TERMINAL Through the "Windows" of a Tram Car Museum Thesis Book Yuyi Si Spring 2021 Approved by Master’s Examination Committee:

______Francesca Liuni, Jonathan Bell Assistant Professor, Critic, Department of Interior Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture, Secondary Thesis Advisor Primary Thesis Advisor & Thesis Chair TERMINAL Through the "windows" of a Tram Car Museum

______Jongwan Kwon Markus Berger

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Critic, Department of Interior Architecture, Professor, Department of Interior Architecture, the degree Master of Design in Interior Studies Exhibitions & Secondary Thesis Advisor Secondary Thesis Advisor Narrative Environments in the Department of Interior Architec- ture of the Rhode Island School of Design.

By Yuyi Si ______2021 Liliane Wong Julia Bernert Department Head, Critic, Department of Interior Architecture, Department of Interior Architecture Secondary Thesis Advisor ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

Ernesto Aparicio Critic, Department of Graphic Design, Consultant: Graphic Design

Nick Heywood Critic, Department of Interior Architecture, Adviser: Writing and Thesis Book

Paul Mayencourt Critic, UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, Consultant: Structure and Materials

@2021 Stephen Turner Yuyi Si Critic, Department of Interior Architecture, All Right Reserved Consultant: Energy, Systems and Sustainability This project can not be done without everyone’s support and patience for me during this particular year.

I sincerely appreciate the help from all the advisors; they en- couraged me to find my interests and were really supportive of my thesis. Also, thanks to all the critics for their feedback, comments and for providing opportunities for discussion.

A special thanks to Dalian Urban Planning and Design Institute’s Senior Engineer Wei Wang, who helped my urban analysis with providing materials of Dalian City. In addition, I want to thank my parents and family for helping me with on- site documentation and analysis materials when I could not go back home.

Furthermore, I am really grateful to my fellows from Dalian City: Dan Si, Junyu Lin, Fengkun Yu, Xuan Cheng, Yiran Wang, Zhihui Chen (and many others who accepted my invi- tation of the interview but not able to talk due to schedule) for inspired my design and contributed to the interview content on page 38-39.

Last but not least, I want to express my thanks to my room- mates, friends, and class colleagues who listened and ac- companied me during the thesis year; I am fortunate enough to have all of you by my side.

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1 IV DESIGN 41 Design Concept 43 I INTRODUCTION 3 Curatorial 47 Museum = Out Dated? 4 Program And Category 48 City, Museum And People 5 Experience 51 Precedents 6 Mapping 52 Conclusion And Solution 10 Exhibition Layout And Experience 54 Inspiration & Material 55 II SITE 13 Entry 56 Dalian Main City Area 14 Learning 58 Timeline 16 Home 61 Urban Space Development 18 Leisure 62 Rail Transportation And Living Space 20 Markets 64 Main City Area Transportation And Zoning 22 Food 66 Points Of Historical Interests 24 Exit 67 Sharing 68 III PROGRAM 27 Conclusion and Future Development 69 How Do We “Look” at A City ? 28 Sketch 70 Tram Route 201 31 History Of Tram Cars 32 Tram Car And Road System 34 Street View 36 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 72 Demographics & Passengers 38 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 76 ABSTRACT

The typical city museum is more concerned er personal narratives instead of traditional that goes through the city as a guide for city with the city’s past: focused on founding objective information, to understand this exploration, not looking at the street scape myths or historical events. The content is fro- place from its citizens and visitors; no matter as postcards and finding the best angle for zen and lacks engagement. Simultaneously, which era, people are the anchor points a photo, but from a position to understand the city itself develops rapidly and shifts, just of the city’s past, present, and future. The and participate through educational trans- as the citizens move and change. To address accumulation of daily lives constructs the portation experiences with a “familiar gaze”1 this disconnection, it is necessary to create flow of time as well as the bridge to potential from the perspective of people through the an active city museum that joins place, mem- possibilities of any city. window. In the design of the tram city muse- ory, and people by putting museum learning um, the DL6WA carriage is transformed into in context throughout the city and engaging Thus, the Dalian City Museum’s venue a collective way for residents and visitors to audiences in their daily lives. is within the Route 201 Tram system that enhance understanding of Dalian City. Just interacts with the cityscape numerous times as commuters’ destinations relate to home, Dalian in Liaoning Province, China, is recog- a day. The 201 Tram carrying passengers leisure, work, school, daily life and the nized as a historical and tourism district with through the center of this area district moment of transportation itself, the content a unique city fabric and collection of architec- developed along with the city’s early stag- of the mobile city museum tells stories from tural styles. The city has a complex history of es of urbanization. Despite rapid changes these categories, not only pulled from the colonization, resistance, and development un- throughout Dalian, the line itself was not past. der rapid urbanization during the 20th century. demolished and is still actively used by resi- 1 Eleanor Andrews. Place, Setting, Perspective : Narrative To understand these layers of the city, this dents and tourists alike, witnessing their dai- Space in the Films of Nanni Moretti. Madison: Fairleigh Dickin- thesis also proposes the city museum consid- ly lives. Consider Route 201 as a story box son University Press, 2014.

1 I INTRODUCTION

CITY AND THE IDEA OF MUSEUM What can a museum be?

2 3 MUSEUM = OUT DATED? Problems of the museum

There’s always been a stereotype about museums to say that some- thing old should go to the museum. Although it is a joke, it is high time to reflect on: “ why do people have such an impression towards museums?”

Indeed, the definition of a museum is “a building where a large number of interesting and valuable objects, such as works of art or CITY, MUSEUM AND PEOPLE historical items, are kept, studied, and displayed to the public”12 , and especially for the city museums, exhibits as rich as a city sure have Ideas for a city museum many histories to tell. But people don’t have the motivation or feel the According to the world bank’s statics, as the 21st century developed not be all about the past. With people actively living inside with their necessity of going into the museum when they face display boards rapidly, 55.517% of people are living in the city nowadays.31 42 The city thoughts and interests, the city itself is also alive. Even building and lectures of things that seem far away. Instead of accusing people museums are where the city shows identity; tourists chose them to upon history, people enjoy the present and eager to know about the of not care, the lack of engagement and frozen content are pulling know about the place, and citizens chose them to learn and reflect. future. In the Museum of Rotterdam, they seek the “modern heri- people away from museum learning. tage” of the city to celebrate the modern urban life; according to Jari

“A definition of the city museum is in order“, in the case we are study- Harju, the Helsinki museum display their tram under the category of There has been a growing awareness of the need for many muse- ing now, “it refers to institutions located in major metropolitan areas the contemporary cultural center.64 It is worth noting that the narra- ums to change their thinking to attract people to the museum. The 5 that collect and interpret the history of their city” 3. Indeed, each city tive and organization of a city museum are changing and evolving ideas of a museum can take many forms, as what are shown in the has a unique history to follow through, but the museum itself should with the presence of people and the possibility to blur the timeline. precedents.

