Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry Environment Effects Statement (EES) Aboriginal Heritage Existing Conditions

Heritage Advisor: David Rhodes

Author: David Rhodes

September 2019

Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd This existing condition report provides information on the current condition of the environment at this moment in time only, as per the report date.

An impact assessment will be undertaken as part of the EES process and made available for review upon exhibition.

Providing existing condition reports is not a mandatory requirement of the EES.

Feedback is welcomed, please contact the Project Manager:

Email: [email protected]

Phone: 03 9274 3700

Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Disclaimer

The information contained in this report has been compiled from the standard heritage database sources and is accurate as far as Heritage Insight Pty Ltd is aware. No responsibility can be taken for errors or omissions in primary and secondary source material cited in this report. Any opinions expressed in this report are those of Heritage Insight Pty Ltd and do not necessarily represent those of Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd.

This report is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. Enquiries should be made to Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd or Heritage Insight Pty Ltd.

Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Quality Assurance/Signature Page

Document Version Number: 1

Date: 11/9/2019

Signatures:

Author ______Reviewer ______David Rhodes Alison O’Connor

Acknowledgements

Heritage Insight Pty Ltd would like to acknowledge and thank the following people for their assistance and participation in this study:

Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc.

Bobby Mullins, Allan Wandin and Ron Jones (Wurundjeri Elders) Catherine La Puma (Wurundjeri Cultural Officer) Wurundjeri Field representatives:

Shane Nicholson Perry Wandin Sean Wandin

Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation

Dan Turnbull (CEO) Robert Ogden (Cultural Heritage Manager) Bunurong Field Representatives:

Adam Maginnis Wayne Pepper Izzy Pepper Cory Simpson Mark Brown

Aboriginal Victoria Dr Dan Cummins

Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Heritage Insight Staff

GIS mapping: Katarina Audy Background research: Shannah Anderson Data compilation: Shannah Anderson Report editing: Jen Porter and Jessica Hardy

Hanson Construction Industries and AECOM

Stephanie Salinas Natasha Reifschneider Francesca Crossman

Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... i Abbreviations ...... v 1.0 Introduction ...... 6 1.1 Background to the EES ...... 6 1.1.1 Background to the Aboriginal Heritage Study ...... 6 1.1.2 Purpose of this Report...... 6 1.1.3 Study Objectives ...... 6 1.1.4 Scoping Requirements ...... 7 1.2 Project Overview ...... 7 1.2.1 Project Site ...... 8 1.2.2 Project Description ...... 10 1.2.3 Project Purpose ...... 10 1.2.4 Summary of Proposed Works and Activities ...... 11 1.3 Land Uses and Development Surrounding the Project Site ...... 11 2.0 Regulatory Requirements & Approach ...... 13 2.1 Legislative Framework ...... 13 2.1.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ...... 13 2.1.2 Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018 ...... 13 2.1.3 Planning and Environment Act 1987 ...... 14 2.2 Statutory Requirements for this Project ...... 15 2.3 RAPs with Responsibility for the Activity Area ...... 15 2.4 Traditional Owner Consultation Regarding the CHMP ...... 15 2.4.1 Consultation about Methodology ...... 16 2.4.2 Participation in the Assessment ...... 17 2.4.4 Summary Outcomes of Consultation ...... 19 3.0 Existing Conditions...... 20 3.1 Background ...... 20 3.1.1 Project Site ...... 20 3.1.2 Existing Land Uses within the Project Site ...... 20 3.1.3 Current Existing Conditions ...... 21 4.0 Assessment ...... 28 4.1 Methodology for the Desktop Assessment ...... 28 4.2 Methodology for the Standard Assessment (Surface Survey) ...... 28 4.3 Methodology for the Complex Assessment ...... 29 4.4 Results of the Desktop Assessment ...... 29 4.4.1 The Geographic Region ...... 29 4.4.2 Search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register ...... 37 4.4.3 Previous Archaeological Work in the Geographic Region ...... 37 4.4.5 Land-Use History of the Activity area ...... 41 4.5 Site Prediction Model ...... 49 4.6 Conclusions from the Desktop Assessment...... 50 4.7 Results of the Standard Assessment ...... 50

Page | i Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 4.7.1 Standard Assessment Results Quarry Site 2009 ...... 50 4.7.2 Standard Assessment Results Road Corridor 2018 ...... 51 4.7.3 Conclusions from the Standard Assessment...... 51 4.8. Results of the Complex Assessment ...... 52 4.8.1 Complex Assessment Results Quarry Site 2009 ...... 52 4.8.1.1 Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy...... 52 4.8.1.2 Shovel Probe and Auger Transects Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy ...... 52 4.8.1.3 Archaeological Sites Located ...... 53 4.9 Complex Assessment Results Road Corridor 2018 ...... 55 4.9. 1 Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy ...... 55 4.9.2 Machine Transects and Radial Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy ...... 56 4.9.3 Archaeological Sites Located by the Complex Assessment in the Road Corridor ...... 57 4.9. 4 Conclusions from the Complex Assessment (2009 and 2018) ...... 57 4.10 Artefact Analysis ...... 59 5.0 Conclusions ...... 62 References ...... 63 Appendix 1 - Summary Landscape Analysis ...... 67 Appendix 2: Glossary ...... 70

Figures

FIGURE 1: 1850S PLAN OF FOYNES RUN, THE ORIGINAL TOWNSHIP OF BUNYEEP AND THE OVERLAND TELEGRAPH LINE, WHICH BORDERED THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF THE STUDY AREA ...... 43 FIGURE 2: PARISH OF BUNYEEP, 1868 SHOWING ALLOTMENTS IN AND AROUND THE STUDY AREA ...... 44 FIGURE 3: 1947 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (LAND VICTORIA AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY) ...... 46 FIGURE 4: 1968 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (LAND VICTORIA AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY) ...... 47 FIGURE 5: 1985 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH (LAND VICTORIA AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY) ...... 48

Maps

MAP 1: LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITE...... 9 MAP 2: AERIAL IMAGE SHOWING THE CURRENT CONDITIONS IN THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 27 MAP 3: THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION IN WHICH THE ACTIVITY AREA IS LOCATED ...... 31 MAP 4: GEOLOGY ...... 32 MAP 5: 1750 EVC’S IN THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION ...... 36

Plates

PLATE 1: VIEW LOOKING NORTHEAST ALONG THE CENTRAL RIDGE AND SLOPES IN THE MAIN QUARRY SITE, TAKEN FROM NEAR THE WESTERN BOUNDARY (PHOTOGRAPH: D. RHODES 2009) ...... 22 PLATE 2: LOOKING WEST ALONG THE CENTRAL RIDGE IN THE MAIN QUARRY SITE (PHOTOGRAPH: D. RHODES 2009) ...... 22 PLATE 3: LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS SANDERS ROAD FROM THE RIDGELINE IN THE CENTRE OF THE MAIN QUARRY SITE (PHOTOGRAPH: D. RHODES 2009) ...... 23 PLATE 4: LOOKING EAST FROM THE SOUTH-WEST CORNER OF THE PROPERTY SHOWING SOUTH SLOPES AND TEA TREE COVERING SWAMPY GROUND (PHOTO: D. RHODES 2009)...... 23 PLATE 5: ROAD CORRIDOR LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS MAIN QUARRY SITE (PHOTOGRAPH: K. HISLOP AUGUST 11, 2017) ...... 24 PLATE 6: ROAD CORRIDOR LOOKING SOUTH TOWARDS CREST OF HILL AND HORSE PADDOCKS (PHOTOGRAPH: K. HISLOP AUGUST 11, 2017) ...... 24 PLATE 7: ROAD CORRIDOR AT CREST OF HILL IN HORSE PADDOCKS (PHOTOGRAPH: K. HISLOP AUGUST 11, 2017) ...... 25

Page | ii Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd PLATE 8: ROAD CORRIDOR, LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS CREST OF HILL IN HORSE PADDOCKS (PHOTOGRAPH: D. RHODES JANUARY 11, 2018) ...... 25 PLATE 9: SOUTH-EAST END OF ROAD CORRIDOR, LOOKING TOWARDS TONIMBUK ROAD (PHOTOGRAPH: D. RHODES JANUARY 11, 2018) ...... 26

Tables

TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF LANDSYSTEMS WITHIN THE BUNYIP QUARRY ACTIVITY AREA ...... 33 TABLE 2: ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LOCATED WITHIN 5 KM OF THE ACTIVITY AREA ...... 37 TABLE 3: SUMMARY DETAILS OF ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LOCATED DURING THE FIELD SURVEY...... 51 TABLE 4: SUMMARY DETAILS OF ABORIGINAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES LOCATED DURING THE COMPLEX ASSESSMENT OF THE QUARRY SITE ...... 54 TABLE 5: ABORIGINAL PLACES RECORDED IN THE ROAD CORRIDOR COMPLEX ASSESSMENT ...... 57

Please note that all maps and plans in this report are prepared using Victorian Government Standard GDA94 MGA coordinates (Zone 55).

Page | iii Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Executive Summary

This Aboriginal cultural heritage existing conditions report has been prepared prior to the release of the EES for a proposed hard rock quarry at Bunyip North. The aboriginal cultural assessment for this existing condition report originally commenced as a CHMP in 2008, then was placed on hold (but not withdrawn) by Hanson Construction Materials in 2010. Hanson subsequently resumed the CHMP in 2017. A Notice of Intent to prepare a CHMP was sent by the Sponsor to the Deputy Director of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. The cultural heritage advisor for the plan is David Rhodes, who has more than 30 years’ experience as a consultant in Victoria. The report has been prepared by David Rhodes, with contributions from Kathleen Hislop (2018) and Maya Barker (2009).

The activity area is located at 310 Sanders Road, Bunyip North and covers approximately 1.57 km2 of land on the main quarry site and a road corridor of approximately 109,600 m2 (Map 1). It encompasses a parcel of land known as County of Mornington, Parish of Bunyip North, Cardinia Shire (see Map 1). The current owner of the land is Hanson Construction Materials Pty Ltd.

Hanson Construction Materials is proposing to construct and operate a hard rock mine to be known as Bunyip North Quarry within the 1.57 km2 activity area described in Section 1.0. The quarry operation will involve the extraction of sand and granite within the activity area.

There are no Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAPs) appointed for the region in which the activity area is located. Consultation regarding the project was conducted with four Aboriginal communities during 2008 and two in 2018. In 2008, consultation regarding the field assessment was conducted with the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc, the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation, the Boon Wurrung Foundation and Wandoon Estate. Consultation regarding the results of the assessment was conducted in 2018 with the Wurundjeri and Bunurong Land Council. Details of consultation are contained in Section 2.4.

Methodology for the Assessment

The methodology for the assessment comprised a standard assessment (surface archaeological survey) and a complex assessment (sub-surface testing involving controlled excavation). Both stages of assessment were required for the quarry and the proposed internal road CHMP. The surface survey involved the field team systematically walking the ground surface of the quarry and the access road. Information regarding surface conditions, land disturbance and ground surface visibility was compiled during the standard assessment. Aboriginal places found during the standard assessment were recorded in the field. The complex assessment involved the hand excavation of test pits (in 2008 and 2018), auger transects (in 2008) and backhoe transects during 2017.

Results of the Desktop Assessment

The geographic region in which the activity area is located is the East Victorian Dissected Uplands within the locality of Bunyip North). The activity area is situated on steep hills which rise to a prominent ridge that extends in an east-west direction across the centre of the activity area. The ridge is formed on Palaeozoic Era Tynong Granite. Soils are sandy loams of the Jindivick Association) and are prone to mass movement and erosion (Sargeant 1975: 9). There is some evidence of soil mass movement in the activity area in the past, as indicated by colluvial aprons at the base of hill slopes (van de Graff 2010,).

Page | i Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Prior to European settlement, there would have been relatively few resources for Bunurong/Woiworung peoples available in the activity area, or more diverse resources on the surrounding alluvial plains. There are only ephemeral streams and small perched wetlands situated on the hills, giving limited supplies of freshwater. Native vegetation was predominantly lowland forest, which contained a range of plant resources utilised by Aboriginal people, including wattles, orchids and hardwoods. However, this EVC was even more widespread around the area of Cannibal Hill to the west.

There have been no previous archaeological surveys within the activity area and very few in the region as a whole. Smith (1989: 60) suggested that there would be a lower overall density of archaeological sites in the hills landform of the region. A survey of Bunyip State Park, (Murphy 2002: 49) identified sites on ridges, hill tops and saddles, but the main area of use was the river and creek valleys. Site types in the hills landform were entirely surface scatters of stone artefacts, probably associated with short-term campsites occupied by people moving through the hills (Murphy 2002: 48).

There are no previously registered Aboriginal archaeological sites within the activity area and only eleven sites recorded within a 5 km radius. However, there has been relatively little survey in the region as a whole so there is comparatively little data on the geographic distribution of archaeological sites. All 11 sites within a 5 km radius are surface scatters of stone artefacts.

The activity area has been settled by Europeans since the 1840s, when it formed part of Foynes’s pastoral run. The overland telegraph was constructed along the southern boundary of the activity area in the 1850s, following a track leading to the then township of Bunyeep on the west bank of the Bunyip River (see Figure 1). A road was subsequently surveyed along this alignment. It is likely that the activity area was logged during the second half of the nineteenth century, as it was situated close to a transport route; the land was subdivided for closer settlement and logging was the main industry in the area at the time. Aerial photography between 1968 and 1985 shows that even during that period there has been some regeneration and then almost complete clearing of native woodland. It is likely that there has been significant soil erosion within the activity area in the recent past because of land clearance. This is indicated by the shallow depth of topsoil and evidence of mass movement in the activity area.

The archaeological site prediction model for the study suggests that the activity area would have most likely been a route of movement for Bunurong/Woiworung traditional owners travelling between the alluvial plains east, north and south of the activity area and the ranges surrounding Cannibal Hill to the west. The ridge offers a natural route of movement between the plains at the western end of the La Trobe Valley to the east and the higher hills to the north. Archaeological sites are most likely to be remains associated with short-term or ‘stopover’ campsites. Most archaeological sites within the activity area are likely to have undergone some degree of disturbance due to soil erosion and land clearance.

Results of the Standard Assessment

Assessment in 2009

The standard assessment was carried out by David Rhodes and Kathleen Hislop (Heritage Insight Pty Ltd), Stephen Compton (formerly of the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation), Jamie Thomas (formerly of the Boon Wurrung Foundation) and Susan Pfeffer and Ronald Terrick (Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc) between 10–11/2/2009. The activity area was subdivided into paddocks and linear transects were walked along each paddock. Most of the activity area was surveyed in this way. It was not possible to survey along some of the areas of an ephemeral stream in the southwestern

Page | ii Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd quadrant of the activity area due to dense ti-tree regrowth. Ground visibility was generally poor, although there were some areas of higher visibility on vehicle tracks and on the ridgeline.

A total of five Aboriginal archaeological sites were located during the field survey. All of these sites were LDADs and all were the product of secondary deposition, that is, the artefacts had eroded out of the soil profile from a higher point on a hill slope and been moved into their present position either as a result of soil erosion/water movement or possibly vehicle movement in some cases. There was considerable evidence of soil disturbance and erosion noted during the field survey.

Assessment Results 2018

A standard assessment was conducted by David Rhodes, Alison O’Connor (Heritage Insight), Shane Nicholson (Wurundjeri) and Adam Maginnis (BLCAC) on 11/1/2018. Three surface artefacts were recorded during the standard assessment. The artefacts were subsequently merged with additional material found during the complex assessment.

Results of the Complex Assessment

Complex Assessment Results 2009

A complex assessment was carried out in the activity area and was supervised by archaeologists David Rhodes and Maya Barker, who were assisted by archaeologists Kathleen Hislop and Rupert Mann. Representatives from all four Aboriginal community organisations participated in the field assessment (see E3). Two test pits were first excavated on the hills landform and on a colluvial apron, as required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 20018. These were 1m2 test pits.

A total of 85 auger and shovel probe transects were excavated across the activity area. In addition, a further 12x1 m2 test pits were excavated by hand within the activity area. Each auger transect was between 20–50 m in length and shovel probe transects up to 50 m in length were also excavated.

Soil profiles on the hills landform were a grey to grey-brown sandy loam, extending to depths of over 500 mm and overlying a dark brown clay. On the colluvial apron, soils comprised around 300 mm of silt overlying a stiff reddish-yellow clay. A total of 13 subsurface Aboriginal archaeological sites were located during the complex assessment. Only four of these archaeological sites contained deposits of more than three artefacts. Stone artefacts at each of the sites were distributed between 100–400 mm in the soil profile. Technological analysis of the stone assemblage did not appear to demonstrate any associations between artefacts from depths lower and higher in the soil profile. This suggests that the artefacts accumulated more gradually in the soil profile.

