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Signs: an Introduction to Semiotics An Introduction to Semiotics THOMAS A. SEBEOK Signs: An Introduction to Semiotics Second Edition UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toron to Press Incorporated First Edition 1994, reprinted 1999 Second Edition 2001 Toronto Buffalo London Prin ted in Canada ISBN 0-8020-3634-1 (cloth) ISBN 0-8020-8472-9 (paper) Prin t on acid-free paper Toronto Studies in Semiotics and Communication Editors: Marcel Danesi, Umberto Eco, Paul Perron, Peter Schultz, Thomas A. Sebeok National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Sebeok, Thomas A., 1920- Signs: an introduction to semiotics 2nd ed. (Toronto studies in semiotics and communication) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8020-3634-1 (bound) ISBN 0-8020-8472-9 (pbk.) 1. Semiotics. 2. Signs and symbols. I. Title. II. Series. P99.S38 2001 302.2 C200 1-901772-3 University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its pub­ lishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial support for its publish­ ing activities of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). Contents Preface to the Second Edition ix Foreword: Thomas A. Sebeok and Semiotics Marcel Danesi xi 1 Basic Notions 3 The Object of Semiotics 4 Definingthe Sign 5 Structural Properties 6 Semiosis and Representation 8 Types of Signs 8 Nonverbal Communication 11 2 The Study of Signs 25 A Biological Approach to the Study of-Signs 27 Messages 31 The Sign 32 Signs and 'Reality' 36 3 SixSpeci es of Signs 39 General Features of Signs 39 Six Species of Signs 42 Signal 44 VI Contents Symptom 46 Icon 50 Index 53 Symbol 55 Name 59 On the Being, Behaving, and Becoming of Signs 61 4 Symptom Signs 65 The Meaning of Symptom 66 The Peircean View 70 Symptoms and the Medical Origins of Semiotics 72 Interpreting Symptoms 76 5 Indexical Signs 83 Indexicality 84 Features of Indexicality 87 Manifestations of Indexicality 92 The Study of Indexicality 96 6 Iconic Signs 103 Iconicity 103 The Incidence oflconicity 105 Features of Iconicity 107 The Study of Iconicity 110 7 Fetish Signs 115 The Origin of Fetishism as 'Deviation' 116 The Fetish in Psychology and Sexology 117 The Fetish in Semiotics 1 23 8 Language Signs 127 The Study of the Verbal Sign 128 Verbal and Nonverbal Signing 135 Contents vii 9 Language as a PrimaryModellin g System? 139 Modelling System 140 Uexkiill's Model Revisited 143 Language as a Modelling System 146 Concluding Remarks 148 Glossary 151 Bibliography 159 Index 187 Preface to the Second Edition This second edition of Signs includes several fe atures that are designed to make it more comprehensive and useful as an intro­ ductory manual for semiotics. The original eight chapters have remained virtually intact, with minor modifications here and there. As mentioned in the first edition, these were reworkings of studies that have appeared in the following sources: chapter 2 in the Journal of Social and Biological Structures; chapter 3 in Semiotica; chapter 4 in New Directions in Linguistics and Semiotics, edited by James E. Copeland (Houston: Rice University Studies) ; chapters 5 and 7 in the AmericanJournal of Semiotics; chapter 6 in Modern Lan­ guageNo tes; chapter 8 in the Georgetown University Round Ta bleMono­ graphs; and chapter 9 in The Semiotics of Culture, edited by Henri Broms and Rebecca Kaufman (Helsinki: Arator, 1988). Chapter 1 is new to this edition. It is a reworking of a lecture enti­ tled 'Nonverbal Communication,' which appeared in the Thomas A. Sebeok Distinguished Lecture Series in Semiotics, Vo l. 1 (2000) , initially published by the Program in Semiotics and Communication The­ or y of Victoria College, in collaboration with University College, University of Toronto. The series is edited and introduced by Mar­ cel Danesi and Paul Perron. It presents in a general way some of the basic notions that are used in the remainder of the book. This second edition also contains a glossary of technical terms and an expanded bibliography, as well as a thoroughly reworked in­ dex. These fe atures are intended to augment its textbook fu nctions. Thomas A. Sebeok Indiana University, 2001 Foreword: Thomas A. Sebeok and Semiotics MARCEL DANESI The name of Thomas A. Sebeok is universally associated with the development of semiotics and communication theory in the twen­ tieth century. Indeed, no one else in the world today has had the enormous impact that Professor Sebeok has had on these two fields. It would be no exaggeration to say that without his innova­ tive research and his critical writings, both fields would not be as flourishing and as significant as they are today, as we the start the new millennium. It was appropriate in 1992 to launch the To ronto Studies in Semiotics series with Professor Sebeok's introductory manual to the science of semiotics. It is befitting to inaugurate the expansion of the series - now