3 Tisdale, Rainey. “From the Guest Editor: City Museums and Urban Learning” The Journal Even building upon history, people enjoy the present and eager to of Museum Education 38, no. 1 (2013): 3-8. Accessed Feb 14, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/sta- know about the future. ble/43305765.W

2 HarperCollins Publishers, “Museum Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary,” www. 4 DataBank, “Urban Population (% of Total) | Data,” Worldbank.org, 2018, https://data.worldbank. collinsdictionary.com, accessed June 3, 2021, https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/en- org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS. glish/museum. 5 Tisdale,“From the Guest Editor: City Museums and Urban Learning”, 2013. 6 Tisdale,“From the Guest Editor: City Museums and Urban Learning”, 2013. 4 5 PRECEDENTS PRECEDENTS

Open House: If These Walls Could Talk Mmuseum: Object journalism81 and context Know a place through people's life story.

This tiny museum in the freight elevator shaft of Cortlandt Alley, Tri- 470 East Hopkins Street is a household in the Railroad Island BeCa, exhibiting small things with a meaningful story behind. The neighborhood located in Minnesota. At least fifty families lived exhibits are personal objects that speaks about current events29 inside this building from 1888 to 2003; as immigrants and work- and appears in small spaces in the city. The runner of this series of ing-class people. In 2006, researcher Benjamin Filene found their Fig. 1 470 East Hopkins Street household museums, Alex Kalman, said that an "unexpected location" for a stories and curated the exhibition” Open House: If These Walls museum could provide an encounter experience "of being curious, Could Talk” in Minnesota History Center.71 of wondering where you are, of asking questions, would begin be- fore you even arrive." The context of the museum is adding a layer The historical exhibition of personal stories caught the audience’s of meaning to the exhibition. 310 attention on the house’s domestic environment. With interaction triggers, audio, video, and photographs, the audience could have an emotional experience and synchronize with past people.

Fig. 2 Personal history Fig. 3 Visitor Centered Exhibition Strategies: Let space lead the narrative The domestic environment also creates a feeling of attachment. !

Fig. 6 A tiny museum space in the freight elevator shaft of Cortlandt Alley, TriBeCa

8 Rob Walker, “Collections From, and About, The,” Design Observer, May 5, 2016, https:// Fig. 4 Story told by site Fig. 5 Stroy told by interaction designobserver.com/article.php?id=39289. 7 Hass, Kristin,The Journal of American History 94, no. 3 (2007): 904-07. Accessed October 8, 9 Walker, “Collections From, and About, The,” , May 5, 2016. 2020. doi:10.2307/25095157. 10 James Barron, “This Tiny Museum Fits inside an Elevator Shaft,” The New York Times, April 21, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/nyregion/tiny-museum-new-york-city.html. 6 7 PRECEDENTS

The Museum of Ordinary People: Museum being pres- ent and participatory

The MOOP program is a series of pop-up museums and states museums as an “active, participatory space.” 11 1

The museum’s topic and programing are very up-to-date and diverse in form. During the Covid period, they collect people’s daily life journals and separate the exhibition space and content into domestic categories. This immersive exhibition is called “HOME”, it also aims to be a process of engaging and healing for people facing the pandemic.122 Back in December 2018, their first exhibition is collecting people’s Christmas stories in Jubilee Library in Brigh- Fig. 8 Workshops Fig. 10 Exhibition Layout for “HOME”. ton. In their workshop program, people can interact with daily life objects to network, respond, and help each other out.13 3

Whether it is joy, love, and tears of grief, this museum collects and shares ordinary daily lives with extraordinary, keeping the program alive and engaging with the present and community.

11 Jolie Booth, “Blog,” Museum of Ordinary People, April 3, 2021, https://www.museumofor- dinarypeople.com/blog. 12 Museum of Ordinary People, “Rummage through HOME - our exhibition for the 2021 Brigh- Fig. 7 “What is Wrong with me?” by Lexa Willis-Gray, part of an exhibit in the exhibition “HOME”. ton Festival,” Museum of Ordinary People, accessed April 3, 2021, https://www.museumofor- dinarypeople.com/.

13 Museum of Ordinary People, “Workshops,” Museum of Ordinary People, accessed April 3, Fig. 9 Christmas, Moop Museum, Preview Night at the Museum of Ordinary People (MOOP). 2021, https://www.museumofordinarypeople.com/workshops. 8 9 CONCLUSION AND SOLUTION

Points of Return Content

To connect the context and people in a city museum, we can draw some ideas from the previous precedents. Here, I want to address the problem through three aspects -- context, content, and connection.

Connect Context The content of a city museum can be interdisciplinary and timeless. It can also benefit from different perspectives -- not only a large-scale narrative but can also be small-scale narratives. Further more, technology is an efficient way of enhancing the under- standing and meaning of the exhibition.

By putting the exhibits into their context, the environment can cre- The museum can be active and present. The audience not only ate a sense of space and contextualize exhibition content through receives the knowledge but can also contribute to the content, people’s existing experience, stimulating emotion and memory, making museum learning participatory and sharable. helping the audience understand the content in an immersive and interactive way.

10 11 II SITE

DALIAN CITY Layers of life and time

12 13 DALIAN MAIN CITY AREA Bohai Gulf

The past, present, future of a city layered in daily lives. Most impor- tantly, people actively live inside with their thoughts and interests and are the anchor points of time and changes. The structure of a city museum should not be frozen and all about past and preach- ing but need to consider the liveness of people and time.

Fig. 13 Site in Dalian city In Liaoning Province, China, Dalian is recognized as a histori- cal and tourism district with a unique city fabric and collection of architectural styles. The city has a complex history of colonization, resistance, and development under rapid urbanization during its urbanization process.

