Stephen foster
A private empire n o t e s a p r i v a t e e m p i r e n o t e s These notes follow the text of A Private Empire, chapter by chapter. Page numbers appear in the left margin, preceded by #. Occasionally a note ascribed to a specific page also relates to the following page or pages. Much of the book is based on documents in the possession of Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, referred to in these notes as the Macpherson Collection. These include many letters, some of them original, some in draft form, and some repeated as both originals and drafts. Except where there is a particular reason to do so, I have not in these notes distinguished originals from drafts.
2 a p r i v a t e e m p i r e abbreviations # page number in A Private Empire q the number of a bundle or file in the Macpherson Collection, Blairgowrie nd no date
M Macpherson AM in chapters 1 to 9 Allan Macpherson 1740–1816, ‘the Colonel’ AM in chapters 10 to 16 Allan Macpherson 1818–1891, ‘the squatter’ WM William Macpherson 1784–1866, ‘the clerk’ WCM William Charles Macpherson 1855–1936, ‘the scholar’ AW Allan Williams 1810–1896 Ossian James Macpherson 1736–1796
ADB Australian Dictionary of Biography BL British Library CO Colonial Office records in the National Archives, UK HRA Historical Records of Australia ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography SLNSW State Library of New South Wales SMH Sydney Morning Herald
Soldiering William Charles Macpherson, Soldiering in India 1764– 1787: extracts from journals and letters left by Lt. Colonel Allan Macpherson and Lt. Colonel John Macpherson of the East India Company’s service, Edinburgh, W.Blackwood, 1928
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1 PORTRAITS
#10 The case of Stephen Lawrence is well reported by Brian Cathcart, London, Penguin, 1999. This account of the telephone call draws on conversations with Sir William Macpherson in 2003. Sir William speaks about the case in various interviews, including with Mary Riddell in New Statesman, 21 Feb 2000. The Report of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry is at http://www.archive.official-documents. co.uk/document/cm42/4262/4262.htm. #11 Richard Norton-Taylor’s The colour of justice is published London, Oberon, 1999. Searing indictment: quoted in Alan Marlow, ‘Policing in the pillory: Macpherson and its aftermath’, in Alan Marlow and Barry Loveday (eds), After Macpherson: policing after the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, Lyme Regis (Dorset), Russell House, 2000, p.1. Defining moment: BBC News/Vote 2001, 7 May 2001 http://news.bbc.co.uk/vote2001/hi/english/main_issues/sections/ facts/newsid_1190000/1190971.stm [accessed 12 Dec 2003]. #12 William the Purser: this William Macpherson was a recent widower. #13 The stone-throwing story is recorded in William Charles Macpherson, The Macphersons of Blairgowrie, privately printed, 1896, p.5, Macpherson Collection; and WCM, Soldiering in India 1764–1787, Edinburgh, William Blackwood & Sons, 1928, p.2. All called William or Allan: note that the tradition begins with the birth of William in 1784; the father of William who died at Falkirk was Andrew. #20 Cost of portraits: Seton’s invoice, 30 Jan 1783, Macpherson Collection; the exact cost was 400 sicca rupees, with another 50 rupees for the frame.
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2 PROSPECTS
#22 Calcutta 1781: based chiefly on Thomas Daniell’s Views of Calcutta, 1780s–90s; Jeremy P.Losty, Calcutta, city of palaces: a survey of the city in the days of the East India Company, 1690–1858, London, British Library, 1990, pp.51,65; images by Balthazar Solvyns, in Robert L. Hardgrave, Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European image of India, 1760–1824, New York, OUP, 2004; and Dhrubajyoti Banerjea, European Calcutta: images and recollections of a bygone era, New Delhi, UBS Publishers’ Distributors, 2005. For cautionary comments on orientalist views of Calcutta, see Swati Chattopadhyay, Representing Calcutta: modernity, nationalism, and the colonial uncanny, London, Routledge, 2005, esp. pp.6–9. Chattopadhyay discusses the works of William and Thomas Daniell at pp.34–52. On bearers: Alexander Macrabie’s comments 1775, quoted by Rudrangshu Mukherjee, ‘“Forever England”: British life in old Calcutta’, in S.Chaudhuri, Calcutta: the living city, Calcutta, OUP, 1990, pp. 46–47. Promises: based on AM to James Macpherson (hereafter ‘Ossian’: see ch.4), 16 Nov 1781, reproduced in State of the Conjoined Actions of Reduction, and of Count, Reckoning, and Payment, Colonel Allan Macpherson, of Blairgowrie, against James Macpherson, Esq. now of Belville, and Others, 25 Feb 1813, p.112, q427; John Macintyre to AM, 20 Jun 1779, q435; AM to Ossian, 22 Feb 1782, q582; AM to brother John M, 18 Jun 1782,q755; AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, Sir John Macpherson Papers, MSS EUR F291/133, BL; AM to Ossian, 29 Sep 1783, q586; and AM to Ossian, 21 Jun 1784, q589. #23 AM’s efforts to win promotion: AM to Ossian, 13 Mar 1780, q591; AM to Hastings, 2 Mar 1781, q589; Macintyre to AM, 15 May 1781, q435; AM to Hastings, 8 Jun 1781,q589; also Macintyre to AM, 20 Jun 1779,q435; J.M. Murray to AM, 16 Aug 1779, q369; AM to Ossian, 26 Aug 1780, q589; and P. Murray to AM, 12 Nov. 1780, q374. Prospect in Assam: Macintyre to AM, 15 May 1781, q435; such proposals were not unusual: see Gerald Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army in the days of Clive and Hastings’ [first published 1978], in P.J.N.Tuck (ed.), The East India Company: 1600–1858. Vol.V: war, expansion and resistance, London, Routledge, 1998, p.58, n.127. Hastings attributed his
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inability to promote AM and his brother John to the pernicious influence of the Commander-in-Chief, Sir Eyre Coote: Hastings to John (later Sir John) Macpherson, 17 Mar 1780, in H.H.Dodwell (ed.), Warren Hastings’ letters to Sir John Macpherson, London, Faber & Gwyer, 1927, pp. 61–64. AM’s determination to go home: Macintyre to AM, 26 Sep 1781, q435; and AM to Ossian, 16 Nov 1781, q589.
