Relevant Hits: 59 (46.5%). 7 categories Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 cate- Nonrelevant: 68 (53.5y0) gories + Category 99) Category 99: 25 Hits-9 relevant, 56.2y0 Hits: 4 (2 categories) File "B" Relevant Hits: 2 (50y0), 1 category Searched 9,723 Records (Group 2, 8 cate- Nonrelevant: 2 (50y0) gories plus Category 99) Category 99: 0 Hits: 59 (5 categories) Relevant Hits: 51 (86.5y0), 5 categories Nonrelevant: 8 (13.5y0) Category 99: 25 Hits-9 relevant, 56.2y0 Problem 5 Title: Radar Detection Descriptors: L. Radar Detection. P. Signal Analyzers. S. Surveillance Radar. T. Track- Problem 3 ing Radar. U. Search Radar. V. Background Title: Spectrum Analysis Noise. Z. Information Theory. BB. Spectral Descriptors: J. Spectrum Analysis. K. Back- Resolution. CC. Noise Threshold. DD. Ra- scattering. M. Radar Echoes. R. Radar Sig- dar Cross-Sections. EE. Amplitude Distribu- natures. S. Surveillance Radar. T. Tracking tion Analysis. FF. Moving-Target Indicators. Radar. U. Search Radar. V. Background Logic Equation: L .(P + S + T + U + V + Noise. W. Clutter. X. Radar Scattering. Z. Z + BB + CC + DD + EE + FF) Information Theory. FF. Moving-Target In- Results of Search dicators. File "A" Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- Nonrelevant: 2, 40y0 cluding Category 99) Category 99: 5 Hits1 relevant, 20% Hits: 3 (1 category) File "B" Relevant Hits: 3 (lOOyo), 1 category Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 cate- Nonrelevant: 0 gories + Category 99) Category 99: 1 Hit-1 relevant, 1000/, Hits: 5 (1 category) File "B" Relevant Hits: 3 (1 category), 60y0 Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 cate- Nonrelevant: 2, 40y0 gories + 99) Category 99: 5 Hits1 relevant, 20% Hits: 3 (1 category) Relevant Hits: 3 (lOO~o),1 category Problem 8 Nonrelevant: 0 Title: Signal Processing Category 99: 1 Hit-1 relevant, 100% Descriptors: 0.Signal Processing. P. Signal Analyzers. Q. Signal Detection. R. Radar Problem 6 Signatures. S. Surveillance Radar. T. Track- Title: Radar Echoes ing Radar. U. Search Radar. Z. Information Descriptors: M. Radar Echoes. K. Backscat- Theory. DD. Radar Cross-Section. tering. W. Clutter. X. Radar Scattering. Logic Equation: (0 + P + Q) (R + S + Logic Equation: M . (K + W + X) $ T+U+Z+DD)$ Results of Search Results of Search File "A" File "A Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, including Category 99) cluding Category 99) Hits: 13 (4 categories) Hits: 25 (6 categories) Relevant Hits: 7 (2 categories), 53.8y0 Relevant Hits: 19 (3 categories), 76% Nonrelevant: 6, 46.2% Nonrelevant: 6, 24y0 Category 99: 5 Hits3 relevant, 60y0 Category 99: 19 Hits15 relevant, 78.9y0 File "B" File "B" Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 cate- Searched: 9,723 records (Group 2, 8 categories + Category 99) gories plus Category 99) Hits: 10 (1 category) Hits: 23 (5 categories) Relevant Hits: 6 (1 category), 60% Relevant Hits: 19 (3 categories), 82.4y0 Nonrelevant: 4, 40y0 Nonrelevant: 4, 17.6y0 Category 99: 5 Hits-3 rejects, 60y0 Category 99: 19 Hits15 relevant, 78.9y0 Problem 7 Time (Seven Problems--Including Title: Radar Tracking Category 99) Descriptors: N. Radar Tracking. K. Back- File "A": 35 minutes 22 seconds scattering. V. Background Noise. W. Clutter. File "B": 11 minutes 01 second DD. Radar Crosssection. 68.7y0 savings in computer time Logic Equation: N (K + V + W + DD) $ Results of Search Received for review May 6, 1974. Manu- File "A" Searched: 79,082 records (35 categories, in- script accepted for publication Aug 20, cluding Category 99) 1974. Presented Jun 11, 1974, as a Con- Hits: 5 (1 category) tributed Paper, during SLA's 65th An- Relevant Hits: 3 (1 category), 60y0 nual Conference in Toronto. Picture Professionalism. Part I I

Renata V. Shaw Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540

Figure 1. Some technical aspects of picture li- "Base Hospital." Lithograph by George Bellows, 1918. brarianship are reviewed here. This is National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. the second section of a two-part article [Part 1-65 (nos.lO/ll): 421-429 (Octl Nov 1974)l which concludes with a listing of the credentials helpful to the prospective picture librarian.

AS A RULE the library patron needs more personal help and guidance in a picture collection than in a book collection. Few picture researchers arrive at the library with an outline of a picture project and with a well-prepared plan for finding the needed illustrations. Therefore, before he can be helpful, the librarian has to go through the process is his duty to lead the searcher to the best of trying to wrest from the reader the possible image in each situation. topic of his research, the depth of the Reference service in the picture field project, the available financial resources, demands great sensitivity from the li- and the format in which he needs his brarian because he has to gauge not only order processed. the nature of the reference search but The picture professional should ex- also the capabilities of the searcher. plain in detail what his own collection Many historians, authors, script writ- has to offer, its good points as well as its ers and researchers feel stymied in a pic- gaps in this specific context. He should ture collection because the language of then suggest possible other sources in pictures is not their "native tongue." the area. If no other collections exist The general level of visual literacy is not nearby, he should point out that there high among those readers who lack a are other resources in the United States background in art history, photography, and even abroad. architecture, or any of the other, disci- What the librarian must bear in mind plines closely related to the visual fields. is that he has the professional expertise These readers have to be taught to dis- to enlighten and advise the reader and it tinguish between authentic contempo- Figure 2.

Normandy Invasion. Senior U. S. officers watching operations from the bridge of USS Augusta off Normandy on June 8, 1944. Photograph by U. S. Navy. National Archives, Washington, D.C.

rary materials and recreations; they have illustrations contained in books, periodi- to be persuaded to strive for historical cals, atlases, manuscripts, music covers, accuracy in their choices. Their eyes and ephemera in every subdivision of a should also be opened to the wide variety large library. of materials encompassed by the word picture: fine prints and documentary Reference Books prints, artistic photographs and documentary photographs, posters and adver- Every picture collection should be tising art, cartoons and caricatures, ar- backed up by an adequate reference col- chitectural and engineering drawings, Iection. folk art and fine art, original drawings The first section of reference works and illustrations, motion picture stills, should include general encyclopedias and a host of other ephemeral pictures and dictionaries as well as biographical which may contain exactly the right works listing those individuals included image for the message they are trying to in the collections. It should also include put across. modern and historical atlases, gazetteers In addition to the pictures specifically and foreign language dictionaries. organized to be used as visual documents, The second section should consist of there exists the inexhaustible reservoir of reference books specifically selected for the interpretation of the collection at Figure 3. hand. This might consist of guidebooks Samuel Smith, General in Continental Army. Life por- and directories, iconographic compendia, trait in oil by Gilbert Stuart, circa 1800. National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. books on all aspects of American and local history, or annual reports of international organizations. Because the emphasis of different picture collections dif- fers so widely, only the picture librarian can truly choose his own specific reference books. He should also include in this category books using illustrations from his own picture files. These will show researchers how certain illustrations have been used in earlier publications. The third section of the reference collection should be devoted to graphic reproduction processes, design, photography, and the arts of the book. This collection helps the picture librarian explain to readers the different graphic media as well as the use of illustrations in books and other publications. It is often a mystery to a reader how a photograph or a color transparency is trans- formed into a book illustration. Any reference work which helps to clarify this problem should be included in the collections. The picture reference professional must keep up with all the latest publish- en's Suffrage Movements," "Environmen- ing efforts in the field of his specialty. tal Pollution," "Art Deco," and "Nostal- With the avalanche of picture books be- gia for the Thirties." The most popular ing produced today, it is hard for him to historical subject at present is the "Bi- keep up with the yearly production of centennial of the American Revolution." the United States let alone the rest of An ideal picture list would include the world. Only by following Publisher's actual photocopies of the images but this Weekly, professional library literature, is obviously too expensive for most insti- and book review journals can he hope to tutions. A picture sheet of "Family Plan- keep in touch with the daily happenings ning" in Jamaica produced by the World of the picture world. Bank Group Photo Library is an example of this type of picture list. A picture bibliography may include a Picture Bibliographies dozen pictures on a narrow subject such Picture specialists are called upon to as portraits of a political personality or prepare picture bibliographies for pa- it may consist of a thousand Civil War trons unable to visit the collections in photographs. person. The prime requirement of the bibliog- A professional librarian anticipates raphy is that entries include enough in- the needs of his readers and begins to formation for the recipient to decide assemble pictures on relevant topics well whether the pictures fit his research in advance of the expected peak of de- project. Verbal descriptions will never mand. Recent popular research subjects do justice to visual materials. They have have included "Negro History," "Wom- to be used, nevertheless, when the bib- Figure 4. Picture Preservation Family Planning in Jamaica. Picture sheet. World A picture professional in an actively Bank Group Photo Library, Washington, D.C. used collection will invariably notice

WORLD BANK GROUP PHOTO LIBRARY P,eiu-r Sntrclvl; wo 1 signs of deterioration in the prints, pho- tcgaphs, and negatives. TO damage to the pictures it is desirable to store them in steel files. Walnut and oak cabinets are injurious to the emulsion on color film. Film negatives should always be stored separately from photographic prints, and be kept in alkaline envelopes io protect them &om environmental pollution and daily handling. Readers should not be allowed to consult them. At the first sign of frilling of the emulsion on glass negatives the image should be copied onto safety film to preserve it. If individual photographs are separately mounted, acid free Permalife paper should be used for mounting. Fine prints should be protected in ma& or by acid-free folders and the image protected by a neutral cover sheet. The Florence floods as well as other recent library disasters have given a good deal of impetus to preservation efforts in large libraries. The preservation of pic- torial collections is an urgent problem for thoughtful librarians. We are at present only beginning to become truly liography is so extensive that an institu- aware of the dangers lurking in our tion cannot afford to mail even inexpen- stacks. Prints are attacked by acidifica- sive reprographic images to show its tion, oil stains, insect pests, water and holdings. smoke damage, fluorescent light, rips and In addition to bibliographies, picture tears, and other unforeseen accidents. specialists should prepare as many form We do not know all the answers to the letters and finding aids as possible to preservation of prints and photographs. answer the ever increasing demand for Every professional picture librarian pictures from school children, amateur should therefore assemble a reference genealogists, history buffs, and collectors guide to the present state of the art in of every kind of memorabilia. Serious re- order to keep in touch with the latest research can only take place in an institu- search on the subject. tion where routine mail is answered ex- Few institutions are large enough to peditiously by previously prepared basic have paper conservators on their staffs. picture lists. Small libraries should seek help with If the picture library arranges exhibits their preservation problems frdm the of prints or photographs, catalogs for the large institutions which can afford to shows are another important profes- maintain a research laboratory and pro- sional contribution. These catalogs serve fessional staff for preservation research. as indices to sections of the agency's col- The most radical solution to collection lections. Professional journals welcome reservation is to refuse to allow readers articles on individual series of pictures to work with the original materials. and their contribution to scholarly They can only work with photocopies. knowledge. The author considers this a disturbing Figure 5. Figure 7. Photographs Arranged by Space Flight Number in Restoration Officer Drying Music Cover after replace- Steel Files in the NASA Audiovisual collection. Na- ment of missing morgins by means of leafcasting. tional Aeronautics and Space Administration, Wash- Photograph by the Restoration Office, Library of ington, D.C. Cong,ress, Washington, D.C.

decision because true researchers need to see the quality of the original. If the reader's photographic copy is small in size, it would also make it difficult to envision the effect of an enlargement from a tiny image. Therefore, education of the public in picture handling and close supervision seems to be the best solution to the problem.

Picture Library Administration The budget of the picture collection Figure 6. is frequently controlled by the parent or- Accessions Unit Staff Reviewing Officer Per.sonnel ganization. Its understanding of the im- Negatives at Detachment 5 Headquorters. Aerc wpoce portance of the visual field is thus cru- audiovisual service, Arlington, Virginia. Photograph cial for the existence of the collection. by 1361st Photographic Squadron, U. S. Ai8r Force AAVS. Purely historical picture collections do not seem to generate as much administrative support as those which actively participate in the polemics of the day. Newer agcncies of the federal government are aware of the importance of pictures to publicize their mission. This indicates that today's picture librarian has to sell the significance of his format to the organization in order to justify his budget requests. The picture collection can generatc picture awareness by organizing exhibi- Figure 8. ers who do not get the help they need Piece of Light Weight Machine Loomed Cotton. Wa- from some of the rich government tercolor painting shown in the exhibit "American sources. It would, indeed, be desirable to Textiles." Index of American Design, National Gal- lery of Art, Washington, D.C. employ picture professionals in these collections to qrganize them to truly serve serious picture research. Another urgent administrative problem is the question of allocating existing resources of manpower and time. In this period of picture explosion the administrator has to choose wisely between the multitudinous tasks which all seem to need attention simultaneously. Is it better to spend time and money on the materials most frequently called for or should one concentrate on preserving rare materials? Is it better to process a collection by individually cataloging each item or would cursory listing be enough? How much money should be spent for exhibits, staff travel, publications or preservation? Staff development is an area which has not been widely discussed among picture collection administrators who never were taught picture librarianship in library school. Most trained picture librarians either started their careers in a visual field and then became librarians or developed an interest in pictures after completing library school. Both of these groups could profit from continuing library education programs in the picture field but almost nothing is presently available in library schools. It is there- tions, preparing catalogs, and publiciz- fore important for administrators to en- ing its holdings in local news media. The courage picture librarians to expand response to even a short newspaper story their professional knowledge on their is usually a great increase in visitors as own initiative by attending annual SLA well as serious researchers. conventions, touring picture collections A basic administrative decision con- and museums, and participating actively cerns the quality and quantity of the pic- in the local SLA Picture Groups. By get- ture collection staff. There are at present ting to know the staffs of other picture many large picture collections contain- collections, one becomes part of a profes- ing over a million photographs and sional network of specialists who can ef- slides staffed only by subprofessional fectively help each other and the public. visual information clerks. These employ- ees can usually find their way around Picture Professionalism their own collections. But they cannot guide a reader in his research, nor do So far we have touched upon acquisi- they have the knowledge to render help tions, selection, processing, reference, beyond the limits of their own specialty. bibliography, preservation and adminis- The author has received frequent com- tration in picture collections. But what plaints from frustrated picture search- is the essence of picture professionalism Figure 9. tion to a library degree, the picture pro- The Apostles Simon and Judos. Passionory of the fessional profits from a master's degree abbey of St. Mortial of Limoges, France. Manuscript in a subject field closely related to his illumination, Man. Lat. 5301, folio 236 verso; End of X century. Paris, Bibliothbque Nationale. picture specialty. Whether the specialization is in the humanities or any of the social or natural sciences, the professional should have a reading knowledge of at least German and French and preferably Latin or Italian as wdll. These languages are needed to consult the basic reference books in daily use in a picture reference collection. One occasionally meets young librarians interested in picture specialization who have never equipped themselves with the basic language tools. These aspiring specialists should know that languages are essential in picture work. Serious research cannot take place without these basic skills. Picture professionalism does not only consist of library science, subject specialization, and a good language background. It also demands that the professional keep up with professional journals, art trends, changes in printing technology, picture reproduction rights, and everything that can be portrayed in a picture. . . The most challenging and enjoyable and what does it take to become a pic- aspect of picture librarianship is the fact ture professional? that one is never fully schooled or "fin- In addition to the more narrowly de- ished" in the profession. It is impossible fined library science skills enumerated to become jaded in a field where every above, the picture professional must day brings new subjects to investigate come to the profession with an eye for and new questions to answer. color, style, design, layout, and artistic period. He must also have innate good Receiued for review Jun 28, 1974. Manu- taste to advise patrons on the right script accepted for publication Jul 10, images to tell a picture story. In addi- 1974.

Renata V. Shaw is bibliographic specialist, Library of Congress, Prints and Photo- graphs Division, Washington, D.C. This Works For Us

Automated Library Circulation System Boosts Service, Control at American University

Donald D. Dennis and Patricia A. Stockton

American University, Washington, D.C. 20016

dured frequent frustrations. Clearly some An automated circulation system has alternative was necessary. been installed at American University. After some research, which included a The output, general operation, and cost justification study and a survey of timesaving advantages of the system are available systems, the decision to use the described by two librarians at the uni- System17 was reached. The basic design of the system was accomplished by key versity. members of the library staff, joined by a systems analyst from the university's Data Processing Center who did the "batch" programming, and a systems analyst from IBM who programmed the INOCTOBER 1972, American Uni- machine. versity's innovative circulation system The basic circulation transactions- became operational on an IBM System17 books checked out, renewed, returned, computer. The principal advantage of etc.-are handled at three input termi- this system is that it provides a fully au- nals located at the circulation desk. tomated circulation system with on-line These transactions, as they occur, are capability in handling hold requests and logged on the small computer's disk file. dealing with delinquent borrowers with- At midnight, information on the day's out the expense of a large computer. The library activities moves over communica- System17 is linked by leased line to the tions lines to the Systeml370 host. The university's System1370 Model 145 which host uses the information to update its handles the file updating and produces files, and prints out reports and notices daily batch outputs such as overdue no- that are delivered to the library each tices and circulation listings. morning by courier. Previously, the library's circulation control consisted of a semi-automated What the System Produces system which required, for each book circulated, the manual completion of a 0 A daily circulation report that tells charge card and later the keypunching of us the exact status of every book not on this information. This was a time- our shelves. This report, which is about consuming and expensive procedure. 240 pages long and contains an average There was considerable congestion at the of 13,000 entries, lists the Library of circulation desk, the error rate was sig- Congress call number, the seven-digit nificant, and both users and staff en- accession, or identification number that Figure 1. Figure 2. Circulation Librarian at the central processing unit. Librarian inserts a plastic borrower identification card into the appropriate slot of an wea station at the circulation desk. Book information is fed into the system through a prepunched machine-readable card, that goes into adjacent slot.

