US LHC Participation More than 1,700 scientists, students and technicians from 94 US institutions participate in the LHC. These institutions include universities and national laboratories from 31 states and Puerto Rico.

The PhysicsKEY of ALICE ATLAS CMS LHC LHCb LHCf Arizona TOTEM University of Arizona, Tucson California California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Puerto Rico California Polytechnic State University, ANGELS & DEMONS San Luis Obispo Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore Indiana Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Indiana University, Bloomington Menlo Park Purdue University, West Lafayette University of California, Davis Purdue University Calumet, Hammond Minnesota University of California, Irvine University of Notre Dame, South Bend University of Minnesota, University of California, Los Angeles Iowa Minneapolis University of California, Riverside Iowa State University, Ames Mississippi University of California, San Diego University of Iowa, Iowa City University of Mississippi, Oxford University of California, Santa Barbara Kansas Nebraska South Carolina University of California, Santa Cruz Kansas State University, Manhattan Creighton University, Omaha North Carolina University of South Carolina, Columbia Colorado University of Kansas, Lawrence University of Nebraska, Lincoln Duke University, Durham Tennessee University of Colorado, Boulder Louisiana New Jersey Ohio Oak Ridge& National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Connecticut Louisiana Tech University, Ruston Princeton University, Princeton Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Vanderbilt University, Nashville Fairfield University, Fairfield Maryland Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Ohio State University, Columbus University of Tennessee, Knoxville Yale University, New Haven Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Piscataway Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus Texas Florida University of Maryland, College Park New Mexico Oklahoma Rice University, Houston Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne Massachusetts Flip University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Tanedo Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City Southern Methodist University,Don Dallas Teo Florida International University, Miami Boston University, Boston New York University of Oklahoma, Norman Texas A&M University, College Station Florida State University, Tallahassee Brandeis University, Waltham PhD Brookhavenstudents National Laboratory, Uptonin theoretical Oregon and Texas Techexperimental University, Lubbock particle physics University of Florida, Gainesville Harvard University, Cambridge Columbia University (Nevis Laboratory), University of Oregon, Eugene University of Texas at Arlington Illinois Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York Pennsylvania University of Texas at Austin Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne Cambridge Cornell Cornell University, IthacaLaboratory Carnegie Mellon for University, PittsburghElementary University of Texas at DallasParticle Physics (LEPP) Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston New York University, New York Penn State University, University Park Virginia Batavia Tufts University, Medford Rockefeller University, New York University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Hampton University, Hampton Northern Illinois University, DeKalb University of Massachusetts, Amherst State University of New York at Albany University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh University of Virginia, Charlottesville Northwestern University, Evanston Michigan State University of New York at Buffalo Puerto Rico Washington University of Chicago, Chicago Michigan State University, East Lansing State University of New York at Stony Brook University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez University of Washington, Seattle University of Illinois at Chicago University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Syracuse University, Syracuse Rhode Island Wisconsin University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Wayne State University, Detroit UniversityCornell of Rochester, Rochester Brown University, Providence University of Wisconsin, Madison University

www.uslhc.us

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 1 /45 The Story

• The Illuminati? (Or is it?) • Antimatter is stolen from the Large Hadron Collider • ... and is used as a weapon to threaten the Vatican • Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra (CERN) save the day

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 2 /45 The Story

• HEP: study the fundamental laws of nature • Standard Model: quantum theory that has been remarkably successful... • ... but there’s still a lot we don’t know. • Exciting developments in theoretical and experimental work

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 3 /45 Trailer

Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights. Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 4 /45 Fact vs. Fiction

Prof. Csaba Csáki Prof. Robert Langdon Theoretical Particle Physicist “Symbologist” Cornell University Harvard University

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 5 /45 Fact: CERN Exists • European Organization for Nuclear Research Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire • Large Hadron Collider • 25 km circumference • Actually five experiments: ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM • Founded in 1954: proto-EU • 20 member states • Mission: fundamental science

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 6 /45 Fact: CERN Exists • European Organization for Nuclear Research Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire • Large Hadron Collider • 25 km circumference • Actually five experiments: ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM • Founded in 1954: proto-EU • 20 member states • Mission: fundamental science

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 7 /45 Fact: CERN Exists

• 9,000 scientists (1,000 from US universities/labs) • World’s most powerful accelerator

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 8 /45 fact: CERN exists

Similar fermilablabs in the US

Cornell ESR: positrons • On campus we collide electrons and their antiparticles, positrons • Takes about 10 minutes to fill the machine with anti- particles fact: CERN exists. • 11 • Similar science here (Cornell) and Chicago (Fermilab) 5 Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 9 /45 What kind of science?

• Physics: probe fundamental interactions • Physics: photon physics, lasers • Chemistry: atomic-scale microscope • Medicine: cancer therapy • Spin-offs: microwaves, world-wide web

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 10 /45 Why colliders? E = mc2

• The universe is made of light particles • In order to make massive particles, need to convert lots of energy into matter.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 11 /45 Why colliders? E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2 • Mass is a kind of “potential energy” • Turn kinetic energy into potential energy • Speed of light is big... so a lot of kinetic energy is required to make a little mass

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 12 /45 Why colliders?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 13 /45 Energies at the LHC

• Battleship cannons: 300 MJ • LHC beams at full energy: 700 MJ • LHC particle collision energy ~10-7 J (kinetic energy of a dozen mosquitoes)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 14 /45 Fiction: 99% speed of light

... it’s actually 99.999998% of the speed of light

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 15 /45 Fiction: lab coats

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 16 /45 Reallab coats: physicists fiction

7 Theorist!

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 17 /45 Real Control Room

Fermilab: No windows, no lab coats, lots of post-it notes

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 18 /45 Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights. Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 19 /45 Fact: Antimatter

plush particles from particlezoo.net

• “Opposite” of matter • Annihilates with matter to produce energy

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 20 /45 What is antimatter?