baDENOCH #24 Passing through Scotland: AM to William MacDonald, 7 Aug 1786, q588. Scots in Calcutta: S.C.Ghosh, The social condition of the British community in Bengal 1757–1800, Leiden, E.J.Brill, 1970, pp.50–51; T.M.Devine, The Scottish nation 1700–2000, London, Penguin, 1999, p.26 (quoting Andrew MacKillop); G.J. Bryant, ‘Scots in India in the eighteenth century’, Scottish historical review, no.64, 1985, pp.22–41. Badenoch: Rona Macpherson, ‘The old townships of Badenoch’, Creag Dhubh, no.10, 1958. On sacking of Cluny House: Alan G. Macpherson, A day’s march to ruin: a documentary narrative of the Badenoch men in the ’Forty-five and biography of Col. Ewan Macpherson of Cluny, 1706–1764, Newtonmore, Clan Macpherson Assoc., 1996, pp.171–73. On Highland culture, see Kenneth Macneil, Scotland, Britain, empire: writing the Highlands, 1760–1860, Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 2007, esp. Introduction and ch.1. Attack on and disintegration of clanship: Devine, Scottish nation, pp.46–47,170–72. Care and affection: Fiona J.Stafford, The sublime savage: a study of James Macpherson and the poems of Ossian, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1988, p.11. #25 A happy childhood: W.C.Macpherson, Soldiering in India 1764– 1787: extracts from journals and letters left by Lt. Colonel Allan Macpherson and Lt. Colonel John Macpherson of the East India Company’s service, Edinburgh, W.Blackwood, 1928, p.2; WCM, The Macphersons of Blairgowrie, copies A and B, p. 5; and information from Alan G. Macpherson, St John’s, Newfoundland. Their maternal uncle and his wife: Alexander Macpherson in Drumnourd (Druminard, part of Strathmashie) and his wife Isobel Macpherson (Invereshie). Their maternal aunt and her husband: Helen Macpherson and Andrew Macpherson in Knappach, parents of James ‘Ossian’ Macpherson.
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Cluny’s hideouts and escape: Macpherson, A day’s march to ruin, pp.212–13; Stafford, Sublime savage, pp.19–20; Davie Horsburgh, ‘Macpherson, Ewen, of Cluny (1706–1764)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/17724, accessed 9 Sep 2005]. Scottish schooling: Devine, The Scottish nation, pp.91–100; Robert David Anderson, Education and the Scottish people, 1750–1918, Oxford, OUP, 1995, esp.pp.10–11; Marion Lochhead, The Scots household in the eighteenth century: a century of Scottish domestic and social life, Edinburgh, Moray Press, 1948, pp.224–39. James Macpherson: Stafford, Sublime savage, pp.24–25; M.Kersey, ‘The pre-Ossianic politics of James Macpherson’, British journal for eighteenth century studies, vol.27, no.1, pp.61–62. #27 Abhorrence of Highlanders: Andrew MacKillop, ‘More fruitful than the soil’ : army, empire and the Scottish Highlands, 1715–1815, East Linton, Tuckwell Press, 2000, pp. 43–44; John Riddy, ‘Warren Hastings: Scotland’s benefactor?’, in G.Carnall and C.Nicholson, The impeachment of Warren Hastings: papers from a bicentenary commemoration, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1989, pp.38–39. War needed soldiers: based chiefly on MacKillop,‘More fruitful than the soil’. Wolfe, 9 Jun 1751, is quoted in Stephen Brumwell, Redcoats: the British soldier and war in the Americas, 1755–1763, Cambridge, CUP, 2002, p.268–69: ‘How can you better employ a secret enemy than by making his end conducive to the common good?’ The reduced threat of rebellion is suggested by Cluny Macpherson’s departure from Scotland in 1755. #28 Simon Fraser: MacKillop, ‘More fruitful than the soil’, p.84. Ruthven minister: MacKillop, ‘More fruitful than the soil’, p.209. A mere private: Muster Rolls for the 2nd Battalion Royal Highlanders (information kindly supplied by William Forbes and Ian Macpherson McCulloch). AM joined one of the three additional companies recruited for the 42nd Regiment: see Ian Macpherson McCulloch, Sons of the mountains: the Highland regiments in the French and Indian War, 1756–1767, New York, Purple Mountain Press, 2006, vol.2, pp. 58–59. AM’s American career: the three companies recruited in 1757 were incorporated, with additional companies, into a second battalion of the 42nd regiment in 1758 (McCulloch, Sons of the
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mountains, vol.1, p.106) .This account represents AM’s most likely movements, based on the movements of the 2/42nd: but there were some variations so that, for example, he might not have been part of either attack on Ticonderoga (my thanks to Ian Macpherson McCulloch and John Houlding for additional information). Diseases: McCulloch, Sons of the mountains, vol.1, p.297.; Brumwell, Redcoats, pp.267–68. #29 Cadetship in East Indian Company: Soldiering, pp.11–12; Memorial for Colonel Allan Macpherson of Blairgowrie, Suspender, against James Gibson, Esq. …, 31 Jan 1805, p. 2, q663.