Fig. 12 Dalian city in Liaoning Province

Fig. 11 Dalian City is at the North-east coastal area of China Fig. 14 Dalian major historical and cultural sites protected at the national level Area: 13.9km² 14 15 TIMELINE History of Dalian City

Fig. 15 Ming Dynasty map Fig. 16 Dalian was called “Dalniy (Дальний)” during the Russia occupation period Fig. 19 Dalian city map during Japanese Occupation Fig. 17 Dalian city tourist map 1980s Fig. 18 Dalian city tourist map cover from 1980s

Restriction Rule Qingniwa became a commercial district, Lack of people Qingniwa became center area A modern commercial port city, which they wanted City planning first step finished Important Port and military area to become the Paris of the Far East, Arthur Port transfered to Japan Construction of railway 1858 1860 1880 1894-95 1897-98 1904-05 1905 1945 1978 now 114 History of Dalian City British Occupation Return Qing Dynasty Japanese Occupation Russian Occupation start Russo-Japanese War Japanese Occupation Return to China Reform and Openning

Ancient time Modern Time 1898 Formation and evolution of urban space structure ( page 18-19)

1900 Urban fabric pattern take shape (Page 20-21) 1930

1903 City development along rail transportation (Page 22-23)

14 Wikipedia Contributors, “Dalian,” Wikipedia (Wikipedia Foundation, August 16, 2019), accessed October 15, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian.

16 17 URBAN SPACE DEVELOPMENT

Site

Forest Park

City Area

Jinzhou District Bohai Gulf Bohai Gulf

New District

Dayao Gulf Dayao Gulf

Lvshunkou District Main City Area

Huanghai Sea Huanghai Sea

Russian Occupation Period Japanese Occupation Period Pre-Reform and Opening in China Early Reform and Opening in China 1990 till Today 1898 - 1904 1905 - 1945 1945 - 1978 1978 - 1990

The expansion of Dalian’s urban space was impacted used to restrict the urban expansion but became For- significantly by economic factors, political systems, est Park now. The site witnessed the first two stages of policies, as well as the planning philosophy. The forest urbanization in Dalian city.15 1

15 Han Zenglin, Liu Tianbao, The Formation And Evolution Mechanism

Of Dalian Urban Spatial Structure. Human Geography. 2010,(03):67-71. 2010,25(03):67-71. 韩增林,刘天宝. 大连市城市空间结构形成与演进机制.人文地 理,2010,25(03):67-71.

18 19 RAIL TRANSPORTATION AND LIVING SPACE

Industrial Tram rail

Commercial City Area

Mixed-use Residential

Jinzhou District Bohai Gulf Bohai Gulf

New District

Dayao Gulf Dayao Gulf

Lvshunkou District Main City Area

Huanghai Sea Huanghai Sea

Russia Occupation Period Japan Occupation Period Pre-reform and Opening in China Early reform and Opening in China 2003 - today 1906-1919 1919-1945 1946-1976 1977 - 2000

Tram way was the main transportation method. Living areas were separated according to for- Railway transportation's affect on living areas had The separated living areas were no longer suitable The city was separated into different usages.161 eigners and local people.171 been decreasing since the introduction of bus sys- for railway transportation. The tram rail was reduced tem. Buses became the main transportation during to two and became longer; more transportation this period.181 methods were developed. Future living areas will be defined by the subway, and the city center will move 16 Ailing Su, “Study on Relationship between Rail Transport and Evo- according to it.191 lution of Residential Space in Dalian City,” Liaoning Normal University,

May 2011, 21–30. 苏瑷玲.大连轨道交通与城市居住空间变化关系研究.

导师：雷磊.辽宁师范大学, 2011. 17 Su, “Study on Relationship,” May 2011. 18 Su, “Study on Relationship,” May 2011. 19 Su, “Study on Relationship,” May 2011. 20 21 MAIN CITY AREA TRANSPORTATION AND ZONING

Industrial along tram Industrial Green Tram rail

Commercial Political Residential Plan City Area

Mixed-use Military Residencial

Mid 1900 Early 1910 Early 1920 Mid 1930 Now

"The urban area was divided into three central districts: "A large square (Zhongshan Square) was built in the "Reference the 'restricted zone' system; the land is "The urban area had adjusted partial functional zon- Now, the residential area is mix with multiple functions the administrative area, the European area, and the urban area, and the Xiaogangzi (Rural) area was divided into residential, commercial, factories, mix- ing, the construction scale had been expanded, the with the layers of history and ongoing life. Chinese area, and the construction of the Dalian Port gradually integrated into the urban area. The Sha- ing area four categories. Moreover, as a basic form buildings had been gradually improved, and the overall Terminal has begun. With various functional squares hekou Vehicle Factory was under initial planning and of road network planning, the square grid began pattern had basically taken shape."123 setting up, a radical road network system was basically construction, and the urban framework was gradually large-scale construction of the western regional road 201 formed connecting those squares." 21 22 opened." 1 system."1

20 China Academy of Urban Planning & Design (CAUPD), Dalian Urban and Rural Planning Geographical Information Affairs Service Center, “Historic City

Conservation, Dalian,” Presentation, Dalian, Dec 2019. 21 CAUPD, DLURPGIASC, “Historic City Conservation, Dalian,” Dec 2019. 22 CAUPD, DLURPGIASC, “Historic City Conservation, Dalian,” Dec 2019. 23 CAUPD, DLURPGIASC, “Historic City Conservation, Dalian,”Dec 2019. 22 23 POINTS OF HISTORICAL INTERESTS Contested2019 heritages124

2 Routes

Celebrity house Tram line

Historical markets Industrial heritage

Square and park City pioneer

Historical street

The historical area of Dalian featured the particular fabric and architecture with its first two stages of urban devel- opments under colonial history. Those features became Fig. 20 Zhongshan Square with an European style layout Fig. 21 Guandong Street was full of markets and small business by local people. tourism attractions and learning resources, and making the city’s physical structure shaping its culture and heritage, and the city’s physical structure is also shaping its culture and heritage.251 .

Grid street structure

Radical street structure

Plaza

24 Y Liu, K Dupre, X Jin, D Weaver. Dalian’s unique planning history and its contested heritage in urban regeneration Planning Perspectives 35 (5), 873-894, 2019.

25 Xing Yunxue, “The Inheritance of the Historical Culture Genes in the Process of Urbanization -- In Dalian, For Example”, MA Thesis, Liaoning Normal University, Fig. 22 Dalian Hyundai Guidao Traffic Limited Company Tramcar Repair And Parts Factory is an Fig. 23 Fengming Street with Japanese-western style residential architecture. March 2013. 邢云雪.城市化进程中历史文化基因传承的研究(硕士学位论文,辽宁师范 Industrial heritage. 大学). 24 25 III PROGRAM

DALIAN CITY AND TRAM CAR SYSTEM Look at city through the window of tram car

26 27 HOW DO WE “LOOK” AT A CITY ? Rome and Nanni Moretti’s films

Tourist gaze Familia gaze How exactly can we understand a city through people? Taking the example of Rome and Nanni Moratti’s films, there is a concept of “Familiar gaze.”

