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Optimization of Production Process of Frangible Bullets Based on Bismuth Powder
Advances in Military Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2019), pp. 189-196 AiMT ISSN 1802-2308, eISSN 2533-4123 DOI 10.3849/aimt.01224 Optimization of Production Process of Frangible Bullets Based on Bismuth Powder V. Minh Do 1, X. Son Bui 1*, J. Komenda 2, R. Vítek 2 and P. Skalický2 1 Faculty of Weapons, Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Czech Republic The manuscript was received on 29 November 2017 and was accepted after revision for publication on 20 June 2019. Abstract: The article deals with the pressing process of the samples from bismuth powder, which were used in place of the bullet in order to optimize the frangible bullets manufacturing process. Cylindrical samples with a diameter of 9 mm were compacted by cold pressing in a cylindrical rigid die without sintering. Various pressing conditions (the changing of pressing force, pressing velocity and dwell time) were applied for compacting the sam- ples. After compaction, the axial strength of the samples was tested to determine the optimal manufacturing process of the frangible bullet based on the bismuth powders. Keywords: bismuth, frangible bullet, green strength, green density, powder metallurgy, pressing force, pressing velocity 1. Introduction Powder metallurgy technology is also used in manufacturing the ammunition for fire- arms. In the commercial frangible cartridges, the frangible bullets are made of various kinds of metal powder, e.g. Cu, Fe, W, etc., where Cu is the most widespread. These metals are less ecologically harmful than lead. However, iron and copper easily cor- rode in water-rich tissues, whereas copper is toxic at high concentration in the body. -
Presentation Ballistics
An Overview of Forensic Ballistics Ankit Srivastava, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128, UP, India E-mail: [email protected] ; Mob: +91-9415067667 Ballistics Ballistics It is a branch of applied mechanics which deals with the study of motion of projectile and missiles and their associated phenomenon. Forensic Ballistics It is an application of science of ballistics to solve the problems related with shooting incident(where firearm is used). Firearms or guns Bullets/Pellets Cartridge cases Related Evidence Bullet holes Damaged bullet Gun shot wounds Gun shot residue Forensic Ballistics is divided into 3 sub-categories Internal Ballistics External Ballistics Terminal Ballistics Internal Ballistics The study of the phenomenon occurring inside a firearm when a shot is fired. It includes the study of various firearm mechanisms and barrel manufacturing techniques; factors influencing internal gas pressure; and firearm recoil . The most common types of Internal Ballistics examinations are: ✓ examining mechanism to determine the causes of accidental discharge ✓ examining home-made devices (zip-guns) to determine if they are capable of discharging ammunition effectively ✓ microscopic examination and comparison of fired bullets and cartridge cases to determine whether a particular firearm was used External Ballistics The study of the projectile’s flight from the moment it leaves the muzzle of the barrel until it strikes the target. The Two most common types of External Ballistics examinations are: calculation and reconstruction of bullet trajectories establishing the maximum range of a given bullet Terminal Ballistics The study of the projectile’s effect on the target or the counter-effect of the target on the projectile. -
OTOLARYNGOLOGY/HEAD and NECK SURGERY COMBAT CASUALTY CARE in OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM and OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM Section III
Weapons and Mechanism of Injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom OTOLARYNGOLOGY/HEAD AND NECK SURGERY COMBAT CASUALTY CARE IN OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM AND OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM Section III: Ballistics of Injury Critical Care Air Transport Team flight over the Atlantic Ocean (December 24, 2014). Photograph: Courtesy of Colonel Joseph A. Brennan. 85 Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Combat Casualty Care 86 Weapons and Mechanism of Injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom Chapter 9 WEAPONS AND MECHANISM OF INJURY IN OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM AND OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM DAVID K. HAYES, MD, FACS* INTRODUCTION EXPLOSIVE DEVICES Blast Injury Closed Head Injury SMALL ARMS WEAPONS Ballistics Internal Ballistics External Ballistics Terminal Ballistics Projectile Design Tissue Composition and Wounding WEAPONRY US Military Weapons Insurgent Weapons SUMMARY *Colonel, Medical Corps, US Army; Assistant Chief of Staff for Clinical Operations, Southern Regional Medical Command, 4070 Stanley Road, Fort Sam Houston, Texas 78234; formerly, Commander, 53rd Medical Detachment—Head and Neck, Balad, Iraq 87 Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Combat Casualty Care INTRODUCTION This chapter is divided into four sections. It first small arms weapons caused just 6,013 casualties dur- examines the shifts in weapons used in the combat ing the same time.2 Mortars and rocket-propelled zones of Iraq and Afghanistan, and compares them to grenades, although highly destructive, injured 5,458 mechanisms of wounding in prior conflicts, including and killed only 341 US soldiers during the same time comparing the lethality of gunshot wounds to explo- (Table 9-1). In a review of wounding patterns in Iraq sive devices. -