Thin-section analysis of stone samples conducted by Peter Browne of Hanson Construction Materials indicated that the stone artefacts were predominantly made of a grey siltstone and also of other sedimentary rocks. Some crystal quartz and opaque quartz was also present in the stone assemblage in smaller quantities. The sedimentary rocks are derived from stone sources in the Silurian mudstones of the lower foothills and the quartz may have been obtained from veins exposed in granite; however, none was found in the activity area.

The stone assemblage comprised almost equal amounts of complete flakes, broken flakes and debitage from tool manufacture (see Glossary, Appendix 2 for a definition of terms), with very few formal tools or cores.

Page | iii Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd The stone analysis indicated that stone working was not the primary activity at any of the sites located within the activity area. It is more likely that stone artefacts were discarded in low quantities at short-term or ‘stopover’ campsites occupied by people moving across the ridge between the alluvial plains and the higher ranges around Cannibal Hill to the west. At some sites, it appears that the artefacts may have accumulated gradually over a long period to time. Unfortunately, no material suitable for radiocarbon dating was located and both thermoluminescence and OSL dating were unreliable due to soil erosion, which can reset dates on exposure of buried quartz sand grains to sunlight.

All of the archaeological sites are assessed as being of some historic and social value to contemporary Aboriginal communities and the wider local community, but only four were assessed as having some scientific value.

Complex Assessment Results 2018

Two Aboriginal Places were found during the complex assessment carried out during 2018. One was a surface scatter and low-density subsurface deposits of stone artefacts, situated on the slopes and crest of a hill and also on a bench, mid-slope overlooking a minor drainage line. The second was a subsurface deposit of stone artefacts contained in deposits of grey granitic sand at depths of up to 400 mm. The site is situated on the crest of a hill, overlooking the plain at the western end of the LaTrobe Valley. A charcoal feature, possibly a hearth, found at this site, was dated to 251+/-24 calBP (Wk47259).

The stone assemblage found was not significantly different to that found at Aboriginal Places in the main quarry site. Silcrete was present at all locations sampled during the standard and complex assessment but was absent from Aboriginal Places in the main quarry site.

Page | iv Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Abbreviations

AAG – Activity Advisory Group ACHRIS – Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System ASL – Above Sea Level AV – Aboriginal Victoria BLCAC – Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation BLSA – Bunurong Land and Sea Association BT – Backhoe Transect BWFL – Boon Wurrung Foundation Limited CBD – Central Business District CHMP – Cultural Heritage Management Plan DBYD – Dial Before You Dig DEDJTR – Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources dGPS or differential GPS – Differential Global Positioning System DPC – Department of Premier and Cabinet EMP – Environmental Management Plan EVC – Ecological Vegetation Class GDA94 – Geocentric Datum of Australia 1994 HA – Heritage Advisor LDAD – Low Density Artefact Distribution LGM – Last Glacial Maximum MGA – Map Grid of Australia MT – Machine Transect NOI – Notice of Intent to Prepare a CHMP OH&S – Occupational Health and Safety PAD – Potential Archaeological Deposit PAS – Potential Archaeological Sensitivity PSP – Precinct Structure Plan RAP – Registered Aboriginal Party RTP – Radial Shovel Test Pit STP – Shovel Test Pit T – Transect TO – Traditional Owner TP – Test Pit VAHC – Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council VAHR – Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register Wurundjeri or WTLCCHC – Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Incorporated

Please note that all maps and plans in this CHMP are prepared using Victorian Government Standard GDA94 MGA coordinates (Zone 55).

Page | v Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the EES The proposed Bunyip North Quarry Project was referred to the Minister for Planning to seek advice on the need for an Environment Effects Statement (EES) under the Environment Effects Act 1978.

On the 22 November 2015 the Minister issued his decision that an EES is required for the project and issued procedures and requirements that are to apply to the EES.

The proposed Project is proposed to be located in Bunyip North, Victoria on land which is currently a greenfield site. The site has been identified as containing a suitable granite rock resource of a quality and volume to meet future market needs given that current accessible resources of Hanson are steadily heading towards depletion.

The proposed quarry site has been identified within a Stone Extraction and Extractive Industry Area (SEIIA) and a site of high importance for Melbourne’s future growth. Many SEIIAs are becoming sterilised through urban growth and surrounding land uses however, the location of the subject site in Bunyip North, has the potential to provide a valuable resource to Victoria through its quality stone, close proximity to the Melbourne market and excellent access to the major road network.

1.1.1 Background to the Aboriginal Heritage Study A CHMP has been prepared for the activity, pursuant to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018. The CHMP will be evaluated by Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. The results of the assessment and management conditions contained in this EES are identical to those provided in the CHMP. The CHMP was prepared in association with the following traditional owner groups:

• Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc. • Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation

Both organisations claim traditional owner rights in relation to Aboriginal cultural heritage in the region of the activity area and both organisations are appointed as Registered Aboriginal Parties (RAP’s) for areas of land that do not include the activity area. Consultation has occurred with both traditional owner groups during the assessment, but as no RAP has been appointed for the region of the activity area, the CHMP will be evaluated by Aboriginal Victoria.

1.1.2 Purpose of this Report The purpose of this report is to present the existing conditions of the proposed quarry site with regard to Aboriginal cultural heritage.

1.1.3 Study Objectives The objectives of the Aboriginal heritage study were to:

Page | 6 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd • provide an overview of the potential for historic heritage to be present within the boundaries of the Bunyip North Quarry; • document the location of any previously unidentified historic heritage that may be impacted by the construction of the quarry; and

1.1.4 Scoping Requirements The scoping requirements for the EES, set by the Minister for Planning specify the draft evaluation objectives and provide the context for the technical studies informing the EES.

The relevant evaluation objective is to avoid or minimise adverse effects on, among other things, Aboriginal cultural heritage.

The requirements relevant to the Aboriginal heritage assessment include the following:

• Priorities for characterising the existing environment

- Identify and document any known and previously unidentified places and sites of Aboriginal cultural heritage significance within the study area and its vicinity, including any necessary investigations to supplement past studies, having regard to the heritage overlay of the Cardinia Planning Scheme and the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018.

1.2 Project Overview The Project is located in Bunyip North, Victoria on land which is currently utilised for grazing purposes. The site has been identified by Hanson as containing a granite rock resource of a quality and volume to meet future market needs given that Hanson’s current accessible resources are steadily heading towards depletion.

DEDJTR has identified the site as being located within an Extractive Industry Interest Area (EIIA) within the Cardinia Shire. The EIIA designation is applied to land that has been identified as being likely to contain stone resources of sufficient quantity and quality to support a commercial extractive industry operation.

The purpose of the EIIA as stated on the Energy and Earth Resources webpage is to:

• ‘provide a basis for the long-term protection of stone resources from sterilisation by other land uses, • provide a basis for ensuring the long-term availability of stone resources for use by the community and at minimal detriment to the environment, • assist in considering extractive industry values in long term strategic planning, • ensure that planning or responsible authorities consult with all relevant agencies about land use proposals which may impact on the reduction of stone resources within these areas, and

Page | 7 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd • create an awareness that extractive industry is a possible land use in these areas.’

Hanson consider the Project has the potential to provide a valuable resource to Victoria through its quality and quantity of stone, close proximity to the Melbourne market and excellent access to the major road network which is supported by its location in the EIIA.

1.2.1 Project Site The Project Site is located in Bunyip North approximately eighty-two kilometres southeast of Melbourne (Map 1), Victoria on land owned by Hanson and formally described as:

• Lot 1 on TP251325, Certificate of Title Volume 06882 Folio 379 • Lot 1 on PS531586, Certificate of Title Volume 10943 Folio 321 • Lot 2 on PS531586, Certificate of Title Volume 10943 Folio 322 • Lot 8 on LP116228, Certificate of Title Volume 09290 Folio 352 • Part Lot 3 on PS520625

The Project Site is bound by Sanders Road to the north, private agricultural land to the southeast and partially bound by private property and Wallaby Court to the west. In addition, the site boundary extends to the southeast forming the proposed access road.

The Project Site has an area of approximately 160 hectares and a stone reserve comprising approximately 135 million tonnes of granite rock with potential to resource production of crushed rock products for a period of 69 years, depending on demand.

Page | 8 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Map 1: Location of the project site

Page | 9 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 1.2.2 Project Description Hanson proposes to establish a granite quarry on a greenfield site in Bunyip North. The stone reserves at the site comprise about 130 million tonnes of granite, which is likely to resource production of crushed rock products over a period of 69 years, depending on demand. The project site covers some 160 hectares and has frontages to Bunyip-Tonimbuk Road and Sanders Road. The indicative pit design has a footprint of about 118 hectares, and a maximum depth of about 140 metres below natural surface, which is undulating.

Development and operation of the proposed Bunyip North Quarry will involve the:

• removal of vegetation, topsoil and overburden to enable stone extraction; • removal of granite through controlled blasting and mechanical extraction; • onsite processing of stone; • mixing of aggregates on site; • progressive rehabilitation of extracted areas; • transportation of stone and aggregates from site; and • final rehabilitation (post resource exhaustion).

1.2.3 Project Purpose The quality and extent of raw material found at the Hanson Project Site is becoming scarce either through depletion as Melbourne grows or through sterilisation caused by encroachment of incompatible development. Hanson’s Lysterfield hard rock reserves are nearing depletion and the remaining resources are of a quality which is not suitable for all products. As a result of the above factors, Hanson identified and purchased the Project Site within the Extraction and Extractive Industry Area with a view to developing a new quarry to utilise the granite reserve to provide long term supply for hard rock aggregate to the Melbourne market.

The Project Site has an estimated reserve of 130 million tonnes and is considered by Hanson a critical, long term resource when considered in the wider context of scarcity of similar reserves.

The primary rationale for the Project is to fully utilise the granite resource available within the Extractive Industry Interest Area EIIA location.

Through undertaking the Project, Hanson aims to achieve complementary objectives of:

• Providing long term certainty and commercial stability for ongoing Hanson operations • Providing employment during construction and operations of the quarry • Contributing to the local, regional and State economies through capital expenditure, multiplier benefits to local businesses, and employment. • Continuing to conduct operations in an environmentally responsible manner by understanding and managing environmental impacts.

Page | 10 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

1.2.4 Summary of Proposed Works and Activities The following components of the proposed works and activities are relevant to an assessment of historic heritage impacts.

Development

On the basis that the project receives approval, a number of site preparation activities are required and must be completed before quarry activities can commence. These include the following:

• Relocation of the services • Construction of the access road to the processing facility via Tonimbuk Road • Vegetation clearance for the first quarry stage and processing plant • Construction of the plant equipment and weighbridge • Preparation of stockpile areas • Implementation and construction of drainage channels, sediment and collection dams • Decommissioning of the current dwelling and water tanks • Commissioning of site offices • Erection of perimeter security fencing

Operation

The quarry phase is expected to last approximately 69 years depending on the future level of resource demand. The following key activity is relevant to an assessment of historic heritage impacts:

• Topsoil and Overburden Removal and Storage

Topsoil is progressively removed on an “as needed” basis and stockpiled for later rehabilitation works Overburden is then progressively removed and either used directly for rehabilitation purposes or stockpiled for future rehabilitation use and/or sold as a general fill or utilised in the production of lower quality processed road base materials.

1.3 Land Uses and Development Surrounding the Project Site The properties surrounding the Project Site comprise commercial and residential properties, as well as public open space reserve:

Page | 11 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Commercial Land Use • Tonimbuk Equestrian Centre • Garfield North Education Centre • Linden Brook Pastoral • Bridlewood Farm

Agriculture & Broad Acre Residential Land Use

The land surrounding the Project Site is predominately used for agricultural broad acre farming and residential land uses. Twenty-four dwellings are located within 500 metres of the Project Site boundary, 19 dwellings between 500 metres and 1000 metres from the Project Site boundary and 33 dwellings located between 1000 and 1500 metres from the Project Site boundary.

Publicly recorded pastoral properties within the area include Linden Brook Pastoral located to the south and Bridlewood Farm, located to the north of the Project Site.

Public Open Space Reserves

Mt Cannibal Flora and Fauna Reserve

Mount Cannibal Flora and Fauna Reserve is located off Garfield North Road, Bunyip North. The reserve is Council owned and managed and is identified by Cardinia Shire Council as ‘the most identifiable peak in the eastern reaches of Cardinia Shire’. It is situated approximately 1.7km x 730 to the SE of the geographic centre of the Project Site.

Page | 12 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 2.0 Regulatory Requirements & Approach

2.1 Legislative Framework 2.1.1 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) is the Commonwealth legislation that provides a legal framework to protect and manage nationally and internationally important flora, fauna, ecological communities and heritage places defined in the Act as matters of national environmental significance. The EPBC Act administers the National and Commonwealth Heritage Lists.

The Australian Government Minister for the Environment decides whether assessment and approval is required under the EPBC Act for any actions that have, or are likely to have a ‘significant impact’ on one or more of the nine matters of national environmental significance: • World heritage places; • National heritage places; • Wetlands of international importance (under the Ramsar Convention); • Listed threatened species and ecological communities; • Migratory species; • Commonwealth marine areas; • The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park; • Nuclear actions (including uranium mines); and • A water resource, in relation to coal seam gas development and large coal mining development.

The proponent has already referred this project to the Commonwealth under the EPBC Act and the project was determined to be a 'controlled' action. The assessment of the project is therefore being undertaken through the current EES process.

2.1.2 Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018

Blanket projection to all Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria is provided by the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, which is supported by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018. The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 provides for:

• The ownership and custody of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage; • The protection of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage; • The preparation of mandatory and voluntary Cultural Heritage Management Plans for Aboriginal Cultural Heritage; • The making of Cultural Heritage Agreements; • Provision of cultural heritage audits stop orders and protection declarations; • Resolution of disputes regarding Aboriginal Cultural Heritage;

Page | 13 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd • Administration of the Act, including the appointment of an Aboriginal Heritage Council and Registered Aboriginal Parties; and • Enforcement provisions.

Under Sections 27-28 of the Act, harming Aboriginal cultural heritage or doing an Act likely to harm Aboriginal cultural heritage is unlawful. Penalties may apply for a breach of Sections 27 or 28. In addition, the Act provides for the issue of Stop Orders (Part 6, Division 2) and Interim or On-Going Declarations of Preservation (Part 7 Divisions 1-2) where the Act has been breached.

Harm to Aboriginal cultural heritage is permitted when either a Permit to Harm Aboriginal Cultural Heritage is issued or an approved Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) which allows for harm to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage is completed. In some circumstances the preparation of a mandatory CHMP is required. These circumstances are set out in Part 2 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018.

The preparation of a mandatory CHMP is required where an activity is carried out within an area of cultural heritage sensitivity defined in Part 2, Division 3 of the Regulations and where that activity is a high impact activity defined in Part 2, Division 5 of the Regulations.

The CHMP must comply with standards set out in Part 3 and Schedule 2 of the Regulations. Once completed, the CHMP must be submitted for evaluation. Where a Registered Aboriginal Party is appointed, the plan will be evaluated by the RAP. Where no RAP is appointed, the plan is evaluated by the delegate of the Secretary, Department of Premier and Cabinet.

2.1.3 Planning and Environment Act 1987 The Planning and Environment Act (1987) and the Cardinia Planning Scheme including clause 15.03-2 also provide some protection for Aboriginal places. An objective of the Planning and Environment Act (1987) is to "conserve and enhance those buildings, areas or other places which are of scientific, aesthetic, architectural or historical interest, or otherwise of special cultural value." Clause 15.03-2 states:

"15.03-2 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage"

Objective

To ensure the protection and conservation of places of Aboriginal cultural heritage significance.

Strategies

Identify, assess and document places of Aboriginal cultural heritage significance, in consultation with Registered Aboriginal Parties, as a basis for their inclusion in the planning scheme. Provide for the protection and conservation of pre- and post-contact Aboriginal cultural heritage places. Ensure that permit approvals align with recommendations of a Cultural Heritage Management Plan approved under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006.

Page | 14 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Policy Guidelines

Planning must consider as relevant: • The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 for all Aboriginal cultural heritage. • The findings and recommendations of the Aboriginal Heritage Council. • The finding and recommendations of the Victorian Heritage Council for post-contact Aboriginal heritage places where relevant.

2.2 Statutory Requirements for this Project The preparation of a mandatory CHMP will be required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018. The CHMP will be required because the activity area is within an area of cultural heritage sensitivity since it contains and is within 50m of a number of Registered Aboriginal Places (Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018, Division 3 22(1) (3)). The proposed activity is a high impact activity because it requires an Earth Resource Authorisation (Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 20018, Division 5, 48 (a) (b)). Part 4, Division 1, Section 49 (1) (2) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 also requires the preparation of a CHMP for an Environmental Effects Statement. The Minister for Planning has directed that an EES be prepared for the proposed quarry.