benGAL This account of AM’s early career in Bengal draws chiefly on Soldiering. On the Indian army see Raymond Callahan, ‘The Company’s army, 1757–1758’, in Tuck (ed.), The East India Company: 1600–1858. Vol.V, pp.23–24. #30 Professor of Persian: P.J. Marshall, ‘Warren Hastings as scholar and patron’, in A.Whiteman, J.S.Bromley and P.G.M.Dickson, Statesmen, scholars and merchants: essays in eighteenth century history presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland, Oxford, Clarendon, 1973, pp.245–46. #31 AM’s munshi: Soldiering, p.343. AM on value of languages: Soldiering, p.346; see also Hastings comment in O.P.Kejariwal, The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the discovery of India’s past, 1784–1838, Delhi, OUP, 1988, p.24. AM’s small collection: Soldiering, pp.353–54. #32 AM’s relationship with sepoys: J. Pearse, collector of Midnapore, n.d. received 9 February 1781, q628. Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army’, suggests ‘the command of sepoy battalions was regarded as such a difficult task that only certain officers were capable of performing it’ (p.49); and ‘some British officers found it difficult to adjust their attitudes and the burden of learning the sepoys’ language too onerous’ (p.51). Promotion to lieutenant: Commission, 21 Nov 1765, q320. Batta mutiny: Soldiering, pp.18–22; Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army’, pp.43–45; H.V.Bowen, ‘Clive, Robert, first Baron Clive of Plassey (1725–1774)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb. com.virtual.anu.edu.au/view/article/5697, accessed 6 Dec 2006];
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Arthur Broome, History of the rise and progress of the Bengal Army, Calcutta, W.Thacker and Co., 1850, pp.561–617. Fletcher already had a reputation for speaking his mind: V.C.P.Hodson, List of the officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834, part II, London, Constable, 1927, p.195. Philip Mason, A matter of honour: an account of the Indian Army, its officers and men, London, Cape, 1974, p.113, says of Fletcher: ‘he gives the impression of a man who revelled in intrigue for its own sake’. Token of esteem: Soldiering, p.21. #33 AM had previously been with Champion at Mongyer: Broome, History of the rise and progress, p. 537. Saddle: AM to John Miller, 30 Sep 1770, q604. #34 Serjeants dropping down dead: Soldiering, p. 94. Pucka fever: Henry Yule, Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive, new ed. edited by William Crooke, London, Murray, 1903, p.734 [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/hobsonjobson/ accessed 30 Jun 2006]. Disagreeable journey: Soldiering, p.30. A fine officer: AM [to Ossian], 24 Feb 1775, q122. Other views: Soldiering , pp.134,136,142; Keith Feiling, Warren Hastings, London, Macmillan, 1954, pp.118. Breach of etiquette, Soldiering, p.93. Gout: Soldiering, p.36. Justice for the sepoys: Soldiering, p.141. Champion was not yet Commander-in-Chief, so he was evidently acting on Commander- in-Chief’s authority, though without his knowledge. #35 A good horse: Soldiering, p.83. Billiards: J.M. Murray to AM, 6 Jul 1778, q369. Every advantage: AM to Ossian, 22 Feb 1775, q122. Clavering: T. H. Bowyer, ‘Clavering, Sir John (bap. 1722, d. 1777)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/view/article/5553, accessed 26 Jan 2009]. Flattering prospects: Soldiering, p.319. #36 Size of sepoy battalions: Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army’, p.77. Nasty, low, wet situation, and oldest captain: Soldiering, p.328. On factors influencing promotion: Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army’, pp. 47–49.
tHE FISHING FLEET Fraser family: Macphersons of Blairgowrie, p.7; Alexander Mackenzie, History of the Frasers of Lovat, with genealogies of the principal
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families of the name: to which is added those of Dunballoch and Phopachy, Inverness, Mackenzie, 1896, pp.686–87 (copy in Macpherson Collection with annotations by WCM). Alexander Fraser’s decline:q387, Eliza M to Mrs Fraser of Fairfield, 15 Nov 1781; q387, Eliza M to uncle Mr Scott, 5 Oct 1783,q195; AM [to Ossian], 17 Nov 1781, q195.
#37 A trip to India: Eliza M to Mrs Gardiner, 3 June 1781, q387. Fishing fleet: Ghosh, The social condition, pp.62–64; Richard Holmes, Sahib: the British soldier in India 1750–1914, London, Harper Perennial, 2006 (first published 2005), pp. 443–45. Genteel things: Eliza M to Susanna Fraser, 15 Oct 1783, q196. (Susanna did not in fact follow Eliza to India.) Eliza’s passage money: Receipt for £120 for passage of Miss Eliz. Fraser to India in the Rochford, 2 May 1780,q191. Ghosh, The social condition, suggests a total cost of £500. Generous advice: based on Eliza’s later advice to her sister Susanna, and mention of the advice she had received from Mrs John Fraser in Eliza M to Susanna Fraser, 15 Oct 1783, q196. Eliza’s appearance: J.M. Murray to Eliza M, 31 Oct 1781, enc. in Anne Murray to Eliza M, 31 Oct 1781,q669; and Seton’s portrait, reproduced in this chapter. #38 A male relative’s advice: in Helen Alves to sister Eliza Fraser, 6 Nov 1776, q191. Bengal flesh market: Ossian to AM, 1 Sep 1788, q149. On the risks of failure: Ghosh, The social condition, pp.64–65. Rules and maxims: The ladies annual journal; or complete pocket-book, for the year 1780, London, J. Russell [c1779]. Problems at Rio: Eliza M to Mrs Fraser of Fairfield, 16 Jun 1781, q387. Problems aboard ship: Eliza M to Mrs Gardiner, 3 June 1781, q387. #39 Vicissitudes of fortune: Eliza M to Mrs Gardiner, 3 June 1781, q387. Distress in Madras: Eliza M to Mrs Fraser, 16 Jun 1781, q387. Invitation from Calcutta: Soldiering, p.5. The Murrays: Soldiering, p.349. Murray had lately been appointed Commissary-General and promoted to Captain: Hodson, List of the officers, part III, p.141.