Since 1890, there have been 160 films featured Rome. Different The Pons Aemilius types of movies are the various representations of the same city. or “Ponte Rotto”. There are “postcard films” that treat the city as a museum for Postcard films tourists, “collage films” that combine “ sacred and profane, public and private,” and “insight films” that “ made in the service of the existing city,” more focusing on the neighborhood than the concept Source/ Welcome to Italy of a whole city.

Nanni Moretti’ is an Italian filmmaker whose works inclusively based in Italy, and Rome was also the most frequently featured Cara Palma place -- 8 out of 11 films were located here. The film’s “familiar gaze” provides insights into a city’s life instead Collage films of a distanced, postcard-like tourist view. While shooting, he looked for a setting that he enjoyed in the town and found the best expression. They are also less traditional and exploited. ”The spe- Source/ Vesseltracker Film/The Son’s Room cific context and the obscure individual in a generalized environ- Insight films ment” form the contrast in his films.261

26 Eleanor Andrews. “Place, Setting, Perspective : Narrative Space in the Films of Nanni Fig. 24 View of a city in films Fig. 25 Gazes towards a city Moretti”. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2014. 28 29 TRAM ROUTE 201

In order to find this “familiar gaze” towards the city, I noticed the tram line 201 that runs across the central area of the district.

M S S S S M DD The Dalian Tram system is the second oldest in China, and the use

127 M S S of the vintage-looking tram is still preserved to date on Route 201.

4:10am - 23:45 It was successful in planning by connecting the most critical parts of 4:20am - 23:50 S S S the city and providing more commute choices. Route 201 not only S S S E S S S S D T T S S 1 D S S D S S S S S attracts many tourists with its historical environment and vintage C S S S S 1 S S S S S S S S decoration, but also witnesses the citizens’ daily life and ongoing S changes.The development of rail transportation also shapes Da- lian’s central city area; 282 it is one of the identities of the city that weaves into the planning fabric and history and a window to know I M about the city and a terminal to connect people and places.

S

S 27 Wikipedia Contributors, “Trams in China,” Wikipedia, May 16, 2021, accessed on May 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_China. 28 Ailing Su, “Study on Relationship between Rail Transport and Evolution of Residential Space

S Length : 12.3km in Dalian City,” Liaoning Normal University, May 2011, 21–30. 苏瑷玲.大连轨道交通与城市居住空 间变化关系研究. 导师：雷磊.辽宁师范大学, 2011.

E C 30 31

S HISTORY OF TRAM CARS 29

1909-1970 1921 1940 1935-1938 1950 1966 1956-1957 1956-1957 1966-1980 1983 1997-2014 2000 2017 Type 11 Type 201 Type 41 Type 501 Type "Success" Type 3000 Type 42 Type 5000 Type 7000 Type 621 Type 8000 Type DL6WA Zhongche

The typical modern City begins to demolish Possible future tram, tram car runs on 202 tram ways at this time.301 not put in use yet be- lines. Also called The look and function of cause of the adapt- Redraw "Dalianren." (Dalian this one has been pre- ability of the tram rail People) It is a local 321 served. technology. production.31 1

31 Wikipedia Contributors,“Trams 32 I got this information during 30 Su, “Study on Relationship,” May in China,” May 16, 2021. an interview 29 Wall graphic and text, Dalian Museum, Dalian, Liaoning Providence, China. 2011, 21–30. 32 33 TRAM CAR AND ROAD SYSTEM

Trying to look for a place that provides the “familiar gaze,” I chose the tram car space as a site to lead the way of city exploration. It is connecting people and the city in these ways:

1. Tram rail developed with the growth of the city;

2. Zoning development and change, connect past, present and future of the city;

3. Nowadays, connecting people and their activities.

Fig. 28 Interior of DL6WA Fig. 29 Historical look in the interior of Type 3000

Fig. 26 Tram car type 3000 running in the middle of the road

Type 3000 in use has been transformed to adapt the new rail system, still remaining the 70s decoration style, and becoming a significant tourist attraction to experience vintage tram car.

3300 mm / 130 in The typical modern tram car runs on 202 lines is Type DL6WA; it was manufactured by Tram Factory of Dalian Public Transport Group, and I chose this type as my site.331

25200 mm / 992 in 33 Wikipedia Contributors, “Trams in China,” Wikipedia, May 16, 2021, accessed on May 28, Fig. 27 Tram type DL6WA running on the side of the road, picking up passengers Fig. 30 Drawing of tram DL6WA 2600 mm / 102 in 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_China. 34 35 STREET VIEW