This EES report is not a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) pursuant to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. The assessment has been carried out in consultation with Aboriginal Victoria, the Wurundjeri Tribe Land and Compensation Cultural Heritage Council Inc. and the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation. Because no Registered Aboriginal Party is appointed for the region, Aboriginal Victoria is responsible for evaluating the plan.

2.3 RAPs with Responsibility for the Activity Area At present there is no Registered Aboriginal Party (RAP) with the responsibility for the activity area. AV is currently administering the region until a Registered Aboriginal Party (RAP) is appointed, in accordance with Section 54 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. The Secretary is evaluating the plan under s.65(1)(b)(i).

There are two Registered Aboriginal Parties who claim an interest in the activity area. These are the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc. and the Bunurong Land Council. Consultation with both groups occurred in relation to the current assessment.

Both the Wurundjeri and Bunurong were consulted extensively in relation to the 2009–2010 assessment. During the 2009 assessment, the Wurundjeri, Bunurong and the former Boon Wurrung foundation were consulted about and participated in the assessment.

2.4 Traditional Owner Consultation Regarding the CHMP Consultation with AV and the Traditional Owners (TO) took place from the outset of this project and is documented below.

The Traditional Owners are represented by the two RAP groups appointed for the Melbourne area, specifically the Wurundjeri Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council and the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation.

Page | 15 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 2.4.1 Consultation about Methodology A project inception meeting was held with all the (then) recognised Aboriginal communities on 10/10/2008 to explain the project and to discuss the proposed field methodology. The meeting was held at the activity area and a site walkover was carried out. Present were:

Peter Browne, Hanson Construction Materials David Rhodes, Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Stephen Compton, formerly a cultural office with the Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation (BLCAC) Allan Wandin, formerly the CEO of Wandoon Estate John Belling, former Cultural Officer of the former Boon Wurrung Foundation (BWF)

A separate meeting was held with Meg Goulding, formerly the CEO of the Wurundjeri Tribe Land Compensation and Cultural Heritage Council Inc to discuss the project on 2/11/2008.

There were no objections to the methodology proposed for the subsurface testing. It was agreed with all parties that if the opportunity existed to expand the programme of testing during the time available for fieldwork, the scope of testing would be extended to try and ensure the maximum amount of ground coverage.

On September 26, 2017, a project inception meeting was held to review the 2009 CHMP results for the quarry. The meeting was held with representatives of the Wurundjeri and BLCAC. At the time that the project commenced, both of these organisations were RAPs who represented Traditional Owner groups within the region of the activity area. The meeting was held on site to allow all participants to gain a better understanding of the activity area on the ground. A copy of the previous 2008 draft CHMP was sent to all participants.

The meeting was attended by:

Stephanie Salinas (Hanson) Dan Cummins (Aboriginal Victoria) Bobby Mullins, Allan Wandin and Ron Jones (Wurundjeri Elders) Catherine La Puma (Wurundjeri Cultural Officer) Dan Turnbull (CEO, Bunurong Land Council Aboriginal Corporation) David Rhodes (Director, Heritage Insight)

David Rhodes discussed the results of the previous assessment with all meeting participants. The meeting participants walked up to the ridge in the main extraction area and pointed out the locations of archaeological sites located during standard and complex assessments carried out in 2008 and 2009. The management conditions from the previous CHMP were also discussed.

The meeting participants also walked along part of the road corridor to the west of existing horse paddocks and the proposed methodology for subsurface testing and the location of machine trenches were discussed. There were no specific objections from AV, Wurundjeri or BLCAC representatives, although Catherine La Puma queried whether additional trenches should be dug to sample the corridor. David Rhodes explained that the transects and two 1x1 m test pits had been placed to provide a reasonable cross-section of landforms across the road corridor, avoiding areas that had been subject to heavy disturbance. He also stated that, based on the results of the

Page | 16 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd subsurface testing carried out in 2008–2009, the areas of highest sensitivity were the high points on the granite hills, across the centre and east sections of the road corridor. David Rhodes stated that a results and recommendations meeting would be held on site after the fieldwork was completed.

2.4.2 Participation in the Assessment Between 2008–2009, representatives from the BLCAC, Wurundjeri and the former BWF and the former Wandoon Estate participated during the standard and complex assessments. During the fieldwork, it was found that the programme of testing could be extended, particularly to include greater coverage of colluvial aprons and lower slopes to the south, and in Area O. The extended testing programme was discussed with Aboriginal community representatives while fieldwork was in progress. Locations of some of the auger transects in the extended testing programme were selected in consultation with Aboriginal community representatives.

Sometime after the fieldwork was completed, Peter Browne from Hanson Construction Services offered to thin-section some artefacts to determine the types of raw materials present and their possible source. Four examples of common raw materials present at the archaeological sites were selected for thin-sectioning. No tools or complete artefacts were sectioned, and it was not possible to sample examples of all the raw materials present for that reason.

Prior to thin-sectioning the artefacts, the Heritage Advisor, David Rhodes, wrote to each of the Aboriginal organisations concerned on 16/3/2009, to explain the purpose of thin-sectioning the artefacts and to seek approval to do so. The Heritage Advisor obtained permission from all communities to thin-section the artefacts. The Wurundjeri gave permission on 16/3/2009. The BLCAC gave permission, subject to obtaining a report on the results, on 17/3/2009. The former BWF responded with permission on 28/3/2009 and the former Wandoon Estate granted permission on 18/3/2009. Although a statutory approval from the communities was not needed to thin-section the artefacts, it was considered appropriate to ask permission from organisations representing Traditional Owners beforehand.

During January 2018, representatives of the BLCAC and Wurundjeri participated in the standard and complex assessments for the road corridor on all days of fieldwork.

A meeting was also held with Brad Duncan and Alex Wisniowiecka from Aboriginal Affairs Victoria (AAV) on 17/3/2010. David Rhodes from Heritage Insight Pty Ltd and Peter Browne from Hanson Construction Materials also attended the meeting. The issue of using soil augers for testing was discussed (see Section 5.3.1.2) and Peter Browne discussed the possibility of doing salvage works in stages. AAV would not provide specific comment on the results of the testing but stated that they would comment on the CHMP.

An on-site meeting was held on March 8, 2018 to discuss the results of the assessment and proposed management conditions. This meeting was attended by representatives of AV and Wurundjeri; unfortunately, due to an administrative error, there were no representatives of the BLCAC present. The results of the assessment and management recommendations were discussed separately with Robert Ogden of the BLCAC at a meeting on March 15, 2018.

People who attended the on-site meeting on March 8, 2018 were:

Page | 17 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Stephanie Salinas (Hanson) Dan Cummins (Aboriginal Victoria) Bobby Mullins, Allan Wandin and Ron Jones (Wurundjeri Elders) Catherine La Puma (Wurundjeri Cultural Officer) David Rhodes (Heritage Insight)

The results of the assessment of the road corridor were discussed and the locations where the test pits and machine transects were excavated were inspected on the ground. This included an Aboriginal Place at the far-east end of the activity area.

A meeting attended by David Rhodes (Heritage Insight), Liz Kilpatrick (AV) and Emma Rae (AV) was held on 21/5/2019 to discuss the need for further survey following bushfires early in 2019. It was agreed that no further survey was necessary, in part because there had already been grass regrowth over much of the activity area which had reduced visibility. Other issues raised by Liz and Emma in the meeting included;

i) Whether or not the road reserves on Tonimbuk Valley Road needed to be included in the activity area; ii) Whether there would be construction of an interchange on the Princes Freeway as part of the project; iii) Whether a recent land purchase to provide a buffer would need to be included in the activity area; iv) Suggesting that archaeological salvage carried out on the site should be carried out at the same time rather than during different stages of the quarry; v) Whether it was possible to show the position of sites and artefacts in the landscape clearly, to provide a long-term record of how the archaeological sites appeared before the quarry; and vi) Whether new horse trails will be built to take the place of trails used by the equestrian centre that will be bisected by the new haul road.

Because representatives of AECOM and Hanson were unable to attend the meeting, these questions were forwarded to AECOM/Hanson for comment. In relation to (v) above, David Rhodes suggested that it should be possible to build a digital terrain model (DTM) of the quarry to create a permanent record of the position of sites in the landscape. Natasha Reifschneider of AECOM responded to the remaining comments. In relation to (i) and (ii) above, AECOM stated that there would be no road duplication and construction of the interchange, if this happened in future, would be carried out as a separate project. Therefore, there was no need to include the road reserve (except at the entrance to the haul road) in the activity area. The latter entrance had already been included in the Activity Area. In relation to (iii), AECOM stated that the land use on the recently purchased property would not alter; David Rhodes suggested that there may not necessarily be any need to include it in the activity area for the CHMP. During initial discussions with AV at the start of the project, it was agreed that all sites where no new work would occur, need not be included in the CHMP. Hanson agreed that all archaeological salvage works could occur simultaneously before the quarry commenced operations. In relation to (vi), Hanson stated that no new horse trails would be built for the new quarry.

Page | 18 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 2.4.4 Summary Outcomes of Consultation Although there were changes in the organisations representing Traditional Owners between 2008- 2018, consultation occurred with all relevant organisations regarding the scope of the project, the proposed fieldwork methodologies and management conditions. . It was agreed by Hanson that a DTM could be built for the site and that all of the recommended archaeological salvage could be carried out simultaneously prior to the quarry commencing operations.

Page | 19 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 3.0 Existing Conditions

3.1 Background 3.1.1 Project Site The Project Site is located at 310 Sanders Road, Bunyip North and covers approximately 2.5065km2 of land (Map 1). It encompasses a parcel of land known as County of Mornington, Parish of Bunyip North, Cardina Shire and comprises:

The Project Site has an area of approximately 160 hectares and a stone reserve comprising approximately 130 million tonnes of granite rock with potential to resource production of crushed rock products for a period of 69 years, depending on demand.

3.1.2 Existing Land Uses within the Project Site The Bunyip North Quarry is proposed to be developed on private land owned by Hanson currently utilised for the following land uses: • Grazing Pasture Land • Residential Land Use • Farm Storage (sheds) • Water capture and storage for farming purposes

Pasture Land

The majority of the Project Site is cleared farmland which has been highly modified by grazing activity which has also resulted in modification to the naturally occurring vegetation.

Residential Land Use

A residential dwelling is located approximately 250 metres south of the northern Sanders Road boundary which is accessed via a private driveway. The dwelling owned by Hanson, is currently leased to tenants. A dam and an unused shed are located within close proximity to the dwelling directly to the southeast

Page | 20 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Sheds

A number of sheds are located within the Project Site boundary and utilised for hay and farm storage. Specifically, three sheds are located in the northeast corner of the Project Site, one to the south of the dwelling and another to the west of Tonimbuk Road within the access road footprint.

Water Tanks

Two water tanks are located centrally on the Project Site and within close proximity to the residential dwelling at the highest point.

Perimeter Fencing

Wire fencing has been established around a large portion of the Project Site boundary.

3.1.3 Current Existing Conditions The project site is in Bunyip North approximately 82 kilometres south-east of Melbourne, Victoria on land owned by Hanson (Map 2). The project site is bound by Sanders Road to the north, private agricultural land to the south-east and partially bound by private property and Wallaby Court to the west. In addition, the activity area boundary encompasses a road corridor to the south-east between the main quarry site and Tonimbuk Road. The road will be used as a haul road to the quarry. Existing conditions in the activity area are shown in Plates 1–9.

The CHMP covers 100% of the activity area, including the proposed extraction pit, the buffer zone and the corridor containing the road alignment (Map 2). The land is largely cleared of native vegetation and is currently used for grazing and horse riding (Map 2). There are five farm dams on minor drainage lines in the land to be used as a quarry and a string of dams on a modified natural drainage line crossing the road corridor (Map 2). A large brick two-storey farmhouse is situated near the crest of the ridge in the main quarry. A second abandoned weatherboard house and associated outbuildings are situated in the north-west corner of the property. There are horse paddocks on the road alignment.

Most of the activity area is situated on a series of prominent east-west granite ridges, which rise to 145–150 m above sea level in the centre and at the western edge of the proposed quarry pit (see Plate 1). Granite tors outcrop on the ridge at the western end. Sheet granite is exposed at the eastern end of the quarry and on the higher points of the road corridor to the east. The north facing slopes of the ridge in the quarry are more uniform but pronounced stream incision on the south slopes has formed two prominent spurs, which face in a south-easterly direction. The southern slopes are generally steeper than those on the north (Map 2).

In the south-western quadrant of the proposed quarry, there is a small incised drainage line which rises on the south side of the ridge and drains south into a tributary of Cannibal Creek, which is situated outside and south of the activity area. Farm dams have been constructed on this and other drainage lines falling south and south-east from the ridge.

Towards the western end of the ridge, there are a small number of perched wetlands with shallow water tables. These are situated at the head of an ephemeral stream, which runs south-east from

Page | 21 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd the crest of the ridge. The perched wetlands contain some wetland vegetation, including Juncus (spiny rush).

Plate 1: View looking northeast along the central ridge and slopes in the main quarry site, taken from near the western boundary (Photograph: D. Rhodes 2009)

Plate 2: Looking west along the central ridge in the main quarry site (Photograph: D. Rhodes 2009)

Page | 22 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Plate 3: Looking north towards Sanders Road from the ridgeline in the centre of the main quarry site (Photograph: D. Rhodes 2009)

Plate 4: Looking east from the south-west corner of the property showing south slopes and tea tree covering swampy ground (Photo: D. Rhodes 2009).

Page | 23 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Plate 5: Road corridor looking north towards main quarry site (Photograph: K. Hislop August 11, 2017)

Plate 6: Road corridor looking south towards crest of hill and horse paddocks (Photograph: K. Hislop August 11, 2017)

Page | 24 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Plate 7: Road corridor at crest of hill in horse paddocks (Photograph: K. Hislop August 11, 2017)

Plate 8: Road corridor, looking north towards crest of hill in horse paddocks (Photograph: D. Rhodes January 11, 2018)

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Plate 9: South-east end of road corridor, looking towards Tonimbuk Road (Photograph: D. Rhodes January 11, 2018)

Page | 26 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Map 2: Aerial image showing the current conditions in the activity area

Page | 27 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 4.0 Existing Conditions Assessment

This section describes the methodology for assessing impacts to Aboriginal cultural heritage and the results of that assessment. The project methodology is partly dictated by the requirements for the CHMP and partly dictated by the nature of the development and the landscape in which the development occurs. 4.1 Methodology for the Desktop Assessment The aim of the desktop assessment was to produce an archaeological site prediction model to identify the likelihood of Aboriginal cultural heritage to be located within the activity area. In turn, this assists in the design of fieldwork (survey and/or subsurface testing) and subsequent management conditions.

The desktop assessment involved a review of:

• Historical and ethno-historical accounts of Aboriginal occupation of the geographic region and a review of any written and oral local history relevant to the activity area; • Environmental resources available to Aboriginal people within the region of the activity area; • The site registry at AV and previous archaeological studies to identify any previously registered Aboriginal archaeological sites either within or surrounding the activity area and the results of previous archaeological assessments; • The land-use history of the activity area, particularly evidence for the extent and nature of past land disturbance; and • The landforms or geomorphology of the activity area and identification and determination of the geographic region of which the activity area forms a part that is relevant to the Aboriginal cultural heritage that may be present in the activity area.

This information was used to produce an archaeological site prediction model. The site prediction model assists in determining the type of archaeological sites which may potentially occur within the activity area, the possible contents of these sites, the possible past use of the landscape by Aboriginal people and the likely extent of ground disturbance to archaeological sites.

4.2 Methodology for the Standard Assessment (Surface Survey)

A standard assessment is a surface archaeological survey. This may locate evidence of surface sites but will not necessarily find buried archaeological deposits. The methodology for the standard assessment is informed by the desktop assessment and the site prediction model.

The aim of the field survey was to:

• identify any surface evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage; and • identify areas of potential sensitivity for Aboriginal cultural heritage.

The field survey was undertaken in accordance with proper archaeological practice, pursuant to Section 59 of the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018.

Page | 28 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd The methodology for the standard assessment aimed to sample as much of the activity area as possible, although there were some difficulties with terrain in some locations.

4.3 Methodology for the Complex Assessment As required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018, test pits were excavated on each landform within the study area. The test pits were excavated by hand. All soil was passed through a 0.5mm sieve or smaller where necessary. Further excavation was carried out by the excavation of regularly spaced mechanical augers within the extraction area. The mechanical augers were excavated along linear transects of up to 50m in length. All soil was sieved in increments of 100mm. In the road corridor, further sub-surface testing was carried out using backhoe excavation in transects of 5m and in increments of 100mm. All excavated soil was passed through a mechanical sieve with a 0.5mm mesh. Cultural materials found during the testing were bagged with reference to provenance and retained for further analysis.