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LOVE ON A BUDGEROW Ungovernable passions: Macintyre to AM, 21 Jul 1781, q435. #39 Expensive wives: Ghosh, The social condition, pp.66–67. Ghosh’s estimate of marriage rates, p.61, refers to the period 1757–1800. #40 A whole zenana: Ghosh, p.70. Macintyre’s children: Alistair Macintyre, a descendant of John, has concluded after extensive research that John fathered at least four mixed-race children, though not necessarily by a single concubine. #41 Scottish traveller: James Mackintosh, 1779, quoted in Ghosh, The social condition, p.186. Go home now: Macintyre to AM, 9 Aug 1781, q435. Romance and courtship based on numerous letters, esp. in q416; only the most significant letters are mentioned below. Disagreeable and foolish: William Hickey, quoted in Ghosh, The social condition, p.132. A verse in Calcutta Gazette; or Oriental Advertiser, 12 Aug 1784 describes the custom as ‘barb’rous’. Come and see her: Macintyre to AM, 10 Sep 1791, q416. #42 Sympathetic surgeon: Certificate by Hugh Mair, 26 Sept. 1781, q620. Resignation:, AM to Ossian, 16 Nov 1781, q589. First encounter: Soldiering, p.6. Budgerows: Robert L.Hardgrave, Boats of Bengal: eighteenth century portraits by Balthazar Solvyns, New Delhi, Manohar, 2001; and Hardgrave, Portrait of the Hindus, p.474–76. AM’s love-letter: to Eliza Fraser, 29 Oct 1781, q416. Eliza gratified: draft [to Anne Murray, Oct? 1781], q416. Also Anne Murray to Eliza, 28 Oct 1781, q416; and Alexander Murray to AM [3 Nov 1781],q416. #44 AM in torment: eg AM to Alexander Murray, 24 and 25 Oct 1781, q416. A girl of delicate sentiments: Alexander Murray to AM, received 28 Oct 1781, q416. John M’s promise: Macintyre to AM, 1 Oct 1781,q435. Turmoil: Eliza Fraser to Anne Murray, 28 Oct 1781, q416. Anne Murray outlines the proprieties: to Eliza, 28 Oct 1781,q669. You have got a jewel: Macintyre to AM, 18 Nov 1781,q435. #45 Appointment as Quarter-Master General: Macintyre to AM, 16 Nov 1781, q435; AM to Ossian, 22 Feb 1782, q582. Well placed to assist: AM had in fact already written to his cousin Ossian in England to see what might be done for Eliza’s
11 a p r i v a t e e m p i r e brother Andrew. Dreams of home: AM to Alexander Murray, 1 Nov 1781, q416; also AM to Alexander Murray, 25 Oct 1781, q416. Decision to remain in India: AM to Ossian, 16 Nov 1781, q589; and AM to Ossian, 22 Feb 1782, q582.
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3 WAR AND PEACE
#46 Much of this chapter is based on Soldiering in India by AM’s great grandson, William Charles Macpherson, which quotes extensively from the Macpherson Collection. Fired a salute: Soldiering, p.89. Ease and moderation: P. J. Marshall, ‘Hastings, Warren (1732– 1818)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/ view/article/12587, accessed 12 Feb 2007]. Army of detractors: see inter al. John Keay, The honourable company: a history of the English East India Company, London, HarperCollins, 1991, pp.394–401.
tHE ROHILLA BUSINESS #47 Politics in Oudh: Purnendu Basu, Oudh and the East India Company, 1785–1801, Lucknow, Maxwell, 1943, p.27; Keith Feiling, Warren Hastings, London, Macmillan, 1954, pp.110–12. Shuja ad-Daula: A.L.Srivastava, Shuja-ud-daulah, 2nd ed, Delhi, Shiva Lal Agarwala [1961], pp.15–18; S.Mohan, Awadh under the nawabs: politics, culture, and communal relations, 1722–1856, New Delhi, Manohar, 1997, pp.56–57; John Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, Oxford, Clarendon, 1892, pp.34–36. Artful and able: Charles Hamilton, An historical relation of the origin, progress, and final dissolution of the government of the Rohilla Afgans in the Northern Provinces of Hindostan, London, printed for G.Kearsley, 1787, p.125. Capricious: Hastings quoted in C.Collin Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, London, OUP, 1939, p.26. Shuja’s temper: Nathaniel Middleton, British Resident to the Wazir, to Hastings, 17 Jun 1774, quoted in Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.210. Arrant coward: Soldiering, p.211. #48 Shuja ad-Daula on the Marathas: Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, pp.27–28. Hastings on the Marathas: to Sir George Colebrooke, 26 Mar 1772, quoted Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.60–61. On the Rohillas see Jos J.L.Gommans, The rise of the Indo-Afghan empire c.1710–1780, Leiden, E.J.Brill, 1995. #49 Bouyant mood: on officers’ views of war see Gerald Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army in the days of Clive and Hastings’ (first published 1978), in Patrick J.N.Tuck (ed.), The East India Company 1600–1858, vol.V, London Routledge, 1998,
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pp.45–46, 57 n25. Meetings with Shuja ad-Daula: Soldiering, pp.102–13. Maratha movements: S.P.Varma, A study in Maratha diplomacy (Anglo-Maratha relations, 1772–1783 A.D.), Agra, S.L.Agrawala, 1956, pp.22–24. The Marathas were later distracted by their own domestic problems: see later in this chapter. The agreement was the Treaty of Benares: see Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh; and Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.86–126, who reproduces the treaty on pp.108–09. Deep suspicions: Strachey, p.48, comments that, in view of this animosity, it was easier for the Rohillas to join the Marathas than the Wazir. The strategic context is summarised in Barbara N.Ramusack, The Indian princes and their states: The New Cambridge history of India, iii, 6, New York, CUP, 2004, pp.65–66. Rohilla numbers: Champion and AM give a figure of 40,000 (Soldiering, pp.198, 202), which is supported by Iqbal Husain, The Ruhela chieftaincies: the rise and fall of Ruhela power in India in the eighteenth century, Delhi, OUP, 1994, p.165; Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.140, gives greater credence to Hamilton’s estimate of 28,000 men. Husain gives the figure of 60–62,000 for Shuja ad-Daula’s troops, while noting that numbers ‘did not count for much since troops varied so much in terms of weapons, skill, discipline and morale’. Champion on AM’s intelligence role: Minutes of the evidence taken before a committee of the House of Commons …, London, Printed for J. Debrett, 1786, evidence of Colonel Champion, 3 Mar 1786, p.25. Hobson-Jobson gives headwords hurcarra, hircara. #50 Battle description based chiefly on AM’s account in Soldiering, pp.191–94; also Hamilton, An historical relation, pp.233–38. This representation of Hafiz’s death draws on three not entirely consistent Persian sources: Hamilton, An historical relation, p.236; Yádgár-I Bahádurí of Bahádur Singh, in H.M.Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (ed. John Dowson), 1st Indian ed., Allahabad, Kitab Mahal, 1964, p.312; and Moost’ujab Khan, The life of Hafiz Ool Moolk, Hafiz Rehmut Khan, written by his son, the Nuwab Moost’ujab Khan Buhadoor, and entitled Goolistan- I-Rehmut. Abridged and translated from the Persian, by Charles Elliot, Esq. of the Bengal Civil Service, London, Oriental Translation Fund, 1831
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[http://Persian.packhum.org/Persian/, accessed 16 Jan 2007]. See also Husain, The Ruhela chieftaincies, p.167. Put to rout: Soldiering, p.194; Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.140–42. AM estimated the number of Rohilla killed and wounded at over 5000: Soldiering, p.203. Champion’s satisfaction: to Hastings and Select Committee, 24 Apr 1774, in G.W.Forrest (ed.), Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Foreign Department of the Government of India, 1722–1785, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890, vol.1, pp.96–98. WCM in Soldiering, p.201n, quotes an anonymous note on a copy of this despatch complaining that Champion misdirected his praise to ‘a parcel of Scotch Aid de Camps’ who carried ‘half a dozen orders and messages’, rather than to those who truly deserved it. Dead horse: Soldiering, p.204. AM’s observations and conclusions: Soldiering, pp.193–217. Feiling, Warren Hastings, p.118, remarks that the war was repugnant to many British officers, quoting Colonel Pearce, the commander of artillery in Bengal, who declared that the war was ‘un-British’. #52 Inexpressibly disagreeable: Champion to Hastings, 10 May 1774, in Forrest, Selections, vol. 2, p.286. Champion’s disgust: Champion to Hastings and Select Committee, 24 Apr 1774 and 12 Jun 1774, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 1, pp.98,181. #53 Indescribable scenes: Champion to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 1, p.219. Champion’s criticisms: to Hastings, 15 Jun 1774, Rohilla War, [London?,] 1788, p.16 [available through Thomson Gale’s Eighteenth century collections online]. A thousand villages: Champion to Henry Vansittart, 20 Jun 1764, Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.181; and comments by Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, p.54. Champion was second in command at the Battle of Buxar. Running the gauntlet: Soldiering, p.171. Firing from a cannon: eg Major Hector Munro quelled a mutiny by this means before the Battle of Buxar: Soldiering, p.13. Champion on the Wazir’s ‘excesses’: Champion to Hastings, 15 Jun 1774, Rohilla War, p.17. Champion urges restraint: quoted in Soldiering, p.190. Conventions of honour: Philip Mason, A matter of honour: an account of the Indian Army, its officers and men, London, Cape,
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1974; and Bryant, ‘Officers of the East India Company’s army’, pp.38–42. No more towns to plunder: Champion to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.218; also Champion to Hastings, 10 May 1774, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.2, p.286. The 20 000 estimate is accepted by R.C.Majumdar, K.Datta and H.Raychaudhuri, An advanced history of India, 3rd ed., London, Macmillan, 1967, p.685. #54 Rumours of treasure: Champion to Hastings, 28 Apr 1774, in Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.157. A hint of menace: Champion to Hastings and Council, 16 May 1774, Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.107; Feiling, Warren Hastings, p.118. Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.159, suggests Champion’s expression was ‘almost menacing’. Also Champion to Hastings and Council, 13 Dec 1774, Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.161. Avoid like poison: Hastings to Champion, quoted in Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.160. On plunder, see Richard Holmes, Sahib: the British soldier in India 1750–1914, London, Harper Perennial, 2006, pp.274–84. Argument about entitlements: Soldiering, pp.212–13. #55 The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first use of ‘loot’ for plunder as 1788. Champion’s continuing protests: to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.222. Total plunder: Soldiering, pp.215–16; A list of plunder taken by Sujah ul dowlah in the Rohillah country in the campaign in 1774, by report of hircarahs, q598. A mohur was a coin worth about £1/12/0. Distribution of the Rohilla donation: Additional Supplement to the Calcutta Gazette, 24 May 1787, q600. Death of Shuja ad-Daula: Richard B.Barnett, North India Between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals, and the British 1720–1801, Delhi, Manohar, 1987, p.94; Yádgár-I Bahádurí of Bahádur Singh, in H.M.Elliot, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (ed. John Dowson), 1st Indian ed., Allahabad, Kitab Mahal, 1964, p.423; but note Barnett, p.103: ‘most of Awadh’s nobility and much of the public were in a state of mourning, which all witnesses describe as sincere and surprisingly unanimous.’ Husain, The Ruhela chieftaincies, p.173 discusses the conflicting evidence relating to the cause of Shuja ad-Daula’s death.