fine of ten cents per day will be com- puted from the date due to the date of the books' return. If this notice is in error, please contact the circulation desk in the library." Each notice has space to we put on every book; the book's au- list five books. thor and title; the borrower's identifica- 0 A list of delinquent borrowers that tion (social security number); and the lists the accession number, LC number, due date. authorltitle, date due, number of days We receive four copies of this list and overdue, and the amount owed. The place two at the circulation desk, one in books are arranged in separate blocks on reference, and one in the technical proc- the list according to borrower's social essing area. A student will usuallylook security number. first in the card catalog, then go to our At the very heart of our system is a open stacks, and then, if he cannot find machine-readable card that is placed in the book he wants, refer to the circula- a pocket in the back of each book. The tion report. Some students, however, find card is keypunched with the accession it easier to begin with the circulation number, the LC call number, and a brief report, because if the book they want is authorltitle. It always stays with the on it, they are saved a trip to the stacks. book, except when it is removed briefly 0 A series of daily notices automati- during the check-out and return pro- cally printed by the host system. One cedures. type is a "hold" notification telling a prospective borrower that a book he re- The Operation of the System quested has been returned and is being held for him. Another is a "call-in" no- Charging with a book card: The stu- tice stating that a book has been put on dent (or member of the university staff reserve status and is needed immediately. or faculty) presents the book he wants Another notice warns of books over- along with a plastic identification badge due after the three-week loan period. punched with his social security num- The computer will automatically print ber and containing his photograph. The out a series of overdue notices, the first attendant presses the "charge" button on of which goes out three days after a book the terminal. The attendant then inserts becomes overdue. It states: "Please re- the badge into the terminal and, if the turn the overdue books listed above. A borrower is not delinquent, the terminal flashes "insert book card." The attendant Figure 3. then inserts the card into another slot Face of the area work station, part of the circulation and data about the book are instantly control system. Messages guide operator, step-by- filed with the computer. The card goes step, through the various transactions. through the terminal, is replaced in the book, and the attendant stamps the due date on a slip in the back of the book. However, if the borrower is on the delinquent list, and owes more than $2.00, the area station will flash a red light that says "invalid patron." The attendant then checks the delinquent borrower printout to determine the problem. Charging without a book card: The attendant presses a "partial charge" button on the terminal. He manually transcribes the call number of the book on a two- part prepunched card circulation charge form, containing a preprinted and prepunched 6-digit control number, and inserts the borrower's badge into the terminal. If the borrower is not delinquent, the panel flashes "insert 6-digit card." The attendant does so and the computer then has the control number and borrower's identification number on fills in a "hold" card. The cards are veri- record. fied against the circulation listing, then One copy of the two-part form is keyed into the system through the op- stamped with the due date and placed erator terminal. When a book on hold is in the book pocket and the other is held, returned, or when someone tries to re- to have the call number keypunched new a book on hold, the terminal auto- into it. After keypunching, these cards matically signals "book on hold, do not are run through the area station, merg- renew." The terminal locks until the at- ing the previously recorded identifica- tendant presses a "next guide" button, tion number with the call number and showing that he has noticed the signal. thus readying the completed transaction He takes the book to the hold shelf and for the host computer. places it in call number order. During Return: Pressing the "return" button batch processing by the host, a hold no- on the terminal, the circulation attend- tice is printed stating: "The above ma- ant puts the book card in the machine. terial which you have requested is being He follows the same procedure whether held for you at the circulation desk un- 'the card is a permanent or partial til the date specified under date due. charge. He then marks out the due date, Please bring this notice with you. If you and places the book on the pre-sorting no longer want this material, please con- shelves for return to the stacks. tact the circulation desk so that the ma- Renewal: The attendant presses the terial can be released to another patron." "renewal" button, and inserts the iden- In addition, the book is automatically tification badge and the book card. The charged to the "hold" shelf with a loan computer automatically records a new period of one week. If the patron does due date. The attendant cancels the pre- not claim his book, it is removed from vious due date on the date due slip and the shelf, discharged and returned to the stamps the new date. stacks. The host system produces a daily Holds: If a book is circulating and an- listing showing books charged to the other borrower wishes to obtain it, he hold shelf for over a week. Figure 4. trained to use it. The area station itself In the circulation department, an operator uses a guides the operator, step by step, through terminal to ask the system about the status of a the various transactions. As a result. new book. staff members have become in a short time. The system is flexible and constantly expanding. We are now in the process, for instance, of incorporating 3,000 reserve items into the system. Presently, reserve items go out for only two hours at a time. The staff is working on a way to use the computer to control the reserve status of items for one hour, one day, three days, or seven days.

Summary Some of the major advantages of the system are 1) faster and easier notification for "hoid" books; 2) a decrease in the amount of keypunching needed for Figure 5. the system; 3) problem borrowers are Machine-readable cards that go into each book are identified at the circulation desk, so that produced by keypunch operators at the library. adjustments can be reached regarding their fines or overdue books; 4) students are notified of their fines while the fines are still low. This means that the books tend to be returned sooner and borrowers are not distressed by overly large fines. Generally speaking, the system has led to increased accuracy in the library's circulation records, more efficient operational procedures and improved control over the collection. Plans are now being completed for a new library. While the improvements gained so far have been important for the present 300,000 volume collection, the new library, which will have a much larger collection, could not be considered without the computer system to support Daily, the library receives reports that its growth. tell the number of books charged out, books renewed, or books overdue. Be- cause American University is a member Received for review May 23, 1974. Man- of a consortium of universities, which uscript accepted for publicition JuZ 12, includes Georgetown, Howard, Catholic, 1974. and George Washington, the system is helpful in determining how often the library is used by faculty or graduate Donald D. Dennis is university librarian, students of other institutions. American University, and Patricia A. A major benefit of the system is the Stockton is assistant university librarian, ease with which the library staff can be American University, Washington, D.C. 515 Expediting Book Acquisitions

Michael E. D. Koenig Pfizer, Inc., Central Research, Groton, Conn. 06340

ONERECURRENT problem in spe- Advantages cial libraries is that of being able to promptly acquire those books desired. The advantage to Pfizer is primarily Books frequently are ordered in response that of the speed of delivery of material to an immediate need, rather than in an- ordered. Furthermore, the system results ticipation of a future need. Particularly in simplicity of record keeping. It may when individual researchers order a book not be conventional to make purchase as a desk copy, they usually want it now. orders in response to invoices in hand, The telephoning of book orders is con- but it certainly makes it easy to maintain venient from the libraries' point of view, a one-to-one relationship between pur- but typically an annoyance to the book- chase order and invoice rather than the jobber or wholesaler. At Pfizer Research usual situation where invoices and pur- in Groton, Connecticut, a system was de- chase orders only partially overlap. vised that gained the cooperation of two The advantage to the bookdealer is major book dealers in accepting tele- that the prompt service on their part re- phone orders without the requirement sults in substantial business being placed for any follow-on paper backup. Pfizer with them by Pfizer. The deposit ensures made a deposit of $500 each at Eliot that their auditors will not have qualms Books (biomedical) and at the McGraw- about books delivered only on the Hill Bookstore (sci-tech). In return, they strength of a telephone call, and is an agreed to accept telephone orders and to interest-earning guarantee of Pfizer's deliver on the strength of the telephone good faith. call alone. Deliveries are made to com- We at Pfizer have been very pleased with the system, and the credit is due pany headquarters in Manhattan twice primarily to the cooperation and willing- weekly, and the books are then trans- ness of the bookdealers with whom we ported to Groton that day in a company have dealt. station wagon. Each bookseller encloses an invoice-with the books shipped, and at Pfizer, purchase orders are then made Received for review APr 30,1974. Manu- in response to the invoices, and the in- script accepted for publication May 9, voices are paid. The $500 deposit is then 1974. essentially a permanent one, in contrast to the usual deposit account which is de- Michael E. D. Koenig is a librarian at pleted as it is drawn against, and is then Pfizer, Inc., Central Research, Groton, renewed. Conn. Overseas Report

Criteria for a User-Oriented Cost-Effective Information Service: An Analysis of the East African Literature Service Sean Cooney The Agricultural Institute, Headquarters, Dublin 4, Ireland

The East African Scientific Literature into the habits of information users. Cri- Service has expanded rapidly since it be- teria which should be met in designing gan in 1967 and is one of the most exten- a service which will be extensively used sively used scientific services in the re- and is at the same time cost-effective are gion. The reasons for its success are ex- suggested. amined in the context of recent research

DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES have a area is East Africa: Kenya, Uganda, and special need for effective access to infor- Tanzania. The service continues to op- mation. Their need for techno-economic erate successfully and is now financed development is more urgent and extreme out of local resources and operated by than in the developed countries. This local personnel. Certain criteria of ef- creates greater pressures on their sources fectiveness are formulated and the suc- of information. which are themselves cess of the service is discussed in light of more limited than in the wealthier coun- these. tries. The resources are rarely available The East African Literature Service to meet the cost of supplying this infor- provides several facilities to users (10). mation by the mechanisms used in other One of these, the Current Awareness countries. Service, is based on periodicals received A system which was developed in the at the joint East African Agriculture and middle sixties, with external aid, to meet Forestry Research OrganizationlEast a section of the information needs in one African Veterinary Research Organiza- developing region is described. That tion (EAAFROIEAVRO) Library at Muguga, near Nairobi. The service also provides a union list of periodicals in libraries in the region, a service for ob- Sean Cooney is a consultant with the taining photocopies from past issues of Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture these periodicals, and certain other (SEARCA), Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, facilities. on leave from the Agricultural Institute, A user of the Current Awareness Serv- Dublin, Ireland. Mr. Cooney was a consul- ice receives a list of available periodicals, tant on the EALS Project. on which he marks the titles of interest. The service then supplies him with a formation explosion" has been ade- copy of the contents page of each new is- quately discussed by several authorities sue as it is received. On returning a con- (4, 8, 12, 21, 37). Against this back- tents page with the titles of pertinent ground, developing countries are seen to articles marked, he receives co~iesof face special problems. these articles. They have limited capacity, human The service began in February 1967 and financial, to produce the informa. and grew rapidly. In 1968, 192,207 pages tion they need. One estimate suggests were copied for users, the majority being that they produce at present no more supplied under the Current Awareness than 5% of the information generated Service. It continues to be popular and annually in the world (34), while less successful. The cost is comparable to than 1% of research and development in that of a photocopying service, although industrial countries is specifically di- the benefits are much wider. rected to the problem of developing countries (13). The latter have, as yet, The Importance of Scientific comparatively few trained scientists, nor Communication have they yet built up the indigenous infrastructure of science, which they need The influence of good and bad infor- to be self-reliant and independent. mation on success and failure in many Therefore, they have no alternative fields of research has long been intui- but to get most of their information from tively accepted. It has been confirmed by developed countries (34, 13). Here again experimental studies carried out in re- their resources are far from equal to the cent years (2). The current popularity of task. Their local scientists are too re- "STI" in the planning of industry, gov- cently installed to have built up an in- ernments, and international agencies digenous network of contacts with scien- further demonstrates the widespread tists in the rest of the world and there pragmatic recognition of the importance are not enough of them to undertake all of good information for research and de- the travel, conference attendance, etc., velopment. Arntz (5) argues that infor- required (37). mation has exactly the same importance Since they produce so little of the as research and development and the fi- world's knowledge as yet and since what nancing of both should be linked. they do produce is of little interest to de- Information is, likewise, the key to in- veloped countries, they are not in a po- novation in technology. The more easily sition to trade information (34, 37). Fur- information on new and better tech- thermore, they are in most cases remote niques can be brought to the attention from the developed world which creates of those engaged in production, the more special difficulties and costs in obtaining quickly and effectively technical im- the material they need. provement can proceed. Information Prior to independence, experts were transfer is the vehicle of this exchange. almost invariably expatriates. With inde- Experimental confirmation of the sub- pendence began the natural and inevita- stantial dependence of industry on infor- ble transfer of staff to local personnel. mation for innovation comes from stud- Most of the original scientists have now ies by Allen and Reilly (3), Langrish et left. In many cases new personnel have al. (20), Marquis and Myers (23), Project been hired for contract periods; none "SAPPHO" (36), and in farming by Boh- of these, however, are permanently based len and Breathnach (6), among others. in the countries concerned. This process of transferring control to the local population has created a certain synapse in re- Special Problems of Developing gard to the knowledge built up by the Countries expatriates. Much of the latters' knowl- The "rising tide of paper" or, as it has edge is embodied in reports, both pub- been called with more dignity, "the in- lished and unpublished. However, the new experts do not have the continuity Numerous authorities have drawn at- of work with the old and very often are tention to how poor a foundation in not familiar with the work done by their knowledge of user needs (of the "mar- former colonial rulers. It has also been ket"), information services are often reported that some expatriates have based (17, 18). The philosophy adopted taken with them vital records, which are in designing the East African Literature no longer available in the conntries Service in 1966 corresponded to that de- where the work was done (I I). scribed by Gerstberger and Allen in The most urgent problem for the de- 1968: "more investment in library hold- veloping world is technological informa- ings . . . will be wasted unless at the tion. What they require, many authori- same time this material is made more ties agree, is information of direct accessible to the users. . . . The library practical use, and in a form which can must, in a sense, come to them" (14). readily be applied to promote techno- economic progress. This problem exists Efficiency of Literature Use also in developed countries; however, the urgency is greater in developing coun- Several studies have shown that infor- tries; the limited resources and staff for mation acquisition occupies a major adapting information means that they fraction of the time of research scien- need to obtain such information in its tists. The literature is the dominant fea- most usable form. ture of information gathering as far as The problem is made more difficult by the time input is concerned (2). How- the limited general infrastructure of ever, despite the larger input of time, these countries. Commentators often written sources are much less effective overlook the effect on information trans- both in idea generation and in problem fer of roads, phone systems, postal serv- solution than oral sources. In addition, ices and other everyday factors. Agricul- two-thirds of the literature used is read tural research and education centers are because it is readily available on the often remote from main centers. This spot, preferably in the user's own office. means that the user of information is - It is relevant, in regard to the East faced with exceptional difficulties in African Literature Service (EALS), that, reaching other locations where he may of the written sources, Allen's subjects be able to obtain the information devoted the most time to periodi-cals. needed. The EALS appears to increase consid- All of the above factors operated in erably the range of periodical materials East Africa in 1965 and 1966, together available and to reduce drasticallv the with certain local problems. In this area time input for obtaining this material. of over 680,000 square miles having a Hence, it is likely that the EALS has population of 30 million, there were greatly increased the number of messages fewer than ten reasonably adequate li- received by its users for a given time in- braries. These were concentrated around put. Any method which increases the the capital cities, leaving most of the number of messages received by the user area poorly served. Furthermore, the cen- in response to a given input of his time ters for agricultural. research and ecluca- is a real contribution to that user's pro- tion were both numerous and widely ductivity by cutting down the need for scattered in the most remote areas (22). "blind, random searching" [see Van Toll There were well over 100 such centers, (28), Carmon and Park (9) and Gilchrist few of them near cities or good libraries, (15~. or even to each other (10). It would not be realistic. however. to The user of scientific information has argue that a literature service, however a number of channels open to him, such effective and efficient, can fully substi- as personal contact, published literature, tute for face-to-face communication as an unpublished and other nonconventional information transfer mechanism. The ad- literature. vantage of oral sources lies in the fact that they are interactive and can adapt Objectives the message to the expressed needs of the user (Allen, T. J.-personal communica- A summary of the characteristics which a good information service should have, tion, 1973). There is, however, some evi- as shown from the research, follows: dence to suggest that an efficient literature service, by making a wide range of It should be accessible and easy to materials promptly and easily available, use. helps prepare scientists better to benefit It should deliver a high rate of mes- from face-to-face discussion with col- sages for a given time and effort by leagues. If as is especially apt to be the the user. case in developing countries, scientists It should make available a wide have restricted opportunities for meet- range of information not usually ing with colleagues, it is especially im- available in or near the scientist's portant that their discussions be of a own place of work. high quality. It does seem possible that It should maintain a high" level of there is at least some "elasticity of sub- quality in the information content. stitution" between face-to-face meetings In a less developed region or coun- and literature use, although literature try, more than elsewhere, a service probably can never be regarded as fully must also be cost effective. A low ab- capable of replacing discussion between solute cost per user is essential to experts. the East African Literature Service. not only because resources were Ease of Access limited but because this determined the possibility of the service being "Ease of Access" is the single most im- continued by the East African gov- portant criterion in the selection of a ernments when the funds committed source (14). Gertsberger and Allen also by the sponsoring agency were used found no relation between the effective- up. ness of an information channel (judged by success or failure in research) and the A Service Is Established frequency with which it was used. In considering the conclusions of stud- There was no comparable service in ies by Allen and his colleagues, it is im- the area to study and adapt. It was thus portant to emphasize once more that necessary to consider and compare differ- "success" of research is ultimately judged ent methods, often with different objec- in terms of a successful outcome as tives, in use elsewhere. The absence of judged by the agency commissioning the detailed information on costs of opera- research (2). tion made the process of comparing costs The report cited above (14) points out of different solutions largely intuitive. that the cost to the user has a major ef- Nevertheless, the process of examination fect on the extent to which a service is led to certain conclusions which have used. This cost may include cash, time, stood the test of time-the service con- inconvenience and psychological factors tinues to operate efficiently on a large such as unfamiliarity, etc. Preferring ease scale in 1974. of access over both ease of use and per- Of the existing alternatives the main ceived technical quality, the users ap- types of techniques traditionally used to peared to follow Zipf's "Law of Least ensure access by scientists to the periodi- Effort" (31). A further finding was that cal literature and reports are: circulation the more often scientists use a channel, systems, photocopy services (earlier: pho- the more accessible it appears to them. tostats), and alerting systems (abstracts, In addition, the more they use it, the SDI, etc.). A critical examination showed more highly they rate its quality. If a no one of these services would fully meet good channel is made highly accessible, the objectives. One reason is the tend- it will develop a good reputation. ency to use new technology (e.g., photocopying) as an adjunct to traditional authorized persons, copies of any avail- methods; another is the exaggeration of able material (as in the British Lending the intellectual content of many opera- Library); or 3) 'by supporting special sub tions which are purely clerical in con- ject queries or alerting services, where tent. photocopies of material traced by the service center are sent to the user. Circulation Systems Photocopy services are extremely effective in transmitting written information Van Toll (28) analyzes the hidden to users. Moreover, their technology con- costs of a circulation system in a uni- stantly is improving. They provide cop- versity, comparing them with those of a ies of original documents which the user photocopying facility. She describes the can study at leisure and store without re- many inconveniences experienced by moving originals from the library. Their users under the circulation system and operation does not require a high level concludes that the photocopying method of expertise or subject specialization, ex- is cheaper. In the East African situation, cept where tied in with special subject a further factor of great importance is searches. Their cost is low and is mainly the large number and wide dispersal of for actual machine use. Their main de- centers where users were situated. A cir- fect is that they do not go beyond being culation system seemed quite unman- a copying service, to become an informa- ageable, as well as ineffective from the tion service, and when they do, they may users' viewpoint, in this situation. not do so in the most efficient way. From an understanding of the slow- For instance, photocopying can solve ness and complexities of the sequential one of the defects of a circulation sys- circulation system, further desirable fea- tem. The user can send back a serial with tures of an effective system can be a request for a copy of an article or make derived. a copy himself. It is quite possible, how- It should operate in parallel, not ever, that another user will request the sequentially; that is, all users re- same article; in this case it would be quiring particular journal material most efficient to make both co~iesat the should receive it simultaneously, same time. Most services, however, do thus eliminating delays. not plan for this kind of batching. Van It should provide full texts (not a Toll (28) found photocopying to be summary) of original source docu- cheaper than circulation when hidden ments to the user, as the circulation costs were taken into account. However, system does (and do so promptly, the system she describes provides photo- which circulation does not). copies only and is not intended to be a Its operation should demand the current awareness service. minimum of high level skills and In light of the advantages of a photo- equipment, as in a circulation sys- copy-information service it was decided tem. that the East African Literature Service It should accommodate a large num- should also: ber of users as effectively as a small provide copies of original documents number (which a circulation system for the users to keep and read at does not). leisure (not loans); copy all requested articles from any Photocopy Services current serial at one time in order to reduce costs. Photocopy Services are often built around the copying operation alone. Alerting Systems They can, however, be operated in at least three ways: 1) by making a machine Alerting Systems are services which available to all authorized users to copy notify users of relevant material but do material; 2) by providing, on request by not automatically provide the original documents which must, if required, be involved in the total process were ex- sought by further effort and at an addi- amined. This led to a different type of tional cost. This svstem either re~roduces breakdown of cost factors, ac- a selection of contents pages from the cording to skill: 1) The expert judgment latest issues of the most widely read jour- which selects relevant periodicals, arti- nals or provides the user with a relatively cles, and other informahon appropriate digestible account of work over a wide to the interests of each user. The selec- range. Abstracts journals cover broad tion and preparation of abstracts calls fields (for economic reasons) to appeal for expertise at a similar level. 2') The to many users so any given user must provision of source materials (in this case search through much irrelevant material periodicals) which is one of the main to obtain what he requires. The mate- routine functions of a library. 3') The 3, rial abstracted is often a year or more clerical routines involved in preparing old by the time the abstract is available lists of selected materials, photocopies, so these services are not always upto- packaging, dispatch, etc., to-the user. 4) date. They are also costly, since highly Computer skills may also be required. trained subject specialists must be em- In a developing region in 1966-1967 ployed to evaluate primary publications and indeed in many other areas of the and select the abstracts; often they have world, even today, the main considera- to write the abstracts as well. This type tions which require attention in design- of service, in the East African region, was ing a service are thus as follows: a) Feasi- not realistic in view of its need for high" bility: the possibility of obtaining the level and costly expertise and the other skilled personnel, equipment and funds; disadvantages. and b) Cost/effectiveness: Assuming that A refinement of the abstracts svstem the first criterion has been met, the sys- has developed in recent years. This is tem should be the best that the budget Selective Dissemination of Information can provide. (SDI) by computer. However, to judge The less special skill and subject by results to date, most of these systems knowledge required, the easier and are not as cost-effective as was once cheaper the scheme would be to carry hoped (29,9,30). through. Lancaster (19) points out that The consideration of abstract systems the professional salary level of service in general, however, did suggest further personnel can be a major factor in costs; features of a suitable service: this is echoed by Vickers (29). Both discuss computerized services. Hess (16) It should provide an efficient and points out that costs can be reduced most convenient mechanism for selecting drastically by cutting down on the time material of direct interest to each input of high cost personnel. He warns, user and for excluding the rest (a however, that work input cost reductions personalized service). probably transfer costs to the user and It should provide an advance alert- thus lower the quality of service. It was, ing facility, from which the user can therefore, most important to ensure that select a limited range of material to in cutting down on expert time, the obtain in full text form. other objectives did not su-ffer. It should take the initiative in alerting the scientist, who should not be Costly and scarce professional time called on constantly to take the ini- should, therefore, be cut to the min- tiative in seeking material. imum without sacrificing other objectives. The Design of the System The problem of the absence of evalua- After determining the characteristics tion data on other systems, which might which were necessary in an East African have helped us, suggested that a system system, the type of operations and skills of recording should be built into the service which would provide evaluation quested. The main burden of operating data. This would also be needed when the system fell on the design and opera- the time came to make the case for the tion of the clerical system, since the use East African governments to assume the of computers was neither feasible nor ap- financial burden of the service. propriate. The clerical system had, therefore, to provide some 700 scientists at 130 The service should generate-as part centers throughout East Africa with of its normal working routine-rec- prompt and convenient access to 900 pe- ords on the quantity and type of ma- riodicals. The key equipment for this terial supplied and the costs in- was the photocopier. The object of the volved. system was to ensure that the function could be performed at the lowest cost Evolution of the Solution and with maximum reliability. To op- The first solution considered was the timize the operational design, some fur- provision of a much extended range of ther analysis was carried out with bene- periodicals to users at each work loca- ficial results. tion. This was rejected, however, in the original proposal to the sponsoring foun- The Clerical System dation (35). As Munn (22) points out, the cost of providing many airmail subscrip- According to the original proposal to tions, often duplicating each other sev- the sponsors (35) the service could be eral times, for different locations would operated similarly to a conventional pho- be prohibitive. The storage and care of tocopying facility (although it was in these at the centers would entail, if they fact an information service). Had this were not to be thrown out after a been implemented, the sequence of op- short period, more space and staff than erations would be as follows: Each day was available, thus adding to the cost. incoming journals would be checked and Furthermore, when the period of spon- copies of their contents pages dispatched sorship ended, there would be pressure to those who had requested them. In due to reduce these holdings once more to course, these would be returned with re- conserve scarce national funds. quested articles marked. As each contents The second proposal to the sponsor page arrived back at the service center, recommended that journal materials be the journal would be retrieved; the re- provided at one center only in East Af- quired articles copied and dispatched to rica and built up to the level required. the user; and the journal returned to the This would keep the costs of providing library. The operation would be con- source materials to a minimum. It would tinuous. also permit management and evaluation Consideration showed that this method at a central point. Each center would be would not be the least costly means of supplied with a list of available titles, attaining the goals. It would lead to un- from which they were to make a selec- necessary duplication of work at several tion. The titles chosen could not already points. For instance, suppose that jour- be available to them. The main service nal 1 arrives on a Monday and its con- center at EAAFRO would then supply tents page is sent to users A, B, and C, on each user center with photocopies of the that day. Journal 2 arrives on Wednes- contents pages of each issue of the jour- day and its contents page is sent to nals selected. Each center would receive several users, including user A and user only those contents pages it had orig- C. It would clearly be more efficient if inally requested. Service to individuals all the journals arriving during a given was not envisaged. period (1 or 2 weeks) were batched and User centers would then mark the ar- the contents pages copied together; all ticles of interest and return the contents the contents pages for a given user (user pages to EAAFRO; they would receive, A for instance) could also be dispatched after a minimum of delay, the articles re- in one post. A similar analysis was ap- Table 1. merit bv the librarian himself on the service or any portion of the subscription Staff 18,556 (K. Shillings) Xerox (copying) 81,812 cost of periodicals, which are purchased Postage 5,207 primarily for the use of EAAFRO and Other charges EAVRO staff on the site (22). Neither is (supplies, contingencies) 20,760 any charge made for the use of the prem- 126,335 (K. Shillings) ises, primarily one room attached to the library. Munn suggests the true costs in 1970-1971 to be nearer to K.sh. 200,000 plied to finding the optimum method of or about $28,000. copying articles, with similar results. These costs are comparable to those of This approach would reach its logical a photocopying service (26, 28), although conclusion if all requests accumulated the literature service is, of course, much during a fixed period, both contents more than this. The survey of users car- pages and articles, were dispatched to ried out in 1969 revealed that the service users on a fixed day and in one post. had already become an indispensable Such a modification would optimize effi- support to.many centers. hi; is con- ciency. The returned contents pages firmed by Schlie's study in 1972 (25) on could be filed and would be a record of relations between EAAFRO and agricul- the exact content and quantity of service tural research scientists employed iiy the provided from which costs could be cal- three national governments in the region culated (10). The time period chosen was (Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania). Schlie two weeks. found that the literature service is bv far the most heavily used of eight services Growth of the Service provided by EAAFRO to these scientists jthe other sc!rvices: library, plant quaran- This methodology was used when the tine, statistical advice, herbarium, refer- service began in February 1967 and has ence collections, chemical analyses, and continued relatively unchanged ever machinerv coordination). It is also the since. Service was based on 900 periodi- service whose use is most evenly distrib- cals received at the EAAFRO /EAVRO uted; other services tend to be more used Library. By October 1967 photocopies in areas nearer to EAAFRO at Nairobi, were running at 14,000 a month. In 1968, Kenya. The methodology, it is claimed, 192,207 pages were copied; during the provides a service which meets all the fiscal year 1970, 228,930. An evaluation objectives enumerated previously. Most was carried out early in 1969 (33), cover- of-the reports cited here had not been ing the year 1968. In addition to the written when the service was designed above figures for quantity of service, the and it is not suggested that they guided 1968 costs were analyzed and reported. the design. However, several (15, 17, 19) Briefly the costs of the service in 1968 are include checklists of criteria for effec- in Table 1. tiveness which may be compared with This gave an average cost of K.sh. 0.67 the objectives developed in this paper. per page, of which K.sh. 0.42 was for At the time the methodolgy was photocopying. In 1967, the Kenya shill- evolved by a series of gratuitous insights ing equalled the British shilling, that is, which stobd the test of practice, much as 20 shillings equalled one pound or $2.40. Popper suggests in his model (24) of sci- The rate in 1974 is approximately 1 entific method. K.sh. equals $0.14 (l7K.sh. to one pound sterling). Limitations During the fiscal year 1970-1971, the cost of operation was K.sh. 143,000, and The most significant limitation is that average cost of $62-or less than $10 the service is confined to the 900 titles U.S. per page. Munn points out that the received at EAAFRO (27). It had been figures quoted do not include the time hoped to extend the range by including the holdings of other main libraries, at Literature Cited least in the Nairobi area. This, however, 1. Albertini, J. M. / Diversity of the Third was never done. The methodology, howl World. Science Policy. 1:3 (May-Jun ever, is not the limitation. There does 1972). not appear to be any reason why the 2. Allen, T. J. / "Managing the Flow of ,service could not be expanded to include Scientific and Technological Informa- a substantially greater subject range and tion." Ph.D. dissertation, Sloan School number of periodicals. of Management, Massachusetts Institute The other limitations are imposed by of Technology, 1966. local conditions. One is the delay in ob- 3. Allen, T. J. and V. Reilly / Getting the Word Around-Report of a Pilot Study taining the latest material. This arises on Technology Transfer to Irish Indus- first from the delays in periodicals reach- try. M.I.T. Working Paper No. 650, ing East Africa, especially those which 1973. come by surface post. This could be over- 4. Anderla, G. / Information in 1985: A come by obtaining all material by air- Forecasting Study. Paris, OECD, 1973. mail. Second, delays arise due to slowness 5. Arntz, H. / The Role of Documenta- of postal services within East Africa it- tion in Developing Countries. UNESCO self (27). Bulletin for Libraries, XXV (no.1) When the East African Community (1971). took over financing the service in full in 6. Bohlen, J. M. and T. Breathnach / Irish Farmers' Use of Information Sources. 1971-1972, it was considered impossible Irish Journal of Agricultural Economics to continue service to centers outside the and Rural Sociology 3 (1970). region. These included 9 in Malawi, 8 in 7. Briens, Catherine / Peut-on changer Zambia, 3 in Botswana, 3 in Ethiopia, 1 radicalement les habitudes documen- each in Burundi, Cameroon and Nigeria taires d'un chercheur? Bulletin des bib- -a total of 26. It is hoped that, in due liotheques de France (Sep-Oct 1971). course, a system of fees will be intro- 8. Buntrock, H. / Survey of World Agri- duced these and other cen- cultural Documentation Services. Rome, ters to benefit from the service (22). FAO, 1970. Finally, the service has always been 9. Carmon, J. L. and Margaret K. Park / User Assessment of Computer Based directedto centers rather than individual Bibliographic Retrieval Services. Journal scientists. This inevitably introduces in- of Chemical Documentation 13 (no.1) convenience and delays to individuals. (1973). On the other hand. a service to individ- 10. Cooney, S. / The East African Scientific uals would almost certainly increase the Literature Service (Report). Dublin, An scale considerably. Yet such a system has Foras Taluntais, 1968 (reprinted 1969). been implemented in An or& Talun- 11. Cooney, S. and M. Von Reviczky / Agri- tais, Ireland. cultural Documentation Centre, Kenya: No doubt similar methods are in use Preparatory Mission Report. Rome, in various organizations. The only one FAO, 1972. 12. Dubois, G. / Un systeme International which we have been able to identify in d'Information pour les sciences et la the literature is that operated by IN- Technologie Agricoles (AGRIS). Quar- SERM in Paris (7). Although there are terly Bulletin IAALD 18 (1972). some differences in method, the parallel 13. Freeman, C., et al. / The Goals of R is reasonably close. and D in the 1970's. Science Studies 1:357-394 (1971). Acknowledgments 14. Gerstberger, P. G. and T. J. Allen / Criteria Used by Research and Develop- The author expresses his thanks to D. N. ment Engineers in the Selection of an Lazarus, librarian, Joint EAAFROIEAVRO Information Source. Journal of Applied Library, Muguga, Kenya, who is now re- Psychology 52 (no.4) (1968). sponsible for operating the Literature Serv- 15. Gilchrist, A. / Cost Effectiveness. ASLZB ice, and to his staff, for helpful discussions Proceedings 23 (no.9) (1971). and correspondence during the preparation 16. Hess, E. J. / Input Cost Reduction: of this paper. Cost Reduction or Cost Shifting? ASIS Dayton Meeting, 1972. Facsimile Service and Faculty Journal 17. Hopkins, Isabella / Thoughts on Build- Circulation Privileges. Library and Bio- ing in Cost Reduction Through Analysis chemical Information Service Centre, of Information System Design. Mid-year Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich., Regional Meeting, American Society for 1972. Information Science, Dayton, Ohio, 29. Vickers, P. H. / A Cost Survey of Mech- 1972. anised Information Systems. Journal of 18. King, J. B. / Consumer Research, Key Documentation 29 (no.3) (1973). to Cost Control. Mid-year Regional 30. Wilson, J. H. / Costing for Libraries: A Meeting, American Society for Informa- Summary Review of the Recent Litera- tion Science, Dayton, Ohio, 1972. ture. In Slater, Frank, ed. / Cost Re- 19. Lancaster, F. W. / The Cost-Effective- duction for Special Libraries and Znfor- ness Analysis of Information Retrieval mation Centers. Washington, D.C., and Dissemination Systems. Journal of American Society for Information Sci- the American Society for Information ence, 1973. (Paper was originally pre- Science 22 (no.1): 12-27 (Jan/Feb 1971). sented at the ASIS Midyear Regional 20. Langrish, J., et al. / Wealth from Meeting, Dayton, Ohio, 1972.) Knowledge: A Study of Innovation 31. Zipf, G. K. / Human Behaviour and Based on 1966 and 1967, Queen's Awards the Principle of Least Effort. Addison to Industry. New York, Macmillan, 1972. Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1949. 21. Martyn, J. O'B. / Secondary Services 32. Handout to visitors: (photocopy service). and the Rising Tide of Paper. Library British Lending Library, Boston Spa, Trends 22 (no.1) (Jul 1973). 1972. 22. Munn, R. F. / The East African Liter- 33. Report on the East African Literature ature Service. UNESCO Bulletin for Li- Service (Evaluation report). Muguga, braries XXVII (no.1) (1973). Kenya, East African Community / East 23. Marquis, D. G. and S. Myers / Success- African Agriculture and Forestry Re- ful Industrial Innovation. Washington, search Organisation, 1969. D.C., National Science Foundation, 1970. 34. Scientific and Technical Information for 24. Popper, K. / The Logic of Scientific Developing Countries. Washington, D.C., Discovery. 2d ed. (1934) Hutchinson, National Academy of Sciences, 1972. 1968. 35. East African Literature Service: Project 25. Schlie, T. W. / Some Aspects of Re- Proposal to the Rockefeller Foundation, gional-National Scientific Relationships 1966. (unpublished) in East Africa. Ph.D. dissertation, North- 36. Robertson, A. B., B. Achilladelis, and western University, Evanston, Ill., 1973. P. Jervis / Success and Failure in Indus- 26. Trewick, A. / Providing a Copying trial Innovation (Project SAPPHO). Uni- Service. Local Government Chronicle versity of Sussex, 1972. (Apr 6, 1968). 37. Study Report on the Feasibility of a 27. Urquhart, D. / Report on a Tour of World Science Information System East African Libraries. National Lend- (UNISIST). Paris, UNESCO, 1971. ing Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorkshire, 1968. Receiued for review Jan 14, 1974. Re- 28. Van Toll, Faith / Cost Analysis Com- vised manuscript accepted for publica- parison of University Funded Faculty tion May 24,1974.

Sean Cooney is presently a consultant at SEARCA, College, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. sla news SLA Amicus Brief Filed in the Supreme Court in the Matter of Williams & Wilkins