4.4 Results of the Desktop Assessment 4.4.1 The Geographic Region

The geographic region is the locality of Bunyip situated in the geomorphic province of the East Victorian Dissected Uplands (see Map 3) and covering an area of approximately 16.7 km2. A summary of relevant information about the geology, geomorphology, soils, pre-contact vegetation, climate and water sources within the geographic region is contained in Table 1.

The predominant landforms in the region are hills with a relative relief of 90–300 m which are formed on Palaeozoic Era Tynong Granite. Drainage from the hills is predominantly eastwards towards the catchment of the Bunyip River.

Geology

The geological formation of the activity area is the Tyong Granite, an Igneous intrusive rock dating from the Late Devonian (Geovic Interactive Map, Accessed 4/9/2017 – see Map 4). The granite outcrops in the form of boulders and sheets within the activity area, predominantly on the crests and upper slopes of the ridge. The Tynong Granite extends some 32 km north to the area around Warburton, 38 km east to the area around Dandenong and some 60 km northeast to the area around Baw.

Around 1.4 km to the east, 343 m to the north and 500 m to the south, are unnamed exposures of Quaternary alluvium (DSE Interactive Map, Accessed 4/9/2017). These are situated in the valleys of the tributaries of the Bunyip River, specifically Two Mile Creek to the north and Cannibal Creek to the south. These comprise recent deposits of gravel, sand, silt and clay (Geovic Interactive Map, Accessed 4/9/2017).

There are no known natural sources of stone for the manufacture of tools within the activity area. Although transparent quartz occurs in association with granite and has been widely used for the manufacture of tools in locales where it is available, geological survey of the property has shown that this does not outcrop in the activity area (Peter Browne, pers. comm. 2009).

Page | 29 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd The closest natural sources of stone may either have been amongst alluvial gravels in the creek valleys of the Bunyip Catchment or amongst Palaeozoic hornfels and marine sandstone and mudstone deposits some 17–25 km west and in the foothills above Pakenham. Smaller areas of hornfels also occur around 12 km east of the activity area, around Labertouche.

Soils

Soils in the activity area have been described by Sargeant (1975: 9) as the Jindivick Association. These are found in mountainous areas with steep slopes and are formed on Devonian Granite (Sargeant 1975: 9). Surface soils to 20 cm are typically brownish-grey or grey sandy loams, with coarse angular sand fragments and gravel (Sargeant 1975: 9). Yellowish-grey brown soils with a similar texture generally occur below 20 cm (Sargeant 1975: 9). These may overlie yellow-brown to reddish-brown sandy clay loams or sandy clays in deeper soils (Sargeant 1975: 9). Decomposing rock is generally found above 2 m in depth (Sargeant 1975: 9).

The soils are very prone to erosion and mass movement, particularly when vegetation is cleared, because of the topography and shallow depth of soil (Sargeant 1975: 9, DSE Biodiversity Interactive Map, Accessed 4/9/2017). The upper slopes within the activity area are definitely prone to surface runoff and down-slope transport of eroded soil (van de Graff 2010 - see Appendix 1).

Page | 30 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd

Map 3: The geographic region in which the activity area is located

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Map 4: Geology

Page | 32 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Table 1: Summary of Landsystems within the Bunyip Quarry Activity Area Landsystem Code - Landsystem Description Landsystems of Victoria at 1: 250,000 1.1HgP8-3 Geomorphic Unit: East Victorian Dissected Uplands

Landform: Hill (relative relief 90–300m)

Lithology: Tyong Granite-Late Devonian (Palaeozoic), Igneous intrusive, granite.

Soils: Brownish-grey, grey sandy loams pH < 5.5

Pre-1750 EVCs: EVC 16 Lowland Forest (115.74293 ha) EVC 17 Riparian Scrub (20.6 ha) EVC 23 Herb Rich Foothill Forest (9.9 ha) EVC 793 Damp Heathy Woodland (9.8458 ha) EVC 159 Clay Heathland (0.91127 ha)

Climate: Temperate, mean maximum temperature 280C (January), mean minimum temperature 20C (July), mean annual temperature 200C, mean annual rainfall 700 mm, highest mean rainfall (June) 1000 mm, lowest mean rainfall (December to January) 500 mm.

Water Sources: Two Mile Creek is located to the north and Cannibal Creek to the south. Several minor drainage lines which would have offered water in the wetter months.

Sources: EDJTR Earth Resources Geovic 3 Interactive Map, DELWP Naturekit, Bureau of Meteorology Website Climate Records. All sites accessed November–December 2017.

Landforms

The activity area comprises dissected hills with steep slopes. A dendritic ridgeline extends from the hills to the west of the activity area for approximately 1.2 km and terminates near the eastern boundary. There are two prominent saddles (points between higher points of elevation) on the ridge. A landscape analysis of the quarry extraction site by van de Graff (2010 - see Appendix 1) shows that the activity area consists of crests, hill-slopes, colluvial aprons and alluvial fans at the base of the slopes. The colluvial aprons and alluvial fans are evidence of soil mass movement, particularly erosion of the hill slopes. The evidence of soil mass movement has implications for the preservation of archaeological sites. In this case it is likely that any archaeological sites in the activity area have undergone some disturbance because of erosion. It is likely that any Aboriginal cultural material found on hill slopes and on colluvial aprons or alluvial fans has arrived because of sediment transport.

Climate

The activity area has a temperate montane climate with cold winters and warm to hot summers (Bureau of Meteorology Website Climate Records Accessed December 2017). The highest mean rainfall is in June and the lowest between December to January.

Page | 33 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Sources of Water

Ephemeral drainage lines from the hill slopes feed supply a tributary of Cannibal Creek to the south and, combined with sheet wash, provide sufficient water to enable capture by farm dams. Groundwater is likely to have been available at perched wetlands, which are situated in saddles along the ridgeline. Surface water may also have been available in rock pools after heavy rain. The closest and more permanent sources of fresh water would have been Cannibal Creek, approximately 1 km south of the activity area and Two Mile Creek, approximately 1 km north of the activity area.

The 1750 EVCs indicate that there was sufficient water present as either groundwater or surface water, to support small pockets of swampy riparian vegetation on some of the ephemeral drainage lines. This would suggest that prior to European settlement, a permanent source of water may have been available in the activity area.

It is likely that, given the high winter rainfall within the geographic region in which the activity area is located, that late autumn, winter or early spring would be optimum times for human occupation in the past, given the availability of water.

Pre-Contact Vegetation

Pre-contact vegetation within the activity area was predominantly lowland forest (DELWP Naturekit and Map 5) which covered approximately 73% of the land surface (DELWP Naturekit Interactive Map Accessed 4/9/2017). Lowland forest was the main EVC on the hills between the activity area and Cannibal Hill to the west and also hills to the south of present-day Garfield (Naturekit Interactive Map Accessed 4/9/2017). The activity area was also on the margins of other EVCs present in the creek valleys and lower-lying land around the lower hill slopes. South of the activity area was a large expanse of clay heathland (EVC 159). Damp heathy woodland (EVC 793) was also present near the lower slopes of the hills and was widespread in the creek valleys surrounding the activity area, particularly to the north and east. Small patches of herb- rich foothill forest (EVC 23) may have been present mid-slope in the southern half of the activity area. This EVC appears to have been associated with depressions in the slope. The activity area was also some 2.68 km west of a large expanse of swampy woodland/riparian scrubs (EVC 937) on the west and east banks of the Bunyip River (Naturekit Interactive Map, Accessed 4/9/2017).

The native vegetation within the region has been significantly altered and diminished by intensive land use over the past 150 years, and it is not possible to reconstruct a list of all plant resources which would have been used by Aboriginal people and which would have potentially been available within the activity area. The vegetation in the region would also have changed significantly with fluctuations in climate over the long period of human occupation in Australia, and the discussion of Aboriginal plant resources available in the local area is confined to those known to have been used around the time of European occupation in Victoria.

Lists of plants which occur in the region today and are known to have been used by Aboriginal people include Messmate Stringybark (Eucalyptus obliqua), Narrow-leaf Peppermint (Eucalyptus radiata), Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii), Honey-pots Epacridaceae (Acrotriche serrulata), Chocolate Lily Anthericaceae (Arthropodium strictum), Cranberry Heath Epacridaceae (Astroloma humifusum), Milkmaids Colchicaceae (Burchardia umbellate), Pink Purslane (Calandrinia calyptrate), Purple Beard-orchid (Calochilus robertsonii), Leopard Orchid (Diuris pardina), Scented Paperbark (Melaleuca squarrosa), Twining Fringe-lily (Thysanotus patersonii), Common Early Nancy (Wurmbea dioica), Small-leaf Bramble (Rubus parvifolius) and Common Apple-berry (Billardiera scandens). The majority of these plants occurred in the Lowland Forest.

Page | 34 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Wattles were important sources of gum, used for food, technological items and some medicines (Zola & Gott 1990: 51). The gum of the Black Wattle was dissolved in water to make a sweet drink or was eaten on its own. It was also used as a treatment for indigestion. The bark of the Paper-bark trees was utilized as a blanket for wrapping up babies while the timber of the trees were used in making spears, clubs and digging sticks (Zola & Gott 1990: 63). Burls were also cut out of eucalypts for use as bowls. The brittle bark of the Messmate trees was powdered and used as tinder in fire-making while the coarse and stringy inner bark was made into bags and fishing nets (Zola & Gott 1990: 60). The bark of the Blackwood was employed in the treatment of arthritis and the timber was used to manufacture spear-throwers, shields and clubs (Zola & Gott 1990: 53). Aboriginal ‘scarred trees’ are the result of bark being cut from the tree for these and other purposes.

The bulbs and tubers of lilies and orchids were also important sources of food and were cooked in earth ovens or over open fires.

The nearby watercourses and their ephemeral streams (Bunyip River, Two Mile Creek and Cannibal Creek) would have provided sources of fresh water and a resource from which to obtain fish, yabbies, freshwater mussels and even eels. Water plants including Cumbungi (Typha spp.) and Water Ribbons (Triglochin) would also have been gathered from these creeks. The fruits of plants such as the Cranberry Heath, Native Raspberry and the common Apple-berry provided a common and sweet food source (Zola & Gott 1990: 49-50).

Fauna

There have been eight species of native mammals recorded in the local area between 1980 and 1999 (Viridans Biological Databases 2017), many of which would have been hunted by Aboriginal people. These include wallabies, eastern grey kangaroos, brushtail and ringtail possums, common native rats, common wombats, and echidnas. The fur of possums was also used for the manufacture of possum skin cloaks.

There are some 90 species of native birds recorded in the region of the activity area (Viridans Biological Databases 2017) and some of these may have been hunted or trapped, or had their eggs used. The riverine environments would also have been exploited for marine animals, including fish, eels, amphibians, yabbies and possibly shellfish. There are numerous wetland bird species in the region, particularly ducks, which would also have been hunted.

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Map 5: 1750 EVC’s in the geographic region

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4.4.2 Search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register The Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR), accessed through Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (ACHRIS), was searched to identify any previously registered Aboriginal Places within the geographic region for the activity area (within 5 km of the activity area), as well as the results of previous archaeological assessments. The Register was originally accessed in 2008. An updated search of the VAHR was undertaken on September 11, 2017, prior to commencing the additional work required for the CHMP.

A search of the VAHR revealed that there were no previously recorded Aboriginal archaeological sites within 200 m of the activity area.

There are 11 registered Aboriginal archaeological sites recorded within a 5 km radius of the activity area. The sites are summarised in Table 2 below. Only four of these sites have been recorded in similar terrain to that present within the activity area. All of the latter are surface scatters of stone artefacts.

Table 2: Aboriginal Archaeological Sites Located within 5 km of the Activity area

VAHR Site Number Site Type Landform Lowland Plain (within 50 m of 8021-0008 Artefact Scatter River) Lowland Plain (within 50 m of 8021-0009 Artefact Scatter River) 8021-0013 Artefact Scatter Hills and Valleys Undulating (within 400 m of 8021-0014 Artefact Scatter River) 8021-0021 Artefact Scatter Undulating Hills and Ridges (Within 50 m 8021-0039 Artefact Scatter of Creek) Hills and Ridges (1.5 km away 8021-0077 Artefact Scatter from water source) 8021-0079 Artefact Scatter Freshwater Swamp 8021-0122 Artefact Scatter Mountainous Lower Slopes (within 500 m of 8021-0138 Artefact Scatter Creek) Lower Slopes (within 500 m of 8021-0139 Artefact Scatter Creek)

4.4.3 Previous Archaeological Work in the Geographic Region

There have been no previous archaeological surveys undertaken within the activity area itself. Several regional and small-scale studies have been undertaken within 5km of the activity area.

Page | 37 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Previous Regional Archaeological Surveys

There have been two larger studies within the geographic region. The first was undertaken by Smith (1989) who completed an investigation of Aboriginal archaeology within the Berwick-Pakenham corridor. While Smith identified four distinct types of landform, the landform she identified as ‘undulating hills’ is most relevant to the landscape within the current activity area. Smith identified 13 sites within this landform, comprising five artefact scatters, two scarred trees and six isolated artefacts. The larger proportion of Smith’s study focused on the undulating hills landform and she argues that the low number of archaeological sites identified was not due to sampling bias, but rather a low density of occupation sites in her study area. Smith (1989: 60) presents the following site prediction model of undulating hills landform:

• Isolated artefacts and scatters of artefacts will be the most predominant site type within the undulating hills landform; • Scatters of artefacts will occur within 50m of permanent creek lines; • Isolated artefacts will predominantly be located on hill slopes and tops across this unit; • Site densities are lower than for alternative landforms within the corridor, suggesting that there may have been a lower amount of food resources available; and • It is not expected that scarred trees will be present more than 50m from creek lines.

During a survey of Bunyip State Park, Murphy (2002) found abundant archaeological evidence of Aboriginal land-use. A total of 40 sites were identified (both previously recorded and newly recorded) within the Park. The site types consisted of surface scatters and isolated artefacts with silcrete and quartz identified as the primary material types in use. The principal area of use was identified as creek valleys, followed by areas along ridges, hilltops and saddles (Murphy 2002: 49). The sites represent evidence of both short-term campsites used by people moving through the hills and larger base camps in the river valleys, from which the resources of the hills were exploited (Murphy 2002: 48).

Murphy (2002: 50) concluded in a discussion of her results that choice of campsite locations was dominated by a preference for level and well-drained areas. It was also concluded that the presence of sites on hill slopes was indicative of people travelling through the district: hunting forays and overnight campsites where the focus was not on readily available sources of water. Murphy also noted the potential significance of the outcrops of granite boulders citing they may have been used for ceremonial and social activities.

Previous Small-scale Archaeological Surveys

A subsurface testing investigation was undertaken by du Cros (1994) on the summit of Camp Hill near Drouin. Testing located only one artefact scatter (VAHR 8021-0016) and du Cros concluded that undisturbed areas of high ground had the potential to contain surface and subsurface archaeological material.

A surface survey was conducted by du Cros (1996) of a proposed gas pipeline between Drouin and Bunyip. Where the proposed route crossed the Bunyip River, du Cros relocated previously recorded site VAHR 8021-0009, but located no additional sites. It was concluded by du Cros that the eastern section of the Bunyip River which she had surveyed was not considered sensitive as there was evidence that it had been subject to recent ploughing. The area in which the artefacts were located however was considered as sensitive and it was recommended that subsurface testing works be undertaken to fully assess the significance of the site.

Page | 38 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd A survey and monitoring program was undertaken by Murphy (2000) of rehabilitation works which were being conducted along the banks of the Bunyip River and Cannibal Creek. The survey located one isolated artefact scatter (VAHR 8021-0039) on the bank of Cannibal Creek which was not in situ. The monitoring program located no further cultural material. Murphy concluded that the banks of Bunyip River and Cannibal Creek were of moderate potential for archaeological deposits and that any cultural material located would likely be in a highly disturbed state.

Subsurface testing was undertaken in Bunyip by Murphy and Rymer (2006), during which two archaeological sites were located (VAHR 8021-0138–9). The artefacts were located on the mid and lower slopes at a maximum depth of 400 mm. However the artefacts were not considered in situ as the area appeared to have been ploughed.

A site survey was conducted on land at Nash Road in Bunyip by Raybould (2006). The survey located no Indigenous archaeological sites. As the landscape was considered to be highly sensitive, subsurface testing was recommended. The landscape was assessed as being a well-drained rock outcrop overlooking a wetland.

A site survey was undertaken by Debney (2006) for an access track at Mount Towt in Tonimbuck, approximately 3 km north of the present activity area. The study identified one archaeological site (VAHR 8021-0122) which consisted of a single silcrete artefact. The site was located on the shoulder of a ridgeline. Debney suggested that archaeological monitoring occur in relation to any further works within the area.