Xinggong Street

Should add stops

33 Huale Square

33 Right

Left

Fig. 31 Street view along the line 36 37 Citizens Driver DEMOGRAPHICS & PASSENGERS “I like to watch the other “When I am in a new city, I love to explore The population in the main city area of Dalian Most of the tram car drivers and ticket building’s windows through food...It’s good to have local friends take me is 2,640,000 (2015), which contains the major- agents are female. Until 2018, tram cars carried most passengers among all the public transportations in the the tram window. I wonder on the adventure of exploring restaurants.” ity of the total population(5,480,000).35 1 city. Seventy-four tram cars are working in the city, and 417 million people chose to ride “She was a famous tram car driver; what people are doing. I also love watching people the tram everyday alone the line (7.5km in total ) from day tonight.134 there was no reason for me not to 35 Yang, “Analysis and development research.” chase after her”... on the streets.” I ask local people about their impression of the tram car and the city, trying to Travellers “As a Chines employee on the find the connections between life and city. tram, I witnessed my compatriot’s “I always wonder what suffering, but I couldn’t do anything Occupation 1. How long have you been in the city? 10.Are you satisfied with the ride? people are doing after they more.” 361 Along the tram line, a majority of resi- 2. Why did you take 201? From where to are off the tram; every time 11.What do you think about the architec- Domestic tourists dences are white collar employees. where? With whom? I am at the station and 36 adapted from CCTV.com, “Memory,” June ture, street, and culture along the line? International tourists ready to get off, I want to 7, 2011. Barely affected by traffic jam, it is also 3.What do you do when you wait for the How did you learn about them? know.” preferred for younger generation. tram? What do you enjoy the most in city life? purpose to take the tram 4.Do you have a specific route to take or 12.What do you usually notice when you Go to School/work “I used to take it every day to go to change your destination from time to time? walk around the city? Go home school. I also bought comic books 5.Do you think it’s crowded? “I lived in the city but I don’t know much about 13.Are you interested in the city muse- Transition to other transportation with my friends, taking that tram.” Did you take the vintage one or the modern um? Why? the history of that area. Though I love history and “We take the tram to watch the Leisure (art, shopping, events) one? 14.What aspects of the city interest/con- think it is fascinating. Sometimes it is interesting Affair (Hospital, formalities) fireworks in the night.” but somehow make me feel complicated to know 6.Where did you sit/stand while you are on cern you the most? the connection between the present and the past Visiting (Tourism) the tram? Why? 15.Are you interested in the city’s history? Senior Citizens of the city.” 7.Why do you choose this position? Why? Tram car is a preferred choice for the What are people doing on the 8.What do you do/think during the ride? Do 16.Please tell me about anything you tram? elders since it has easier access. you think it takes too long? want to say here, comments or your own On the phone 9.What do you think when you look outside story with the city. Reading the window? “I just love watching the window and think Talking “I love history, I read them as novels, about nothing.” Eating and I love the feeling to connect the 34 Yang Xinxin, “Analysis and development research on the status quo of urban public transportation in Dalian,” Master’s thesis, Watch the window view dots on the web.” Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, April 2018. 杨欣欣.大连市城市公共交通现状分析及发展研究(硕士学位论文,东北财经大学).2018. 38 39 IV DESIGN

TERMINAL A guide and invitation to the city

40 41 DESIGN CONCEPT

Contextualize and Participation

To address the exploration and participatory experience, the design of the museum logo shows the basic idea of the museum: While looking at moving scenery, everyone in the tram museum is learning and becoming part of the museum through both learning and personal experiences. The dots are connected, exchangeable, and alive.

The color comes from the color of a seashell. The city’s urbaniza- tion history started from the seaside as a fishing village; the numer- ous changing color and patterns of seashells represent the diverse activities and layers of the city and things happening on the tram.

42 43 44 45 CURATORIAL

People, Culture, Life and City

After interviewing the citizens, I decided that, just as commuters’ destinations relate to home, leisure, work, school, daily life, and the moment of transportation itself, the content of this mobile city museum would tell stories from these categories, not only drawing the past closer to them but also encouraging their participation of the present and the future.

“We want the cities we share to be like. In this light, history is use- ful to help us understand what worked and didn’t work in37 the past, and to explain how we ended up with the city of today.” 1

“What if the historical societies,de-emphasizing history and put- ting place38 - and the people who care about that place - front and center?” 2

37 Tisdale, Rainey. “From the Guest Editor: City Museums and Urban Learning.” The Journal of Museum Education 38, no. 1 (2013): 3-8. Accessed Feb 14, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/ stable/43305765.W. 38 Tisdale, Rainey. City Museums and Urban Learning. Fig. 32 Life and city

46 47 PROGRAM AND CATEGORY

Public space

Tram rail New ceiling material Old public phone station

Changed light fixtures

Installation

New floor material layer

Added transparent screen

Building / structure facade

The program of the tram car Exterior Graphic museum has three parts: The adapted DLW300 tram car itself served as guidance running along the regular line on Weekends and Monday to Friday at noon and night; The other two parts spread out into the city, transforming old phone booths into the participato- 4 4 7 9 7 6 2 1 8 3 6 Driver 5 5 10 8 3 ry station, and adding installations

1 2 Room that served as virtual recognition component and intro panel to the Home Learning Leisure Market & Business Food Adaptation of DLW300 building facade. 48 49 EXPERIENCE Drawing connection

Inside the tram car, each space section is dedicated to immer- sively feature one aspect of the city and correspond with a way finding map. The new interior design was inspired by the typology of different city activities; each section is divided into experience and street view(screen) interaction. In each section, there is a part that focuses more on an audio and visual experience to view the city, and the other part focuses on physical experience and inter- action with objects and space. While there are transparent digital screens added to the original window and audio system integrated into space, the window sight will be explained from the perspective of the specific topic, and people can also interact with objects and environments under the same category.

50 Adaptation of DL6WA 51

MAPPING

Places

Tram rail

4 4 7 9 7 6 2 1 8 3 6 5 5 10 8 3

1 2

Home Learning Leisure Market & Business Food

52 53 EXHIBITION LAYOUT AND EXPERIENCE Public space Food Market & Business Leisure Learning Home Participatory station

Tram rail

4 4 7 9 7 6 2 6 1 3 8 5 10 8 5 3 Driver 1 2 Room

Sharing And Way Finding Station Peer Interactive area Ticket station Window Food Market CULTURE Working Guest Entrance Court Street SQUARE Room Room Participatory area Map and mail

Driver Driver

Room Room

Peer Guest Culture Market Food Working Room Square Street Court Room

Driver Driver

Room Room

Peer Guest Market Culture Food Working Room Street Square Court Driver room Room

54 55 ENTRY Existing interior Sea shell

Exterior Interior light, intimate. Seashore, sand and shallow water. Darker, seaside wooden trestle rail, public space

PEER GUEST CULTURE MARKET FOOD WORKING ROOM SQUARE STREET COURT ROOM

Driver room Driver room

Fig. 33 Sina Travel, Tram Tickets Upon entry, you will get a ticket from a specific from Japanese Occupation Period, time, with a unique number attached for every- XXX-XXXX 1950s, 1976. one to call and mail. INSPIRATION & MATERIAL 56 57 INTERACTION

The interactive pole system corresponds explicitly 60in with the car’s original technical structure (door

40in pole), the need for safety in mobile spaces, and human randomness.