Special Libraries Association has filed an rameters of this case far more accurately than Amicus Brief in the U.S. Supreme Court in does the superficially narrow question framed the Matter of Williams & Wilkins us. Na- by Petitioner.2 The SLA urges this Court to tional Library of Medicine. The SLA Brief consider the issues before it in their proper is presented below. SLA is joining ALA in perspective-as vitally affecting the interests its Amicus Brief. not only of governmental libraries but li- On Feb 16, 1972, Commissioner Davis of braries of the private sector as well. the U.S. Court of Claims found against NLM and NIH. On Nov 27, 1973, the seven judges of the U.S. Court of Claims in its opinion did not accept the finding of Commissioner Davis, and therefore found that the plaintiff The Special Libraries Association (SLA), (Williams & Wilkins) was not entitled to re- organized in 1909, is a non-profit educational cover and dismissed' their petition. On Feb corporation incorporated and existing under 20, 1974, Williams & Wilkins filed an appeal the laws of the State of New York. Its 8,500 to the Supreme Court. This appeal is to be members make it the second largest library heard in the term of the Supreme Court that and information-oriented organization in the began in October. The SLA Brief is in sup- United States. port of NLM and NIH. The SLA represents more than 10,000 spe- Earlier information appeared in the fol- cial libraries in the United States, including lowing issues of Special Libraries: March, libraries and information centers maintained May/June, November 1972; March, October by corporations, associations, government 1973; January, April 1974. agencies, and other individuals or groups. It further includes specialized or departmental BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF THE collections within an academic or public li- SPECIAL LIBRARIES brary. ASSOCIATION The objective of SLA is to promote and improve the communication, dissemination, and use of information in areas such as the Question Presented physical, biological, technical and social sci- The true question1 posed in this case, and ences, and the humanities to the end that that which clearly affects the interests of the such information may serve the general Special Libraries Association (the "SLA"), is: welfare and the advancement of mankind. Specialized libraries emphasize information Whether not-for-profit academic, re- services for a specialized clientele. The Leg- search, and public libraries are liable for islative Reference Service of the Library of copyright infringement as a result of their Congress and the Supreme Court of the long-standing practice of making single United States Library are prime examples of photocopies of portions of copyrighted the type of specialized libraries represented works at the request and for the use of by SLA. readers engaged in scientific and scholarly The interest of the SLA in the present case research. is directly related to its vital concern that ac- The SLA respectfully submits that the cess to informational resources be protected question set forth above represents the pa- and preserved. The SLA is convinced that a decision in favor of Williams & Wilkins will effectively l. Petitioner admits (see Petitioner's Brief at limit access to information in journals and 29) that the decision of this Court on the facts here present will constitute precedent reaching well beyond the instant parties. 2. petitioner's Brief at 2. 527 periodicals which is absolutely essential to a sustaining the defense of "fair use" (unless li- functioning economy and society. brary photocopying was per se a "fair use") The essence of the claim asserted by Peti- alone would be prohibitive. tioner is that the making of a photocbpy of If the making of a library photocopy is an a copyrighted work by a library for educa- infringement of copyright, and is not per se a tional and scientific purposes is an infringe- fair use of copyrighted material, then access ment of copyright. Acceptance of this claim to essential information becomes dependent would effectively confine scientific, industrial, entirely on the ability or willingness of the governmental, and academic research to a few copyright proprietor to grant permission to major library collections and introduce an copy or to ~rovidea suitable reprint. There institutional parochialism utterly incompati- is no evidence, historical or otherwise, that ble with the needs of our modern scientific copyright proprietors (with rare exceptions) and technological society. Moreover, it would are either willing or able to process requests deprive large segments of the public of the for reprints or permissions on an individual most current sources of information. single copy basis as is done by libraries. Nor The realities of the present situation as re- are they required to do so under the copy- gards dissemination of library periodical re- right law. That law contains no provision for sources may be summarized as follows. mandatory or blanket licensing of printed First, no single library has, or could afford materials. Nor does it require the copyright to have, in its collection, no matter how proprietor to maintain copyrighted works in large, all periodicals and journals. As a con- print and available. There is nothing in the sequence, -most meaningful research efforts copyright law to prevent the copyright pro- involving journal or periodical information prietor from totally ignoring the requests of can be undertaken only if the collections of libraries and library users for access to his a number of libraries are accessible. More- works if, in his absolute discretion, he deems over, most research efforts cannot avoid re- a response uneconomic or inconvenient. course to information contained in journals To ignore such requests is effectively to and periodicals. suppress access to the-work. Moreover, sup- Second, full access to library collections of pression of access is tantamount, in the case journals and periodicals is available only of most journals and periodicals, to suppres- through photocopies. This is true because sion of the work itself as an intellectual re- cost and space limitations dictate that librar- source. The utility of a work, and hence its ies bind at most one or two copies and dis- value, is not merely a function of its existence card the rest. Libraries will rarelv loan to a "somewhere" but of its availability "every- patron of another library a bound volume of where." periodicals because to do so would limit the In substance, Petitioner is claiming the ab- access of its own patrons to such works. solute right to suppress, at its will or at its Third, no copyright proprietor of periodi- whim, any journal or periodical work for cal works has, until now, claimed the right which it holds the copyright. Petitioner to prohibit library photocopying in lieu of cloaks that claim here under the disguise of interlibrary loan. This, despite the fact that a mere claim for reasonable compensation. such practices prevailed when the Copyright But Petitioner cannot hide the true thrust of Act of 1909 was enacted, were formalized in its ultimate goal-the ability to dictate its the first Interlibrary Loan Code in 1917, and own economic terms because of its ability to have continued unquestioned for nearly sixty- enjoin any library photocopying done with- five years. out the permission it seeks from this Court's Fourth, copyright proprietors of periodical decision. works, with perhaps a bare handful of excep- We submit that neither the Constitution tions, have no capacity to provide reprints nor the Congress which enacted the Copy- upon request and no administrative capacity right Act of 1909 contemplated that the copy- to respond to requests for permission in a right law would or should vest such power meaningful time frame. Many, if not most, in a copyright proprietor. Nor has such right copyright proprietors of periodical works do ever been asserted or recognized in the his- not even have complete sets of back issues of tory of copyright legislation. their own works. In the past, when technological develop- Fifth, libraries will not make a photocopy ments have seemed to jeopardize the eco- in lieu of interlibrary loan if to do so would nomic interests of the author in his works, expose them to a suit for infringement and the Courts have looked to Congress to find statutory damages. The cost of raising and an accommodation between those interests and the public interest in access to such lenge openly and with full knowledge of works. SLA believes that to the extent photo- copyright proprietors for sixty-five years copying may be deemed such a development, thereafter. the same recourse is appropriate and readily Third, this Court has consistently refused available. to extend the copyright monopoly where the The decision of this Court in this case will functions of the copyright proprietor are not determine for the foreseeable future whether the same as those of the alleged infringer. this nation's vast wealth of periodical and There exists a significant and fundamental journal literature will continue to exist as an functional distinction between publishing information resource accessible to all who and library photocopying. need to know. If Petitioner is allowed to pre- Fourth, even if library photocopying is vail, access to knowledge, and hence educa- found to be technically within the limited tional opportunity, will become merely a func- copyright monopoly, it should be excused as tion of geography. a reasonable and indispensable extension of SLA does not believe such a result is Con- the "fair use" defense traditionally available stitutionally required or socially acceptable. to scientists, researchers, and scholars seeking access to copyrighted works. That which Argument such persons are entitled to do for themselves simply should not be impeded when done The arguments upon which SLA relies in for them and on their behalves. its support of Respondent may be briefly Fifth, if library photocopying practices are enumerated. declared an infringement, interlibrary loan of First, the limited monopoly powers granted to copyright proprietors should be strictly journals and periodicals will effectively be construed in a manner consistent with the suspended with the result that access to much Constitutional purpose of copyright, which of the world's most significant and current in- is to promote-and not to impede-science formation and knowledge will become un- and the useful arts. available to those who need to utilize that in- Second, the Copyright Act of 1909 was not formation and knowledge. intended by Congress to extend to library [Citations of relevant authorities are listed photocopying practices in effect at the time in the ALA Brief and are not duplicated in of its enactment and continued without chal- SLA's.]

MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

Charlotte L. Anderson, formerly manager, li- Arlene B. Cienek, formerly pharmacy librarian brary services . . . named administrator, Cor- and instructor, University of Georgia . . . ap- porate History Research, Deere and Company, pointed library manager, St. Mary's Hospital, Moline. 111. Richmond. Va. Toni Carbo Bearman . . . named executive di- Eleanor M. Crouse . . . appointed assistant rector, National Federation of Abstracting and treasurer, Computer Systems Department, Bank- Indexing Services, Philadelphia, Pa. ers Trust Company, New York, N.Y.

Lois Bebout . . . appointed associate director, Patricia M. Dobrosky, formerly librarian with General Libraries, University of Texas at Austin. Robert R. Nathan Associates, Consulting Econ- omists, Washington, D.C. . . . named director Roger P. Bristol, engineering librarian, Alder- of the new U.S. Customs Service Library, Wash- man Library, University of Virginia . . . re- ington, D.C. tired. He will direct the Virginia Place Names Survey. Christine Franchi . . . named assistant science librarian, Science Library, Massachusetts Insti- Charles A. Brophy, Jr., director of libraries, Bat- tute of Technology, Cambridge. telle Institute, Columbus, Ohio . . . retired. Mary McNierney Grant . . . named to head Portia Christian, librarian, Campbell Library, Business and Economics Division, Nassau County Academy of Food Marketing, St. Joseph's Col- Research Library, Firehouse Lane, Garden City, lege, Philadelphia . . . retired. N.Y. 11530. Charles Guenther, chief, Technical Library, Aerospace Center, Defense Mapping Agency, St. Louis . . . received the Missouri Library Asso- ciation's 1974 Literary Award for "long com- mitment to his art and his high achievement as poet, critic, and translator."

Robert M. Hayes . . . appointed acting dean, University of California, Los Angeles, Graduate School of Library and Information Science. BEARMAN CROUSE Richard D. Johnson, director of libraries, State University College in Oneonta, New York . . . has been named editor College 6. Research Li- braries.

Stella Keenan, formerly executive officer of the National Federation of Abstracting and Index- ing Services . . . joined University of Lough- borough, United Kingdom.

Helen Kovacs, director, Medical Research Li- - brary of Brooklyn, New York . . . retired. MILLER SANDERSON

Anthony T. Kruzas, professor of library science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor . . . re- lumbia . . . named interim dean of the uni- tired. versity's School of Library and Informational Science. Michael J. Lach, formerly periodicals cataloger . . . named reserve book and undergraduate Camille A. Motta . . . named cataloger, Engi- collection librarian, Alderman Library, Univer- neering Libraries, Massachusetts Institute of sity of Virginia, Charlottesville. Technology, Cambridge. Sue E. Sanderson, senior cataloger, Army War Robert B. Lane appointed director, Fair- . . . College Library, Carlisle Barracks, Pa. re- child Library, Air University, Maxwell Air Force . . . tired. Base, Alabama. Helen Schroyer, formerly libraries archives spe- Mary P. McLean, supervising librarian, Busi- cialist . . . appointed instructor, library science, ness Library, Newark Public Library . . . re- documents and special collections, Purdue Uni- tired. versity Libraries, West Lafayette, Ind.

Frances McManimon, librarian, St. Joseph's Robert W. Severance, director Fairchild Li- Hospital, Milwaukee, Wis. . . . elected to the brary, Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Board of the Library Council of Metropolitan Alabama . . . retired. Milwaukee. Marilyn Walker . . . promoted to assistant hu- Barbara Marks, formerly chief reference librar- manities librarian for technical processes and ian . . . appointed assistant university librar- references, Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ian for reference services, New York University, ogy, Cambridge. New York City. Arthuree Wright . . . promoted to associate sci- Jean K. Martin, named reference librarian, Sci- ence librarian, Massachusetts Institute of Tech- ence Library, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. nology, Cambridge.

Edward P. Miller, chairman, Information Sci- Jeannette B. Yates, librarian, Naval Weapons ence Department, University of Missouri-Co- Station, Yorktown, Pa. . . . retired. I* In Memoriam

John S. Cook, chief of the Marine and Earth librarian at the Consolidated Edison Company Sciences Library, U.S. Department of Commerce, of New York until her retirement in 1962. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Jo, as she was affectionately known, was par- tion, Rodrville, Md. . . . Jul 14, 1974. He had ticularly esteemed by members of the New York been a member of SLA since 1947. Chapter and Public Utilities Section of the Sci- Tech Division, now Public Utilities Division, with whom she cooperated most closely, and David J. McCarthy, librarian, Gray & Rogers, many of these librarians are personally grateful Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. . . . died Aug 6, 1974. for the inspiration and assistance she offered Active in the Philadelphia Chapter, he assisted when they were beginning their careers. She had in the preparation of two editions of the "Di- a vibrant personality. Her enthusiasm for spe- rectory of Libraries and Information Sources in cial libraries was infectious and stimulating. To the Philadelphia Area." He had been a member those who knew her during her most active of SLA since 1952. years, she was the librarian who could be counted on to strip away nonessentials and get Kenneth H. Fagerhaugh, director of Carnegie- to the basic problem at hand. Because of this, Mellon University libraries, died suddenly on she was much sought after to serve on com- Jan 30. A member of SLA since 1948, he was mittees; their assignments she willingly ac- awarded the Pittsburgh Chapter's Award for cepted. 1956157 after serving for a year as Chapter vice She began her library career as a teenager president (1953154). He also served as Confer- when she was a special student at the Columbia ence Chairman, 47th Annual Conference (1956) University Library and for six years served her and was a member of the Board of Directors apprenticeship under Isadore Mudge. In 1917, (1951154). she became assistant librarian at the Consoli- He began his professional career as assistant dated Edison Company in New York City and in the Physics Library of the University of a year later was appointed librarian. During Michigan (1940). He was employed in the docu- that time, she never ceased library services ments and files section of the Clinton Labora- within her own company, on radio and TV pro- tories, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (1942148); as a grams, as a consultant to other organizations, chemist with the DuPont Corporation; as librar- and as a teacher and helper to young beginning ian with Rohm & Haas; and as technical li- librarians. In Special Libraries Association, Jo brarian with the U.S. Army Quartermaster was particularly active in the New York Chapter Corps. He was research librarian directiug the and the Public Utilities Section of the Sci-Tech Research Information Service at John Crerar Division. In the former, she held office as Secre- Library (1948150) and assistant librarian (19501 tary-Treasurer, 1926-27, President, 1932-33, and 52). He has acted as a library consultant for Director, 1947-48; in the latter, she was Section Washington and Jefferson College, the Middle Chairman, 1949-51, she originated and was first States Association of Colleges and Secondary editor of "News and Notes," 1955-60, and Schools, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Chairman of the Union List of Serials Com- the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, N.Y. He mittee, for the second edition, 1966, to mention held many positions as a member of the Amer- a few of her contributions. She also served the ican Library Association, the American Society Association as a member of the Executive Board, for Engineering Education, the American Doc- 1933-34, and as Treasurer, 1939-41. After her umentation Institute (now the American So- retirement, she donated hours of her free time ciety for Information Science), the Pittsburgh to working on the Archives at Association Head- Bibliophiles, and the Pittsburgh Regional Li- quarters. brary Center. He also was a member of the So- Having made these outstanding contributions ciety of Technical Editors and Writers and Phi to the growth and development of Special Li- Kappa Phi fraternity, and he received the Dis- braries Association, Jo was named to the SLA tinguished Service Award from Luther College Hall of Fame in 1963. (1969). Hers was an exceptionally creative and distin- guished career for which she will be remembered but, above all, her warm and generous Josephine I. Greenwood nature and her loyalty to her friends will be A contribution of $1,000 for the SLA Scholar- remembered always by those who knew her per- ship Fund was received in honor of Josephine I. sonally as well as professionally. We cherish the Greenwood from her sister, Mrs. Marion Dis- memory of a lovely lady with a gentle wit and brow, Tuckahoe, N.Y. Additional contributions true charm, and are all happier and richer for have been received from friends. having known her. Clara M. "Jane" Ray Josephine I. Greenwood's death on Oct 3, Retired Librarian 1973, in New York, after a short illness, shocked Virginia Electric and saddened her many friends. She had been Power Co. (VEPCO) 531 Alyce Nantz Mackin (1909-1974) died June 10, 1974. Having been employed by Lilly in 1946, she had served in her present po- The passing of Alyce Nantz Mackin on June sition for the past 27 years. 30, 1974, is a sad loss not only to the San Fran- Her professional career before employment at cisco Bay Region Chapter of the Special Librar- Lilly included Reference Librarian, School of ies Association but also to the community of Medicine Library, Louisiana State University, which she was a part. A native Californian, and Chemistry Librarian, Indiana University. Alyce was born in Santa Cruz 65 years ago, and While at Indiana University, she was compiler for the past 55 years resided in San Mateo (with L. S. McClung) of Bacteriological Reviews, County. She graduated from San Mateo Junior Index to Authors and Subjects, v.1-10, 1937- College, Oregon State University, and the Uni- 1946. While at Lilly she was responsible for the versity of California at Berkeley. annual indexes to Diabetes Abstracts, 1946-1951, Starting her career as a public librarian, she and to the journal Diabetes during its earlier served as Head of Circulation at the Burlingame years. Public Library, Assistant Order Librarian at the She had been active in the Special Libraries Kern County Library in Bakersfield, and Docu- Association since joining in 1950. Ms. Maurice ments Librarian at the San Mateo County Free held various committee appointments and chair- Library in Redwood City. She then entered the manships within the Pharmaceutical Section, cul- special library field in 1960 as Head of Philco's minating in Vice-chairman and Chairman of the Western Development Laboratories Library in Section, 1954-1956. She served on the research Palo Alto, and in 1967 became Head Librarian committee of the Indiana Chapter, 1949-1965, of the Eimac Division of Varian Associates from and for many years until her death had been which she retired in October 1970. Chapter Archivist. She was also a member of As a dedicated librarian and citizen, she was the Medical Library Association, serving twice an active member in several library associations as secretary of the Pharmacy Group. and community organizations in addition to the Those who knew her well will miss her per- Special Libraries Association. To our Chapter sonal warmth and her great appreciation of she will always be remembered for her work as life's finer aspects, especially beautiful music. Director 196&1968, when she served as Hos- pitality and Program Coordinator, for her loyal Louise C. Lage attendance at all meetings wherever they were held, and especially for her work with the forth- coming revision of the Union List of Serials. Marguerite E. McLean, librarian, Group Health Because of her unselfish efforts with the neces- Cooperative of Puget Sound, Seattle, Wash. . . . sary details of updating this Chapter publica- died on Aug 16, 1974. She had long been a mem- tion, the Union List will be dedicated to her ber of SLA and had been active in both the In- memory. As a professional librarian, civic- surance Division and the Biological Sciences Di- minded citizen, and compassionate human be- vision. A member of the Pacific Northwest (i.e., ing, Alyce Mackin will not be forgotten. Puget Sound) Chapter almost from its inception, Raphaella Kingsbury she had held various offices in the organization. President, San Francisco Bay Region Chapter

Helen Wiederrecht, head librarian, Corpo- Jewell Maurice D. rate Library, United Brands, Boston, Mass. . . . Jewell Maurice, supervisor of Technical Proc- May 30, 1974. She graduated from Simmons in esses, Scientific Library, Eli Lilly and Company, 1968 and had been a member since 1969. vistas

Washington Letter October 12, 1974

Freedom of Information Act Amendment Congress and the James Madison Memorial Library Building The threat of veto hangs over H.R.12471, the Freedom of Information Act Amend- Because of the urgent need for additional ment which was nearing enactment last Sep- House office space, consideration is being tember when House and Senate conferees given to taking over at least part of the Li- were close to final agreement on differences brary of Congress James Madison Memorial between their two versions of the bill. Presi- Building for House offices when the building dential criticism at that time kept the bill is completed in 1977. Over 200 congressmen in conference and resulted in language have signed a petition urging this action, changes geared specifically to meeting objec- and the matter has been referred to the tions on the issues of who would discipline Joint Committee on the Library. uncooperative government officials, court re- Although the House needs additional view of government agency decisions on space, the Library of Congress is in an withholding classified information, and how equally desperate space situation. Its staff to protect confidential sources. and collections are dispersed throughout the The conference report was filed in the metropolitan area. Scholars and researchers House on Sep 25 (H.Rept.93-1380) and in from all parts of the country, who come to the Senate Oct 1 (S.Rept.93-1200) where it Washington to use the collection, have en- was immediately approved by voice vote. countered delays in pursuing their work be- Subsequently the House passed the bill on cause crowded stack conditions have com- Oct 7 sending it to the President for ap- plicated normal access to library materials. proval. Senator Howard Cannon (D. Nev.), chairman of the Joint Committee on the Library, and Senator Lee Metcalf (D. Mont.), chair- White House Conference on Library man of the Joint Committee on Congres- and Information Semices sional Operations, both oppose this method of solving congressional space problems. Sen- On Oct 2 the House Rules Committee ator Metcalf presented his views on the mat- granted a rule for the consideration of ter in some detail and urged the Congress to S.J.Res. 40, providing for a 1977 White "take all steps necessary to prevent any ac- House Conference on Library and Informa- tion which would delay occupancy of the tion Services. Scheduled to be voted on be- James Madison Memorial Building by the fore the proposed Congressional recess on Library of Congress." The complete state- Oct 12, the measure was not reached in the ment appears in the Congressional Record, rush of last minute legislation. However, due Jul29, 1974, p.Sl3605-S13606. to the deferral of the recess because of the President's veto of legislation cutting off aid Copyright to Turkey, there is still a chance that the bill will be enacted before the Congress re- Because the general copyright revision bill cesses for the November elections. (S.1361) passed by the Senate is not expected to pass the House this session, interim first would be superseded by its enactment. legislation was introduced and passed by the Representative Robert 'W. Kastenmeier (D. Senate on Sep 9. This legislation provides Wis.), chairman of the House subcommittee for the extension of expiring copyrights un- which handles copyright matters, has indi- til Dec 31, 1976; makes permanent the law cated that he hopes the House will take up prohibiting sound recording piracy; and es- the interim copyright package (S.3976) by tablishes a National Commission on Techno- the end of this year. logical Uses of Copyrighted Works. The second and third provisions of the bill are part Ruth Fine of the general revision bill, S.1361, and the Washington, D.C.

Sound Projection System at LBJ Library

A continuous use projection system at the Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Library presents highlights of LBJ's political career to library visitors. The project uses six Tech- nicolor Model lOOB sound projectors which operate with continuous loop film cartridges. The 8mm system is available through techni- color's Audio-visual Systems Division, 299 Kalmus Dr., Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626.

HAVE YOU HEARD ?