4.4.4 Historical and Ethno-Historical Accounts in the Geographic Region

Prior to European occupation, the central portion of what is now the state of Victoria was occupied by Aboriginal people who shared common language and political, social, religious and economic affiliations, and who identified themselves as Kulin. This label means ‘man’ in the dialect spoken in the Melbourne region (Blake 1991:31) The area of land occupied by the Kulin people extended as far north as present day Echuca, west as the Richardson River, Mt Avoca, Fiery Creek and Mt Emu Creek, south to the Victorian coastline and east to the Tarwin River and Wilsons Promontory (Blake 1991: 30; Clark 1990).

According to traditional Indigenous belief the land between the mouth of the Yarra River and Wilsons Promontory was created by a dreamtime ancestor, Lohan. The country created by Lohan was known as the marr-ne-beek (Brough-Smythe 1878 in Barwick 1984: 115). A dialect of the East Kulin language, known as Bun wurrung/Bunurong, was the required form of speech within the marr-ne-beek, and strangers entering the country were required to undergo a ritual ceremony described by one European observer as ‘annert’ (Howitt 1904: 403). The ceremony commenced with the excavation of a small hole which was filled with water and stirred with a stick in order to make the water muddy. The visitor was required to take three mouthfuls of the muddy water and allow it to trickle down his throat: if this part of the ceremony was not observed properly, the visitor’s throat would close up. The visitor was also required to eat small quantities of cooked animal flesh, which was placed in their mouth on a pointed stick. They were required to suck the flesh off the stick with their teeth and not their lips (Howitt 1904: 403).

First contact between Bunurong people and Europeans was with whalers and sealers prior to 1803 (sealing began in Bass Strait in 1798), as European huts were discovered by Grimes at Boneo in January of that year (Rogers 1957). The fact that whalers and sealers had arrived early in the history of the colony is further substantiated by entries in Robinson’s journal (26 December 1836), where he records an account of the early kidnapping of Bunurong women:

Page | 39 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Matilda the VDL native woman pointed out the spot a few miles down the harbour at Point Nepean where she said George Meredith and his crew of sealers stole the native women. The men’s names were Brown, Mr. West the master of the schooner, and a man named Billy…said there was plenty of black fellows, some on the Port Phillip side some outside, sea coast. Said the sealers were afraid of the Port Phillip natives. Said they employed her to entice them. George Meredith stole the, I think she said, four women, took them…and then sold them to the [other] sealers there. I am informed that Munro bought one.

(G.A. Robinson Journal entry, 26 December 1836, in Plomley 1987: 405).

During 1839 the British Colonial Government established an Aboriginal Protectorate in what is now Victoria. A Chief Protector, G.A. Robinson, and Assistant Protectors were appointed to administer the Protectorate. William Thomas was appointed Assistant Protector for the Port Phillip and Western Port Districts and had extensive contact with traditional Bunurong people during the early years of European settlement. Thomas travelled with groups of Bunurong and related Woiworung people on seasonal movements around the Mornington Peninsula and Western Port, producing a map in 1841, showing the locations of Bunurong campsites and routes of movement.

Thomas stated that the Bunurong economy was predominantly terrestrial in orientation despite their close association with the coast (Sullivan & Gaughwin 1984: 89). It is possible that this was partially a reflection of the time of year that he made his observations. He noted that favourite foods were kangaroo and possum and that they had the ‘greatest abhorrence’ for snakes (Thomas cited in Sullivan 1981: 22).

Understanding traditional Indigenous occupants of the study area is complicated by discrepancies in historical accounts of Aboriginal people and by the issue of boundaries. The European concept of a ‘boundary’ is essentially a non-Aboriginal imposition and one that would have been alien to traditional Kulin owners. Geographical locations of clans were defined by claims of descent from the Dreamtime ancestors who had created a tract of country. In turn, the descendants of the creation ancestor inherited responsibility for specific areas of country and resources. However, because of the Kulin laws governing marriage, individuals in one clan could also acquire rights to country and resources which were sometimes far removed from their own. Therefore, although the associations of clans with specific geographical areas may have been static, the composition of clans and traditional rights to country and resources would have been fluid and would have changed over time. The associations of individuals with specific areas of country that were observed by Europeans after 1835 was only the situation which prevailed at the time of European occupation.

The activity area lies in the northernmost reaches of the traditional Bunurong land and on the boundary of the traditional land of the Woiwurrung. The Bunurong language group comprised six clans who occupied the coastal tract stretching east from the Werribee River and encompassing the Port Phillip and Western Port Bays and ceasing at the Tarwin River watershed (Howitt 1904: 71; Clark 1990: 366). The present study area has been identified by Barwick (1984) as the Balluk willam ((literally from buluk, ‘lake, swamp’ and willam ’camp’, therefore ‘swamp dwellers’). According to Barwick (1984) and Clark (1990), the Balluk willam occupied land from the swamps and ranges south of Yering (near Yarra Junction), south-east to the headwaters of the LaTrobe River and south to the Koo Wee Rup swamp, Cranbourne and Dandenong. Although the land within the study area was within the marr ne beek country, Barwick (1984), Clark (1990) and Blake (1991) place it within the area of a clan linked with others speaking the Woiworung rather than the Bunurong dialect. This clan was the Wurundjeri balluk, who Barwick (1984: 121) considered to be divided into two patrilineal descent groups. These were the Wurundjeri willam, who occupied the land from the sources of the Yarra at Mt Baw to the junction of the Yarra and Maribyrnong Rivers, and the Balluk willam discussed above.

Page | 40 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Oral History Relating to the Activity area No oral history relating to the activity area has been provided by representatives of Traditional Owners consulted during the preparation of this CHMP.

4.4.5 Land-Use History of the Activity area

Early Settlement in the Bunyip and Garfield Area

The study area is located to the north of the township of Bunyip, near Garfield. Bunyip is a small township located on the edge of the Koo Wee Rup Swamp. The name Bunyip is derived from the Aboriginal word Bunyeep. The Bunyip is a prominent character in Aboriginal mythology, believed to be a spiritual being that lives near water and preys on humans who come too near (Nest, 1990, p. 1; Roberts (1985) quoted in Claessen, 2007).

The first settlers to the area found the vegetation impenetrable and consequently the land difficult to cultivate. In 1827, William Hovell attempted to cross the swamp but found the scrub to be an impenetrable wilderness. He was impressed by the country, and those areas which were workable held some promise for future development. The Ti-tree, large gum and Blackwood trees had to be cleared before the land could be successfully cultivated. The Ti-trees caused the most difficulty with the stumps of the trees having to be removed three times over before the land was successfully cleared (Nest, 1990, pp. 1–2).

The Bunyip and Garfield areas opened up after a road was surveyed from Dandenong to Gippsland in 1847. This road skirted the ranges, and was frequently impassable in wet weather; an alternative road was constructed in 1859 which went through Cannibal Creek and via Bunyip (Nest, 1990, p. 2). The route followed the base of Cannibal Hill and it was likely that the granite outcrops were a favoured resting place for travellers (Murphy, 2000, p. 6). This road also became the coach route. The original township of Bunyeep was surveyed near the eastern end of this track in 1857. The township was north of present day Bunyip, between the end of Ellis Road and the Bunyip River. The township of Cannibal Creek was surveyed in 1860. Cannibal Creek was renamed Garfield in 1887.

The construction of the Gippsland railway in the 1870s made the area more accessible for local industries to transport their produce, namely the timber and clay brick-making industries (Nest, 1990, p. 74; Arnold, 2013, accessed 19/9/2017). Early industries within the broader region also included orcharding and eucalyptus oil production, while dairying and grazing were preferred during the early twentieth century (Nest, 1990, p. 27). Bee farms were also established in Garfield in the 1860s to produce honey from the Ti- tree blossoms (Nest, 1990, p. 1).

The year 1854 marked the establishment of the telegraph network in Victoria (Thompson, 2010, accessed 4 June 2010). The Gippsland telegraph is already marked on the 1850s map of Foyne’s Run and shows the telegraph route heading north-east towards Bunyeep (Figure 1) before continuing further east into Gippsland. In 1859, the road known as the Old Telegraph Road was surveyed along this alignment (Nest, 1990, p. 2). The alignment of the telegraph is shown on an 1850s plan of the area, which also shows the boundary of the Foynes Run and the original township of Bunyeep (Figure 1). An 1868 plan of the Parish of Bunyeep (Figure 2) shows the alignment of the Old Telegraph Road. When compared to contemporary plans of the region, the Old Telegraph Road passed along the south-west boundary of the study area.

Page | 41 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd David Connor was one of the first European squatters to settle in the district. He occupied Foynes Run which was located to the west of Bunyip River and encompassed the granite outcrop of Cannibal Hill. Foynes Run encompassed the current study area. Cannibal Hill was originally named ‘Connabul’ Hill after the Connabul family who leased the land in 1846 (Murphy, 2000, p. 6; Gudgeon, 2005). In 1873, the lease was gazetted and taken up by David Connor and was subsequently let by Thomas Brown, George Le Fevre, Warren Brown and Thomas Hunt (Spreadborough and Anderson, 1983, pp. 156–157). To the south of Foynes’ Run was Cannabul Creek Run, originally occupied in the 1840s by Michael Ready and James Hook. In 1873 it was also occupied by David Connor.

The 1868 parish plan shows that Foynes Run had been subdivided by this time and that the study area was within the boundaries of three larger allotments (Figure 2). Allotments 86A and 86B had been selected by a W.H. Webb and W.J. Webb, while Allotment C, which took in the west side of the study area, was still vacant.

It is likely, therefore, that the land within the study area was accessed and potentially utilised during the late 1840s to 1860s. This is because of its proximity to the track between Cannibal Hill and the Bunyip River, which subsequently formed the alignment of the Gippsland telegraph and was surveyed as the Old Telegraph Road.

Its proximity to a transport route would have made it accessible to early industries, particularly logging. The area currently known as Bunyip State Park, located 2.5 km to the north of the study area, was subject to heavy logging activities for a period of 100 years (Murphy, 2002, pp. 10–11). It is possible that these activities may have extended into the Cannibal Hill area. It is possible that the original forest within at least part of the study area was logged and cleared between the late 1850s and early 1870s.

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Figure 1: 1850s plan of Foynes Run, the original township of Bunyeep and the overland telegraph line, which bordered the southern edge of the study area

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Figure 2: Parish of Bunyeep, 1868 showing allotments in and around the study area

Page | 44 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Recent Land Use History of the Study Area

The land within the study area was further subdivided during the twentieth century. A 1942 plan of the Parish of Bunyip shows that Sanders Road had been opened and that the southern section of Allotment 86A, which lies within the study area is now Allotment 86D. Aerial photography from 1947 (Figure 3) shows that the study area was heavily treed at that time, except for a cleared section running in a north-east to south-west alignment. This most likely reflects the route of the Old Telegraph Road. Aerial photography from 1968 (Figure 4) and 1985 (Figure 5) clearly indicates an increase in land clearance over this time. Mr George Fry confirmed that there was a sawmill located to the west of the study area during the 1950s that took the timber logged from the study area (Fry pers. corr. to Kathleen Hislop, 25/8/2017). The lack of understorey vegetation suggests that the land had previously been cleared and that the trees visible in the aerial are regenerated woodland. There are also dirt tracks crossing the property and a house towards the eastern end of the ridgeline.

The 1985 aerial photograph (Figure 5) shows that the study area had largely been cleared of the vegetation visible in the 1968 aerial. At this time there are only isolated trees and bracken visible and the entire property appears to have been cleared for grazing. There is less vegetation cover visible in the 1985 aerial than exists on the property at present.

The major impact of logging and land clearance on the study area, both in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, would have caused significant soil erosion and soil disturbance. The sandy loam soils in the study area are particularly prone to erosion due to the steep topography of the hill slopes and shallow depth of soil. Landform and soil analysis in the region has shown clear evidence of soil mass movement in the past (Sargeant, 1975; DELWP Naturekit Interactive Map, accessed 10/9/2017).

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Figure 3: 1947 aerial photograph (Land Victoria Aerial Photography)

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Figure 4: 1968 aerial photograph (Land Victoria Aerial Photography)

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Figure 5: 1985 aerial photograph (Land Victoria Aerial Photography)

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4.5 Site Prediction Model The desktop assessment for the activity area has allowed a site prediction model to be developed. A site prediction model is intended for use as an indication of the types of Aboriginal archaeological sites that may occur in a given area. The site prediction model can later be tested against the results of the field survey and/or subsurface testing.

A site prediction model is intended to be used as an indication of the likely occurrence of archaeological sites within an activity area, the areas or landform elements on which the sites may be located, the types of archaeological sites which may be found and the possible condition of the sites.

The landforms in the activity area comprise a prominent mountainous ridgeline, with intervening saddles and steep hill slopes, which extend from the foothills fringing the Bunyip River Catchment to the higher hills near Cannibal Hill. The ridge would have been a natural route of movement for Aboriginal people traversing country between the floodplains of the Bunyip River and its tributaries into the hills and ranges to the west and north of the activity area. Cannibal Hill, around 1 km west of the activity area, is a prominent high point on the landscape and is likely to have been visited by Bunurong and/or Woiworung people in the past. The activity area also provides good views across the plains and foothills on the eastern side of the Bunyip River Catchment and north to the ranges around Tonimbuk. The area would have been a good vantage point for observations of, for example, animal movement by hunting parties.

There would have been a range of montane flora and fauna resources available for Aboriginal people within the activity area in the past and possibly seasonal sources of fresh water, particularly groundwater. Small areas of riparian swampland existed in the areas of the alluvial fans and the colluvial aprons on the lower slopes of the hills and in association with ephemeral drainage lines. There were also sources of water and more extensive areas of wetland vegetation available on tributaries of Cannibal Creek less than 1 km to the south, Two Mile Creek less than 1 km to the north and the Bunyip River Floodplain some 2.6 km to the east. These would have been easily within foraging distance of campsites within the activity area. Alternatively, the activity area would also have been within easy foraging distance of campsites established in lowland areas to the north, east and south.

There has been too little regional survey coverage to be able to draw firm conclusions from archaeological data about past use of the land in the region by Aboriginal people and the types of archaeological sites which may occur within the activity area. Neither were there any historical descriptions of Aboriginal land- use found in the literature review conducted for the desktop assessment. The seasonal use of the area is uncertain but, in the region, generally it was known that groups of Bunurong people moved into the hills along the northern margins of their country during late autumn or winter. The very limited number of archaeological sites found in montane environments within the region tend to be surface scatters of stone artefacts.

It is most likely that archaeological sites, should they occur, will be remains associated with short term or stopover campsites left by people using the ridge as a route of movement. Archaeological sites are most likely to be situated on the crests and saddles of the ridge and intervening hills. There are some sources of freshwater in the form of perched wetlands on these landform elements in the western portion of the activity area. Sources of fresh water are also likely to have been available within <1 km from the activity area. Water may also have been transported by people traversing the activity area.

Page | 49 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Archaeological sites are most likely to be surface scatters of stone artefacts or shallow subsurface deposits of stone artefacts. Given that the soil horizons within the activity area are shallow, it is less likely that there would be deeply buried deposits of stone artefacts.

The land-use history tends to suggest that there has been considerable land disturbance. Soils within the activity area are subject to mass movement, due to the steep topography. Land clearance and/or logging is likely to have commenced by at least the 1860s, particularly because there was initial subdivision of the pastoral run and because of the proximity of the activity area to a main transport route. The colluvial aprons on the lower hill slopes and alluvial fans at the mouths of drainage lines are indicative of large-scale erosion of soils. Some of this has likely occurred in the recent past following land clearance. The impact of soil erosion on this scale is such that whole archaeological sites are likely to have been removed, displaced or dispersed by soil erosion. This is particularly true of sites on the crests or upper slopes of the ridge. Artefacts found on the mid-lower slopes of the activity area are likely to have been deposited by earth movement rather than by past human activities.

An unnamed drainage channel to the east of the quarry, is crossed by the road corridor. This drainage line has been extensively modified by excavation. The channel has been straightened and a series of dams has been excavated along its alignment. It is likely that the land surface near the channel and any near-surface Aboriginal Places would have been disturbed in the process.

4.6 Conclusions from the Desktop Assessment The desktop assessment found that the activity area is likely to contain Aboriginal cultural heritage. This is because there is some evidence that Aboriginal people moved through the mountains in the late autumn and winter months but also because the topography of the activity area provides a natural route of movement between Cannibal Hill and the western end of the LaTrobe Valley. Aboriginal Places are most likely to occur on the ridgeline within the quarry extraction area and the hills crossed by the road corridor between the quarry and Tonimbuk Road. It is possible that Aboriginal Places in this area may have been impacted by soil mass movement. There is also some potential for Aboriginal Places to be found within 200 m of the drainage line crossed by the road alignment, but these may have also been impacted by excavation works which have modified the entire drainage line. Aboriginal archaeological sites are most likely to comprise surface scatters and subsurface deposits of stone artefacts. Site types such as scarred trees are less likely to be found, as almost all of the activity area has been extensively logged on several occasions in the past.