If people decide to focus on the window sight to learn more about the city, they can go to the window interaction part of each section. When the Transparent screen car stops, people will be reminded to put on the earphone devices. The audio and content are cus- tomized according to the position that people grab on the pole; if the rod was not grabbed properly, no extra information and sound would show up. The seating/experience area’s interaction works similarly to the window interaction. “老对儿” L ǎ o D ù i e r PVC tube

Arduino component

FSR sensor

Fig. 37 Demostration of the environment, see the animated Fig. 34 Live Camera, Amazon.com, accessed May 23, 2021, This space aims to immerse people in the peer working Some books are participatory prompts; by selecting the mock-up here: https://editor.p5js.org/yuyi/present/jVyQY- https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Live-Vista-Webcam- demo on P5.js LEARNING hB2N 73VF042000000/dp/B001BTWNZY. culture of the city by setting up a library-like learning particular book, you can listen to different stories of the Know more about the process of prototyping and environment.391 You can pick up and borrow books from city’s past. There are also “books” with hidden contents Fig. 35 Transparent Display Screen, Prodisplay.com, coding: Peer Working accessed May 23, 2021, https://prodisplay.com/products/ https://docs.google.com/pre- the space and read. The reading area was designed in that individuals contributed. transparent-oled-screen/. sentation/d/1zpEy_Bvqh6Ln- Room QkhcmK1g6Bk6Qv6KM0xR- pairs; visitors will have to share one pair of earphones. 39 Dong, “Dalian Dialect”, 2020. Fig. 36 My prototype of the system luhRh8ZDoe0/edit#slide=id.p 58 59 CONNECTION

As for the content, the characters are assigned randomly according to people’s height to guide eyes to look at essential parts. The other infor- Besides the assigned guides, the window mation and explanation will be in their view as content also interacts with the actual urban well. Another function of the assigned character spaces physically. The extra content com- is to continue the journey outside of the tram. ponent works with urban intervention. The The character has a number so that you can call live camera recognizes the color frames and them again in the phone booth program spread shows virtual contents accordingly. Different Kàng (炕) is a kind of traditional bed in the living room area home and living. You can find numbers in the number out in the urban space and get more information colors represent different sections in the HOME in the Northeast region of China. In this space, you can take book, dia it, and call another person from a different time about the place with a continued audio experi- car that resonate with various slices of life off shoes and have a cup of tea, listening to the story told or place. Be prepared for joy, tears, anger, sorrow, and Guest Room ence. This part can be found on the full proposal -- in different sections, people will see other by different people. Some are the host of historic residen- everything. of the tram museum. aspects of the same street view. tial buildings; some are local people and their stories about 60 61 In the Peer Working Room section, you will The interaction system aims to guide learn about the historical aspect of the build- people on a safe journey in the moving ing. But if you chose to stay in the Culture space and enhance people’s connection Square section, you will learn more about its with the actual city space by augmented current usage and rebuilding process. virtual contents.

LEISURE (Up) Hundreds of streets, squares, and parks, along (Right) Leisure time also includes street food and Bar- with forests and farms, galleries, and music halls, made beque in the city. In the experience area of this section, Cultural Square various places for celebration and leisure. In this section, hold up a bottle and smell different scents of memories. you can access different memories by picking up the According to your choice, you will listen to a story about photos, the glass content will change according to touch. social life after work and school.

62 63 FURNITURE

Furniture design in the space is based on the exist- ing structure and safety considerations.

The structure of the shelves is designed to accom- pany the pole system, with a place for people to hold on to, and also serves as a protection of the object on the shelves. The market/photo display cases are designed with a double-height to accom- modate children and adults (as well as people of different sizes).

Most of the furniture corners are round to prevent injury during the ride.

Also, each pole has an audio system inside to help with the experience.

In this section, the knowledge will focus on market places: before and now. Chose an object to observe on the market display; you will get MEMORY a slice of time and the back story of the object. They may come from a Market Street while ago or completely new. 64 65 In the Food Court section, you can read the “menu” When you get off the tram, you can pick a map on the shelf FOOD and select a place you would like to hear and watch about food culture while look at the site that used EXIT for further guidance and look at the messages, pictures, pho- to be or serve now as a restaurant, where immigra- tos contributed by other people’s letters. Besides the maps, a Menu of Places Leaving and tion, heritage, changes take place. small post office can use your ticket as a postcard and share/ sharing exchange your thoughts with others. 66 67 SHARING CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

Spread out in the public spaces, old public phone stations were abandoned not only in Dalian but also in many other cities. The sharing system proposes to use these phone booths as stations on site; you can dial a In this project, I experimented on making an alive and active museum space. Ideally, the interaction will be triggered by objects and urban interventions to use technology to connect people and the city. number to hear others’ stories or contribute your own, or that focuses on people as a critique of the programming of historical city museums. dial the number of your virtual guide continues the story There were many challenges and discussions during the process, of the place. To implement the concept, I got inspired from films that people’s and I tried to find answers for questions like “How can I create perspective is the most immersive and intimate way to understand the space other than chronologically?” “What’s the difference and the city, both physical and cultural. Thus, in the museum, by giving potential for a space in a tram that is moving?” “How to connect the people the initiative of participation and drawing connections be- physical city with the learning process?”, and “How the exhibition of tween urban culture life and the actual space, it enables people with this city differentiate from the other city?” the opportunities to understand and explore the city on their own. It’s a process of contributing and learning. Every moment of the present It is an experiment on how the program, idea, and form of a museum is the base of the future and the form of the past, in the concept of can shift meaningfully. This test will go on in the future and become the museum space. my motivation for exploration in the field.

The use of typology can also generate specific space experiences. The program can be developed along the line even more. Each The identity of the city can be both visual and experiential. section in the tram is potentially extended to individual cars, and the urban intervention part can be pushed further to become installation Except for the tram’s curatorial programming and interior design, I projects that connect the city physically. They can also be generated also try to work on the interaction design. As an essential part of the into different shapes according to the curatorial categories and the museum field, the concept of using technology should also be updat- typology of other buildings; the color codes can also be allies to the ed and not only be restricted to screen and touch interfaces. It can installation as a hint of urban wayfinding.