Terminal Ballistics
Terminal ballistics Terminal ballistics, a sub-field of ballistics, is the study of the behavior and effects of a projectile when it hits its target.[1] Terminal ballistics is relevant both for small caliber pro- jectiles as well as for large caliber projectiles (fired from artillery). The study of extremely high velocity impacts is still very new and is as yet mostly applied to spacecraft design. 1 General An early result is due to Newton; the impact depth of any .32 ACP full metal jacket, .32 S&W Long wadcutter, .380 ACP projectile is the depth that a projectile will reach before jacketed hollow point stopping in a medium; in Newtonian mechanics, a pro- jectile stops when it has transferred its momentum to an equal mass of the medium. If the impactor and medium 2.1.1 Target shooting have similar density this happens at an impact depth equal to the length of the impactor. For short range target shooting on ranges up to 50 me- For this simple result to be valid, the arresting medium is ters (55 yd), aerodynamics is relatively unimportant and considered to have no integral shear strength. Note that velocities are low. As long as the bullet is balanced so it even though the projectile has stopped, the momentum is does not tumble, the aerodynamics are unimportant. For still transferred, and in the real world spalling and similar shooting at paper targets, the best bullet is one that will effects can occur. punch a perfect hole through the target. These bullets are called wadcutters. They have a very flat front, often with a relatively sharp edge along the perimeter. -
5.45×39Mm 1 5.45×39Mm
5.45×39mm 1 5.45×39mm 5.45×39mm M74 5.45×39mm cartridge Type Rifle Place of origin Soviet Union Service history In service 1974–present Used by Soviet Union/Russian Federation, former Soviet republics, former Warsaw Pact Wars Afghan War, Georgian Civil War, First Chechen War, Second Chechen War, Yugoslav Wars Production history Designed early 1970s Specifications Case type Steel, rimless, bottleneck Bullet diameter 5.60 mm (0.220 in) Neck diameter 6.29 mm (0.248 in) Shoulder diameter 9.25 mm (0.364 in) Base diameter 10.00 mm (0.394 in) Rim diameter 10.00 mm (0.394 in) Rim thickness 1.50 mm (0.059 in) Case length 39.82 mm (1.568 in) Overall length 57.00 mm (2.244 in) Rifling twist 255 mm (1 in 10 inch) or 195 mm (1 in 7.68 inch) Primer type Berdan or Small rifle Maximum pressure 380.00 MPa (55,114 psi) Ballistic performance Bullet weight/type Velocity Energy 3.2 g (49 gr) 5N7 FMJ mild steel core 915 m/s (3,000 ft/s) 1,340 J (990 ft·lbf) 3.43 g (53 gr) 7N6 FMJ hardened steel core 880 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 1,328 J (979 ft·lbf) 3.62 g (56 gr) 7N10 FMJ enhanced 880 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 1,402 J (1,034 ft·lbf) penetration 3.68 g (57 gr) 7N22 AP hardened steel core 890 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 1,457 J (1,075 ft·lbf) 5.45×39mm 2 5.2 g (80 gr) 7U1 subsonic for silenced 303 m/s (990 ft/s) 239 J (176 ft·lbf) AKS-74UB Test barrel length: 415 mm (16.3 in) and 200 mm (7.9 in) for 7U1 [1] Source(s): The 5.45×39mm cartridge is a rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge. -
Terminal Ballistics- Part I SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE
SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No. and Title PAPER No. 6: Forensic Ballistics Module No. and Title MODULE No.17: Terminal Ballistics - Part I Module Tag FSC_P6_M17 FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.6: Forensic Ballistics MODULE No.17: Terminal Ballistics- Part I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction 3. Penetration Potential 4. Concept of Wound Ballistics 5. Target Site 6. Identification of Entry Wound 7. Yaw and Wounds 8. Velocity of Missiles & Wounds 9. Constructional Features & Wounding Capability 10. Summary FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No.6: Forensic Ballistics MODULE No.17: Terminal Ballistics- Part I 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you shall be able to know about- What is Terminal Ballistics What is penetration potential and the concept behind wound ballistics You will be also made familiar with the identification of entry wounds and the constructional features and wounding capabilities 2. Introduction Ballistics is the science involving study of motion of projectiles. The term Ballistics is derived from the Latin word “Ballistic” meaning a cross-bow like device for throwing stones by means of twisted ropes. When firing pin hits the primer, excessive heat is generated and the bullet (projectile) get pushed from the cartridge and start moving inside the barrel of a fire arm. This comes under the field of internal ballistics. The study of internal ballistics involves burning or combustion of grains of the propellants. The study is called internal ballistics so long as motion of projectile is inside the barrel of the weapon. As soon as the projectile leaves the muzzle end of the weapon the External ballistics comes into play and remain till the projectile hits the target. -
