A Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manitoba, a Large Shallow Lake in Central Canada

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A Water Quality Assessment of Lake Manitoba, a Large Shallow Lake in Central Canada A water quality assessment of Lake Manitoba, a large shallow lake in central Canada by Elaine Claire Marie Page A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science Department of Biological Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2011 by Elaine C. M. Page ABSTRACT Water quality of Lake Manitoba is poorly understood in comparison to other large lakes and a study was undertaken to characterize the spatial and temporal variation in water quality. To characterize the lake wide water quality conditions, samples were collected from 15 stations over a 2 year period. Geospatial mapping and principal components analysis revealed that the south basin of the lake was more turbid, nutrient rich, and more dilute in comparison to the north basin. Water samples collected daily during the operation of the Assiniboine River Diversion in 2005 and 2006 indicated that the Assiniboine River Diversion was the single largest source of phosphorus and sediment and was the second largest source of nitrogen to the lake. A non-parametric trend analysis of a 17 year historical water quality dataset from a station in the south basin indicated that Lake Manitoba has become more dilute and nutrient rich over time. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Gordon Goldsborough for his advice, guidance, and support throughout this project. His enthusiasm and knowledge in the aquatic sciences and encouraged me to further my studies as a graduate student. I would also like to extend my thanks and gratitude to members of my advisory committee Dr. Gordon Robinson, Dr. Don Flaten, and Dr. William Last for their time and valuable feedback and advice. Financial support for the project was provided by the Sustainable Development Innovations Fund and Fish Futures Inc. In kind support and long-term water quality data was provided by Manitoba Water Stewardship. Funding for travel to scientific conferences was provided by the University of Manitoba Graduate Students Association, the Department of Botany, and the University of Manitoba Students Union. I extend my thanks to Amelia Hall and Shelia Atchison who were field assistants extraordinaire – the project would have not been possible without their enthusiasm, dedication, and friendship during the many hours spent in the lab and field! We probably know the back roads of Lake Manitoba better than most and have probably set a record for greatest number of times circumnavigating Lake Manitoba! Thanks also to Joe Ackerman, Tomas Bouyer, Michael Gerstein, Dave Giesbrecht, Ann Halwas-Melnichuk, Jennifer Hosking, Kevin Jacobs, Scott Kolochuk, Kelsey Marshall, Reesa Simmonds, Allison Sinkins, and Elise Watchorn for their invaluable help with the project and their friendship. Special thanks to Tara Bortoluzzi for her guidance and support in the lab which went above and beyond! A thank-you to Dr. ii Brian Kotak who carried out the microcystin analysis on the Lake Manitoba samples. I would also like to acknowledge Megan Cooley, Dr. Ian Halket, and Nicole Armstrong who inspired me to continue on with my studies and career in the aquatic sciences. Thanks to my mom, dad, sister and brother for their love, encouragement, and support – I could not have done it without you! And finally, to my husband Bryan for his unwavering encouragement, patience, love and support through the years – thank you! I would not be where I am today without you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xi LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................... xvii LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xvii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 2.0 REVIEW OF THE LAKE MANITOBA STUDY AREA .................................. 5 2.1 Drainage Basin ....................................................................................... 5 2.2 Location and Climate ............................................................................. 6 2.3 Soils and Topography ............................................................................ 7 2.4 Geology .................................................................................................. 8 2.5 Vegetation and Land Cover ................................................................... 9 2.6 Lake Morphometry ............................................................................... 11 2.7 Hydrology ............................................................................................. 16 2.7.1 Water Budget .................................................................................. 16 2.7.2 Basin Hydrology .............................................................................. 17 2.7.3 Water Levels ................................................................................... 17 2.8 Summary of Water Quality Surveys on Lake Manitoba ........................ 18 2.8.1 Pre-1990 ......................................................................................... 19 2.8.2 Post-1990 ........................................................................................ 20 2.9 Chemical Limnology of Lake Manitoba ................................................ 21 iv 2.9.1 Spatial and Temporal Variation in Water Quality ............................. 24 2.9.2 Long Term Change in Water Quality ............................................... 27 2.10 Physical Limnology of Lake Manitoba .................................................. 30 2.10.1 Thermal Mixing Properties .............................................................. 30 2.10.2 Sediment Resuspension and Lake Currents ................................... 31 2.11 Biological Characteristics of Lake Manitoba ......................................... 32 2.11.1 Plankton .......................................................................................... 32 2.11.2 Benthic Invertebrates ...................................................................... 33 2.11.3 Fish ................................................................................................. 33 3.0 METHODS ................................................................................................ 46 3.1 Lake Manitoba Sampling (Objective 1) ................................................ 46 3.1.1 Open-Water Sample Collection ....................................................... 46 3.1.2 Ice-Cover Sample Collection ........................................................... 49 3.2 Water Chemistry Analyses ................................................................... 50 3.3 Sediment Sampling .............................................................................. 53 3.4 Sediment Analyses .............................................................................. 53 3.5 Assiniboine River Diversion Sampling (Objective 2) ............................ 55 3.6 Statistical Analyses – Objective 1 ........................................................ 56 3.7 Statistical Analyses – Objective 3 ........................................................ 56 3.7.1 Data Treatment and Screening ....................................................... 56 3.7.2 Volume Adjustment ......................................................................... 58 3.7.3 Trend Analysis ................................................................................ 58 v 4.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION: SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY AND NUTRIENT LOADING TO LAKE MANITOBA .............. 65 4.1 Climatological Conditions and Flows .................................................... 65 4.2 Total Nitrogen ....................................................................................... 66 4.3 Nitrate .................................................................................................. 68 4.4 Ammonia .............................................................................................. 69 4.5 Total Phosphorus ................................................................................. 70 4.6 Total Reactive Phosphorus .................................................................. 73 4.7 Soluble Reactive Silica ......................................................................... 74 4.8 Chlorophyll a ........................................................................................ 76 4.9 DIN:TRP ............................................................................................... 78 4.10 Microcystin-LR ..................................................................................... 79 4.11 Water Clarity ........................................................................................ 80 4.12 Major Ions and General Chemistry ....................................................... 81 4.13 Multivariate Analysis ............................................................................ 84 4.14 Assiniboine River Diversion
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