New Computer-Readable Data Files Goals and Objectives Outlined Chemical Abstracts Service has an- The office of University Library Man- nounced the January 1975 introduction of agement Studies of the Association of Re- files which will incorporate citations, ab- search Libraries has published a paper gen- stracts, and indexing terms for current chemi- erally stating operational issues which should cal and chemical engineering literature. The be considered in designing and implementing subject areas are: energy sources, production, a "goals and objectives program." and use; ecology and the environment; production, properties, and applications of in- Fourth, Definitive Edition dustrially important materials; and agricultural and soil chemistry and the production, Poole's Documents Ofice Classifica- preparation, preservation, and consumption tion. 4th ed. is now available from the U.S. of food. The Chemical-Biological Activities Historical Documents Institute, Inc., 1647 will also be expanded in 1975. Wisconsin Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20007. Price: $265.00 ANSI Change Metric Reference The title of the PH5 Standards Com- mittee has been changed to Micrographic Re- The second of five volumes is now production. The priorities of the committee ready. Metric System Guide, volume 2, deals have also been changed to "Standardization with legislation and regulatory controls- of terminology, definitions, sizes, formats, both federal and within the states. Publisher: quality, apparatus and procedures . . . of J. J. Keller & Associates, Inc., 145 West Wis- microform reproductions." consin Avenue, Neenah, Wis. 54956. Office Systems Information Service REVIEWS Datapro Reports on Office Systems, an Computer-Based Reference Service, by M. L. annual subscription information service cov- Mathies and P. G. Watson. Chicago, American ering office products, services, and the com- Library Association, 1973. $9.95. panies that supply them is available from I rarely come across any writings in the field Datapro Research Corporation, 1805 Under- of information retrieval that I cannot find con- wood Blvd., Delran, N.J. 08075. Subscription siderable fault with. Much of the literature is, price: .$350/year. I feel, poorly written or deliberately obscure; some is completely inaccurate. The book by New Union List Mathies and Watson, both of UCLA, is a rare and welcome exception. It is a logically pre- The State Historical Society of Wis- sented, clearly written and accurate discussion. consin has announced, "Undergrounds," a The book grew out of a preconference semi- union list of alternative publications in li- nar on computer-based reference service organized by the American Library Association in braries of the U.S. and Canada by James P. 1971. The objective of this tutorial was to in- Danky. Other countries are also included. troduce librarians to the use of computers in Cost $12.95. Write: The State Historical So- the conduct of literature searches (i.e., to what ciety of Wisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, is commonly referred to as computer-based "in- Wis. 53706. formation retrieval" or, as the authors have chosen to call it, computer-based reference service). To satisfy this objective, the authors chose In Paperback to base their tutorial on the workings of a par- The Library Binding Manual, which ticular information service, namely the Educa- tional Resources Information Center (ERIC) of was first published in 1951 by ALA, has been the National Institute of Education. updated and is now available in paperback. The present book is, therefore, a detailed de- It is printed on acid-free paper. Cost: $2.95 scription of the operations of ERIC. But it is prepaid. Write: Library Binding Manual, 88 more than this, for it can serve the purpose of Needham Street, Newton Highlands, Mass. a useful introductory text on modern methods 02161. of information retrieval, with ERIC drawn upon as an example of a large operating system. Using ERIC as a model, then, the authors Media Guide discuss the flow of work in a computer-based system, document processing (including acces- A new Buyer's Guide to Environmen- sioning and descriptive cataloging), vocabulary tal Media is now being published by the En- development and control, indexing philosophy vironment Information Center, Inc., 124 East and techniques, and searching procedures (a 39th Street, New York, N.Y. 10016. discussion of binary numeration, boolean logic, and the construction and refinement of searching strategies). The book also includes a de- New From NBS scription of MARC, the 1970 census tapes, and The National Bureau of Standards has some other machine-readable data bases. published Research Considerations in Com- All of this is clearly presented in terms that puter Networking to Expand Resource Shar- the librarian should be familiar with. In fact, the authors have taken pains to draw analogies, ing by Dennis W. Fife. Progressive stages of where appropriate, between activities in a resource sharing are identified and future computer-based system and in "traditional" li- needs for networking experimentation and brary practice. In my opinion they have met research are among the topics included in their objectives very well. the 24 pages. Price $.60. LC 74-600089. I have only one minor criticism to make. The book would be even more useful, I feel, if the authors had devoted some space to a discussion Engineering Standards of on-line retrieval systems and how these differ The James Jerome Hill Reference Li- from off-line, batch processing operations. Since the ERIC data base is now available for on-line brary, St. Paul, has begun a project to in- search (e.g., through Lockheed and the System crease the accessibility of engineering stand- Development Corporation) it would have been ards in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. They useful to contrast the techniques of searching would like to compare notes with any library off-line with the techniques of on-line, inter- which has undertaken a similar .project. active searching. The authors mention the on- Please contact Marilyn Mauritz, J. J. Hill line search capability but do not elaborate on Reference Library, 80 West Fourth Street, St. it and, in fact, the term "on-line" does not ap- Paul, Minn. 55102 or (612) 227-9531. pear in the index. In contrast, the book tells me more than I really want to know about the using library should need only one piece of mechanics of document processing in ERIC. equipment to read and print from a standard Nevertheless, this is a useful book. Besides microform. There was no strong statement in serving its prime function, of introducing li- this report about a single standard microform. brarians to computer-based information re- Other recommendations include: 1) central trieval, it provides the first complete and lucid direction to coordinate the selection of research description of ERIC, and it is likely to be a projects; 2) encouragement of cooperative agree- valuable supplementary text in teaching infor- ments to acquire library materials; and 3) en- mation retrieval in schools of library science. couragement of the integration of federal agency In teaching information retrieval it is meaning- information systems. These are all fine and ful to use one or more actual systems as models. good recommendations. Until now, only MEDLARS was described in However, the report does not go far enough the necessary detail. The present book is there- in its coverage. There is no specific mention of fore a useful alternative or complement to the overlapping coverage of government ab- Principles of MEDLARS (National Library of stracting and indexing publications. There are Medicine, 1970) for teaching purposes. All-in- five of these publications which have consider- all it is a welcome addition to the literature. able overlap. These are: 1) Defense Documen- tation Center's Technical Abstract Bulletin; 2) F. W. Lancaster Atomic Energy Commission's Nuclear Science Graduate School of Library Science Abstracts; 3) National Aeronautics and Space University of Illinois Administration's Scientific and Technical Aero- Urbana-Champaign, Ill. space Reports; 4) National Technical Informa- tion Service's Government Reports Announce- ments; and 5) Government Printing Office's Monthly Catalog. In some instances, a single report will be listed in all five journals. In some instances, a single report will not be listed in any journals and should have been. Not only Review of Federal Library Operations in Metro- is there overlapping among these government politan Washington, by the Comptroller Gen- indexing and abstracting agencies, there is no eral of the United States. Washington, General standard bibliographic description nor is there Accounting Office, 1973. Available from GAO a single thesaurus for subject headings. as Report No. B-174013. 44p. $1.00. I keep thinking that it is practical to put all This is one of the few government reports the bibliographic information concerning gov- which is willing to make strong statements about ernment documents into one computer and some aspect of the library world. One of the have one publication cover all the government reasons why this is so may be the non-librarian published and government sponsored documents authorship. The people in the General Account- listed in one source. No such objective can be ing Office do not have any vested interests in li- found in this GAO report. brary collections in Washington, D.C. They do Once government produced or government con- have a deep interest in bringing efficiency into tract produced documents were indexed in a government libraries. single standard announcement and indexing sys- One of the conclusions made in this report tem, then it would be possible to restrict the was that a central depository for little used ma- entire indexing and abstracting industry to one terials be established for the Washington area. organized and uniform system. I have stated this Having a central depository would result in objective in print before and expect little action savings for annual space by $920,000. This is a to implement it. strong, logical recommendation. However, there I conceive of a single on-line computer storing is no mention in this report about a "national all the bibliographic information needed to produce all the periodical and report indexes lending library" concept. The persons preparing in the United States. Once the bibliographic in- this report were not aware of the need for a formation is stored in one computer, many dif- national lending library nor were they willing ferent abstracting and indexing tools can be to interpret their central depository as a first step toward the national lending library concept. produced in hard copy as well as providing an Another conclusion made in this report is SDI service and on-line searching. That computer system is not here yet, but could be. that more microfilms should be used in federal The GAO report reviewing federal library libraries. This is a good recommendation. Peri- operations in Washington is fine as far as it odicals are being microfilmed. In the majority of goes. It shows a strong approach to solving some cases, roll film is the material used for filmed of the duplication of library services of the fed- journals which may or may not be the most eral government. I think it did not go far efficient way to handle them. The Defense Docu- enough. mentation Center, NASA and AEC base their systems on microfiche and then switch their reductions about once every five years to con- Masse Bloomfield fuse the users. This conflict between microfilm Hughes Aircraft Corporation and microfiche will have to be resolved. The Culver City, Calif. 90230 Now a library can be a company's second best technical asset.

A company's own scientists and engineers are first in importance. But their strength can be augmented enormously by the library that provides Lockheed's Dialog retrieval system. Dialog helps a company tap the accumulated knowledge and information of the thousands of the world's best technical scientific minds.The cost: as low as $10 for a typical search. The time: only three or four minutes. Dialog's data bases cover almost 3,000,000 citations and abstracts, including: INSPEC (Science Abstracts); the complete National Technical lnformation Service file; Educational Resources lnformation Center files; PANDEX/TRANSDEX Current lndex to Scientific and Technical Literature; Psychological Abstracts; National Agricultural Library CAlN file; COMPENDEX (Engineering lndex); and Chemical Market Abstracts. Dialog is easy to use. It only takes a terminal and a telephone. And it only takes a letter or a phone call to get more information. Contact Barbara Ellis, (415) 493-4411, Ext. 45635, Dept. 15-50, Bldg. 201, 3251 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Ca. 94304. In Washington, D.C., phone R. Caputo, (202) 872-5971; in New York, R. Donati, (212) 682-4630.

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AVAILABLE FROM SLA .. . Handling Special Materials in Libraries Frances E. Kaiser, ed.

If you need information on the availability of diverse special materials, this book should provide the answer to your needs.

Topics cover such special materials as government publications, technical reports, maps, proprietary publications, company and trade literature, patents and trademarks, standards, symposia and conference records, and related miscellaneous materials. An extensive bibliography completes the volume.

Both the fledgling librarian and the experienced professional should find this reference of inestimable value in planning and maintaining their collections of special materials.

Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South New York, N.Y. 10003 tion costs and dwindling budgets. Especially when researchers keep asking you to add

ent Contents@ you can journal coverage without overrunning your budget. arily for individual use, CCB is the most widely used current vice in the world with thousands of regular subscribers. And e of these subscribers are librarians who have discovered C available is almost as good as having the actual journals

does Current Contents work? C's 6 'ditions covers about 1,000 journals from the broad areas listed below. The top journals in the field. Journals from world. By reproducing their tables of contents, Current Con- you bibliographic control of each of these journals. And CC rchers precise but easy access to the new articles they need ach issue's Author Index, Journal Index, and Weekly Subject

urrent Contents you're also assured that you can quickly get any requested. When all other means fail, just mail the citation to OATS (Original Article Tear Sheet) service. For as little as $2.50 ticle you need will be torn from the original journal and mailed to thin 24 hours after receipt of your request.

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Please start my free 4-week subscription to the Current Contents@ edition(s) checked below:

Life Sciences N~~~~ Physical & Chemical Sciences Title Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences orgnrllzatlon Social & Behavioral Sciences Street Address

Engineering & Technology c~ty State/Prou~rice Clinical Practice ZIP Country 26 401 n@lnstitute for Scientific Information 10325 Chestnut St , Phila., Pa 19106. USA.. Tel (215) 923-3300. Cable: SCINFO, Telex 845305 WATS OUR LINE? 1 -8OO-~~S-7884 F. W. Faxon Company, the only fully-automated library magazine subscription agency in the world, is now the only agency to offer you immediate accessibility on a toll-free Complete composition, WATS line. press and pamphlet binding -I Pick up the phone toll-free facilities, coupled with the from anywhere in the United 2 States to learn about our library knowledge and skill gained information service, our differ- through seventy years of C) ent ordering plans, FACS - experience, can be put to C) our new automated claims system, and our Serials Updating your use-profitably 0 Service Bulletin. We'll also send you our Service Brochure and our annual Librarians' Guide to Periodicals. Library Business is our only business - since 1881. Brattleboro, Vermont F. W. mxon co.,Inc. 15 Southwest Park Westwood. Massachusetts 02090 PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL Tel: 1-800-225-7894 (toll-free) OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 617-329-3350 (collect in Mass. only)

Do You Need Help in Identifying Report Series Codes? You Need . . .

DICTIONARY OF REPORT SERIES CODES, 2d ed. Lois E. Godfrey and Helen F. Redman, eds. Bibliographic identification of the hundreds of thousands of technical reports issued since World War II. The Report Series Codes are identified with the' agencies originating the reports or assigning the numbers. The 2d edition includes twice the number of entries as the first edition.

Special Libraries Association I 235 Park Avenue South, New York 10003 PLACEMENT POSITIONS OPEN

"Positions Open" and "Positions Wanted" ads are Coordinator of Supportive Services-The re- $2.00 per line; $6.00 minimum. Current members of sponsibilities of this position include supervision and administration of policies and procedures SLA may place a "Positions Wanted" ad at a special of all Medical Center Libraries. The develop- rate of $1.50 per line; $4.50 minimum. ment of special collections including supervision In each membership year, each unemployed member for History of Medicine and Audiovisuals. The will be allowed a maximum of two free "Positions development of educational activities and the Wanted" ads, each ad to be limited to 5 lines in- coordination of intramural and extramural pro- cluding mailing address (no blind box addresses), on grams with regard to regional activities. Educa- tional requirements: MS in 'LS, prefer medical a space available basis. library training program or Medical Library ex- There is a minimum charge of $11.00 for a "Market perience; 3-5 years experience required. Mini- Place" ad of three lines or less; each additional line mum basic background in library computor sys- is $4.00. There are approximately 45 characters and tems is essential. Salary: Ranging from $12,000- spaces to a line. $14,500 (available immediately). Contact: Nancy Lorenzi, Medical Center Librarian, University of Copy for display ads must be received by the first Cincinnati, 231 Bethesda, Medical Sciences of the month preceding the month of publication; Building, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 (5121872-5651). copy for line ads must be received by the tenth. Classified ads will not be accepted on a "run until cancelled" basis; twelve months is the maximum, un- Librarian, Physics-Mathematics-Astronomy Li- less renewed. brary-Responsible for operation of PMA Li- Special Libraries Association reserves the right to re- brary with collection of 40,000 volumes, 850 ject any advertisements which in any way refer to serial titles, 250,000 AEC microfiche. Subject race, creed, color, age, or sex as conditions for em- fields of library include computer science. Duties ployment. include collection development, reference service and user education, supervision of clerical staff, management of SPIN current awareness POSITIONS WANTED service. Qualifications: MLS from an ALA accredited program; minimum three years science library Entry level library position-sought with news- experience at professional level. Academic back- paper, publisher, or other media. MLS, BA ground in subject field covered by the library is (radio speech), MA with honors (religion), desirable. Position available immediately. some Ph.D. work in American History. Box Salary dependent on experience and qualifica- S-217. tions. Send rtsume including current salary and salary requirements, academic credentials and the names of three professional references to MLS, BS (Chem,Bio)-2 yrs. exper. in university Constance A. Moore, General Libraries, MA1 science libr. Seeks position in metro. N.Y. or L.I. 2201, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, area in industrial, medical, or university library. Texas 78712. The University of Texas is an Charlotte Green, 249-25 Van Zandt Ave., Little equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. Neck, N.Y. 11362.

Library EducatorsThree openings for assistant professor, School of Library Science, the Uni- versity of Michigan, September 1975. Require- ments: MLS plus doctorate (or at least candi- dacy status) in library science, or the equivalent, Volunteer. experience in teaching and/or library work. Teaching load: three graduate classes (or sections) per term plus normal student advising and committee assignments. Competence in two or more of the following areas: building library collections, reference materials, bibliography of science, special libraries, scientific and technical libraries, and design and production of media. Salary: $14,000 for academic year (Sep-May)with added 219 for spring to summer half-term (8 weeks); TIAA, Major Medical, Blue-Cross, Blue- Shield, etc. Send vita and preferred teaching The ~atignalCenter areas to Russell E. Bidlack, Dean, School of Li- brary Science, The University of Michigan, Ann for Voluntary Action Arbor, Michigan 48104. The University of Mich- igan is a non-discriminatory, affirmative action employer. POSITIONS OPEN STATEMENT of ownership management and circulation (Act of August 12, '1970: Section 3685. Title 39. United States Code). Science Reference Librarian-Reference responsibilities, including selection of materials, liaison 1. Title of publication: Special Libraries. with faculty and students in designated subject 2. Date of filing: September 11, 1974. area, class instruction, plus leadership respon- 3. Frequency of issue: Monthly except double is- sibility in a technical activity. Qualifications: sue for May/June. MLS or equivalent professional degree and mini- 4. Location of known office of publication: 235 mum of two years professional experience, pref- Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003. erably in a science library. Science subject back- 5. Location of the headquarters or general busi- ground highly desirable. Faculty status, some ness offices of the publishers: 235 Park Avenue South, moving expenses, TIAAICREF. Salary $10,600 New York, New York 10003. up, depending on qualifications. Open December 6. Names and addresses of publisher, editor, and managing editor: Publisher, F. E. hlcKenna. Speclal 1. Send rksum.4 to Dr. G. Donald Smith, Director Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New of Libraries, Washington State University, Pull- York, N.Y. 10003: Editor, Janet D. Bailey, Special man, WA 99163. An equal opportunity/affirma- Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003;' Managing Editor, Janet D. tive action employer. Bailey, Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Ave- nue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. 7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders THE MARKET PLACE owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must he given. If owned by a partnership or other unin- Back Issue Periodicals-Scientific, Technical, corporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual must be given.): Special Li- Medical and Liberal Arts. Please submit want braries Association, Inc., 235 Park A\.enne South, lists and lists of materials for sale or exchange. New York, N.Y. 10003. Prompt replies assured. G. H. Arrow Co., 4th 8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other & Brown Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 19123. security holders owning or holding I percent or more of total anlonnt of bonds, mortgages or other securities: none. 9. For optional completion by publishers mailing Foreign Books and Periodicals-Specialty: Irreg- at the regular rates. Not applicable. ular Serials. Albert J. Phiebig Inc., Box 352, 10. For completion by nonprofit organizations au- White Plains, N.Y. 10602. thorized to mail at special rates. The nonprofit status of Special Libraries Association and the ex- empt status for Federal income tax purposes have not changed during preceding 12 months. 11. Extent and nature of circulation: INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Single Average no. issue BioSciences Information Service ... 1~ copies each nearest issue during to Bricker's Directory ...... 7.4 preceding 12 filing months date Chemical Abstracts Service ... Cover I11 A. Total no. copies printed Data Courier, Inc...... 10~ (net press run) ...... F. W. Faxon Company ...... 540 B. Paid circulation 1. Sales through dealers Gale Research Company ...... Cover I1 and carriers, street ven- dors and counter sales . Haworth Press ...... 8~ 2. htail subscriptions .... Highsmith Company ...... 538 C. Total paid circulation . . D. Free distribution by mail, Institute for Scientific Information 539 carrier or other means Lockheed Missiles and Space 1. Samples, complimen- Company ...... 537 tary, and other free copies ...... The Magafile Company ...... 7~ 2. Copies distributed to news agents, but not Mansell Info/Publishing Ltd...... 4A sold ...... None None Noyes Data Corporation ...... 5~ E. Total distribution (sum of C and D) ...... 11,319 11,190 Organization for Economic Cooperation F. Office use, left-over, un- & Development ...... Cover IV accounted, spoiled after printing ...... Pergamon Press, Inc...... 9~ G. Total (sum of E & F- Research Services Corporation ..... 538 should equal net press run shown in A) ...... Special Libraries Association . . 538,540 I certify that the statements made by me above Supreme Equipment & Systems are correct and complete. Corporation ...... 2A JANET D. BAILEY,Edit~r Special Librar~es Vermont Printing Company ...... 540 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Index Volume 65 Jan-Dec 1974