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a SEVERED HEAD #56 The Vizier rejoiced: Soldiering, p.195. Extract from Persian Interpreter’s journal, 23 Apr 1774, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 2, p.335. Champion later mentioned in passing how the Wazir exalted over ‘the pale head of Hufez’: Champion to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 1, p.240. On Francis see John Cannon, ‘Francis, Sir Philip (1740– 1818)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/ view/article/10077, accessed 20 Jan 2007]. In 1775 Francis urged connections at home to publish Champion’s views on the battle: Sophia Weitzman, Warren Hastings and Philip Francis, Manchester, MUP, 1929, pp.228, 237. On Burke and Francis: Nicholas B.Dirks, The scandal of empire: India and the creation of imperial Britain, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2007, pp.94–100; Frederick G.Whelan, Edmund Burke and India: political morality and empire, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996, pp.68–69. On Hastings as scapegoat: Dirks, The scandal of empire, pp.91–92; Whelan, Edmund Burke and India, p.61. #57 Burke’s condemnation of the Rohilla war is summarised in Whelan, Edmund Burke and India, pp.139–43. Champion’s outrage: to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.245. Burke on Hafiz: Speech on Fox’s India Bill, 1Dec 1783, in P.J.Marshall (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol.V. India: Madras and Bengal 1774–1785 (ed. Paul Langford), Oxford, Clarendon, 1981, p.393. Freebooters: Remarks by Hastings to the Court of Directors, 30 Nov 1774, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 1, p.178. Confusion with the bard: Hamilton, An historical relation, p.239n; Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.27–28: though Strachey notes that Hafiz Rahmat Kahn was well-educated. Also G.W.Forrest (ed.), Selections from the state papers of the governors-general of India: Warren Hastings, vol. I, 1910, p.46; Marshall (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol. V, p.393n. On Burke’s overstatements, Keay, The honourable company, 1991, p.400. Francis on the first scene: quoted in Dirks, Scandal of empire, p.100. Rohilla War Charge, 4 Apr 1786, in Marshall (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol.VI. India: The launching of the Hastings impeachment (ed. Paul Langford), Oxford, Clarendon, 1991, p.88.
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#58 Burke’s strategy: Marshall (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol.VI, pp.79–80. Reasons for exclusion: Forrest, Selections from the state papers, 1910, pp.xii–xiii; Marshall, The impeachment of Warren Hastings, Oxford, OUP, 1965, pp.45–46. Macaulay on Hastings: Warren Hastings, London, Macmillan, 1893, pp.29–30; also Owen Dudley Edwards, ‘Macaulay’s Warren Hastings’, in Geoffrey Carnall and Colin Nicholson, The impeachment of Warren Hastings: papers from a bicentenary commemoration, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1989, pp.109–44, esp. p.141. Macaulay based his account on James Mill, whose turgid prose enhanced its authenticity. Full circle: George W. Forrest, Director of Records for the Government of India, studied the archives and declared that Hastings had been unjustly maligned: ‘History furnishes no more striking example of the growth and vitality of a slander. The Rohilla atrocities owe their birth to the malignity of Champion and Francis; their growth to the rhetoric of Burke; and their wide diffusion to the brilliancy and pellucid clearness of Macaulay’s style.’ Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol.1, p.xxxi. On Strachey see B.R.Tomlinson, ‘Strachey, Sir John (1823–1907)’, ODNB. On the meaning and significance of ‘extirpation’: Hastings’ remarks, 11 Jan 1775, Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 2, p.268; Strachey, Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.vii, 173–88; Whelan, Edmund Burke and India, pp.143–45. Hamilton, An historical relation, pp.xiii–xv, denies extirpation. For another spirited defence of Hastings, see Penderel Moon, Warren Hastings and British India, London, Hodder, 1947, pp.117–33, esp. p.129: ‘The war was not marked by any atrocity or inhumanity; rather the reverse. Had it not been for the malice of Francis, the alleged “atrocities” would never have been heard of, and the Rohilla war, like other petty Indian wars of that time, would have been completely forgotten.’ On changing views of the Hastings impeachment: Marouf Hasian Jr, ‘Nostalgic longings and imaginary Indias: postcolonial analysis, collective memories, and the impeachment trial of Warren Hastings’, Western journal of communication, vol.66, no.2, 2002. #59 Burke on the empire: Dirks, Scandal of empire, pp.313–14; Whelan, Edmund Burke and India, pp.19–25. Purging the empire: Burke, Rohilla War speech, 1 Jun 1786, Marshall (ed.), The writings
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and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol.VI, p.105; Whelan, esp. pp.19–25; Dirks, pp.313–15 and passim. Strachey on slanders: Hastings and the Rohilla war, pp.129–30, 158–59. Champion’s annoyance at having been left in the dark: to Hastings, 12 Jul 1774, Rohilla War, p.19. Champion also had personal disagreements with the Wazir, including a dispute involving misconduct by Company troops: see Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, p.57. Champion’s assault on the Wazir, which turned to acerbic criticism of Hastings, also reflected a broader frustration that soldiers in India were used to being lorded over and having their fire smothered by ‘every young man who could scrawl a waste-book or post a ledger’: Champion to Hastings and Council, 30 Jan 1775, in Forrest, Selections, 1890, vol. 1, p.248. #60 Strachey’s sources: Hastings and the Rohilla war, p.xvii. WCM on ‘the great Governor’: Soldiering, p.322. Trivial: WCM’s comment on Journal of Captain Allan Macpherson, March – July 1774, telling of the March to Rohilkhand and of the campaign, q599. WCM also took exception to Strachey’s suggestion that there was ‘a lust for plunder pervading the English Army’; so he added a note pointing out that Champion and his fellow officers were expressing dismay about the mistreatment of Hafiz’s family well before the distribution of plunder became an issue. He also suggested that Strachey had failed to take account of the views of the officers who served under Champion. #61 Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh (1939), defends Hastings vigorously: oddly, he seems unaware of Soldiering in India, published a decade earlier. On the suggestion that the Wazir had raped a chieftain’s daughter, Davies writes: ‘it was asserted by British officials that Shuja-ad-daulah at the time was not in a position to gratify his passion’. On Davies as a historian, see Barnett, North India Between Empires, p.207. AM interviewed by Council: Capt. Macpherson’s replies to the questions proposed to him by the Hon. The Governor-General and Council [1775], Soldiering, p.226.