4.7 Results of the Standard Assessment 4.7.1 Standard Assessment Results Quarry Site 2009

A total of five Aboriginal archaeological sites were located during the surface survey. Summary details of these sites are contained in Table 3. Sites VAHR 8021-0297, 0299, 0300 and 0320 were low density artefact deposits found on vehicle tracks. Site VAHR 8021-0297 was found on a vehicle track on the lower slope of a hill. Sites 8021-0299 and 0320 VAHR were found near the crest of the ridge in the centre of the activity area. Surface visibility surrounding the vehicle tracks where the artefacts were found was fair to good and it was obvious that they were isolated occurrences and not larger surface scatters. None of the sites have any context. It is likely that the artefacts found at sites 8021-0299 and 0320 VAHR were derived from soil erosion, as this was quite extensive on the ridge. A vehicle track ran along most of the crest of the ridge providing good exposure in this area, but no artefacts were found on the vehicle track.

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Table 3: Summary details of Aboriginal archaeological sites located during the field survey

VAHR Site Field No. Site Type No. 8021-0297 GK-1 Low Density Artefact Deposit (surface) 8021-0298 GK-2 Low Density Artefact Deposit (surface) 8021-0299 GK-4 Low Density Artefact Deposit (surface) 8021-0300 GK-9 Low Density Artefact Deposit (surface) 8021-0320 GK-3 Low Density Artefact Deposit (surface)

Site VAHR 8021-0298 was a single stone artefact (quartz flake) found near the base of a tree. The artefact was found on the crest of the ridge near the western side of the activity area and amongst an area of granite boulders. The artefact was not eroding or displaced from a subsurface context. There was no evidence to suggest that it formed part of a larger scatter or subsurface deposit.

There was considerable evidence of ground disturbance noted during the field survey. Farm dams and vehicle tracks have been excavated and graded in several locations across the activity area. Soil erosion is evident in several areas. There has been severe soil erosion on the central portion of the ridge, where soil has eroded down to bedrock at several locations. Severe soil erosion has also occurred along the north- south drainage line which is situated south of the ridge and near the western boundary of the property. Although sections of the drainage line have been revegetated, they have been bare ground in the past. A dam has been excavated into this drainage line. A north-south vehicle track on the south-central slope in the activity area has also undergone considerable excavation and erosion.

4.7.2 Standard Assessment Results Road Corridor 2018 Three surface artefacts were found in one area in the horse paddocks during the standard assessment. These have been registered in conjunction with a subsurface low density artefact deposit (LDAD) as site VAHR 8021-0425.

It is not surprising that artefacts were found in the horse paddocks. The latter are situated on shallow sandy soils within intervening exposures of sheet granite, on the crest of a hill. The desktop assessment and results of the standard complex assessments of the quarry site in 2009 showed that this landform was an area of high potential sensitivity for Aboriginal Places.

4.7.3 Conclusions from the Standard Assessment

A total of six Aboriginal Places, all low-density artefact deposits, were identified during the survey of the main quarry site and the road corridor. All sites were found in areas of exposed ground such as vehicle tracks and horse paddocks on the crests of hills and along the ridge running through the centre of the quarry site. The artefacts are quite likely derived from the erosion of near surface sites, particularly as the soil is shallow. None of the artefacts appeared to be eroding from an in situ context.

No caves, cave entrances or rock shelters were found during the field survey. No mature eucalypts with cultural scars were found during the field survey.

Page | 51 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 4.8. Results of the Complex Assessment 4.8.1 Complex Assessment Results Quarry Site 2009 4.8.1.1 Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy

A total of 12 1x1 m test pits were excavated within the activity area. Three of the test pits were excavated on a colluvial apron (J1–J3) and the balance were excavated on the hill landform.

Test Pits C1 and J1 were first excavated to determine “...The stratigraphy and general subsurface nature of the area being investigated” as required by the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018. Test Pit C1 was situated at the western end of the ridge while J1 was situated near the western edge of the activity area.

Test Pit C1 consisted of a topsoil layer of weakly compacted dark grey sandy loam between 0–113 mm This overlay a layer of weakly compacted coarse pink sand, with coarse quartz gravel likely derived from chemical weathering of granite between 130–320 mm. At the base of the trench was a very compact layer of brown clay. This proved to be typical of the soil sections present on the hills landform as was indicated by the soil stratigraphy present in the other test pits and auger probes on the same landform (see Section 4.8.1.2 below).

Test Pit J1 comprised a shallow topsoil layer of grey silty soil some 30 mm in depth, overlying around 300 mm of pale brown silt, becoming increasingly mixed with reddish-yellow clay with depth and overlying a very compact reddish-yellow clay at 300 mm. In test pits J2–J3 there were also quartz pebble inclusions in the topsoil, which would be expected in a colluvial deposit.

Apart from J1–J3, the remaining test pits were excavated on the hills landform at locations where stone artefacts were found in auger transects. Soil stratigraphy in each test pit was broadly like that of test pit C1, comprising a thin grey sandy topsoil layer of around 100 mm, overlying grey, grey-brown or pink sand and clay at depths of between 200–440 mm. One exception was test pit G1, where the soil profile was found to comprise a white sandy silt, with dense quartz gravel. This test pit was situated on the crest of a rise overlooking south-facing hill slopes.

4.8.1.2 Shovel Probe and Auger Transects Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy

A total of 85 auger and shovel probe transects were excavated during the testing. Five of the transects were shovel probe transects and the remaining 80 were mechanical auger transects excavated with a 0.3 m auger. Shovel probe and auger transects were excavated on all landforms. Eleven of the auger transects were excavated on colluvial aprons in the far south-west and north-west quadrants of the activity area, six of the transects were excavated on alluvial fans and the balance were excavated on the hills landform, including the ridge, saddles, upper, mid and lower slopes and flats. All landform elements were therefore sampled extensively during the testing.

As would be expected, transects on the colluvial aprons (A1–A7, J2–J4) exhibited a thin layer of topsoil overlying sandy loam and gravels, before reaching clay at an average depth of 500 mm. Transects on the alluvial fan sampled (S1–S6) contained a soil profile with a larger percentage of clay than sand in the soil matrix, and came down onto a firm clay at an average depth of 300 mm.

Transects excavated on the hills landform, displayed a broadly similar soil stratigraphy, with some minor colour variations. All soils are derived from decomposing granite, which can be clearly seen near the base of most auger and shovel probes where friable granite is found in the soil layers immediately overlying clay

Page | 52 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd or granite bedrock. Generally, the transects on the hills landform contained a very thin topsoil layer comprising a grey, grey-brown or brown sandy loam around 100 mm in depth. There was very little organic material in this layer, which is probably one indication of the soil erosion that has taken place since land clearance. The topsoil generally overlay a pale brown, brown, or pinkish coarse sand which in turn overlay either granite bedrock or a dense brown clay. The depth of the sandy soil underlying the topsoil was within the range of 300–500 mm, although on heavily eroded sections of the ridge it was as shallow as 200 mm. As with the test pits, soil pH was neutral to slightly acidic. Soils on the lower slopes (Transects P1–P5, Q1– 2, R1–R5, U1–U4) exhibited a slightly larger percentage of clay in the soil matrix below 100 mm.

One exception to the above on the hills landform were transects M1–M2. These were excavated on a small bench below a steep slope. In some auger holes the sand was found to reach depths of around 600–700 mm. Quartz gravel was found through the soil profile below the topsoil. The depth of soil in this area is likely due to a landslip in the past, given that the bench is situated mid-slope below a very steep slope and above a lower slope to the south. Soil which has washed off the upper slope has formed the bench.

4.8.1.3 Archaeological Sites Located

A total of 13 Aboriginal archaeological sites were found at the quarry site within the activity area during the complex assessment. Summary descriptions of the sites are given in Table 4. Twelve of the sites were found on the hills landform and only one site, a single stone artefact, was found on a colluvial fan in the south- west corner of the activity area (VAHR 8021-03540.

Twelve of the sites were dispersed in an east-west direction along the ridge, saddles and flats or benches on the upper slopes of the hills landform, apart from site VAHR 8021-0354 VAHR, a single siltstone core. The latter was found on a colluvial apron in the south-west corner of the activity area. This pattern of site distribution is consistent with the distribution of three of the four surface sites (isolated artefacts), which appear to have eroded from soil deposits on the ridge. Few of the sites are close to permanent sources of fresh water, apart from sites VAHR 8021-0300, 0301, 0347 and 0349, which are situated near the small perched wetlands in a saddle, and site VAHR 8021-0348, which is situated on a flat some 20 m from an ephemeral drainage line. The single artefact found at site VAHR 8021-0354 is also situated near the junction of an ephemeral drainage line and the tributary of Cannibal Creek, which is outside and to the south of the activity area.

No sites were located on a flat at the eastern edge of the ridge, although the testing coverage was extensive (Transects O1–013). This was surprising, given that the area was one of the largest expanses of near level ground in the activity area and that it is situated between an ephemeral drainage line and a tributary of Two Mile Creek, which is less than 50 m north of, but outside, the activity area.

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Table 4: Summary details of Aboriginal archaeological sites located during the complex assessment of the quarry site

VAHR Site No. Field No. Site Type 8021-0343 GK-5 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0344 GK-6 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0345 GK-7 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0346 GK-8 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0301 GK-10 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0347 GK-11 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0348 GK-12 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0349 GK-13 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0350 GK-14 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0351 GK-15 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0352 GK-16 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0353 GK-17 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0354 GK-18 Subsurface stone artefact deposit

A total of 113 stone artefacts were found at the thirteen sites located during the complex assessment. Ninety- nine or 87% of this total assemblage was located at just four sites - VAHR 8021-0301, 0346, 0347 and 0351 VAHR. Three archaeological sites with high numbers of subsurface artefacts (VAHR 8021-0301, 0347 and 0351 VAHR) occur in saddles on the ridgeline. Sites VAHR 8021-0301 and 0351 VAHR contain the highest total number of artefacts recovered from any of the archaeological sites. Only one site (VAHR 8021-0346 VAHR) with a comparatively high number of artefacts (n = 10) is found on the ridge.

The extent of the archaeological sites located during the complex assessment was defined by the auger and shovel probe transects, except in the case of a single site (VAHR 8021-0346) where the artefacts were situated in a sand deposit contained between granite boulders to the south and sheet granite to the east, north and west. Most sites which contain more than one stone artefact in a single shovel probe are only between 2–4 m in length or width.

While there is some variation in the size of these sites, the density of stone artefacts at each site is still estimated to be <1/m2.

Most stone artefacts were found at depths of between 100–200 mm in the light brown, brownish-grey or pink sand underlying the topsoil. No artefacts were found below depths of 400 mm). The vertical distribution of artefacts was broadly similar at all four sites except for site VAHR 8021-0347, where most artefacts (n = 12/17) were recovered between 200–300 mm.

At the two sites (VAHR 8021-0301 and 8021-0351) which contained the highest numbers of artefacts found, most of the stone artefacts are concentrated in small areas. At site VAHR 8021-0301 most artefacts (n = 20/33) were found in a single auger hole of one transect (D2) at 0 m. At site VAHR 8021-0351, most artefacts (n = 25/39) were also found in a single auger hole of one transect (N2) at 25 m. Thirteen artefacts were also recovered from the 1 m2 test pit which was placed 5 m south-west of the auger probe at 25 m, suggesting that there may be a high density of artefacts over a linear distance of 5 m. Only a single stone artefact was found in the adjoining transect (N1) at around 5 m from Test Pit N1.

Page | 54 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Sites VAHR 8021-0343–0345 collectively contain a linear dispersal of five artefacts spread through the soil over approximately 16 m. These sites are all situated on the highest point of the ridge, around 20 m west of site VAHR 8021-0346. As at most of the other sites, the artefacts appear to be randomly dispersed through the soil, rather than a spatially or technologically associated grouping of cultural materials.

There is some slight variation, therefore, in the spatial distribution of stone artefacts within the four sites at which an assemblage of more than three stone artefacts was found. At sites VAHR 8021-0301, 0346 and 0347, stone artefacts are dispersed across the entire area of the site. In the case of site VAHR 8021-0301 there is a significant concentration of stone artefacts in a single location (auger probe D2). At site VAHR 8021-0351, there appears to be a significant concentration of stone artefacts in a small area of approximately 10x5 m. The possible reasons for this variation are explored further in the analysis of the stone assemblage.

No cultural material other than stone artefacts was found at any of the other sites in the activity area. There was very little environmental charcoal present in the soil horizon and no organic material suitable for radiocarbon dating was found. A concentration of charcoal was found in one shovel probe (Transect C1), but this appeared to be derived from burnt tree roots rather than a cultural feature.

It is difficult to assess the extent of disturbance to the archaeological sites located in the complex assessment. There are no specific technological associations between artefacts found in test pits or auger probes which would indicate vertical movement of artefacts in the soil profile. Although there appears to have been considerable soil erosion on the ridges, the artefacts at the archaeological sites where sufficient numbers were found appear to be situated at least 100 mm below the surface in a stable soil profile. The fact that specific clusters of apparently unrelated stone artefacts were found at sites VAHR 8021-0301 and 0351 could possibly be attributed to displacement or movement of artefacts within the soil profile as a result of soil movement.

The single stone artefact found at site VAHR 8021-0350 VAHR is considered likely to have been redeposited in soil eroded from the adjoining slope to the north. It is also possible that the three artefacts found at site VAHR 8021-0348 have been washed downslope in soil deposited on a flat near the base of slopes to the north and east. As was discussed earlier and in Appendix 1, there appears to have been considerable mass movement and erosion of soils on slopes.

The single stone artefact at VAHR 8021-0354 was found on the colluvial apron in the south-west corner of the activity area at a depth of some 200 mm and is also likely to have been washed into the area. The artefact is above the junction of an ephemeral watercourse and a tributary of Cannibal Creek and is more likely to have been washed down the stream channel than deposited at a nearby archaeological site. Extensive testing on the lower hill slopes above site VAHR 8021-0354 did not locate any cultural material, indicating that in combination with other testing on the lower slopes, there are unlikely to be archaeological sites on this landform element.

4.9 Complex Assessment Results Road Corridor 2018 The complex assessment of the road corridor was carried out between January 11–24, 2018. The field team comprised David Rhodes and Alison O’Connor (Heritage Insight) and the following representatives from Wurundjeri and BLCAC:

4.9. 1 Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy Two 1x1 m test pits were excavated during the fieldwork.

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Test Pit 1 was excavated on an alluvial flat 62 m north-west of the drainage channel. Soils comprised approximately 300 mm of highly cemented sandy silt and sandy clay, overlying a sandy organic layer which continued to a clay base. It was considered that the sandy organic layer was most likely the original soil surface overlain by a layer of clay dumped across the flat and on top of the original land surface. It is likely that this occurred at the time the drainage channel was excavated.

Test Pit 2 was excavated on the crest of a granite hill, exactly mid-way between either side of the road corridor). Test Pit 2 contained a layer of sand which varied in colour and texture and which was some 610 mm in depth. The lower unit (400–610 mm) was a gradational yellowish-red sand, containing increasing amounts of large quartz gravel and charcoal, coming down onto a yellowish-red clay. The soil is interpreted as the natural weathering profile of granite. Test Pit 2 was situated on the east side of the hill crest and between exposures of sheet granite and is possibly sand which has weathered over a very long time.

No cultural material was found in either test pits one or two.

4.9.2 Machine Transects and Radial Test Pits Excavated and Soil Stratigraphy A total of 12 machine transects and 39 radial test pits were excavated during the complex assessment. Summary soil stratigraphy for all the above is contained in Appendices 5 and 6.

Soil stratigraphy in all transects was usually a thin grey sandy topsoil around 100 mm in depth overlying a reddish-grey sand and coming down onto a yellowish red sandy clay at base. The depth of sand averaged between 400–600 mm and contained increasing amounts of quartz gravel with depth. Around the crest of the hill where MTP 4, 5 and 5A were situated, the topsoil was heavily eroded exposing sheet granite. MTP 5 and 5A were placed on soil between the sheet granite. Similarly, sheet granite was exposed on the surface to the south of MTP 7–7B. The consistent large quartz gravel towards the base of each MTP and radial test pit, was a clear indication that the soil was derived from weathering of sheet granite, rather than soil accumulated by other processes in between exposures of sheet granite.

Soil stratigraphy was also identical in all radial test pits excavated.