January ...... 1-48 August ...... 311408 February ...... 49-98 September .... .Annual Directory Issue March ...... 99-160 (not indexed) April ...... 161-208 October/November ...... -409-488 May/ June ...... 209-252 Ik~anba...... ,489-558 July ...... 253-310

n indicates a news item

A American Federation of Information Processing AAAS. See American Association for the Ad- Societies. Report of SLA Representative, 399; vancement of Science Public Information Committee. Report of SLA AFIPS. See American Federation of Information Representative, 400; National Computer Con- Processing Societies ference Coordinator. Report of SLA Repre- ALA. See American Library Association sentative, 400 ANSI. See American National Standards Insti- American Library Association. Library Adminis- tute tration Division, Library Organization and ASIS. See American Society for Information Sci- Management Section, Statistics Coordinating ence Committee, Report of SLA Representative, Academic Libraries. Mark H. Baer (letter), 6A 400; Library Technology Program Advisory (Jan); Bess P. Walford (letter), 7A (Feb); Committee, Report of SLA Representative, Joseph M. Dagnese (letter), 7A (Feb); The 400; Reference and Adult Services Division, Subject Reference Librarian and the Academic Cooperative Reference Services Committee, Departments: A Cooperative Venture, Garold Report of SLA Representative, 400; Reference L. Cole, 259; Samuel Sass (letter), 6A (Aug) and Adult Services Division, Interlibrary Loan Acquisition of Foreign Materials for U.S. Librar- Committee, Report of SLA Representative, ies, Theodore Samore, book review by Rose 401; see also LTP Reports to SLA Mary Magrill, 385 American National Standards Institute. Sectional Acquisitions. U.S. Government Publications Ac- Committee on Photographic Reproduction of quisition Procedures for the Small Special Li- Documents PH5, Report of SLA Representa- brary, Anthos Farah Hungerford, 22; Expedit- tive, 401; Sectional Committee on Library Work ing Book Acquisitions, Michael E. D. Koenig, and Documentation 239, Report of SLA Rep- 516; see also Selection resentative, 401; Committee on Standardiza- Agriculture Libraries. Documentation in the tion of Library Supplies and Equipment 285, Literature of Tropical and Subtropical Agri- Report of SLA Representative, 402; 487; n culture, Patrick W. Brennen, 263 534 Air Pollution Technical Information Center. American Society for Information Science. Re- Peter Halpin (letter), 5A (May/Jun) port of SLA Representative, 402 Alabama Chapter, n 481 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, n 45 Alaska, n 247 Anderson, Beryl, n 41 Aluri, Rao and Philip Yannarella, National Bu- Anderson, Charlotte L., n 529 reau of Standards: A Compilation, 77; Publi- Anderson, Frank J., n 92 cations of Selected Information Analysis Cen- Anglemyer, Mary, n 41; Report on the Seminar ters, 455 on the Networking Concept of the IRS-UNEP, American Association for the Advancement of 203 Science (Section T: Information and Commu- Annual Review of Information Science and nication). Report of SLA Representative, 398 Technology, Vol. 8, 1973, C. A. Cuadra and American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy- A. W. Luke, eds., book review by Masse Conference of Teachers: Section of Librarians. Bloomfield, 251 Report of SLA Representative, 398 Architecture Plus, n 158 DECEMBER1974 INDEX Archives. Records Management: An Introduc- Book Reviews. See Reviews tion, Dolores E. Russell, 17 Book Selection. See Selection Art Librarianship, n 159 Bookcase5, n 96 Art Libraries Society/North America, n 45 Borko, Harold. See Sackman, Harold Arterbery, Vivian, Edythe Moore: SLA President Boqton Chapter, n 154, n 481 1974175, 352 Brenncn, Patrick W., Documentation in the Lit- Aslib, 365 erature of Tropical and Subtropical Agricul- Association of American Library Schools-Con- ture, 263 tinuing Library Education Network. Report of Bristol, Roger P., n 529 SLA Representative, 399 Brophy, Charles A,, Jr., n 529 Association of Caribbean University and Re- Buchinger, Inge, Commentary on KWIC Index search Libraries, n 45 in Se\eral Languages, 32 Association of Research Libraries, n 534 Bumper Stickers, n 159 Association Office Operations Committee Re- Business Forecasting, n 247 port, 387 Business Libraries. Libraries Are Businesses, Audiocassettes. See Cassettes Too! Shirley Echelman, 409 Automated Library Circulation System Boosts Bylaws Committee. Proposed Revision of the Service, Control at American University, Don- Association's Bylaws, 129; 201; Report, 387 ald D. Dennis and Patricia A. Stockton, 512 Automation. SHARP: Experiences in library Automation, Ruth Camp Smith, 61 COM. See Computer-Output Microfilm Calendar. See Coming Events and Future Meet- ings Baer, Mark H., A Contribution Is Being Made The Canadian Index, n 45 (letter), 6A (Jan); see also Samuel Sass (let- Career Planning. The Librarian and Career ter), 6A (Aug) Planning, June F. Wyant, 176 Bain, Christine, n 156 Carmichael, Nancy and Robert Parke, Informa- Baker, Michael A. See Westin, Alan F. tion Services for Social Indicators Research, Baldridge, Alan, n 92 209 Baldwin-Scarborough, Mayra, n 92 Carrington, David K., n 41 Ballard, Robert M., Enthusiasm Pays Off (let- Case Studies in Library Computer Systems, ter), 7A (Dec) Richard P. Palmer, book review by Masse Baltimore Chapter, n 89, n 481 Bloomfield, 309 Barry, S. G., Research Investigation into Ex- Case Western Reserve University, n 44 pertise Indexes, 97 Cassettes. Carmine Varano (letter), 5A (Mar); Bauer, Charles K., n 41 A Tour of the Library-By Audiotape, J. Bearman, Toni Carbo, n 529 Marshal Hughes 11, 288 Behout, Lois, n 529 Caswell, Virginia D., The Energy Crisis and In- Behavioral Sciences. Selected Computerized formation, 415 Search Services in Areas Related to the Re- Catalog Card Produced Bibliographies, Robert havioral Sciences, Roberta Steiner, 319 F. Clarke, 26; see also Isabel Olivera R. (let- Belgium. Scientific and Technical Documenta- ter), 6A (Dec) tion in Brussels, Herman-Karel de Jaeger, 240 Cataloging, n 158 Besant, Larry X., 85 Cataloging Government Technical Reports, Betz, Carolyn et al., Survey of Union Lists of Jacqueline R. Kates, 121 Serials Sponsored by SLA Chapters, 337 Catholic Library Association. Report of SLA Bibliographies. Catalog Card Produced Bibliog- Representative, 402 raphies, Robert F. Clarke, 26; n 44; Isabel Censuses, n 45 Olivera R. (letter), 6A (Dec) Chalfant, Margaret E., An Addition (letter), 6A Bibliography on Copper Smelting, n 248 (Oct / Nov) Binding Records for Periodicals, Milan Milkovic, Chapter Growth Award, 580 342 Chapter Liaison Officer Report 1973174, Jean Bioengineering Abstracts, n 158 Deuss, 360 Bissell, Cathy. See Betz, Carolyn Chapters & Divisions, 89, 154, 481 Bivans, Margaret M., A Comparison of Manual Chemical Abstracts Service, n 534 and Machine Literature Searches, 216 Chemical Technology, n 247 Black-White Curriculum Content: SASS Li- Chemists. Technical Books: Appraisal of Selec- brary, Martha L. Stewart, 194 tion Policy and Use by Creative Chemists, Bloomfield, Masse, book reviews by, 47, 95, 251, James H. Schwartz, 58 309, 536; n 92 Chen, Ching-chih, How Do Scientists Meet Bolef, Doris, Computer-Output Microfilm, 169 Their Information Needs? 272 Bonn. George S., n 41 Chicago Conference (1975). Call for Papers, 206 Book Binding. See Binding Chicago Libraries, n 248 Christian, Portia, n 529 Coplen, Ron et al., Publishing Industry Librar- Cienek, Arlene B., n 529 ies in the New York Metropolitan Area, 462 Cincinnati Chapter, n 481 Copyrights, 303; 485; see also Williams & Wil- Circulation. Who Borrows Maps from a Univer- kins vs. NLM, and Special Committee on sity Library Map Collection-And Why? Jean Copyright M. Ray, 104; Automated Library Circulation Corth, Annette, n 156; Corth's Commandments, System Boosts Service, Control at American 473 University, Donald D. Dennis and Patricia A. Cost Analysis. Financial Data for Future Plan- Stockton, 512 ning at the US. Air Force Academy Library, Clarke, Robert F., Catalog Card Produced Bib- Marcy Murphy and Claude J. Johns, Jr., 4; liographies, 26; see also Isabel Olivera R. (let- Rational Cost Information: Necessary and ter), 6A (Dec) Obtainable, Douglas S. Price, 49 Classification of Local Publications, Thomas Cost Reduction for Special Libraries and Infor- Heenan, 73 mation Centers, Frank Slater, ed., book re- Cleveland Chapter, n 481 view my Masse Bloomfield, 251 Cliff, David H., n 44 Council of National Library Associations. Re- port of SLA Representative, 402 Cole, Garold L., The Subject Reference Librar- Criteria for a User-Oriented Cost-Effective In- ian and the Academic Departments: A Coop- formation Service: An Analysis of the East erative Venture, 259 African Literature Service, Sean Cooney, 517 Collison, Robert, book review by, 308 Cropper, Elizabeth A., n 156 Colorado Chapter, n 89, n 154, n 481 Crouse, Eleanor M., n 529 Coming Events, 46, 93,207, 249, 305, 487 Cuadra, C. A. and A. W. Luke, eds., Annual Re- Committee on Committees, 202; Report, 388 view of Information Science and Technology, Committee on Positive Action Program for Mi- Vol. 8, 1973, book review by Masse Bloomfield, nority Groups, 202; Report, 387 25 1 Committee on Telecommunications, 202 Communication. Sensitivity Training-A Possi- ble Application for Librarianship, Pamela Tibbetts, 493 Dagnese, Joseph M., Coop: Academic and Spe- A Comparison of Manual and Machine Litera- cial-A Reply (letter), 7A (Feb); 86 ture Searches, Margaret M. Bivans, 216 Daiker, Virginia, n 41 Comprehensive Dictionary of Audiology, n 248 Damico, James.A., 83 Computer-Based Reference Service, M. L. Data and Information Services of the National Mathies and P. G. Watson, book review by Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, L. F. W. Lancaster, 535 Christopher Wright and Elizabeth W. Stone, Computer-Output Microfilm, Doris Bolef, 169 31.1 Computerized Acquisitions Systems, n 45 Data Banks. The Scientist Versus Machine Computerized Searching. See Searching Search Services: We Are the Missing Link, Computers. See Automation Joan M. Maier, 180; Selected Computerized Computers and Law-A Reference Work, n 248 Search Services in Areas Related to the Be- Computers and the Problems of Society, Harold havioral Sciences, Roberta Steiner, 319; Re- Sackman and Harold Borko, eds., book review structuring the NASA Data Base for Time/ by Masse Bloomfield, 95 Cost Savings, Urban J. Sweeney, 499 Conference Advisory Committee Report, 388 Databanks in a Free'Society; Computers, Record- Conference Committee Report, 388 Keeping and Privacy, Alan F. Westin and Conference Proceedings Directory, n 159 Michael A. Baker, book review by I. M. Conferences. See Chicago Conference (1975), Klempner, 94 Denver Conference (1976), Toronto Conference Datapro Reports on Office Systems, n 535 (1974), and Washington, D.C. Conference Dayton Chapter, n 89, n 481 (1980) Deitzer, Margaret A., n 41 Congress and the Congressional Research Service, de Jaeger, Herman-Karel, Scientific and Tech- Charles A. Goodrum, 253 nical Documentation in Brussels, 240 Congressional Research Service. Congress and the Dennis, Donald D. and Patricia A. Stockton, Congressional Research Service, Charles A. Automated Library Circulation System Boosts Goodrum, 253 Service, Control at American University, 512 Connecticut Valley Chapter, n 154, n 481 Denver Conference (1976), 202 Conroy, Barbara, Staff Development, 304 Deuss, Jean, Reactions to NCLIS Draft Pro- Consultation Service Committee Report, 388 posal, 40; 83; Chapter Liaison Officer Report Cooke, John S., obit. 531 1973174, 360 Cooney, Sean, Criteria for a User-Oriented Cost- Dijkstra, Edsger W., n 246 Effective Information Service: An Analysis of Division Liaison Officer Report 1973174, Shirley the East African Literature Service, 517 Echelman, 361 Copiers, n 43, n 157 Dobrosky, Patricia M., n 529 DECEMBER1974 INDEX Documentation Abstracts, Inc. Report of SLA tion, L. Christopher Wright and Elizabeth W. Representative, 403 Stone, 311; Barbara L. Wagner (letter), 6A Documentation in the Literature of Tropical (Oct/Nov); see also Special Committee on En- and. Subtropical Agriculture, Patrick W. Bren- vironmental Information nen, 263 Environmental Media, n 535 On Documentation of Scientific Literature, T. Epstein, Jo, An Early Warning System for Moni- P. Loosjes, book review by Masse Bloomfield, toring State Legislation, 161; see also Margaret 47 E. Chalfant (letter), 6A (OctINov) Documents Ofice Classification, n 534 Errata, 204, 302 Dodd, James B., Pay-As-You-Go Plan for Satel- Eshelman, W. R., A Bit of Background (letter), lite Industrial Libraries Using Academic Fa- 6A (Mar); see also Theodor B. Yerke (letter), cilities, 66; n 92; Tell a Library Joke1 371 6A (Jul) Dollar, Betty Jo, n 92 Evaluation. One Measure of a Library's Contri- Dosa, Marta L., An Integrating Approach to bution, Jacqueline R. Kates, 332 Environmental Information, 189 The Evaluation of Special Librarians, Bess P. Downs (Robert B.) Award, n 44 Walford, 489 Drexel University, n 159 Expediting Book Acquisitions, Michael E. D. Dunnigan, Mary C., n 156 Koenig, 516

ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources, Fagerhaugh, Kenneth H., obit. 531 n 248 Fair, Judy H., A Change in RUIN (letter), 6A An Early Warning System for Monitoring State (Mar) Legislation, Jo Epstein, 161; see also Mar- Federal Library Committee. Report of SLA Rep- garet E. Chalfant (letter), 6A (Oct/Nov) resentative, 404 East African Libraries. Criteria for a User- Finance Committee Report, 390 Oriented Cost-Effective Information Service: Financial Data for Future Planning at the US. An Analysis of the East African Literature Air Force Academy Library, Marcy Murphy Service, Sean Cooney, 517 and Claude J. Johns, Jr., 4 Echelman, Shirley, Protest1 (letter), 6A (Jul); Fine, Ruth, Washington Letter, 303, 383, 485, Division Liaison Officer Report 1973174, 361; 533 Libraries Are Businesses, Too! 409 Flexible Data Base Management System Expe- Editorial, 6A (Apr) dites Library Planning and Control, Jean K. Education. Stephen J. Kees (letter), 9A (Jan); Martin, 110 Cathryn C. Lyon (letter), 9A (Jan); Mary Ann Fogerty, Janet, obit. 299 Knotts (letter), 6A (Mar); Use of Televised Food Librarians Provisional Division, 364 Role Playing in Special Library Education, Foos, Donald, n 156 Pauline M. Vaillancourt et al., 116 Ford, Constance, 84 Education Committee Report, 389 Foreign Language Index, book review by Robert Education Provisional Division, 364 Collison, 308 Education Section. See Social Science Division, Foster, Barbara, Israeli Special Libraries, 124 Education Section Franchi, Christine, n 529 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 303, Frappier, Gilles, President's Report 1973174, 355 486 Freedom of Information Act, 303, 486 Elvove, Ethel, n 92 Freiser, Leonard H., n 92 Employment Policy Committee Report, 390 Frey, Emil F., n 92 Energy Conservation, n 247 Friedlander, Janet, n 41; Setting Up a Special The Energy Crisis and Information, Virginia D. Collection on Water Pollution in a University Caswell, 415 Library, 291 Energy Review, n 159 Frontz, Stephanie J., n 92 Engineering Societies Library, n 44 Fuchs, Joseph L., n 156 Engineering Standards, n 535 Future Meetings, 307 Environmental Information, n 44; An Integrat- Future Role of Special Libraries in India, K. K. ing Approach to Environmental Information, Roy, 237 Marta L. Dosa, 189; Report on the Seminar on the Networking Concept of the IRS-UNEP, Mary Anglemyer, 203; Commentary on the Special Librarian's Role in the Current En- Geographic Libraries. Reference Facilities and vironmental Crisis, Vivian S. Hall, 242; Setting Services of the Geography and Map Division, Up a Special Collection on Water Pollution Library of Congress, Richard W. Stephenson, in a University Library, Janet Friedlander, 227 291; Data and Information Services of the Na- Geography. Maps, Globes, and the "Cold War," tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Alan K. Henrikson, 445 INDEX Georgi, Charlotte, n 92 How Do Scientists Meet Their Information Georgia Institute of Technology. Pay-As-You-Go Needs? Ching-chih Chen, 272 Plan for Satellite Industrial Libraries Using Hudson Valley Chapter, n 89 Academic Facilities, James B. Dodd, 66; 248 Hughes, J. Marshal, 11, A Tour of the Library German Patents. Robert G. Krupp (letter), 6A -By Audiotape, 288 (Dee) Hughes, Marija Matich, n 92 Gonzalez, Efren W., Reactions to NCLIS Draft Hungerford, Anthos Farah, US. Government Proposal, 36 Publications Acquisition Procedures for the Goodrum, Charles A,, Congress and the Con- Small Special Library, 22 gressional Research Service, 253 Gossage, Wayne, Come Join (letter), 7A (Jan) Government. An Early Warning System for Monitoring State Legislation, Jo Epstein, IFIP Congress, n 45 161; see also Margaret E. Chalfant (letter), 6A IFLA. See International Federation of Library (Oct/Nov) Associations Government Documents. U.S. Government Pub- Illinois Chapter, n 154 lications Acquisition Procedures for the Small Image Storage and Retrieval, n 159 Special Library, Anthos Farah Hungerford, 22; Imberman, Angela, n 41 National Bureau of Standards: A Compilation, In Memoriam, 298, 531 Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella, 77; n 246; Indexing. Research Investigation into Expertise Shirley Echelman (letter), 6A (Jul); Selecting Indexes, S. G. Barry, 97; Carmine Varano Federal Publications, Fred W. Roper, 326; (letter), 5A (Mar) see also Municipal Documents, State Docu- India. Future Role of Special Libraries in India, ments, Technical Reports, and United Nations K. K. Roy, 237 Documents Indiana Chapter, n 154, 380, n 481 Government Information Services Committee, Indiqnn Union List of Serials, n 158 202; 365; Report, 390 Industrial Information Services, n 158 Grant, Mary M., SLA Advisory Council Report Information Centers. LADSIRLAC, SINTO, 1973/74, 362; n 529 HERTIS and All That, Theodore P. Peck, Great Britain. LADSIRLAC, SINTO, HERTIS 196; Information Services for Social Indicators and All That, Theodore P. Peck, 196 Research, Nancy Carmichael and Robert Greater St. Louis Chapter, n 154 Parke, 209; Scientific and Technical Docu- Greenwood, Josephine I., obit. 531 mentation in Brussels, Herman-Karel de Grimm, A. C., n 92 Jaeger, 240; Publications of Selected Informa- Guenther, Charles, n 530 tion Analysis Centers, Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella, 455 Information Retrieval. Microfilm Equipment and Retrieval Systems for Library Picture Col- Haider, Syed Jalaluddin, Science-Technology Li- lections, William Saffady, 440 braries in Pakistan, 474 Information Services. Public Library Service to Hall, Vivian S., Commentary on the Special Li- the Corporate Community, Zella J. Shannon, brarian's Role in the Current Environmental 12; Pay-As-You-Go Plan for Satellite Industrial Crisis, 242 Libraries Using Academic Facilities, James B. Halpin, Peter, Correction, Please (letter), 5A Dodd, 66; LADSIRLAC, SINTO, HERTIS and (May / Jun) All That, Theodore P. Peck, 196; Criteria for Handbuch der Physik, n 158 a User-Oriented Cost-Effective Information Handicapped Persons, n 45 Service: An Analysis of the East African Lit- Hanson, Agnes O., 243, 380 erature Service, Sean Cooney, 517 Harper, Shirley F., Reactions to NCLIS Draft Information Services for Social Indicators Re- Proposal, 39 search, Nancy Carmichael and Robert Parke, Harris, Safford, 248 209 Have You Heard? 44, 158,246,534 Insurance Division, n 481 Have You Seen? 43, 157 An Integrating Approach to Environmental In- Hayes, Robert M., n 530 formation, Marta L. Dosa, 189 Heart of America Chapter, n 481 Intellectual Freedom, n 44 Heenan, Thomas, Classification of Local Publi- Interagency Council on Library Resources for cations, 73 Nursing, 398 Henrikson, Alan K., Maps, Globes, and the Interlibrary Cooperation. Mark H. Baer (letter), "Cold War," 445 6A ('Jan); Bess P. Walford (letter), 7A (Feb); Herner, Saul, book review by, 385 Joseph M. Dagnese (letter), 7A (Feb); Samuel Heyl, Sylvia M., obit. 299 Sass (letter), 6A (Aug); see also Library Net- Hiatt, Peter, n 156 works Hollingsworth, Josephine B., obit. 299 International Documentation, n 44 Hopkins, John T., n 156 International Federation of Library Associations. INDEX Winifred Sewell (letter), 6A (May/Jun); 247; Lage, Louise C., Jewel1 Maurice, obit. 531 302; Report of SLA Representative, 405; Lancaster, F. W., book review by, 535 Joint Committee on the IFLA 1974 Meeting Landuyt, Miriam M., obit. 299 in the US., Report of SLA Representative, Lane, Robert B., n 530 405; IFLA Journal, 484 A Large Museum Library, Frank H. Sommer, 99 Israeli Special Libraries, Barbara Foster, 124 Lash, Henry, n 92 Law Books in Review, n 158 Legislation. An Early Warning System for Moni- toring State Legislation, Jo Epstein, 161; see Jackson, Eugene B., Bill M. Woods, obit. 298 also Margaret E. Chalfant (letter), 6A (Oct/ Japan English Magazine Directory, n 246 Nov) Japanese Medical Libraries-A Brief Visit, Ruth Letters to the Editor, 6A (Jan), 7A (Feb), 5A W. Wender, 281 (Mar); 5A (May/Jun); 6A (Jul), 6A (Aug), 6A Johns, Claude J., Jr. See Murphy, Marcy (Oct/Nov); 6A (Dec) Johnson, Richard D., n 530 The Librarian and Career Planning, June F. Joint Committee on Union List of Serials Re- Wyant, 176 port, 397 Librarian of Congress, 365 Jones, Virginia, n 156 Librarians. Corth's Commandments, Annette Journals. See Serials Corth, 473; The Evaluation of Special Librar- ians, Bess P. Walford, 489; see also Women Librarians, and Special Librarians LibrarianshipA Disadvantaged Profession (edi- KWIC Indexes. Commentary on KWIC Index in torial), 6A (Apr); see also Ruth Rosensweig Several Languages, Inge Buchinger, 32 (letter), 6A (Oct/Nov), and Anonymous (let- Kahler, Mary Ellis, n 156 ter, 7A (Oct/Nov) Kaimann, Richard A., Structured Information Libraries. See Academic Libraries, Agriculture Files, book review by Saul Herner, 385 Libraries, Business Libraries, Geographic Li- Kaiser, John Boynton, n 44 braries, Medical Libraries, Museum Libraries, Kates, Jacqueline R., Cataloging Government Pharmaceutical Libraries, Prison Libraries, Technical Reports, 121; One Measure of a Li- Publishing Industry Libraries, and Special brary's Contribution, 332 Libraries Keenan, Stella, n 530 Libraries Are Businesses, Too! Shirley Echel- Kees, Stephen J., Special vs. General Library man, 409 Education (letter), 9A (Jan) Libraries for the Business Community in Peru- Kentucky Provisional Chapter, 364, n 481 An Update, Melvin Westerman, 345 Kiersky, Loretta J., 378 Library Binding. See Binding Kine,-, Roy T., n 156 Library Binding Institute. Report of SLA Rep- Kingsbury, Raphaella, Alyce Nantz Mackin, obit. resentative, 405 53 1 Library Binding Manual, n 535 ~iahie,Ethel S., 244. 380 Library Circulation. See Circulation Klassen, Robert, n 92 Library Cooperation. See Interlibrary Coopera- Klempner, I. M., book review by, 94; The Third tion Side of the Coin (letter), 6A (May/Jun); Of Library Guides, n 158 Seminars and Waterfalls, 369; 380 Library Networks. Judy H. Fair (letter), 6A Knotts, Mary Ann, First Love (letter), 6A (Mar) (Mar); n 535; see also Interlibrary Cooperation Knox, William T., A Reply From Commerce (let- Library of Congress, n 246 ter), 5A (Mar) Library of Congress, Geography and Map Divi- Koenig, Michael E. D., Expediting Book Acqui- sion. Reference Facilities and Services of the sitions, 516 Geography and Map Division, Library of Kovacs, Helen, n 530 Congress, Richard W. Stephenson, 227 Kramer, Mollie W., n 92 Library Orientation. A Tour of the Library- Krupp, Robert G., Do You Have . . . ? (letter), By Audiotape, J. Marshal Hughes 11, 288 6A (Dec) Library Partnership Act, 485 Kruse, Paul, book review by, 95 Library Schools. See Education Kruzas, Anthony T., n 530 Library Technology Program. See LTP Reports Kumar, Krishan, Research Libraries in Develop- to SLA ing Countries, book review by Paul Kruse, 95 Library Users. See Users Liebaers, Herman, 365, 379 Lipton, Barbara, The Small Museum Library: The Experience of the Newark Museum Li- LADSIRLAC, SINTO, HERTIS and All That, brary, 1 Theodore P. Peck, 196 Literature Searching. See Searching LTP Reports to SLA, Howard S. White, 245 Long Island Chapter, n 154, n 481 Lach, J. Michael, n 156, n 530 Loosjes, T. P., On Documentation of Scientific INDEX Literature, bwk review by Masse Bloomfield, F. Windsor, 234; n 246; Jai L. Yun (letter), 47 6.4 (-1 Louisiana Chapter, n 154, n 481 Milkovic, Milan, Binding Records for Periodi- Louisiana State University, n 158 cals, 342 Luke, A. W. See Cuadra, C. A. Miller, Edward P., n 530 Lyon, Cathryn C., One for the Students (letter), Miller, Richard A., n 156 9A (Jan) Miller, Virginia S., n 244 Minnesota Chapter, n 89, n 154, n 481 Montreal Chapter, n 154, n 482 Moore, Edythe, 352; The Spirit of '74, 353 Morelock, Molete, Reactions to NCLIS Draft McCarthy, David J., 531 obit. Proposal, 38 Machine Searching. See Searching Morton, Donald J., On-Line Experience (letter), Mackin, Alyce Nantz, obit. 532 5A (MayIJun) McLean, Marguerite E., obit. 531 Motta, Cam~lleA., n 530 McLean, Mary P., n 530 Mount, Ellis, n 92 McManimon, Frances, n 530 Municipal Documents. Classification of Local Madden, Helen Elizabeth, 381 Publications, Thomas Heenan, 73 Magnifiers, n 43 Murphy, Marcy and Claude J. Johns, Jr., Finan- Magrill, Rose Mary, book review by, 385 cial Data for Future Planning at the U.S. Air Maier, Joan M., The Scientist Versus Machine Force Academy Library, 4 Search Services: We Are the Missing Link, 180 Museum Libraries. The Small Museum Library: Majors (J. A.) Company, n 248 The Experience of the Newark Museum Li- Malinowsky, H. Robert, 84 brary, Barbara Lipton, 1; A Large Museum Mamoulides, Aphrodite, 85 Library, Frank H. Sommer, 99 Management. See Staff Development Music Library Association. Report of SLA Rep- Management Survey. Financial Data for Future resentative, 406 Planning at the U.S. Air Force Academy Li- brary, Marcy Murphy and Claude J. Johns, Jr., 4 Maps. Who Borrows Maps from a University Li- NASA Data Base. Restructuring the NASA Data brary Map Collection-And Why? lean M. Base for Time/Cost Savings, Urban J. Sweeney, ~a~:104; keference Facilities and S&vices of 499 the Geography and Map Division, Library of NCLIS. See National Commission on Libraries Congress, Richard W. Stephenson, 227 and Information Science Maps, Globes, and the "Cold War," Alan K. NTIS. See National Technical Information Ser- Henrikson, 445 vice Marks, Barbara, n 530 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Martin, Jean K., Flexible Data Base Manage- See NASA ment System Expedites Library Planning and National Bureau of Standards: A Compilation, Control, 110; n 530 Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella, 77 Mass Media Booknotes, n 246 National Commission on Libraries and Informa- Mathies, M. L. and P. G. Watson, Computer- tion Science. Reactions to NCLIS Draft Pro- Based Reference Service, book review by F. W. posal, Neil K. van Allen, 33; Anne C. Roes, Lancaster, 535 35; Efren W. Gonzala, 36: Molete Morelock, Maurice, Jewell, obit. 531 38; Shirley F. Harper, 39; Elizabeth Reuter Mechanical Engineering, n 159 Usher, 40; Jean Deuss, 40; Alleen Thompson, Mechanization. See Automation 40; SLA Statement on the Draft Proposal "A Medical Libraries. Japanese Medical Libraries- New National Program of Library and Infor- A Brief Visit, Ruth W. Wender, 281 mation Science,'' by the NCLIS, 87; n 246 Medical Library Association. Report of SLA National Housewares Manufacturers Association, Representative, 406 n 44 Members in the News, 41, 92, 156, 244, 529 National Microfilm Association, n 158; Report Membership Committee Report, 391 of SLA Representative, 407 Metric System Guide, n 534 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- Michigan Chapter, n 89; n 154: 297; 380; Rob- tion. Data and Information Services of the ert M. Ballard (letter), 7A (Dec) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- Microeditions Hachette, n 246 tration, L. Christopher Wright and Elizabeth Microfilm Equipment and Retrieval Systems for W. Stone, 311 Library Picture Collections, William Saffady, National Technical Information Service, n 45; 440 William T. Knox (letter), 5A (Mar); see also Microform Equipment, n 44, n 157 Technical Reports Microforms, n 159; New UN Microfiche Ser- Neddermeyer, Gail, n 156 vice Augurs Large Storage Economies, Allan Nemeyer, Carol A. See Coplen, Ron INDEX Networks. See Library Networks Physicists. How Do Scientists Meet Their In- New Jersey Chapter, n 89, n 482 formation Needs? ching-chih Chen, 272 New UN Microfiche Service Augurs Large Stor- Picture Collections. Microfilm Equipment and age Economies, Allan F. Windsor, 234; see Retrieval Systems for Library Picture Collec- also Jai L. Yun (letter), 6A (Dec) tions, William Saffady, 440 New York Chapter, n 89, n 154, n 155, n 482 Picture Professionalism, Renata V. Shaw, Part New York Chapter Publishing Group. Pubtish- I, 421; Part 11, 505 ing Industry Libraries in the New York Metro- Piggford, Roland. See Vaillancourt, Pauline M. politan Area, Ron Coplen et a]., 462 Pittsburgh Chapter, n 89, n 482 Newark (N.J.) Museum Library. The Small Mu- Planning Committee Report, 391 seum Library: The Experience of the Newark Plastracts, n 158 Museum Library, Barbara Lipton, 1 Pontigo, Jaime, n 156 Noble, Valerie. See Worden, Diane Postal Rates, 303 Noise in Libraries: Causes and Control, Akin Prentice, Ann E. See Vaillancourt. Pauline M. Oluwakuyide, 28 presideit's Report 1973174, ~illesFrappier, Nominating Committee, 137 355 North Carolina Chapter, 380, n 482 Price, Douglas S., Rational Cost Information: Nygaard, Anita, n 92 Necessary and Obtainable, 49 Princeton-Trenton Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 482 Prison Libraries, n 159 Productive Journal Titles in the Pharmaceutical Olivera R., Isabel, A Comment from ESAN (let- Industry, Katherine C. Owen, 430 ter), 6A (Dec) Projectors, n 43, n 157 Oltman, Florine, n 244 Public Library Service to the Corporate Com- Oluwakuyide, Akin, Noise in Libraries: Causes munity, Zella J. Shannon, 12 and Control, 28 Publications of Selected Information Analysis One Measure of a Library's Contribution, Jac- Centers, Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella, 455 queline R. Kates, 332 Publisher Relations Committee Report, 392 Oregon Provisional Chapter, n 89, n 155 Publishing. Phillip Rochlin (letter), 9A (Jan); Overseas Report, 28, 124, 196, 237, 281, 345, 474, Deborah K. Yedlin (letter), 6A Uul) 517 Publishing Industry Libraries in the New York Owen, Katherine C., Productive Journal Titles Metropolitan Area, Ron Coplen et al., 462 in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 430 Pubs, 48, 98, 160, 208, 252, 310, 488