Public space be a tangible, immersive experience of people’s bodies and urban

Tram rail

68 69 SKETCHES

70 71 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 Eleanor Andrews. Place, Setting, Per- introducing the definition and development of 6 Tisdale,“From the Guest Editor: City Muse- 10 James Barron, “This Tiny Museum Fits mofordinarypeople.com/workshops. evolution of Dalian rail transportation and its spective : Narrative Space in the Films of city museums from the 20th century to the 21st ums and Urban Learning”, 2013. inside an Elevator Shaft,” The New York This blog page introduces their workshop impact on residential spaces. Tram formed Nanni Moretti. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson century, the author uses not only two but six A case under Tisdale’s personalized history Times, April 21, 2019, https://www.nytimes. program. the initial space structure, and then more University Press, 2014. museums that addressing issues as examples approach. com/2019/04/21/nyregion/tiny-museum-new- advanced transport choices extended it. The concept of “familiar gaze” is essential to bring new approaches to the “new reality of york-city.html. 14 Wikipedia Contributors, “Dalian,” Wikipedia This proves that the Dalian tram is a venue for understanding the project. It will be fur- urban history”: transnationalism (Amsterdam), 7 Hass, Kristin, The Journal of American This article talks about how the context of (Wikimedia Foundation, August 16, 2019), ac- that connects tightly to people’s lives and ther explained on page 38, “How to ‘look’ at audience-centered participatory(Chicago), per- History 94, no. 3 (2007): 904-07. Accessed small space works as a venue for the exhi- cessed October 15, 2021, https://en.wikipedia. the city’s space. A City?”. sonalized history(Helsinki), current resident life October 8, 2020. doi:10.2307/25095157. bition. org/wiki/Dalian. centered(London), topic range opening(Rotter- This part of the book reviews the Exhibition Introduction and history of Dalian City. 20 21 22 23 China Academy of Urban Plan- 2 HarperCollins Publishers, “Museum Defi- dam), and interdisciplinary technology(Vancou- Open House: If These Walls Could Talk and 11 Jolie Booth, “Blog,” Museum of Ordinary ning & Design (CAUPD), Dalian Urban and nition and Meaning | Collins English Dictio- ver). 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This book introduces Dalian’s dialect and take Dongguan Street as a case study. It within a film text. It talks about the physical The graphic of the trams and timeline research on the status quo of urban public CCTV.com, “《记忆》 20110606 影像中国 how it reflects the city’s culture. mentions that this kind of heritage could be narrative space from the interior to the city- reference the information panel about the transportation in Dalian,” Master’s thesis, （37） 行走的历史——大连有轨老爷车_纪 used as tourism and educational resources scape, and how settings and various perspec- evolution of trams in the Dalian Museum. Dongbei University of Finance and Econom- 实台_央视网(CCTV.com),” June 7, 2011. and benefit the city. tives of watching the place cope with it. Show- ics, April 2018. The documentary is a series that introduces ing Moretti’s techniques on manipulating the 30 Ailing Su, “Study on Relationship be- 杨欣欣.大连市城市公共交通现状分析及发展 the development of new China with people’s 25 Xing Yunxue, “The Inheritance of the narrative space reveal how the films became tween Rail Transport and Evolution of 研究(硕士学位论文,东北财经大学).2018. life stories and memories. The chapter of Historical Culture Genes in the Process of meaningful and joyful. Residential Space in Dalian City,” Liaoning The study analyses the historical and Dalian presents the tram’s relationship to the Urbanization -- In Dalian, For Example”, MA Normal University, May 2011, 21–30. current Dalian urban transportation system, past and future of the city, with interviews of Thesis, Liaoning Normal University, March 27 Wikipedia Contributors, “Trams in China,” The study also mentioned the timeline of including investigation, forms, and data. people who worked in the public transporta- 2013. 邢云雪.城市化进程中历史文化基因传 Wikipedia, May 16, 2021, accessed on May 28, tram car. Tramcar is the most popular way of trans- tion system. The old couple mentioned here 承的研究(硕士学位论文,辽宁师范大学). 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_ portation. was Shuying Li, the first generation of the The thesis analyzes the relationship be- China. 31 Wikipedia Contributors,“Trams in China,” tram car driver, and Deshun Wang, who also tween current city culture heritage and Dalian’s tram cars is mentioned in the historical May 16, 2021. 35 Yang Xinxin, “Analysis and development worked as an employer. history. Dalian City has a unique eastern tram lines in China. This page mentioned the information about research on the status quo of urban public -western hybrid city culture because of the tram car type DL6WA. transportation in Dalian,” Master’s thesis, 37 38 Tisdale, Rainey. “From the Guest colonial history and immigration. This article 28 Ailing Su, “Study on Relationship between Dongbei University of Finance and Econom- Editor: City Museums and Urban Learning.” is the inspiration of the curatorial t connect Rail Transport and Evolution of Residential 32 The information was from an interview. ics, April 2018. The Journal of Museum Education 38, no.1 physical, historical district city space with Space in Dalian City,” Liaoning Normal Univer- The interview was with a citizen. The study also mentioned the data of the (2013): 3-8. Accessed June 3, 2021. http:// culture and life. sity, May 2011, 21–30. 苏瑷玲.大连轨道交通与 city’s population. www.jstor.org/stable/43305765.W tr5 城市居住空间变化关系研究. 导师：雷磊.辽宁师 33 Wikipedia Contributors, “Trams in Chi- These are the author’s statements on 26 Eleanor Andrews. “Place, Setting, Per- 范大学, 2011. na,” Wikipedia, May 16, 2021, accessed on 36 CCTV.com, “‘Memory’ 20110606 Fim focusing on the present and people in the spective : Narrative Space in the Films of The tight connection between tram rails and May 28, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ China(37)Walking History——Dalian Old program of city museums. 74 75 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Page 6 Fig. 6 Adrienne Grunwald, A tiny museum “HOME” , Harriets.house, Accessed May 28, Map Division. LC call number G7824.D3 ping/241746481/. mancandletours.com, May 10, 2021, https:// space in the freight elevator shaft of Cort- https://harriets.house/Floorplan. 