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Within-Season Homing Movements of Displaced Mature Sunapee Trout

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Within-Season Homing Movements of Displaced Mature Sunapee Trout View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Maine The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship School of Marine Sciences 1-1-1977 Within-Season Homing Movements of Displaced Mature Sunapee Trout (Salvelinus Alpinus) in Floods Pond, Maine James McCleave University of Maine - Main, [email protected] G. W. Labar F. W. Kircheis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub Repository Citation McCleave, James; Labar, G. W.; and Kircheis, F. W., "Within-Season Homing Movements of Displaced Mature Sunapee Trout (Salvelinus Alpinus) in Floods Pond, Maine" (1977). Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship. 144. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/sms_facpub/144 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marine Sciences Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Within-SeasonHoming Movementsof DisplacedMature Sunapee Trout (Salvelinus alpinus) in Floods Pond, Maine JAMES D. MCCLEAVE AND GEORGE W. LABAR• MigratoryFish ResearchInstitute and Departmento/Zoology University o! Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 FREDERICK W. K•RCUEIS Maine Departmento] Inland Fisheriesand WildIi/e Bangor, Maine 04401 ABSTRACT Tagging, displacementand recapture,and ultrasonictracking of displacedmature Sunapee trout (SalvelinusaIpinus) in Floods Pond, Maine, demonstratedthat rapid within-season homingoccurs in this relict form of Arctic char. Of the trout displacedabout 1.8 km from their spawning ground from 1972 to 1975, 9% to 32% were recaptured one to four times within the same spawning seasonin trap nets set on the spawning ground. Eight of 14 trout tracked ultrasonicallyin 1975 hornedin 2.5 to 10.0 h. Movementsof the homingfish were variable; some trout hornedparalleling the shoreline,others hornedin open water or used a combination of near-shoreand open-watermovements. Behavior was similar betweenthe sexesand during day and night, althoughtwo fish did begin to movejust at sundown.Swimming speeds ranged from 15 to 35 cm s-• and averagedabout 0.6 bodylengths s -•. Swimming'directions were not influenced by wind and wave direction, nor were swimming speedswithin individual tracks influenced by cloud cover, wave height, or water depth. Heavy overcastat night m&y have inhibited movement. Sunapee trout are apparently familiar with the entire lake and travel widely within it. Visual features are postulated as orientational cues, though use of such cues is not clearly demonstratedby our experiments. The Sunapee trout is a land-locked post- areas of the lake with similar substrata are not glacial relict of anadromous arctic char utilized. (Backus1957; Everhartand Waters 1965), In conjunction with spawn-taking opera- given subspecificstatus, along with the Quebec tions and tagging for other life history studies red trout and the bluebacktrout, as Salvelinus (Kircheis 1976), it was noted that many alpinus oquassaby Qadri (1974). Only ripenlug, ripe, or even artificially stripped Floods Pond, Hancock County, Maine sup- fish displaced 1.8 km from the spawning ports a native, reproducing population of ground returned to the spawning ground Sunapeetrout. The Sunapeetrout wasrecently within a short time and also used the area in introducedinto sevenother Maine lakes by the subsequentyears. This observationled to tag Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and and recapture studies to be reported here to Wildlife in an effort to expand its distribution determine if the fish home and also to the Downloaded by [University of Maine] at 11:08 22 December 2011 and insure its survival. primary purpose of the present study which Studiesof the reproductivebiology of Suna- was to determine by ultrasonic telemetry the pee trout have been undertaken (Kircheis detailed within-seasonhoming movementsof 1976) to help understandwhy introductions displacedmature Sunapeetrout. Specifically into other lakeshave not yet establishedrepro- we wished to determine 1) pattern(s) of movement, if any; 2) swimming speeds; and ducing populations. In Floods Pond Sunapee 3) whether homing occurredboth day and trout spawn at night during October and night. Noverhber in a restricted shoal area of 10-100 Homing has been reportedfor severalspe- cm rubble off a point of land exposedto wave cies of chars,e.g. by Frost (1963) for a land- action from nearly every direction. Other locked subspeciesof arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus willughbii, by O'Connor and Power •Present address: School of Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 54301. (1973) for brooktrout (S. [ontinalis),by 156 McCLEAVE ET AL.--TROUT HOMING 157 Downloaded by [University of Maine] at 11:08 22 December 2011 F•½uaE1.