A circular charcoal deposit was found at a depth of approximately 300–400 mm in MT 7B. This was excavated by hand and a sample submitted for radiocarbon dating. This yielded a very recent date of 251+/- 24 calBP (Wk47259), which is approximately 1699 ACE or less than 100 years before the occupation of Sydney Cove in 1788 and 15 years before the abortive settlement at Sorrento in Victoria.

Artefacts associated were recovered from MTP 3, MTP 5, MTP 5A, MTP 7C and MTP 7–7B. Artefacts were also recovered from Radial Test Pits 37 and 29, 4–5 and 9 and 12. A total of 36 stone artefacts were recovered from all machine transects and radial test pits. Nineteen artefacts were recovered from a single transect (MTP 7B), more than half the stone assemblage found at locations excavated during the complex assessment. It should be noted that MTP 7–7B are not situated in the road corridor. When these transects/RTP’s are discounted, a total of 12 artefacts were recovered from locations across 600 m of the road corridor. Artefacts were recovered from the crests of hills (MTP 5 and 5A, MTP 7–7B, RTP 4–5 and RTP 9 and 12) and slopes (MTP 3 and RTPs 29 and 37). The two artefacts found in MTP 7C were recovered from a bench on a slope to the south of a minor drainage line. The landform distribution of artefacts is similar to that in the main quarry, where artefacts occur on a ridge, the upper slopes and on level benches in the slope, but not on the lower slopes.

Page | 56 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd 4.9.3 Archaeological Sites Located by the Complex Assessment in the Road Corridor

A total of two new Aboriginal Places were found in the road corridor. These have been registered as a low density artefact deposit (LDAD) VAHR 8021-0425 and an artefact scatter VAHR 8021-0426 (Table 5).

VAHR 8021-0426 is situated on the crest of a hill with extensive views across the far western end of the La Trobe Valley and to the Strezelecki Ranges to the south and south-east. VAHR 8021-0426 comprises 22 artefacts, the majority of which (n=19) were recovered from a single transect (MTP 7B).

Artefacts in MTP 7 and 7A were found at depths of between 100–200 mm and in MTP 7B at depths of between 0–100 and 300–400 mm. Most artefacts (n=17) were found at depths of 300–400 mm. All the artefacts were contained in a deposit of very compact white sand with small to medium quartz gravel inclusions. A charcoal feature found at a depth of between 300–400 mm was dated to 251+/-24 calBP (Wk47259). The latter could indicate that the artefact deposit slightly pre-dates European occupation of Victoria or that it is derived from a feature such as a burnt-out tree stump, resulting from land clearing during the early period of European occupation. The charcoal feature appeared to be discrete, however, and only became evident in the soil profile between 300–400 mm; if the latter were a tree it might be expected that the charcoal would have been distributed throughout the soil profile. It is more likely that the charcoal feature is a hearth.

Table 5: Aboriginal Places recorded in the road corridor complex assessment VAHR Site No. Field No. Site Type 8021-0426 BQ AS 1 Subsurface stone artefact deposit 8021-0425 BQ LDAD 1 LDAD Notes: BQ AS 1 (VAHR 8021-0426) is not situated in the road corridor. In some cases, more than one artefact in the LDAD (VAHR 8021-0425) is attached to some map co-ordinate

VAHR 8021-0426 contains 12 stone artefacts found in excavation trenches dispersed across some 600 m of the study corridor, as noted above. It also contains three surface artefacts recorded on the crest of the hill near MTP 5 and 5A. The artefacts are distributed across a NW facing slope, a hill crest and a bench in a slope that is south of a minor drainage line. Artefacts in the subsurface component of VAHR 8021-0425 were found at depths of between 100–400 mm across the entire area where they occurred.

4.9. 4 Conclusions from the Complex Assessment (2009 and 2018) The results of the complex assessment show that there are a range of subsurface sites in the main quarry site and in the road corridor. Most are low density artefact deposits (including those registered as isolated artefacts in 2009) dispersed along the upper slopes and ridge running along the main quarry site and on the crests and slopes of hills in the road corridor. There were almost no sites found on the lower slopes of the hills in the main quarry; the latter is a colluvial apron. The single stone artefact found on the colluvial apron (VAHR 8021-0354) in the lower south-west corner of the activity area is likely to have been washed down the stream channel.

Three of the four sites which contained >3 artefacts occur in more sheltered locations in saddles. Artefacts at two of the latter sites (VAHR 8021-0301 and 0351) appear to be concentrated in highly localised areas. The stone technology present does not appear to indicate that these localised concentrations are due to any specific stone working activity. Further investigation would be required to assess whether these concentrations are due to post-depositional processes or specific types of human activity. Stone artefacts at

Page | 57 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd the other two sites where >3 artefacts occur are more widely dispersed but still confined within small areas overall. Average artefact density at all archaeological sites is low, being <1/m2.

This result is consistent with the site prediction models for the quarry and the road corridor, which indicated that the geographical position of the ridge in the main quarry made it a likely route of movement between the ranges around Cannibal Hill to the west and the alluvial plains of Cannibal Creek, Two Mile Creek and the Bunyip River, to the north, south and east. The highest numbers of stone artefacts were found at archaeological sites in saddles, perhaps suggesting that these locations were more sheltered and favoured as campsites. The ridge extends into the north end of the road corridor, so it is probably not surprising that there are sites found in the intervening valley to the south of the main quarry site and along the crests of ridges. Site VAHR 8021-0426 is situated on a prominent point overlooking the LaTrobe valley and is a natural terminus of a route of movement from Cannibal Hill to the LaTrobe Valley. The indications from the charcoal feature are that this is a recent site, possibly around 320 years old, unless the charcoal is derived from a burnt tree stump. Despite the depth at which it was found (300–400 mm) it appears to be a discrete feature rather than a burnt out tree stump.

At all the sites located during the complex assessment, stone artefacts are found at depths in the soil profile of between 100–400 mm, predominantly between 200–400 mm. No artefacts in the quarry site were found between 300 mm and the clay sub-soil at the base of the soil profile, which occurs at depths varying between 400–700 mm.

Site Formation Processes

The five surface Aboriginal archaeological sites (isolated artefacts) located during the standard assessment (VAHR 8021-0297–0300 and 0320) were not in situ and are likely to have been re-deposited in a new location because of soil erosion on the ridge and hills. The surface artefacts which form part of BQ LDAD 1 (VAHR 8021-0425) are most likely in the general area where they were originally deposited and have eroded from near surface artefact deposits. Artefacts found in MT 5 and MT 5A were found in shallow near-surface deposits of 100–200 mm, showing that there are artefacts in the topsoil which could easily erode onto the surface.

Artefacts found at sites VAHR 8021-0348, 0350 and 0354 are also likely to be re-deposited materials. At sites VAHR 8021-0348 and 0350, the stone artefacts were found on benches or flats, at the base of slopes where there has been considerable soil erosion and mass slippage. At site VAHR 8021-0354 the stone artefact was situated in shallow soil on a colluvial fan and near the southern end of an ephemeral drainage line. It is likely that the artefact was washed down with sediment and gravel from the slopes to the north.

All the remaining subsurface deposits of stone artefacts in the quarry site were situated in shallow soils and between depths of 100–300 mm. Given the past evidence for land clearance and extensive soil erosion within the activity area, it is likely that all the archaeological sites located have undergone some form of disturbance either because of natural processes, recent land disturbance, or both. The shallow deposits of artefacts would be particularly prone to soil disturbance because of land clearance, particularly if the latter involved grubbing of tree stumps and understorey vegetation. They would also have been vulnerable to soil erosion resulting from land clearance, particularly recent mass-movement of soils. The sporadic and low- density dispersal of stone artefacts through the soil horizon identified by the subsurface testing is possibly indicative of horizontal dispersal of artefacts through the soil profile from their original source.

The stone artefacts located at all the subsurface archaeological sites are therefore likely to have been derived from past campsites on the ridge and dispersed more widely through the soil profile from their original

Page | 58 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd source. Although localised concentrations of artefacts were found at two sites (VAHR 8021-0301 and 0351), there is no technological affinity between the artefacts found, other than similarity in the raw materials used in their manufacture. This would indicate that the artefacts are not derived from a single or related group of activities, but have either accumulated as a result of episodic occupation over a long period of time or have arrived in their current location as a result of bioturbidity in the soil column. The fact that the artefacts were confined within a shallow soil layer with little vertical displacement, however, would tend to suggest that these concentrations derived from a gradual accumulation of materials in the soil profile, possibly over many hundreds of years, rather than through processes of bioturbidity.

The subsurface artefacts at VAHR 8021-0425 are components of low density artefact deposits which appear to be randomly dispersed through the sandy soil profile at depths of 100–400 mm. Artefact dispersals would appear to suggest that the artefacts may have been subject to secondary deposition, possibly because of soil movement. The charcoal feature found in Transect 7B was, however, a recent in situ feature, suggesting that soils at least in that location, have been stable for some time.

Site VAHR 8021-0426 is an artefact deposit situated in shallow soils above clay and sheet granite. The comparatively high numbers of artefacts found in Transect 7B and the charcoal feature, possibly a hearth, could suggest that this area was the focus of a specific activity or activities at a past Aboriginal camp site. Seventeen of the artefacts from this transect are found at depths between 300–400 mm, so the actual numbers of artefacts from that depth and their association with the charcoal feature, indicate that they may be derived from a single or series of closely related occupation events. There are no technological similarities or refits amongst the stone assemblage which would suggest that the artefacts are derived from a single or series of knapping events that have occurred in a short space of time.

If the charcoal feature is a hearth and the very recent radiocarbon date dates the occupation layer, then the site BQ AS 1 is very recent indeed, being occupied some 100 years before permanent European occupation of the Australian mainland. This recent date could suggest that other artefact deposits at around the same depth in the soil profile (300–400 mm) could be around the same age. This could be investigated further by obtaining OSL and further radiocarbon dates from Aboriginal sites in the area.

4.10 Artefact Analysis

Artefacts from the Quarry Site

Definitions of some terms used in the discussion below are contained in the Glossary.

A total of 113 stone artefacts were recovered from the 13 archaeological sites recorded during the complex assessment. A total of 99 artefacts or 87% of the total stone assemblage, were recovered from sites VAHR 8021-0301, 0346–0347 and 0351. Of these, 33 or 29% of the total assemblage were found at site VAHR 8021-0301 and 39 or 34% of the total stone assemblage were found at site VAHR 8021-0351.

After consulting with the relevant Aboriginal communities, four artefacts were thin-sectioned and inspected under a scanning electron microscope by petrologist Peter Browne of Hanson Construction Services, to accurately identify stone raw materials.

Page | 59 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Most artefacts (63%) recovered from all archaeological sites are made on a grey siltstone) (Browne, 2009), which is derived from locally available Silurian marine sediments in the lower foothills1. Artefacts are also made on red siltstone and sandstone (Browne, 2009) also likely derived from the Silurian sediments in the lower foothills). Quartz and crystal quartz are poorly represented, comprising only 14 artefacts or 12% of the total assemblage. The latter is also likely to have been obtained locally as veins in granite outcrops.

There is no spatial or vertical variation in raw materials between different archaeological sites. The locally available sedimentary rock is the dominant raw material at different soil depths at all sites with >1 artefact in the assemblage. Most complete flakes with a regular form are made on grey siltstone, possibly indicating selective preference of this stone as a material that was easily worked and could produce sharp straight edges on flake blanks.

The stone assemblage from all sites is predominantly comprised of debitage (Appendix 2), the latter being almost equal numbers of broken flakes and flaked pieces (n = 72) There are lower numbers of complete stone flakes present. There is no real vertical differentiation in tool types at the four sites where there are sufficient numbers of stone artefacts to observe differences in vertical distribution.

The overall numbers of stone artefacts used as tools are low. Only three complete tools, all geometric microliths, were found. These comprised two backed points from site VAHR 8021-0348 and a backed blade from site VAHR 8021-0347. These tool types are commonly found across mainland Australia from the early to late Holocene (Hiscock & Attenbrow 1998) although arguably ceased to be used in Victoria around 1000BP (e.g. Coutts 1981). There are also 33 complete flakes in the stone assemblage, predominantly made on grey siltstone.

Four of the 33 complete flakes have edge damage indicative of the use of unmodified flakes for tools and two have scalar retouch indicative of pressure flaking.2

Only four cores were present in the entire assemblage). One core was made on crystal quartz, two on grey siltstone and the other on an unidentified raw material. The two cores from site VAHR 8021-0351 were both small blade cores. All the cores appeared to be exhausted (i.e. worked to their maximum point) although only one core on crystal quartz had more than four negative flake scars. The length of the cores ranged between 35–19 mm.

It appears probable that stone working was not a primary activity at the archaeological sites in this area. The low number of cores could suggest that the latter were transported out of the activity area rather than deposited. Most of the complete stone flakes (30) had only single platforms, showing that the stone was not being re-worked after it had been deposited or used. The almost equal numbers of broken flakes as opposed to flaked pieces are also indicative of a lack of stone working at the site. Although stone was obtained locally, it was transported through the activity area, rather than used or deposited in large quantities. Combined with the low overall density of stone artefacts, lack of tools and low number of cores, the assemblage indicates that relatively little stone material was being discarded at archaeological sites within the activity area. This result is more likely to be the product of activities at small stopover campsites, rather than large or long-term campsites. It is likely that the three archaeological sites in the saddles, the single site on the ridge (VAHR 8021-0326) and possibly the more widely dispersed scatter of artefacts between three sites in

Page | 60 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Area C (VAHR 8021-0343–0345), are the result of several discrete occupation events, occurring over a long period of time, perhaps several hundred years or longer.

The brief analysis of the stone assemblage has indicated that:

• Stone was being obtained locally, but probably not from within or very near the activity area. It appears that most stone was being transported through the activity area, with small amounts being discarded at small or short-term campsites over a long period of time.

• The formal tools present at the archaeological sites are geometric microliths, which date the sites roughly to the late Holocene, probably within the last 5000BP.

The indications that the stone artefacts were deposited at small short-term campsites supports the site prediction model, which suggests that the ridge is more likely to have been a route of movement for people travelling between the ranges surrounding Cannibal Hill and the alluvial plains to the south, east and north. It is likely that remains of larger and more extensive sites would be expected on the high points surrounding Cannibal Hill as well as on the alluvial plain. Sites nearer the high points on Cannibal Hill could be associated with larger exposures of granite where there is more potential to capture and retain potable water. There would have been limited water supplies within the activity area itself.

Artefacts from the Road Corridor

A total of 39 artefacts, including the three surface artefacts, were found at sites excavated in the road corridor. A brief analysis of the material follows. There do not appear to be any significant technical differences in the material found, so the analysis will discuss them collectively. There are two few artefacts overall to draw any definite conclusions about the stone assemblage.

Most artefacts from the road corridor sites were made on grey silcrete, which was not present at all in the main quarry site. The grey silcrete artefacts are a completely different type of sedimentary rock to that found in the quarry site. Quartz makes up a larger proportion of the stone assemblage at sites in the road corridor (36%) than in the quarry site, where it only comprises 9% of the total assemblage. One artefact was made on crystal quartz. Both quartz and crystal quartz may be available locally as veins in the granite. Very few artefacts had corticular surfaces; only eight in total and five of the latter had a small amount of cortex (1– 32%), which suggests that the stone raw materials are not being derived from river gravels. The large number of silcrete artefacts is of interest, however, as it is one of the more commonly occurring raw materials at Aboriginal sites in the Melbourne Region, but was not present at Aboriginal Places in the main quarry site.

As at the main quarry site, angular fragments and broken flakes comprise most of the stone assemblage, with very few cores. All three cores are made on locally available quartz. There were only two formal tools in the assemblage, one backed point made on silcrete (in MT 3) and a broken geometric microlith made on silcrete in MT 7B. The latter indicate that the stone assemblage dates from the Holocene, broadly.

Apart from the stone raw materials, there are few differences between the artefacts recovered from sites in the road corridor and artefacts recovered from the main quarry site. The presence of silcrete at all locations excavated on the road alignment, may show that stone raw materials were being obtained and transported into the area from a different source. Otherwise there are no significant technological differences between the sites in the main quarry area and those in the road corridor. Most of the artefacts were probably discarded at short term campsites occupied by people traversing the area, rather than by people occupying

Page | 61 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd it for longer periods of time. This would be consistent with Aboriginal people moving through the mountains along the ridgeline between Cannibal Hill and the south side of the quarry.

5.0 Conclusions

This report documents the existing conditions of Aboriginal heritage

Priorities for characterising the existing environment: The background research was intended to identify and document any known places and areas of potential sensitivity for Aboriginal cultural heritage significance within the study area and its vicinity. While no Aboriginal cultural heritage places had been recorded within the activity area for the CHMP prior to commencing the project in 2008, previous archaeological research in the region indicated that ridges and the upper slopes of hills, particularly near drainage lines, were areas of potential archaeological sensitivity. Sites recorded on these landforms in previous assessments were surface scatters of stone artefacts or LDAD’s.