Small Caliber Lethality: 5.56Mm Performance in Close Quarters Battle
Major Glenn Dean Major David LaFontaine Not long after the US Army’s entry into Afghanistan, reports ian firearms industry. Although there have been efforts by the from the field began to surface that in close quarters engagements, military services to assess the performance of its small arms, the some Soldiers were experiencing multiple “through-and-through” levels of effort and resources involved have been extremely low hits on an enemy combatant where the target continued to fight. compared to those spent on other weapons systems: bursting Similar reports arose following the invasion of Iraq in 2003. artillery rounds, anti-tank munitions, etc. The general assump- Those reports were not always consistent – some units would tion within the services, despite evidence to the contrary from report a “through-and-through” problem, while others expressed the larger wound ballistics community, has been that small arms nothing but confidence in the performance of their M4 carbines performance was a relatively simple, well-defined subject. What or M16 rifles. The M249 Squad Automatic Weapon, which fires has developed in the interim in the ammunition industry is a identical bullets as the M4 and M16, did not receive the same number of assessment techniques and measurements that are at criticism. Often, mixed reports of performance would come from best unreliable and in the end are able to provide only rough the same unit. While many of the reports could be dismissed due correlation to actual battlefield performance. to inexperience or hazy recollections under the stress of combat, The major problem occurs at the very beginning: What is effec- there were enough of them from experienced warfighters that the tiveness? As it turns out, that simple question requires a very com- US Army Infantry Center asked the Army’s engineering commu- plex answer. -
PRODUCT CATALOG 2019 English
PRODUCT CATALOG 2019 English lapua.com NEW! > New case: 6mm Creedmoor > New ammunition: 6.5 Creedmoor for Sport Shooting and Hunting Our cover boy Aleksi Leppä, double World LAPUA® PRODUCT CATALOG Champion! See page 21 Lapua, or more officially Nammo Lapua Oy and Nammo Schönebeck, is part of the large Nammo Group. Our main products are small CONTENTS caliber cartridges and components for sport, hunting and professional use. NEW IN 2019 4-5 LAPUA TEAM / HIGHLIGHTS OF THE YEAR 6-7 SPORT SHOOTING 8-29 TACTICAL 30-35 .338 Lapua Magnum 30-31 Rimfire Ammunition 8-13 .308 Winchester 32-33 World famous quality Biathlon Xtreme 9 Tactical bullets 34-35 Rimfire Cartridges 10-11 Lapua’s world famous quality comes Lapua Club, Lapua shooters 12-13 HUNTING 36-43 partly from decades of experience, Lapua .22 LR Service Centers 14-15 Naturalis cartriges and bullets 36-41 top-quality raw material and a Hunter story 42 PASSION FOR PRECISION well-managed manufacturing process. Centerfire Ammunition 16-43 Mega 43 Despite the automation in production Centerfire Cartridges 17-19 and quality assurance, our staff personally Top Lapua shooters 20-21 CARTRIDGE DATA 44-51 For decades Lapua has strived to inspects every lot and, if necessary, Centerfire Components 22-28 COMPONENT DATA 52 produce the best possible cartridges and even each individual cartridge. Lapua Ballistics App 29 DISTRIBUTORS 54-55 components for those who have a passion Certified for precision. The results from various competitions worldwide prove that we are Nammo Lapua Oy’s quality system conforms the preferred partner for the champions, with both ISO 9001 and AQAP everywhere. -
Ballistic Penetration of Hardened Steel Plates
BALLISTIC PENETRATION OF HARDENED STEEL PLATES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TANSEL DENIZ˙ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AUGUST 2010 Approval of the thesis: BALLISTIC PENETRATION OF HARDENED STEEL PLATES submitted by TANSEL DENIZ˙ in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical Uni- versity by, Prof. Dr. Canan Ozgen¨ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. S¨uha Oral Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering Prof. Dr. R. Orhan Yıldırım Supervisor, Mechanical Engineering Department Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Metin Akk¨ok Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. R. Orhan Yıldırım Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Can C¸o˘gun Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Asst. Prof. Dr. Yi˘git Yazıcıo˘glu Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU Dr. Rıdvan Toroslu Aselsan Elektronik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S¸. Date: I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: TANSEL DENIZ˙ Signature : iii ABSTRACT BALLISTIC PENETRATION OF HARDENED STEEL PLATES Deniz, Tansel M.Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. R. Orhan Yıldırım August 2010, 113 pages Ballistic testing is a vital part of the armor design. However, it is impossible to test every condition and it is necessary to limit the number of tests to cut huge costs. -
