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Compatibility of Mid-Level Biodiesel Blends in Vehicles in Indonesia

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Compatibility of Mid-Level Biodiesel Blends in Vehicles in Indonesia WORKING PAPER 2018-08 Compatibility of mid-level biodiesel blends in vehicles in Indonesia Authors: Stephanie Searle & Kristine Bitnere Date: April 16, 2018 Keywords: biofuel, emissions, fatty acid methyl esther (FAME), policy, corrosion, sulfur Executive summary these effects appear to differ with fuel components. The negative impacts sulfur content; palm biodiesel tends to of corrosion are partially offset by Indonesia strongly promotes palm increase emissions when blended in improved lubricity with biodiesel biodiesel consumption with a current low-sulfur diesel (<50 ppm) but can blends, which can reduce wear in target of 20% biodiesel blending at decrease emissions in higher-sulfur moving vehicle parts. Biodiesel also present, increasing to 30% in 2020. If diesel (>50 ppm). High-sulfur diesel degrades some types of elastomers met, these targets would require the use is widespread today in Indonesia. and leads to greater deposit forma- use of high biodiesel blends, raising Fuel sulfur content could be an indica- tion and plugging of some vehicle concerns about compatibility with tor of other fuel quality properties that components compared to fossil diesel. Indonesia’s current vehicle fleet. In could influence the effect of biodiesel Overall, studies on whole fuel/engine this study, we review evidence on the and vehicle systems find that more impact of biodiesel on emissions of blends on emissions. Indonesia is frequent replacement of various harmful pollutants from vehicles and making a commendable step in moving components such as fuel filters, fuel on vehicle material compatibility. toward cleaner fuels and vehicles with its expected adoption of Euro 4/IV injector nozzles, and seals, as well as Previous reviews have reported that standards starting in 2021, which will potentially more costly components soy and rapeseed biodiesel increase deliver substantial air quality benefits. central to diesel engines, is required when operating vehicles on bio- nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions However, our findings suggest that bio- compared to fossil diesel, but that diesel consumption will detract from diesel blends. Based on the available evidence, it thus appears likely that palm biodiesel reduces NOX emis- the air quality benefits of using cleaner sions due to its high level of saturated diesel fuel. We also find that, when meeting Indonesia’s goals to blend compounds. These reviews also report including recent evidence from studies 20%–30% palm biodiesel in its diesel that all types of biodiesel reduce using low-sulfur diesel, rapeseed bio- supply will result in increased vehicle particulate matter (PM), carbon diesel worsens CO and PM emissions maintenance costs. monoxide (CO), and unburned hydro- compared to fossil diesel, and soybean carbon (HC) emissions compared to biodiesel does not provide any benefit Introduction diesel. On the contrary, we find that, with regard to these pollutants. on average, palm biodiesel increases The government of Indonesia has Biodiesel also affects materials used NOX and PM emissions compared to required the blending of biodiesel in fossil diesel when conducting a meta- in vehicle components differently diesel fuel since issuing its first set analysis that includes evidence from than fossil diesel. Compared to diesel, of blending targets in 2008 for the a number of recent studies. There is biodiesel causes greater corrosion in 2008–2025 time frame in its Ministry of substantial variation in results, and several types of metals used in vehicle Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) Acknowledgments: This work was generously supported by the Packard Foundation and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation. Thanks to Anastasia Kharina, Francisco Posada, Tim Dallman, Ray Minjares, and Felipe Rodriguez for helpful input and reviews. © INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION, 2018 WWW.THEICCT.ORG COMPATIBILITY OF MID-LEVEL BIODIESEL BLENDS IN VEHICLES IN INDONESIA Regulation No. 32/2008. The targets B20 or B100, are available, but typi- examines the interaction of fuel quality have been revised several times, and cally at a higher price. and vehicle operation with biodiesel Indonesia currently requires 20% bio- effects on emissions to understand diesel blending, increasing to 30% This study reviews the likely impacts what the likely impacts are of increas- starting in 2020, per MEMR Regulation of Indonesia’s biofuel policy on vehicle ing biodiesel blending in Indonesia No.12/2015. Historically, these targets consumers. Whereas previous studies and how those effects may change in have been missed by half or more, have reviewed the impacts of biodiesel the future. and the actual biodiesel blend