A total of 18 Aboriginal places were identified during standard and complex assessments carried out as part of CHMP 10705 which was prepared for the project. These comprised twelve surface artefact scatters, five isolated stone artefact occurrences and one low density artefact deposit. The Aboriginal sites were predominantly situated on ridgelines, saddles and the upper slopes of ridges. One site was situated on the lower slopes of a hill; it is suggested that the artefact was deposited as a result of soil mass movement. Seemingly intact and in-situ deposits of artefacts were found at larger sites in saddles. A radiocarbon date obtained from a possible hearth in one site yielded a very recent date of approximately 1600 ACE, placing the feature at or shortly before the time of the European occupation of Victoria. The sites have been assessed as being of some historic and social value to contemporary traditional owners. Five places have been assessed as being of moderate scientific value.

Page | 62 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd References

Legislation Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2018

Organisations

Land Victoria Aerial Photography storage facility (Laverton)

Public Record Office Victoria

Internet Resources

Bureau of Meteorology – Climate Data Online (http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/index.shtml?bookmark=200)

Bunyip Community Website-A Brief History of the Bunyip

Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources – GeoVic 3 (http://www.energyandresources.vic.gov.au/earth-resources/maps-reports-and-data/geovic)

Department of Environment and Primary Industries – Naturekit Interactive Map (http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/biodiversity/biodiversity-interactive-map)

Department of Environment and Primary Industries – EVC Benchmarks (http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/biodiversity/evc-benchmarks)

Department of Premier and Cabinet – Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register and Information System (https://applications.vic.gov.au/apps/achris/public/)

Land Victoria Aerial Photography (https://www.landata.vic.gov.au/)

Museum of Victoria-The Australian Telegraph Network, 1854 - 1877

Page | 63 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Reports and Published Resources Aboriginal Affairs Victoria 2010, Guide to Preparing a Cultural Heritage Management Plan, Department of Planning and Community Development, Melbourne, Vic, accessed from .

Aboriginal Affairs Victoria 2012, Guidelines for conducting and reporting on Aboriginal cultural heritage investigations, Aboriginal Affairs Victoria Department of Planning and Community Development, accessed from .

Aboriginal Victoria n.d., ‘Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 Practice Note: Salvage Excavation’, accessed from .

Arnold, H. (2013) ‘Garfield - after the coming of the Railway’, Koo-Wee-Rup Swamp History, 6 August. Available at: http://kooweerupswamphistory.blogspot.com.au/2013/08/garfield-after-coming-of- railway.html.

Australia ICOMOS Incorporated 2013, ‘The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013’, accessed from .

Barwick, D. 1984 Mapping the Past: An Atlas of Victorian Clans. Aboriginal History, 8. 1–2: 101–131.

Blake, B.J. 1991 Woiworung. The Melbourne Language in R.M.W Dixon & B.J. Blake, The Handbook of Australian Languages Vol 4: 31–105. Oxford University Press: Australia.

Bowdler, S. 1981. ‘Unconsidered trifles? Cultural resource management, environmental impact statements and archaeological research in New South Wales’, Australian Archaeology 12: 123–133.

Claessen, S. (2007) Bunyip Sanctuary Master Plan. Master Plan. Victoria: Cardinia Shire Council.

Clark, Ian 1990 Aboriginal Languages and Clans. Monash University Publications in Geography No. 37.

Coutts, P.J.F. 1981 ‘Coastal archaeology in Victoria: the morphology of coastal archaeological sites.’ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 92 (1): 67-80.

Debney, T. 2006 Addendum report: Mount Towt telecommunications access track, archaeological assessment. Tonimbuk, Victoria. du Cros, H. 1994 An Archaeological Investigation of Camp Hill Aboriginal Site AAV 8021–0016. du Cros and Associates.

Page | 64 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd du Cros, H. 1996 An Archaeological Survey of a Proposed Gas Compressor Station and Three Pipelines Between Drouin and Bunyip, Wollert and Tallarook, and Between Euroa and Baddaginnie, Victoria. du Cros and Associates.

Gaughwin, Denise & Hilary Sullivan 1984 'Aboriginal boundaries and movements in Western Port, Victoria'. Aboriginal History, 1: 8. 80-86

Gudgeon, S. 2005 ‘The Foreign Region’. Epicure, The Age.

Gunson, N. 1968 The Good Country: Cranbourne Shire. The Shire of Cranbourne.

Hiscock, P. & Attenbrow, V. 1998 ‘Early Holocene backed artefacts from Australia,’ Archaeology in Oceania 33: 49-62.

Holdaway, S & Stern, N 2004, A Record in Stone: The Study of Australia’s Flaked Stone Artefacts, Museum Victoria and Aboriginal Studies Press, Melbourne.

Howitt, A.W. 1904 The Native Tribes of South-East Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press: Canberra.

Murphy, A. 2000 Work Sites on Cannibal Creek and Bunyip River, Bunyip North: A Preliminary Cultural Heritage Investigation. Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd.

Murphy, A. 2002 Bunyip State Park: A Preliminary Cultural Heritage Assessment. Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd.

Murphy, A. & Rymer, T. 2006 Wattle Tree Road, Bunyip: Archaeological Subsurface Testing Investigation. Tardis Enterprises Pty Ltd.

Nest, D. M. 1990 Call of the Bunyip: History of Bunyip, Iona & Tonimbuk 1847-1990. Bunyip History Committee.

Plomley, N.J.B. 1987 Weep In Silence: A History of the Flinders Ranges Aboriginal Settlement, with the Flinders Island journal of George Augustus Robinson, 1835-1839. Blubber Head Press: Tasmania.

Raybould, O. 2006 An Archaeological Assessment: Land between 61–140 Nash Rd, Bunyip. Terra Culture Pty Ltd.

Sargeant, I.J. 1975 Soil Survey, Western Port Bay Catchment. Soil Survey Report No. 52.

Smith, L.J. 1989 The Berwick-Pakenham Corridor. Victorian Archaeological Survey.

Spreadborough, R. & Anderson, H. 1983 Victorian Squatters. Red Rooster Press: Ascot Vale.

Sullivan, Hilary 1981 An Archaeological Survey of the Monrinington Peninsula Melbourne, Ministry for Conservation.

Page | 65 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Thomas Papers 1841 Mitchell Library, Sydney. Private Papers. 16 Vols and 8 Boxes of papers, journals, letterbooks, reports etc. In H. Sullivan, An Archaeological Survey of the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria. VAS ORS No. 6. Ministry of Conservation Victoria. 1981.

Tixier, Inizan & Roche 1980 ‘Les Accidents de Taillee’. Studia Praehistorica Belgica 2 - 1982: 65-76

Viridians Biological Databases 2017 Atlas of Victorian Plants and Animals.

Zola, N. & Gott, B. 1990 Koorie Plants, Koorie People. Koorie Heritage Trust, Melbourne.

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Appendix 1 - Summary Landscape Analysis

(prepared by Dr Robert van de Graff, van de Graff & Associates)

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KEY

A = Apron (colluvial deposit) along the base of a hill slope AF = Alluvial Fan H = Hill slope-the erosional surface of a hill

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Appendix 2: Glossary

Page | 70 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Adze A flake with stepped retouch along lateral margins that can be hafted for use as a tool.

Anvil A flat object on which a core was placed to flake material from. Anvils often have a small pit/groove, usually in the centre of the object, as a result of this action.

Archaeology The study of cultural remains from past cultures and generations.

Artefact Scatter The material remains of past Aboriginal peoples’ activities. Usually contain stone artefacts, but other material may also be present, including charcoal, animal bone, shell and ochre. An artefact scatter is usually represented by a single stone flake or a concentration of flaked stone pieces (or fragments).

Assemblage A collection of artefacts that are derived from the same site.

Backed Blade Stone artefact associated with the Australian small tool tradition. They are characterised by unidirectional or bidirectional retouch found along a lateral margin, thought to be blunt for hafting (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 260).

Basalt A fine-grained rock occurring from lava flows.

Bifacially Flaked Flakes removed from two faces of an object such as a core.

Blade A flake that is twice as long as it is wide.

Bondi Point An asymmetrical blade with a point at one end with backing retouch. Part of the Australian Small Tool Tradition.

Burial Human Remains, normally found as concentrations of human bones or teeth, exposed by erosion or earthworks. They are sometimes associated with charcoal or ochre, although shell, animal bone and stone tools may also be present. Tend to be located in soft soils and sand, although can occur in rock shelters, caves and dead trees.

Burin A truncated flake formed by snapping or retouching along one lateral margin that then forms a platform from which small flakes are removed forming a triangular scar that acts as a working edge (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 241– 243).

Ceramic A term used to identify wares made from either clay or fusible stone such as stoneware, earthenware, porcelain or terracotta (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).

Chert A compact, fine-grained rock made of crypto-crystalline silica and can occur in a variety of colours, usually red, green or black.

Core A specimen of rock that has undergone a process of reduction through the removal of a number of flakes and as a result they have negative flake scars. Cores can contain a single platform, have two platforms or have had flakes removed in multiple directions.

Cortex The original surface of a mineral or rock subjected to weathering by the elements.

Cultural Material Any material remains which are produced by human activity.

Debitage Detached pieces of stone that are discarded during the reduction process.

Dry Stone Wall A wall formed of a number of courses of rock (usually basalt or limestone) with no bond or binding component. Walls are usually tapered, have two faces and can have hearting (packing), or plugging.

Earthenware A non-vitreous (porous) whiteware, usually used for domestic tablewares. Most earthenware is glazed and decorated, transfer printed or left plain (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).

Earth Feature Collective term used to refer to mounds, rings, hearths, postholes and ovens.

Earth Mound Mounds generally appear as raised areas of darker soil. They are commonly found in the volcanic plains of western Victoria or on higher ground near water bodies. Mounds often contain charcoal, burnt clay or stone heat retainers from cooking ovens, animal bones, shells, stone tools and sometimes, Aboriginal burials.

Page | 71 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Earth Ring Banked circles of soil often associated with stone arrangements, which had a ceremonial purpose for Aboriginal people in the past.

Excavation A controlled means of soil disturbance (digging) allowing for detailed recording of the soil profile, features and artefacts exposed.

Flake A stone artefact that contains characteristics such as the presence of a platform, bulb of percussion and termination which reveal that the stone has been struck from a core and is the result of stone working (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 5).

Flake Core A flake that has subsequently been used as a core and had other flakes removed from it.

Flaked Piece Small fragments of stone that have been removed from flakes resulting from tool maintenance or tool production (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 17). Flaked pieces do not display the characteristics evident in a complete flake.

Flint Similar to chert with a pale cortex and conchoidal fracture. Usually occurring in limestone (Roberts 1998: 65).

Footing The structural base/footprint from structures often built from bluestone, brick or wooden posts.

Geometric Microlith Part of the Australian small tool tradition. They are symmetrical in form, pointed at both ends and can be backed along a lateral margin (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 262).

Glaze A coating put over wares fired in a kiln. Glazes can come in a variety of colours and can also be transparent.

Greenstone A metamorphic rock derived from basalt containing feldspar and quartz and is made green by chlorite and epidote. Often used for the manufacture of hand axes.

Grindstone A flat slab of rock with central depression used to grind, crush or pound seeds, ochre, or sharpen tools, etc. Grindstones are usually made on sedimentary rocks with an abrasive surface and can be used in conjunction with a muller.

Ground Edge Axes A sharpening process – flaking, pecking and polishing, usually along a single lateral margin. The axes are generally hafted with the worked edge forming the tool edge.

Ground Surface Visibility The extent to which the natural soil surface below the vegetation on the ground is visible.

Hammerstone A hard rock or mineral used to flake fragments of stone from a core (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 4).

Hearth The remains of a fireplace containing charcoal and sometimes burnt earth, bone, stone artefacts or other organic material.

In situ An artefact or feature that remains in its original position, or where it was left.

Manuport A stone block that displays no attributes of being either a core or a flake.

Microblade Has the same characteristics as a blade but just of smaller proportions (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 17).

Ochre Earth varying in colour from yellow to red, used as a pigment.

Organic Compounds formed from living organisms (plants or animals).

Oven Mound Usually circular or oval in shape and often situated close to a water source. They were used for cooking and contain a rich greasy organic mix of soil and organic material. An oven mound is likely to contain charcoal, burnt clay or stone heat retainers, stone tools, bones, shell and on occasion, burials (AAV Mini Poster 4).

Platform The surface from which the flake was struck off the core – natural, flaked or abraded (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 120).

Point A flake that has two edges that form a point with retouch along one or both lateral margins (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 16).

Page | 72 Proposed Bunyip North Granite Quarry, Environment Effects Statement Aboriginal Heritage Impact Assessment Heritage Insight Pty Ltd Porcelain A non-porous ceramic with a glass-like appearance. Can be translucent, can be used for tableware or more decorative features such as ornaments.

Post-contact The period after contact between Aboriginal people and Europeans.

Pre-contact The period before contact between Aboriginal people and Europeans.

Quarry Outcrop of stone or ochre that has been quarried by Aboriginal people in the past. Generally associated with a large amount of broken stone and flakes. The outcrop (cores) bear negative scars from flaking.

Quartz A mineral that commonly occurs in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Quartz can come in a number of forms including crystal, rose, and smoky.

Quartzite A metamorphic rock formed by the re-crystallization of quartz. Quartz is rich in sandstone and limestone (Roberts 1998: 109).

Retouch A worked edge or modification of a flake formed by removing a number of small flakes along an edge. This can be done as a form of maintenance or to produce a tool.

Rock Art Paintings created on the rock surfaces of caves and rock shelters and engravings in limestone caves. Artwork includes stencils, prints and drawings. The paint consists of ochres, clays and charcoal mixed with fats.

Scarred Tree A tree which has had a slab of bark removed, exposing the sapwood on the trunk or branch of a tree. Aboriginal people used the bark to make shelters, containers (coolamons) and canoes.

Scraper A flake with at least one edge that has continuous retouch. Scraper types include steep-edged, end, side and nose scraper (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 16).

Shell Midden A surface and/or subsurface deposit composed of shell and sometimes stone artefacts, charcoal and bone. Middens are normally found in association with coastlines, rivers, creeks and swamps – wherever coastal, riverine or estuarine shellfish resources were available and exploited.

Silcrete A fine-grained rock derived from shale or siltstone mixed with silica.

Spit A horizontal unit of soil removed during excavation. Spits can be arbitrary (dug to a depth of 50, 100, 200, 300 mm, etc.) or can be confined to a particular soil type or context. The excavation of spits allows for greater understanding, analysis and interpretation of the soil profile.

Stone Feature Includes cairns, rock wells, stone arrangements, fish traps, stone structures and grinding grooves. May be a natural feature, which was used or modified to be used by Aboriginal people in the past (rock well, stone arrangement), or a stone feature which has been deliberately constructed for a specific purpose (fish trap, stone structure, cairn), or is the result of a specific activity carried out by Aboriginal people in the past (grinding grooves).

Stoneware A vitreous (non-porous) ceramic, usually light brown in colour, used for drinking containers or used industrially. Often glazed or unglazed (salt glaze or slip applied) (Davies & Buckley 1987: 186).

Stratification The position of sediments and rocks in sequence throughout time.

Subsurface Testing A method of excavation that involves ground disturbing works to identify the potential for cultural material. Subsurface testing may comprise hand excavation and/or machine excavation.

Survey An inspection of land either by foot or by car (windscreen survey) noting conditions on surface visibility, landforms and the presence of cultural material.

Termination The shape of the distal end of a flake (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 129).

Terracotta A low-fired clay (ceramic), usually orange to red in colour and very porous. Often used for plumbing (drainage components) or garden ware.

Tool Modified flakes usually with retouch present along an edge (Holdaway & Stern 2004: 33).

Transect An excavated stretch of ground that can be of varying lengths in a straight line.

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Transfer Printed A design is traced and engraved onto a copper plate on which ink and oil is then applied. The design is pressed onto tissue paper and then placed on an object and the paper removed. The object is then fired and glazed. Transfer printed ceramics come in a variety of colours and patterns and were mass produced.

Trench An area confined by excavation usually in the form of a square (e.g., 2x2m) or rectangular (e.g., 1.5x1m).

References

AAV Mini Posters (1–7)

Davies, M. & K. Buckley, 1987 Port Arthur Conservation & Development Project: Archaeological Procedures Manual. Occasional Paper No.13. Department of Lands, Parks and Wildlife, Tasmania.

Holdaway S. & N. Stern, 2004 A Record in Stone: The Study of Australia’s Flaked Stone Artefacts, Museum Victoria, Melbourne.

Roberts, J. L., 1998 A Photographic Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils, New Holland, London.

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