--Ultrasonic tracksof/ive Sunapeetrout in FloodsPond/oilowing displacement/romtheir spawn- ing ground. Open circle is releasepoint, arrow indicatesspawning ground. Armstrong (1974) for Dolly Varden (S. METHODS malma), and by Martin (1960) and Rahrer Study •4rea (1968) for lake trout (S. namaycush); how- ever, such behavior is not nearly as well Floods Pond is an oligotrophiclake located studied as in the genera Salmo and Oncorhyn- in a hilly wooded area of the Union River chl•$. drainage in south-centralMaine. The lake is 158 TRANS. AM. FISH. SOC., VOL. 106, NO. 2, 1977 265 hectaresin area (Fig. 1) with a maximum on the starboard side and suspended 0.5 m depth of 45 m and a mean depth of 12.5 m. belowthe water surface (McCleaveand Hor- Tag and recapture studies were conducted rail 1970). Ultrasonic transmitters were from mid-October to the end of November, pulsed type, usually 55-60 kHz, but one 120 1972-1975. Ultrasonic tracking was done be- kHz and one 230 kHz transmitter were used. tween 15 October and 9 November 1975. All were 8-10 mm diam. X 32-36 mm long. All but one of the 14 tracks began at the Tagging-Recapture live car 125-250 m offshore at the NW end of Sunapeetrout were captured on the spawn- the lake about 1.6 km from the spawning ing ground in two trap nets, which were usu- ground (Fig. 1); one began at the shoreline ally tended in the morning. The fish were at the NW end. After a fish was released the transported in covered tubs to the NW end boat alternately waited and moved toward the of the lake for examination. They were then fish on bearings obtained from the hydro- lightly anesthetizedin an approximately 1:9, phone. We moved closeto the fish to make a 500 MS222 solution,and total length, weight, position plot each 15 min. sex,degree of maturity, fin-clip or tag number, Most position plots were made by measuring if any, were recorded. the two adjacent horizontal angles between Fish for conventionaltagging were marked three landmarks with a sextant. Some near- with jaw tags and a temporary clip of the shore plots were made by observing land- upper tip of the caudalfin to indicatethe fish marks on an aerial photograph. At each had been processedduring the current season. position, we measured wind direction and Many of the mature fish were then stripped velocity, wave direction and water depth. and released or were held in live cars up to a Cloud cover and wave height were estimated. few days prior to strippingand release. Im- mature or unripe fish were releasedimmedi- Data Analysis ately. Fish were releasedat the shorelinejust Tracks were plotted on a 1:7,900 work NW of the ultrasonic tracking release point map. A three-arm protractor was used to plot (Fig. 1). sextant sightings and field notes to plot other Sincethe traps were not necessarilychecked positions. Based on straight lines between suc- eachday, and they did not catchall fish on the cessivepoints, swimming azimuths, distances, spawningground, and they mostlycaught fish speedsand straightnessindices (Stasko et al. at night, homing times based upon times of 1973) were determined. Swimming azimuths recapture are overestimatedand thus not pre- were expressed relative to wind direction and sented. Rayleigh's test (Batschelet1965) used to de- termine if there was significant clustering for Ultrasonic Tracking each track. Wave direction measurements were Fish for ultrasonic tracking were captured not utilized, since wind and wave direction Downloaded by [University of Maine] at 11:08 22 December 2011 and processedsimilarly to fish for conven- usually coincided, and wind directions were tional tagging. Mature, unstrippedfish were more accurately measured. Correlation coef- jaw-tagged (if untagged) and the transmit- ficients between swimming speed and cloud ter was pusheddown the esophagusinto the cover, wave height, and water depth were cal- stomachwith a glass rod. Caudal clips were culated for each track. applied in only a few cases. Transmitter- ta.ggedfish were usually placed in a livecar RESULTS at the release site for at least 1 h and up to 24 Tagging-Recapture h for recoveryfrom anestheticbefore traek- ing; onewas released immediately. Fish in the In the years 1972 through 1975, 9% to 32% live car had access to the water surface. of the displacedSunapee trout were recaptured The tracking systemconsisted of a receiver on the spawning ground at least once within installed in a 5 m outboard runabout. A 360 ø the samespawning season (Table 1). Three rotatable directional hydrophonewas mounted percent were recaptured two to four times McCLEAVE ET AL.---TROUT HOMING 159 within the season. Homing percentages are TABLE1.--Recaptures within the spawningseason on the spawningground oJ Sunapeetrout taggedand underestimated,since the traps did not catch displacedabout 1.8 km [rom the spawningground. all fish on the spawning ground. However, these data establish that substantial within- Number homing fish recaptured season homing occurs, often within 24 h. Number More than Yearly comparisonsare not warranted, since Year Sex displaceel Total once trapping effort was not the same all years. 1972 c? 80 6 • 173 17 Not Greatesteffort was in 1975, and the percentage Immature 6 0 recorded recaptured was greatest that year.
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