• Charge-Parity conjugation • Right-handed, +charged particle converted into a left-handed, - charged particle • All fundamental particles have anti-partners • Can even produce anti-atoms (1995 in CERN)... but can only store for a few sec.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 21 /45 Since the 1930s...

• 1933: Dirac proposes positron • Anderson discovers soon after • Required for theoretical consistency of quantum theory • Major role in chemistry • Now used routinely in medicine (PET scans) Physical Review 43, 1034 (1933)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 22 /45 ProducingCornell antimatter ESR: positrons + Cornell: produce positrons,• On campus we e • fact: collideCERN electrons and exists Collide e+ and e- to producetheir antiparticles, D • positrons mesons • Takes about 10 minutes to fill the 10 min to fill ring withmachine e+ with anti- fermilab • particles • Tevatron: 1.6 trillion antiprotons in 8 hours 11 • 1 million collisions makes only 20 antiprotons (low efficiency) fact: CERN exists. Flip Tanedo & Don• Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 23 /45 • Similar science here (Cornell) and Chicago (Fermilab) 5 Producing antimatter

Nature can produce antimatter, too.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 24 /45 Producing antimatter

Potassium-40 (40K) • 100 ppm of natural potassium • ! ~ billion years

40 40 - • K " Ca + e + #e (89%) 40 - 40 • K + e " Ar + #e (11%) 40 40 + -5 • K " Ar + e + #e (10 %)

Contains e+ every 75 min People contain 40K! You produce antimatter.

http://tertiarysource.net/ts.cgi/anti-banana Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 25 /45 Early universe

Big bang produces equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Why do we only see matter?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 26 /45 Early universe

Assume there’s some small asymmetry from initial conditions or dynamics.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 27 /45 Early universe

• Matter-antimatter annihilation • CMB: the remnants of a cosmic annihilation

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 28 /45 Cosmic Microwave Background

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 29 /45 What’s the matter with antimatter?

• Why is the universe made of matter but not antimatter? (“CP violation”) • If the universe started with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, how did it generate a matter-antimatter asymmetry? • Can some particles be their own anti- particles? (maybe neutrinos?)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 30 /45 Fiction: a gram of antimatter

Glowing? Um... that’s really bad.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 31 /45 Fiction: a gram of antimatter

1 • Movie: /4 g of antimatter ~ 5 kT TNT (Hiroshima: 15 kT TNT)

1 23 • /4 g ~ 10 antiprotons • 1.6 trillion P+ in 8 hrs ⇒ 100 million years • Movie: produced this in 3 seconds

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 32 /45 Fiction: a gram of antimatter © CERN • No way to store anti-matter • LHC is a proton collider... no antimatter stored

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 33 /45 Is it useful?

• Sci-fi: powers the starship Enterprise • ... but not feasible in the near-term • Chemistry: $-decay • Medicine: basis of PET scans

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 34 /45 Fact: the ‘God’ particle • Its real name is the Higgs boson • Gives [most] other particles their mass electroweak symmetry breaking • Exception: atomic nucleus; mass comes from gluons • Not yet discovered... could it be that there is an alternative mechanism?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 35 /45 The Higgs Boson

Suppose particles are like a famous scientist.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 36 /45 The Higgs Boson

The particle is slowed down by a crowd of people (Higgs bosons) that want to chat

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 37 /45 The Higgs Boson

The Higgs gives itself mass: imagine a rumor that a famous scientist is coming soon.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 38 /45 Fiction: bio-entanglement physics

! Biology ! Entanglement ! Biophysics ! Entanglement physics " Bio-entanglement physics

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 39 /45 Real LHC Physics

• Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: what gives particles mass? Higgs, or something exotic? • Are there new sources of CP violation (matter/antimatter asymmetry)? • ‘Hot and dense’ physics (“heavy ion”) • New physics scenarios... extra dimensions? Supersymmetry?

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 40 /45 Fiction: ‘Illuminati’

• There is no secret research at CERN or in any of the US collider facilities • All research is transparent • Visitors welcome, please do take pictures • No military research at HEP labs

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 41 /45 Micro Black Holes

“The Large Hadron Collider might make dragons that might eat us up.” -Prof. Nima Arkani-Hamed New York Times, 29 March 2008

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 42 /45 Micro Black Holes • LHC black holes? Maybe • Planetary threat? Certainly not* • High energy cosmic rays bombard the atmosphere with much higher energies than the LHC; Earth is still around • Really cool physics, though...... suggestive of extra dimensions ... such black holes would evaporate quickly

* This is a problem in science communication.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 43 /45 Summary

Past CERN experiments... 1976 (Ting) LHC: looking • forward to • 1984 (Rubbia, Van der Meer) the sequel! • 1992 (Charpak)

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 44 /45 Further reading • The Newtonian Legacy, Nick Evans. “Learn about the frontiers of particle physics within a fast-paced crime adventure.” [Available free online] • Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics, Tom Rogers. Also see website. Movie with the worst physics? The Core. • The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence Krauss. This is the book that made FT want to be a physicist. • US LHC Blogs (blogs.uslhc.us) Quantum Diaries (quantumdiaries.org) Blogging about life as a particle physicist.

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 45 /45