Pacific Northwest Chapter, n 155, n 482 Rathbun, Loyd, The Small Library's Large Pakistan. Science-Technology Libraries in Paki- Problem: "I'm Ready and Eager, but Where stan, Syed Jalaluddin Haider, 474 Are the Clients?" 223; What the Numbers Palmer, Richard P., Case Studies in Library Don't Say (letter), 7A (Aug) Computer Systems, book review by Masse Rational Cost Information: Necessary and Ob- Bloomfield, 309 tainable.- Douelas- S. Price, 49 Parke, Robert. See Carmichael, Nancy Ray, Clara M. "Jane," Josephine I. Greenwood, Patents. Robert G. Krupp (letter), 6A (Dec) obit. 531 Pay-As-You-Go Plan for Satellite Industrial Li- Ray, Jean M., Who Borrows Maps from a Uni- braries Using Academic Facilities, James B. versity Library Map Collection-And Why? Dodd, 66 104 Peck, Theodore, n 92; LADSIRLAC, SINTO, Records Management: An Introduction, Do- HERTIS and All That, 196 lores E. Russell, 17 Pergamon Press, n 248 Recruitment Committee Report, 392 Periodicals. See Serials Reference. Corth's Commandments, Annette Peru. Libraries for the Business Community in Corth, 473; The Subject Reference Librarian Peru-An Update, Melvin Westerman, 345 and the Academic Departments: A Coopera- Peters, Jean R. See Coplen, Ron tive Venture, Garold L. Cole, 259 Pettengill, George E., n 156 Reference Facilities and Services of the Geog- Pharmaceutical Libraries. Productive Journal raphy and Map Division, Library of Con- Titles in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Kath- gress, Richard W. Stephenson, 227 erine C. Owen, 430 Research Cornmitttee, 202; Report, 392 Philadelphia Chapter, n 155 Research Libraries Group, n 247 Physical Sciences. National Bureau of Standards: Research Libraries in Developing Countries, A Compilation, Rao Aluri and Philip Yan- Krishan Kumar, book review by Paul Kruse, narella, 77; Publications of Selected Informa- 95 tion Analysis Centers, Rao Aluri and Philip Resolutions Committee. Resolutions of Appre- Yannarella, 455 ciation Adopted at the Annual Meeting, 367 INDEX Restructuring the NASA Data Base for Time/ SLA Joint Committees. Reports 1973174, 397 Cost Savings, Urban J. Sweeney, 499 SLA Membership, 201 Review of Federal Library Operations in Metro- SLA Officers' Reports. See names of offices politan Washington, US. Comptroller Gen- SLA Professional Award, 378, 484 eral, book review by Masse Bloomfield, 536 SLA Professional Award and Hall of Fame Com- Reviews, 47.94.251, 308, 385,535 mittee, 365; Report, 393 Richardson, Harold, obit. 299 SLA Representatives to Other Organizations. Richter, John Henry, Fight Stupid Title Reports 1973174, 398; see also names of other Changes! (letter), 5A (Mar) organizations Rigney, Janet M., Treasurer's Report 1979174, SLA Research Grants-in-Aid Fund, 365, 480 359 SLA Resolutions Concerning Salary Discrimina- Rio Grande Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 483 tion Based on Sex, 364, 366 Rizzetta, Carolyn, n 156 SLA Salary Survey, 41; Librarianship-A Disad- Rochlin, Phillip, Caveat Emptor-Againl (let- vantaged Profession (editorial), 6A (Apr); 201; ter), 9A Wan); see also Deborah K. Yedlin see also Ruth Rosensweig (letter), 6A (Oct/ (letter), 6A Uul) Nov), and Anonymous (letter), 7A (OctINov); Roess, Anne C., Reactions to NCLIS Draft Pro- Loyd Rathbun (letter), 7A (Aug); see also SLA posal, 35 Resolutions Concerning Salary Discrimination Roper, Fred W., Selecting Federal Publications, Based on Sex 326 SLA Scholarships. Fund, 205; 365; Awards, 381 Rosenberg, Betty, n 156 SLA Special Citation, 379, 484 Rosensweig, Ruth, A Comment (letter), 6A (Oct/ SLA Special Committees. Reports 1973174, 394; Nov) see also name of committee Roy, K. K., Future Role of Special Libraries in SLA Standing Committees. Reports 1973/74, 387; India, 237 see also name of committee Rulers, n 157 SLA Statement on the Draft Proposal "A New Russell, Dolores E., Records Management: An National Program of Library and Information Introduction, 17 Science," by the NCLIS, 87 SLA Winter Meetings, 365: see also SLA Ad- visory Council, and SLA Board of Directors Sackman, Harold and Harold Borko, eds., Com- SDI. See Selective Dissemination of Information puters and the Problems of Society, book re- SHARP: Experiences in Library Automation, view by Masse Bloomfield, 95 Ruth Camp Smith, 61 Saffady, William, Microfilm Equipment and Re- SITE, Inc., n 158 trieval Systems for Library Picture collections, SLA Advisory Council. Winter Meeting Actions, 440 201; 1973174 Report, Mary M. Grant, 362 Samore, Theodore, Acquisition of Foreign Ma- SLA Annual Meetings. See Chicago Conference terials for U.S. Libraries, book review by (1975), Denver Conference (1976), Toronto Rose Mary Magrill, 385 Conference (1974), and Washington, D.C. Con- San Diego Chapter, n 90, n 155 ference (1980) San Francisco Bay Region Chapter, n 90, n 483 SLA Audit Report, 299 Sanderson, Sue E., n 530 SLA Authors, 92 Sass, Samuel, Comment (letter), 6A (Aug) SLA Board of Directors. Winter Meeting Ac- Sauter, Hubert E., n 156 tions, 201; Annual Meeting Actions, 364; 366 Scandinavian Resources, n 246 SLA Bylaws, 365, 479 Scarborough, Mayra, n 156 SLA Candidates (1974), 83 Schipma, Peter, Searching Costs (letter), 6A SLA Chapters. See Chapters and Divisions, and (Aug) names of individual chapters Scholarship Committee Report, 393 SLA Committees. See name of committee Schroyer, Helen, n 530 SLA Conferences. See Chicago Conference Schwartz, James H., Technical Books: Appraisal (1975), Denver Conference (1976), Toronto of Selection Policy and Use by Creative Chem- Conference (1974), and Washington, D.C. Con- ists, 58 ference (1980) Science-Technology Libraries in Pakistan, Syed SLA Divisions. See Chapters and Divisions, and Jalaluddin Haider, 474 names of individual divisions Scientific and Technical Documentation in Brus- SLA Election Returns, 297 sels, Herman-Karel de Jaeger, 240 SLA Employment Clearing House, 153, 201, 202, The Scientist Versus Machine Search Services: 382 We Are the Missing Link, Joan M. Maier, 180 SLA Hall of Fame, 243; 380; 484; see also SLA Searching. The Scientist Versus Machine Search Professional Award and Hall of Fame Com- Services: We Are the Missing Link, Joan M. mittee Maier, 180; Donald J. Morton (letter), 5A SLA Honorary Member, 379 (MayIJun); A Comparison of Manual and INDEX Machine Literature Searches, Margaret M. Special Committee for the Transition of the Bivans, 216; n 247; Peter B. Schipma (letter), Bylaws, 365 6A (Aug); Selected Computerized Search Ser- Special Committee on Copyright Report, 394 vices in Areas Related to the Behavioral Sci- Special Committee on Environmental Informa- ences, Roberta Steiner, 319; Restructuring the tion Report, 395 NASA Data Base for Time/Cost Savings, Special Committee on the Pilot Education Pro- Urban J. Sweeney, 499 gram, 364 Selected Computerized Search Services in Areas Special Committee on Translations Problems Related to the Behavioral Sciences, Roberta Report, 396 Steiner, 319 Special Librarians. The Evaluation of Special Selecting Federal Publications, Fred W. Roper, Librarians, Bess P. Walford, 489 326 Special Libraries. Mark H. Baer (letter), 6A Selection. Winifred Sewell (letter), 6A (Jan); (Jan); Bess P. Walford (letter), 7A (Feb); Jo- Black-White Curriculum Content: SASS L1- seph M. Dagnese (letter), 7A (Feb); Israeli Spe- brary, Martha L. Stewart, 194 cial Libraries, Barbara Foster, 124; Future Selective Dissemination of Information. W. R. Role of Special Libraries in India, K. K. Roy, Eshelman (letter), 6A (Mar); Theodor B. Yerke 237; Samuel Sass (letter), 6A (Aug); Libraries (letter), 6A (Jul) for the Business Community in Peru-An Sensitivity Training-A Possible Application Update, Melvin W.esterman 345; Libraries Are for Librarianship, Pamela Tibbetts, 493 Businesses, Tool Shirley Echelman, 409; Sci- Serials. Winifred Sewell (letter), 6A (Jan); John ence-Technology Libraries in Pakistan, Syed Henry Richter (letter), 5A (Mar); Flexible Jalaluddin Haider, 474 Data Base Management System Expedites Li- Special Libraries, 484 brary Planning and Control, Jean K. Martin, Special Libraries Association. See SLA 110; n 248; Documentation in the Literature Staff Development, 304 of Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture, Pat- Standards Committee Report, 393 rick W. Brennen, 263; Survey of Union Lists State Documents. Classification of Local Publi- of Serials Sponsored by SLA Chapters, Caro- cations, Thomas Heenan, 73 lyn Betz et al., 337; Binding Records for Pe- Steckl, Peter, n 156 riodicals, Milan Milkovic, 342; Productive Steele, Astrid, n 244 Journal Titles in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Steiner, Roberta, Selected Computerized Search Katherine C. Owen, 430 Services in Areas Related to the Behavioral Setting Up a Special Collection on Water Pol- Sciences, 319 lution in a University Library, Janet Fried- Stephenson, Richard W., Reference Facilities lander, 291 and Services of the Geography and Map Divi- Severance, Robert W., n 530 sion, Library of Congress, 227 Sewell, Winifred, A Method Reviewed (letter), Stevens, Linda Lee, 381 6A (Jan); "Oops" (letter), 6A (May/Jun) Stewart, Martha L., Black-White Curriculum Shannon, Zella J., Public Library Service to the Content: SASS Library, 194 Corporate Community, 12 Stockton, Patricia A. See Dennis, Donald D. Shaw, Renata V., Picture Professionalism. Part Stone, Elizabeth W. See Wright, L. Christopher I, 421; Part 11, 505 Strauss, Lucille Jackson, n 244 Sherwood, Betty R. See Betz, Carolyn Structured Information Files, Richard A. Kai- Shores, Louis, n 92 mann, book review by Saul Herner, 385 Slater, Frank, ed., Cost Reduction for Special Student Relations Officer Report, 394 Libraries and Information Centers, book re- Stymfal, Jacqueline, n 156 view by Masse Bloomfield, 251 The Subject Reference Librarian and the Aca- The Small Library's Large Problem: "I'm Ready demic Departments: A Cooperative Venture, and Eager, but Where Are the Clients?" Loyd Garold L. Cole, 259 Rathbun, 223 Survey of Union Lists of Serials Sponsored by The Small Museum Library: The Experience of SLA Chapters, Carolyn Betz et al., 337 the Newark Museum Library, Barbara Lipton, Sweeney, Urban J., Restructuring the NASA 1 Data Base for TirneJCost Savings, 499 Smith, Idris, n 244 Smith, Ruth Camp, SHARP: Experiences in Li- brary Automation, 61 Social Indicators. Information Services for Social Tallman, Johanna E., n 244 Indicators Research, Nancy Camichael and Tape Machines, n 43 Robert Parke, 209 Technical Books: Appraisal of Selection Policy Social Science Division, Education Section. and Use by Creative Chemists, James H. Wayne Gossage (letter), 7A (Jan) Schwartz, 58 Sommer, Frank H.,A Large Museum Library, 99 Technical Reports. Cataloging Government South Atlantic Chapter, n 90, n 483 Technical Reports, Jacqueline R. Kates, 121; Southern California Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 483 I. M. Klempner (letter), 6A (May/Jun); INDEX SHARP: Experiences in Library Automation, Policy and Use by Creative Chemists, James Ruth Camp Smith, 61; see also National Tech- H. Schwartz, 58; Who Borrows Maps from a nical Information Service University Library Map Collection-And Tees, Miriam, 83 Why? Jean M. Ray, 104; The Small Library's Television. Use of Televised Role Playing in Large Problem: "I'm Ready and Eager, but Special Library Education, Pauline M. Vail- Where Are the Clients?" Loyd Rathbun, 223; lancourt et al., 116 How Do Scientists Meet Their Information Television Tables, n 157 Needs? Chine-chih Chen. 272 Tellers Committee, 479 Usher, ~lizabgth Reuter, Reactions to NCLIS Texas Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 483 Draft Proposal, 40 Theatre Library Association. Report of SLA Representative, 406 This Works For Us, 26, 121, 234, 288, 337, 462, Vaillancourt, Pauline M. et al., Use of Tele- 512,516 vised Role Playing in Special Library Educa- Thomas, Sarah M., n 41, n 92 tion, 116 Thompson, Alleen, Reactions to NCLIS Draft van Allen, Neil K., Reactions to NCLIS Draft Proposal, 40 Tibbetts, Pamela, Sensitivity Training-A Pos- Proposal, 33 Vara, Albert C., n 92 sible Application for Librarianship, 493 Varano, Carmine, Retrieving Cassette Tapes Timour, John A., n 244 (letter), 5A (Mar) Toronto Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 483 Videotape. See Television Toronto Conference (1974), 91; 129; Program, Virginia Chapter, n 483 138; Reports, 351-367; Of Seminars and Wa- terfalls, I. M. Klempner, 369; Tell a Library Joke, James B. Dodd, 371; Toronto Happen- ings, 376 Waddell, Richard Eugene, 381 A Tour of the Library-By Audiotape, J. Mar- Wagner, Barbara L., n 156; Environmental Info shall Hughes 11, 288 (letter) 6A (Oct/Nov) Treasurer's Report 1973174, Janet M. Rigney, Walford, Bess P., Special Materials Sharing (let- 359 ter), 7A (Feb); The Evaluation of Special Li- Tudor, Dean, n 92 brarians, 489 Walker, Marilyn, n 530 Walz, James, 381 Warpeha, Rita C., n 156 Unesco. SLA Supports Integrated Information Washington, D.C. Chapter, n 90, n 155, n 483 Unit in Unesco, 479 Washington, D.C. Conference (1980), 365 Union Catalogs, n 535 Washington Letter, Ruth Fine, 303, 383,485, 533 US. Air Force Academy Library. Financial Data Water Pollution Libraries. Setting Up a Spe- for Future Planning at the U.S. Air Force cial Collection on Water Pollution in a Uni- Academy Library, Marcy Murphy and Claude versity Library, Janet Friedlander, 291 J. Johns, Jr., 4 Watson, P. G. See Mathies, M. L. U.S. Comptroller General, Review of Federal Wayne State University, 297 Library Operations in Metropolitan Wash- Weatherhead, ~arbara,Toronto--Meeting Place, ington, book review by Masse Bloomfield, 536 1974, 91 U.S. Government Publications Acquisition Pro- Weigel, Jack, n 156 cedures for the Small Special Library, Anthos Wender, Ruth W., Japanese Medical Libraries- Farah Hungerford, 22 A Brief Visit, 281 United Nations Documents. New UN Micro- Westerman, Melvin, Libraries for the Business fiche Service Augurs Large Storage Econo- Community in Peru-An Update, 345 mies, Allan F. Windsor, 234; see also Jai L. Western Michigan University, 297; see also Yun (letter), 6A (Dec) Robert M. Ballard (letter), 7A (Dec) United Nations Non-Governmental Organiza- Western Michigan University/SLA Student tions Observer. Report of SLA Representative, Group, 364; see also Robert M. Ballard (let- 407 ter) 7A (Dec) United States Information Service Libraries, n Westin, Alan F. and Michael A. Baker, Data- 159 banks in a Free Society; Computers, Record- University of Denver, n 247 Keeping and Privacy, book review by I. M. University of Michigan, 297 Klempner, 94 University of MichiganISLA Student Group, 202 White House Conference on Library and In- University of Texas/SLA Student Group, 364 formation Services, 205, 303, 485 Upstate New York Chapter, n 483 White, Herbert S., n 156 Urban Studies Libraries. Judy H. Fair (letter), White, Howard S., LTP Reports to SLA, 245 6A (Mar) Who Borrows Maps from a University Library Users. Technical Books: Appraisal of Selection Map Collection-And Why? Jean M. Ray, 104 INDEX Wickline, Marian, An Insight? (letter), 5A (May/ Michigan, 297; see also Robert M. Ballard Jun) (letter), 7A (Dec) Wiederrecht, Helen D., obit. 531 Wright, Arthuree, n 530 Williams & Wilkins VS. NLM, 47; 205; SLA Wright, L. Christopher and Stone, Elizabeth Amicus Brief Filed, 527 W., Data and Information Services of the Wilson (H. W.) Company Award for the Best National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis- Article in Sfiecial Libraries, 380; Committee tration, 311 Report, 394 Wyant, June F., The Librarian and Career Windsor, Allan F., New UN Microfiche Service Planning, 176 Augurs Large Storage Economies, 234; see also Jai L. Yun (letter), 6A (Dec) Winterthur Museum Library. A Large Museum y Library, Frank H. Sommer, 99 Wisconsin Chapter, n 155, n 483 Yannarella, Philip. See Aluri, Rao Women Librarians. Marian Widtline (letter), Yates, Jeannette, n 530 5A (MayIJun) Yerke, Theodor B., Background Adjusted (let- Woods, Bill M., obit. 298; 379 ter), 6A (Jul) Worden, Diane and Valerie Noble, Report from Yun, Jai L., Opposition View (letter), 6A (Dee) special libraries

Volume 65

1974

Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South, New York 10003 Volume 65 Jan-Dec 1974

January ...... 148 August ...... 311408 February ...... 49-98 September .... .Annual Directory Issue March ...... 99-160 (not indexed) April ...... 161-208 Oct~ber/November ...... 409-488 May/ June ...... 209-252 December ...... ,489-558 July ...... 253-310

ERRATA

Sep 1974 (Membership Directory), p.24s, written request of 15 members of the Chap- col. 2 (Bylaws) ter Cabinet. Joint sessions with the Division Cabinet may be requested by the Chapter In Article 11, Section 1 of the Bylaws, third Cabinet Chairman or the Association Presi- from last line, omit numeral "25." dent. Meetings of the Chapter Cabinet shall Sep 1974 (Membership Directory), p.26~, be open to all Association members." col. 2 (Bylaws) Article VI, Section 3, should read: "The Di- Article IV, Section 4. Omit the words "Ad- vision Cabinet shall hold two regular meet- visory Council" from the first sentence. ings annually at the call of its Chairman, one Sep 1974 (Membership Directory), p.27s, of which shall be held during the annual As- col. 2 (Bylaws) sociation Conference. Special meetings may be held upon call of the Chairman or upon Article V, Section 3, should read: "The written request of 8 members of the Cabinet. Chapter Cabinet shall hold two regular meet- Joint sessions with the Chapter Cabinet may ings annually at the call of its Chairman, one be requested by the Division Cabinet Chair- of which shall be held during the annual As- man or the Association President. Meetings sociation Conference. Special meetings may of the Division Cabinet shall be open to all be held upon call of the Chairman or upon Association members." the galley, not on the manuscript. At this stage au- Instructions for Contributors thors must keep alterations to a minimum; extensive author alterations will be charged to the author. General Information Extensive alterations may also delay publication by several issues of the journal. Special Libraries publishes material on all important subject areas and on all methods and techniques for "Putting Knowledge to Work!' New Manuscripts and developing areas of librarianship, information science and information technology are sought. In- Organize your material carefully, putting the formative papers on the administration, organiza- significance of your paper or a statement of the tion and operation of special libraries and infor- problem first, and supporting details and arguments mation centers are solicited. Scholarly reports of second. Make sure that the significance of your research in librarianship, documentation, education, paper will be apparent to readers outside your im- and information science and technology are appro- mediate field of interest. Avoid overly specialized priate contributions. Bibliographies and biblio- jargon. Readers will skip a paper which they do not graphic essays, discussions and opinions that are understand. intended to be authoritative or that reflect original For each proposed paper, one original and three research are also published. Professional standards, copies (in English only) should be mailed to the salary information, education, recruitment and pub- Editor, Special Libraries, 235 Park Avenue South, lic relations are other representative subjects for New York 10003. The manuscript should be mailed inclusion. Controversy is not shunned. flat in an envelope of suitable size. Graphic mate- As the official iournal of the Association, Special rials should be submitted with appropriate card- Libraries also publishes reports of business of the board backing or other stiffening materials. Association and its subunits, as well as news of its members and for its members. Style. Follow a good general style manual. The Contributions are solicited from both members University of Chicago Press Manual of Style, the and non-members. All papers submitted are con- style manual of the American Institute of Physics, sidered for publication. 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Begin the title with a word useful in in- graphs and reports are published-especially those dexing and information retrieval. The title should with particular pertinence for special libraries and be as brief, specific, and descriptive as possible. information centers. Abstract. An informative abstract of 100 words Editing. Manuscripts are edited primarily to or less must be included for full-length articles. improve the effectiveness of communication be- The abstract should amplify the title but should tween the author and his readers. The most impor- not repeat the title or phrases in it. Qualifying tant goal is to eliminate ambiguities. In addition, words for terms used in the title may be used. improved sentence structure often permits the However, the abstract should be complete in itself readers to absorb salient ideas more readily. If ex- without reference to the paper or the literature tensive editing is indicated by reviewers, with con- cited. 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Most figures should be reducible to 15 picas (2.49 Andrei, M. et al. / The History of Athens. The in.) in width. Graphs, charts, and photographs History of Ancient Greece, IOv. New York, Har- should be given consecutive figure numbers as they wood Press, 1850. 1,000p. will appear in the text. Figure numbers and legends should not appear as part of the figure, but should Samples of references to other types of publica- be typed double spaced on a separate sheet of tions follow. paper. Each figure should be marked lightly on the back with the figure number, author's name, complete address, and shortened title of the paper. Chisholm, L. J. / "Units of Weights and Meas- For figures, the originals with three clearly leg- ure." National Bureau of Standards. Misc. Publ. ible reproductions (to be sent to reviewers) should 286. C13.10:286. 1967. accompany the manuscript. In the case of photo- Whitney, Eli (to Assignee), U.S. patent number graphs, four glossy prints are required, preferably (date). 8 in. x 10 in. References and Notes. Number all references Full-Length Articles to the literature and notes in a single sequence in Articles may range in length from about 1,000 the order in which they are cited in the text. Cite words to a maximum of 5,000 words (up to 20 all references and notes but do not insert reference typed double spaced m~uscriptpages]. Provide numbers in titles or abstracts. a title of one or two lines of up to 35 characters plus spaces per line. Accuracy and adequacy of the references are the Insert subheads at appropriate places in the text, responsibility of the author. Therefore, literature averaging about one subhead for each two manu- cited should be checked carefully with the original script pages. Keep the subheads short (up to 35 publications. References to personal letters, ab- characters plus spaces). Do not use more than one stracts of oral reports, and other unedited material degree of subheads in an article. Provide a sum- may be included. However, the author should se- mary at the end of the article. cure approval, in writing, from anyone cited as a Write a brief author note, and include position source of an unpublished work. Be sure to provide title and address. In the author note, include in- full details on how such material may be obtained formation concerning meetings, symposia, etc., by others. where the paper may have been presented orally. References to periodicals should be in the order: Also submit recent glossy black-and-white photo- authors, article title, unabbreviated iournal name, graphs of the authors. volume number, issue number, inclusive pagination, and date of publication. Brief Communications

Smith, John and Virginia Dare / Special Librar- Short reports or communications will usually be ianship in Action. Special Libraries 59 (no.10): less than 1,000 words in length (up to 4 typed 1241-1243 (Dec 1968). double-spaced manuscript pages). List the authors Smith, John J. / The Library of Tomorrow. In on the last page of the text in the form of a sig- Proceedings of the 34th Session, International Li- nature and include a simple mailing address.

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