level in on vehicle emissions and the durability 2016 was around 11% (U.S. Department of components (Hoekman & Robbins, of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural 2012; U.S. Environmental Protection Effect of biodiesel on Service, 2017). In October 2017, the Agency [EPA] et al., 2002; Lapuerta, conventional pollutant Indonesian government indicated the Armas, & Rodriguez-Fernandez, 2008; emissions from vehicles move to 30% blending in 2020 may be Haseeb, Fazal, Jahirul, & Masjuki, 2011; Biodiesel has several properties that delayed (Rachman, 2017). Singh, Korstad, & Sharma, 2012), most empirical evidence included in these influence its effect on vehicle emis- The high biodiesel blending levels reviews is from vehicles and fuels in sions. In particular, it has a higher targeted by the government of Europe and the United States, and oxygen content, cetane number, Indonesia may raise concerns of none of these reviews have addressed density, and viscosity, and lower compatibility in vehicles. Although vehicle impacts specifically in the sulfur than diesel (Sivaramakrishnan & biodiesel has some positive charac- Indonesian context. Indonesia’s case Ravikumar, 2012). Review studies gen- teristics for use in diesel vehicles, it is different from biodiesel impacts erally agree that biodiesel usage leads reduces fuel economy, can degrade studied in Europe and the United to a decrease in emissions of CO, PM, and HC, and a modest increase in NO some vehicle components and materi- States for several reasons: X als, and may affect vehicle emissions. emissions (Hoekman & Robbins, 2012; Vehicle manufacturers recommend • The vast majority of biodiesel con- EPA, 2002; Lapuerta et al., 2008). the use of biodiesel blends only up sumed in Indonesia is produced to 5% in the United States and 7% in from palm oil, rather than soy oil EFFECT OF BIODIESEL ON NO Europe and Malaysia in regular diesel or rapeseed oils, which are the X EMISSIONS vehicles, and use of higher biodiesel dominant biodiesel feedstocks in blends may void customer warran- many other countries; Whereas most studies measure increases in NO in biodiesel blends ties (National Biodiesel Board, 2005; • Indonesia has a warm climate, X compared to diesel, some studies Toyota, n.d.; “Car warranty,” 2017). In which has different effects on the addition, the Worldwide Fuel Charter report the opposite. Overall, a viscosity of biodiesel compared to only allows up to 5% biodiesel blending review by EPA (2002) found that countries in cooler climates; in fossil diesel (European Automobile a blend of 20% biodiesel in diesel • Indonesian vehicles tend to have Manufacturers’ Association [ACEA] (B20) increases NOX emissions by et al., 2013). The Indonesian Trucking older technology than in Europe 2%. This finding was supported by Association Drs Gemilang Tarigan has and the United States; and a later meta-analysis by Hoekman stated that warranties extend to B20 • Indonesia has lower fuel quality, and Robbins (2012). The measured impacts of palm biodiesel on NO for all trucks included in the association in particular higher sulfur content, X (“Greater push,” 2017). However, the than fuel in Europe and the United have been mixed. Some studies have Association of Indonesian Automotive States. reported that palm biodiesel in par- Manufacturers (Gaikindo) has stated ticular results in a decrease in NOX, that not all vehicles can accept B15 Here, we review the effects of bio- postulating that the high saturation or higher biodiesel blends, and PT diesel—specifically, fatty acid methyl level and cetane number of palm bio- Pertamina, the largest fuel distributor esther—on vehicle component dura- diesel may contribute to this ben- in Indonesia, reports receiving com- bility and conventional pollutant eficial effect (Wirawan et al., 2008; plaints from automotive producers emissions. We do not address other Ng et al., 2011; Kinoshita, Hamasaki, that engines are limited to biodiesel renewable diesel substitutes such as & Jaqin, 2003). On the other hand, blends as low as 12.5% (Cahyafitri & hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). others have reported that palm bio- Yulisman, 2015). Vehicles specially This study focuses on palm biodiesel diesel increases NOX compared to designed for higher blends, such as where information is available, and fossil diesel (Acevedo & Mantilla, 2 INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL ON CLEAN TRANSPORTATION WORKING PAPER 2018-08 COMPATIBILITY OF MID-LEVEL BIODIESEL BLENDS IN VEHICLES IN INDONESIA 2011; Vedaraman, Puhan, Nagarajan, & 140% Velappan, 2011; Fattah, Masjuki, Kalam, Mofijur, & Abedin, 2014; Karavalakis, 120% Bakeas, Fontaras, & Stournas, 2011). 100% In particular, Acevedo and Mantilla (2011) measured 30%–130% higher 80% NO compared to fossil diesel when X 60% combusting 100% palm biodiesel in a heavy-duty diesel engine. We identi- compared to diesel 40% X fied and reviewed
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