renamed the To ronto Studies in Semiotics and Communication - with the second edition of Signs. In his numer­ ous ground-breaking works, there is a constant reminder by Profes­ sor Sebeok, in fact, that communication is grounded in the semiosic system of the organism. One cannot be studied indepen­ dently of the other. This second edition, like the first one, hiilSbot h theoretical and practical value. It can be used as a theoretical framework fo r study­ ing sign-based phenomena in semiotics, communication theory, psychology, linguistics, and biology. It can also be used as a text­ book in advanced university courses in these disciplinary domains. Professor Sebeok's writing is lucid, yet challenging. He has the exceptional talent of being able to explain a difficult topic to a large audience, simply yet with technical skill and great erudition. XII Foreword No wonder, then, that the firstedit ion of the present work became a contemporary classic in the fieldsh ortly after its publication. His writing is simultaneously entertaining and thought-provoking; usable by student and scholar alike. It is not commonly known that th e science of signs, semiotics, grew out of attempts by the firstphysicia ns of the We stern world to understand how the interaction between the body and the mind operates within specific cultural domains. Indeed, in its oldest usage, the term semiotics was applied to the study of the observable pattern of physiological symptoms induced by particular diseases. Hippocrates (460?-377? B.C.) - the founder of medical science - viewed the ways in which an individual in a specific culture would manifest and relate the symptomatology associated with a disease as the basis upon which to carry out an appropriate diagnosis and then to formulate a suitable prognosis. The physician Galen of Per­ gamum (A.D. 130?-200?) similarly referred to diagnosis as a pro­ cess of semiosis. It was soon after Hippocrates' utilization of the term semeiosis to refer to the cv!tural representation of symptom­ atic signs that it came to mean, by the time of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), the 'reference system' of a sign itself. So, frori-I" the dawn of civilization to the present age, it has always been recognized in We stern culture - at least implicitly - that there is an intrinsic connection between the body, the mind, and cul­ ture, and that the process that interlinks these three dimensions of human existence is semiosis, the production and interpretation of signs. The raison d'itre of semiotics is, arguably, to investigate the interconnection between life and semiosis. And that is what Sebeok has taught a whole generation of semioticians. His inter­ linked series of books published over three decades, from 1976 to 2001 - Contrilnttions to the Doctrine of Signs (1976), The Sign and Its Masters (1979), The Play of Musement (1981), I Think I Am a Verb (1986), A Sign IsJu st a Sign (1991), Semiotics in the United States (1991), The Forms of Meaning (2000, with M. Danesi) , and Global Semiotics (2001) - have shown how semiosis interacts with biologi­ cal, psychological, and cultural processes and products. This book has been designed as a synthesis of his research on the 'elemental' fe atures of this interaction. It gathers some of his most important Foreword Xlll essays dealing with the fundamental issues of contemporary semi­ otic theory and practice. These have been reworked into a cohe­ sive textbook that is usable by semiotician, student of semiotics and communication theory, cognitive scientist, linguist, psychologist, philosopher, and general reader alike. The opening chapter (, Basic Notions') is new to the second edi­ tion. I�presentsin a clear and illustrated style the basic conceptsof semiotic analysis. The second chapter (,The Study of Signs') con­ stitutes an overview of the intriguing study of human semiosis, including a delimitation of the scientific field of semiotics. The third chapter (, Six Species of Signs') delineates and illustrates the six fundamental categories of signs - s�!1al, s�ptom, icpn, index, s�bol, naI?e. Whatbecomes clear from this chapter is that semio­ sis is the defining characteristic of biological life. Then, in chapter four (, Symptom Signs'), Sebeok fo cuses on the nature of symp­ toms. It is instructive to note that the analysis of the body's geneti­ cally programmed system of symptoms that indicate patterns of disease in the ancient world laid the fo undation fo r the science of signs. The act of interpreting symptoms constitutes the essence of semiosic analysis. A symptom stands fo r some malfunction or 'interrupted' bodily process which, in the mind of the physician, pointsto, or 'represents,' a disease, ailment, or malady. In chapter five (, Indexical Signs') Sebeok then examines what is arguably the most fu ndamental category of 'conscious' signing - indexicality.
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