The Militarization of America: Non-Military Federal Agencies Purchases of Guns, Ammo, and Military-Style Equipment Fiscal Years 2006 – 2014: Oversight Study
THE MILITARIZATION OF AMERICA: NON-MILITARY FEDERAL AGENCIES PURCHASES OF GUNS, AMMO, AND MILITARY-STYLE EQUIPMENT FISCAL YEARS 2006 – 2014: OVERSIGHT STUDY PUBLISHED: JUNE, 2016 By: Adam Andrzejewski – Founder and CEO of OpenTheBooks.com Thomas W. Smith – Chairman of OpenTheBooks.com “Open the Books is doing the work I envisioned when the Coburn-Obama bill became law. Their innovative app and other tools are putting sunlight through a magnifying glass.” March 11, 2014 Dr. Tom Coburn, Honorary Chairman of OpenTheBooks.com OUR REPORT MADE POSSIBLE BY: The “Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006” Sponsors: Sen. Tom Coburn (R-OK) & Sen. Barack Obama (D-IL) (Public Law 109-282, 109th Congress) “Is the spending in the public interest or the special interest?” – U.S. Sen. Tom Coburn “I know that restoring transparency is not only the surest way to achieve results, but also to earn back the trust in government…” – U.S. Sen. Barack Obama TABLE OF CONTENTS KEY FINDINGS (FY2006-FY2014) ...............................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................2 OVERVIEW AND METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................................................4 Chart: Federal Agency Spending (Outside of Department of Defense) on Guns, Ammunition, and Military-Style Equipment, FY2006-FY2014 ..............................................................................................4 -
Loading Recommendations for the JP Series of Self-Loading Rifles Forward
Loading Recommendations for the JP Series of Self‐Loading Rifles (Note that reloading is done at your own risk. JP Enterprises, Inc. is not responsible for injury, death or damage to your equipment due to poor loading technique or load incompatibility. Use any recommended load date at your own risk. Load data her in given applies only to JP rifles, manufactured by JP Enterprises, Inc. and should not be used in other rifles.) (© 08/10/10) Forward: If you’ve been loading for bolt guns, you’ll need to leave some of that behind when you start loading for your gas gun. Here are three fundamentals that must coexist if you intend to load for your gas gun. 1. The finished round must be a drop fit to the chamber to insure reliability allowing the bolt to easily close over it. 2. You must load to an OAL that will never interfere with the magazine interior dimensions. 3. The round must provide a pressure curve upon ignition that will reliably cycle the action without dropping a primer or causing excessive case head flow into the ejector cut. In other words, the functional aspect of the ammunition will eliminate some of the accuracy tricks that you might be accustomed to employing on your bolt gun ammo. In addition, gas guns will not tolerate the pressures that a bolt gun might without detrimental effects on reliability. And if the rifle does not function, it is of no use. Once I asked one of my shooting partners what his priorities were on his gas guns. -
Catalog Having the Following Descriptions: Shooting Dynamics, Extrema, Exacta, Golden Pheasant, Fiocchi, Interceptor and Rapax Are Registered to Giulio Fiocchi S.P.A
2021 AMMUNITION HERITAGE. INNOVATION. PERFORMANCE. If there is one word I can identify that best describes the current state of Fiocchi’s manufacturing and distribution capabilities and allow us to keep Fiocchi, it would be progress. All of us have had more than our share of pace with the increased demand for quality ammunition and the projected challenges over the last year. Between the Covid-19 pandemic, the shift growth trends in the shooting sports, personal defense, and hunting of political winds, supply chain disruptions, and the realization that life can categories. change quite dramatically in a very short time, most of us understand that While we continue to apply our technological and innovation expertise to overcoming those challenges inevitably brings change. The key is turning deliver the highest-quality ammunition possible, we are also using that change into opportunities for a better outcome tomorrow. expertise to deliver sustainable solutions to meet new challenges and During these unprecedented times, Fiocchi has gone beyond merely expectations that are on the horizon. In short, Fiocchi is committed to an reacting to the challenges buffeting the shooting sports and personal “enviroclean” approach to ammunition manufacturing and use. Witness defense segments; Fiocchi has instead forged ahead with bold Fiocchi’s line of Blue Guardian defense ammo and the new Knockdown initiatives that shore up not only our business but also help to hunting cartridges. These lead-free primer and lead-free projectile advance innovation and performance for the benefit of our cartridges, along with lead-free Golden Waterfowl shotshells, are only consumers and the generations of shooting and hunting the beginning of our planned initiatives to lead the ammunition enthusiasts to follow.