1899 .S3 Fig. 21 Dalian City Planning Exhibition Cen- romancandletours.com/blog/2018/02/05/a- Fig. 1 Saint Paul Historical, 470 East Hop- landt Alley, TriBeCa, The New York Times, ter, Public Announcement of the Protection day-tour-of-romes-ancient-bridges/. kins Street Household, ed. Steve Trimble, www.nytimes.com, https://www.nytimes. Page 14 Page 13 Planning Plan for the Historical and Cultural Upper-right: Caro Diario (My DIary), film Saintpaulhistorical.org, accessed October com/2019/04/21/nyregion/tiny-museum-new- District of Dongguan Street, July 12, 2019, (Rome, 1994). 8, 2021, https://saintpaulhistorical.org/items/ york-city.html Fig. 11 Dalian City is at the North-east coast- Fig. 20 Dalian Society of Surveying and July 12, 2019, https://new.qq.com/om- Lower-left: Ingo Schmitz, Cargo Ship Gener- show/295. al area of China, reference from Baidu map, Mapping and Liaoning Provincial Bureau of n/20190712/20190712A05N2W00.html?pc. al Information, June 18, 2015, Vesseltracker. Fig. 2 Minnesota Historical Society, Personal Page 8 https://map.baidu.com/. Surveying and Mapping, Dalian Traffic Tour Fig. 22 Si Yang, Photo, Dalian Hyundai Guidao com, June 18, 2015, https://www.vessel- history, www.mnhs.org, accessed October Map (1980; repr., Beijing: Surveying and Traffic Limited Company Tramcar Repair and tracker.com/en/Ships/Cala-Palma-9164770. 8, 2020, https://www.mnhs.org/historycenter/ Fig, 7 Willis-Gray, Lexa, “What Is Wrong with Page 15 Mapping Publishing House, 1980). Parts Factory, April 20, 2021. html. activities/museum/open-house. Me?”, Part of an Exhibit in the Exhibition Fig. 18 Dalian Society of Surveying and Fig. 23 Zeng Yizhi, Engming Street: The Most Lower-right: The Son’s Room, film (Rome, Fig. 3 Minnesota Historical Society, Interior “HOME,” Harriets.house, Accessed May 28, Fig. 12 Dalian major historical and cultural Mapping and Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Complete Historical District in Dalian Is Dis- 2001). Exhibition Space, www.mnhs.org, accessed 2021, https://harriets.house/Bathroom. sites protected at the national level. Surveying and Mapping, Dalian Traffic Tour appearing, January 6, 2011, Chinanews.com, October 8, 2020, https://www.mnhs.org/his- Fig. 13 Site in Dalian city Map (1980; repr., Beijing: Surveying and January 6, 2011, http://www.chinanews.com/ Page 34 torycenter/activities/museum/open-house. Page 9 Fig. 14 Dalian city in Liaoning Province Mapping Publishing House, 1980). cul/2011/01-06/2770778.shtml.This blog page Fig. 4 Minnesota Historical Society, Story Fig.19 Historical Map, “Dalian city map introduces their workshop program. Fig. 26 Si Yang, Tram Car Type 3000 Run- told by site, www.mnhs.org, accessed Octo- Fig. 8 Museum of Ordinary people, Workshop, Page 16 during Japanese Occupation during 1920s, ing in the Middle of the Road, photograph, ber 8, 2020, https://www.mnhs.org/history- www.museumofordinarypeople.com, accessed www.laozhaopian5.com, May 19, 2019, Page 28 November 15, 2020, November 15, 2020. center/activities/museum/open-house. April 3, https://www.museumofordinarypeople. Fig. 15 Ricci, Li, Wentao, Li, Zhizao, and http://www.laozhaopian5.com/ditu/696.html. Fig. 27 Si Yang, Tram type DL6WA running Fig. 5 Minnesota Historical Society, Stroy com/workshops. Wentao, Zhang. Kanyu Wanguo Quantu. Fig. 24 View of a city in films on the side of the road, picking up pas- Beijing, China]: [Matteo Ricci], 1602. told by interaction, www.mnhs.org, accessed Fig. 9 Moop Museum, Christmas, Preview Page 25 sengers, photograph, November 15, 2020, ︠ ︡ October 8, 2020, https://www.mnhs.org/his- Night at the Museum of Ordinary People Fig. 16 Plan goroda Dalʹniago / glavnyĭ Page 29 November 15, 2020. torycenter/activities/museum/open-house. (MOOP), video, www.youtube.com, accessed inzhener V. Sakharov. [Russia]: Litografiia T. Fig. 20 MR+G from Wakayama, Japan, accessed April 3, https://www.youtube.com/ Daloniago, [around 1899]. Map, lithographic Zhongshan Square, Dalian, September Fig. 25 Gazes towards a city Page 35 Page 7 watch?v=xgtfi2Ma_a4&t=53s. print. Scale approximately 1:21,000. 0.01 11, 2006, Flickr, September 11, 2006, Upper-left :Alex Meddings, A Day Tour of Fig. 10 Moop Museum, Exhibition Layout for [represents] 100 sagenes. Geography and https://www.flickr.com/photos/yang- Rome’s Ancient Bridges, May 10, 2021, Ro- Fig.28 Si Yang, Interior of DL6WA, photo- 76 77 graph, November 15, 2020, November 15, es·Dalian Chapter (Part 2) 20200112 | Taste yuyi/present/jVyQYhB2N 2020. China,” www.youtube.com (Tasty China, Fig.29 Visual China, Historical Look January 12, 2020), https://www.youtube.com/ Gif animation: in the Interior of Type 3000, April 13, watch?v=-llv3UewXEk. Pupper For los Android Giphy, Dog Run 2021, Http://Ln.workercn.cn/, April Sticker, January 11, 2015, Cartoon Network, 13, 2021, http://ln.workercn.cn/html/fil Page 56 January 11, 2015, https://media3.giphy.com/ es/2021-04/15/20210415101331387238935. media/326iF1qWfsTgKA4c78/source.gif. jpg. Fig. 33 Sina Travel, Tram Tickets from Japa- Marleen(Paddy) Visser, Seagull, Blue Note Fig. 30 Drawing of tram DL6WA nese Occupation Period, 1950s, 1976, August Art Studio, accessed May 10, 2021, https:// 11, 2013, accessed May 24, 2021, Http://Trav- www.bluenoteart.co.za/. Page 37 el.sina.com.cn/, August 11, 2013, http://travel. sina.com.cn/china/2013-08-11/0822207574. Augmented art source: Fig. 31 Baidu Street Map, Street View along shtml. Carsten Höller and Ben Davis, Screenshot the Line, 2013, Baidu Map, 2013, https:// of Carsten Höller’s Project for Apple’s [AR] map.baidu.com/. Page 59 T Project., August 15, 2019, Artnet, August 15, 2019, https://news.artnet.com/opinion/ Page 46 Fig. 34 Live Camera, Amazon.com, accessed apple-augmented-reality-art-1624540. May 23, 2021, https://www.amazon.com/Cre- Fig. 32 Life and city ative-Live-Vista-Webcam-73VF042000000/dp/ Collage main image sources: B001BTWNZY. Tasty China, “‘Taste’ My Hometown Dish- Fig. 35 Transparent Display Screen, Prodis- es·Dalian Chapter (Part 1) 20200111 | Taste play.com, accessed May 23, 2021, https://pro- China,” www.youtube.com (Tasty China, display.com/products/transparent-oled-screen/. January 12, 2020), https://www.youtube. Fig. 36 My prototype of the system com/watch?v=DjOEKSjco0o. Fig. 37 Demonstration of the environment, see Tasty China, “‘Taste’ My Hometown Dish- the animated mock-up: https://editor.p5js.org/ 78 79 80 81