peaCE WITH THE MARATHAS In this section again, the main source is Soldiering. Conflict among the Marathas: set out with commendable clarity in Majumdar et al., An advanced history of India, pp.668–
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70; and in greater detail in S.N.Sen, Anglo-Maratha relations during the administration of Warren Hastings, 1772–1785, Calcutta, K.L.Mukhopadhyay, 1961, pp.1–94. #62 Company affairs: Sen, Anglo-Maratha relations, pp.1,45–46. The context is well summarised in Keay, The honourable company, pp.405– 06. March across India: G.S.Sardesai, New history of the Marathas, [Bombay] Pheonix, 1946, p.54; Sen, Anglo-Maratha relations, p.62. Presents: at the first meeting, Colonel Upton presented an elephant; a list of presents promised was read (Soldiering, p.260). #63 Meetings in a tent: Sardesai, New history of the Marathas, p.56. AM credits Upton: Soldiering, p.288. Objectives of the Calcutta Council: Varma, A study in Maratha diplomacy, pp.116–17. Details of negotiations: Varma, pp.120–34; the disputed islands are now part of Mumbai. Madanrao’s response: Soldiering, pp.262–63. Also James Grant Duff, History of the Mahratthas, 4th ed., Bombay, Times of India Office, 1878, pp.31–32. Maratha turnaround: Soldiering, pp.282–84. Sen discounts the influence of Ganga Bai, arguing that ‘the fact remains that the Marathas were not prepared to resume hostilities in case no treaty was concluded as their forces were quartered in different parts of the country and suffering a scarcity of provisions’ (p.67). A more compelling reason: Varma, A study in Maratha diplomacy, pp.133–34; Sardesai, New history of the Marathas, pp.56–57. #64 Well rid of a war: AM to Champion, 7 Mar 1776, in Soldiering, pp.301–02. #65 Burke on the treaty: Speech in Reply, 16 Jun 1794, P.J.Marshall (ed.), The writings and speeches of Edmund Burke, vol.Vii. India: The Hastings trial 1789–1794 (ed. Paul Langford), Oxford, Clarendon, 2000, pp.684–90. Patchwork of compromises: Sardesai, New history of the Marathas, p.58
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4 FRIENDS
#66 Without parents and friends: AM to WM, 15 Oct 1801, q195. This chapter draws on the extensive literature relating to patron-client relationships. On use of the term friends in England see Naomi Tadmor, Family and friends in eighteenth-century England: household, kinship, and patronage, New York, CUP, 2001. On reciprocity see Harold Perkin, The origins of modern English society 1780–1880, London, Routledge, 1969, ch.2. #67 John M’s unhappy end: John M to AM, 15 Apr 1780, q654; AM to Ossian, 24 Aug 1786, q588; Soldiering, pp.386,407. John Macintyre was made Lieutenant in 1777, a Captain- Lieutenant in 1781 and a Captain in 1785. On Macintyre see Alistair K.Macintyre and Alan G.Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre, the laird of Balavil that never was’, Creag Dhubh, no.59, 2007. AM tells Ossian he is his most valuable friend, 26 Aug 1780, q589.
ossian James Macpherson’s early life: Fiona J.Stafford, The sublime savage: a study of James Macpherson and the poems of Ossian, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1988, pp.115–25; on Scottish sense of inferiority: Stafford, Sublime savage, p.114. Fingal was preceded by The highlander in 1758 and by Fragments of ancient poetry collected in the Highlands of Scotland in 1760. Much has been written about James Macpherson’s literary career: see, eg, Stafford, Sublime savage; Paul deGategno, James Macpherson, Boston, Twayne, 1989; Derick S.Thomson, ‘Macpherson, James (1736–1796)’, ODNB; James Buchan, Capital of the mind: how Edinburgh changed the world, London, John Murray, 2003 (2004 ed.), pp.142–46, 169–72; Kenneth Macneil, Scotland, Britain, empire: writing the Highlands, 1760–1860, Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 2007, ch.1; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The invention of Scotland: myth and history, New Haven, Yale UP, 2008, chs 5 and 6; and Thomas M.Curley, Samuel Johnson, the Ossian Fraud, and the Celtic Revival in Great Britain and Ireland, Cambridge, CUP, 2009. See also Richard B.Sher, Selected Bibliography: James Macpherson
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and Ossian, last revised 13 Mar 2004 [http://www.c18.rutgers.edu/ biblio/macpherson.html, accessed 18 Jul 2006]. #68 Jefferson on Ossian: James Porter, ‘“Bring me the head of James Macpherson”: the execution of Ossian and the wellsprings of folkloristic discourse’, Journal of American folklore, vol.114, no.454, 2001, p.396. On Ossian’s musical influence see John Daverio, ‘Schumann’s Ossianic manner’, 19th-century music, vol 21, no.3, 1998. Menaces of a ruffian: Johnson to James Macpherson, 7 Feb 1775, quoted in James Boswell, The life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D., Ware (Herts), Wordsworth Editions, 1999 (first published 1791), p.410. Ossian’s mistresses: Ossian had five children by four mistresses; although the mothers of his children were not necessarily part of his London circle, we can reasonably assume that other women were. See Alan G.Macpherson, ‘The bastards of Balavil: James Macpherson’s mistresses and their children’ (pt 1), Creag Dhubh, no.57, 2005, pp.43–47. Thick legs: Alexander Carlyle, quoted Bailey Saunders, The life and letters of James Macpherson, London, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1895, p.71. James Macpherson’s character: John Macintyre to AM, nd[1786], q436; James Boswell, quoted in Stafford, Sublime savage, frontispiece; J.N.M.Maclean, The early political careers of James ‘Fingal’ Macpherson (1736–1796) and Sir John Macpherson, Bart (1744–1821), PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1967, pp.27–29. Who is without enemies: James Macpherson to Macintyre, 14 May 1782, q147. James Macpherson in politics: Stafford, Sublime savage, pp.181–83; Maclean, Early political careers; Trevor-Roper, The invention of Scotland, pp.125–34. Ossian and Fingal: although close friends were more likely to call him Fingal and his enemies Ossian, I follow the more common practice in calling him Ossian. #69 Reciprocity: Ossian to AM, 5 Jan 1782, q157. On Scottish networks see Andrew MacKillop, ‘Europeans, Britons and Scots: Scottish sojourning networks and identities in Asia, c.1700–1815’, in Angela McCarthy (ed.), A global clan: Scottish migrant networks and identities since the eighteenth century, London, Tauris, 2006. I did that for him: Ossian to AM, 4 Jun 1779, q156. Nawab’s vakeel: Ossian upheld the Nawab’s sovereignty in his anonymously published The history and management of the East
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India Company, from its origin in 1600 to the present times, 1779: Nicholas B.Dirks, The scandal of empire: India and the creation of imperial Britain, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2007, pp. 264–68. Ossian on reciprocity again: Ossian to Macintyre, 22 Feb 1781, q147. On the role of EIC Directors in distributing patronage, Ronald M.Sunter, Patronage and politics in Scotland, 1707–1832, Edinburgh, John Donald, 1986, pp.8–9. Hint of mystery: Ossian to Macintyre, 10 Mar 1781, q147. #70 Getting money home: P.J.Marshall, ‘The personal fortune of Warren Hastings’, Economic history review, 2nd series, no.XVII, 1964, p.285. #71 John Murray on Ossian: to AM, nd [Dec 1776], q369. Reasonable hopes: Ossian to Macintyre, 12 Feb 1781, q147. Heavily on my own resources: Ossian to Macintyre, 21 Feb 1781, q147. A heavy hint: Ossian to AM, 21 Feb 1781, q157. Macintyre seeks another £1000: to AM, 30 Aug 1781, q435. Improper delicacy: AM to Ossian, 3 Sep 1781, q589, and printed in State of the Conjoined Actions of Reduction, and of Count, Reckoning, and Payment, Colonel Allan Macpherson, of Blairgowrie, against James Macpherson, Esq. now of Belville, and Others, 25 Feb 1813, p.111, q427; the quotation draws on both sources. Money for a comfortable retirement: AM to Ossian, 16 Nov 1781, q589, and printed in State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.113, q427. #72 Real sincerity: AM to Ossian, 12 Dec 1781, printed in State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.115, q427.
KEEPING UP APPEARANCES Advertisement for Steuart & Company: Calcutta Gazette; or Oriental Advertiser, 19 Aug 1784. James Steuart arrived in Calcutta in 1783 and probably took over an existing business: Evan Cotton, ‘A famous Calcutta firm: the story of Steuart and Co.’, Bengal past and present, vol.XLVI, no.2, 1933, pp.65–70. Driving in Calcutta: ‘A letter [in verse], From a Lady in Calcutta, to her Friend in England’, Calcutta Gazette, 12 Aug 1784; S.C.Ghosh, The social condition of the British community in Bengal 1757–1800, Leiden, E.J.Brill, 1970, pp.137–40; Jeremy P.Losty, Calcutta, city of palaces: a survey of the city in the days of the East India
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Company, 1690–1858, London, British Library, 1990, p.38; on use of term Maidan, Losty, p. 48. #73 Fine riding horse: Soldiering, p.358. Repairs at Steuart’s: Account due by Colonel Allan Macpherson to J and R Stewarts [sic], coachmakers, Calcutta, 17 Oct 1786, q711. #74 Pinnace: Soldiering, p.357; Ghosh, Social condition, p.140; Robert L.Hardgrave, Portrait of the Hindus: Balthazar Solvyns & the European image of India, 1760–1824, New York, OUP, 2004, pp.475–76. Hardgrave, Boats of Bengal: eighteenth century portraits by Balthazar Solvyns, New Delhi, Manohar, 2001, pp.17–21. Comparison with Thames: Sophia Goldborne, quoted in Ghosh, Social condition, p.140. What life was about: Eliza M to her mother, 3 Aug 1785, q387. For ‘porticos, columnades, galleries, etc. etc.’ see P.J.Marshall, ‘Eighteenth century Calcutta’, in Marshall (ed.), Trade and conquest: studies on the rise of British dominance in India, Aldershot (Hamps), Variorum, 1984, p. 90. AM’s houses: Soldiering, pp.6–7; Losty, Calcutta, p.48. Chumming: R.Mukherjee, ‘“Forever England”: British life in old Calcutta’, in S.Chaudhuri (ed.), Calcutta: the living city, Calcutta, OUP, 1990, p.46. A fine castle: J.M.Murray to AM’s brother John M, 4 Nov 1783, q369. Servants: Eliza M to her mother, 3 Aug 1785, q387. #75 Cost of living: Soldiering, p.357. Soldiers not well off: P.J.Marshall, East Indian fortunes: the British in Bengal in the eighteenth century, Oxford, Clarendon, 1976, p.247. Quartermaster General: AM [to Ossian], 15 Dec 1782, q582. A sad plague: Eliza M to AM, 6 May 1783, q420. AM’s salary between 1781 and 1785 was about 240 surat rupees (a surat rupee being a little less than a current rupee), plus 150 ‘off reckonings’ (profits from clothing the troops), significantly less than Marshall’s estimate for lieutenant-colonels of £1500: see his East Indian fortunes, pp.209–10. Hopes to succeed Hannay: AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, q427. On Hannay see C.Collin Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, London, OUP, 1939, pp.171–72. Bloated leech: Edmund Burke, The speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke on the impeachment of Warren Hastings, vol 2, London, Bohn, 1857, p.144 (speech at the trial, 5 Jun 1794). Cruel villains: AM to Ossian, 23 Nov 1783, q586.
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#76 Profits and losses at Barrackpore: AM to John (later Sir John) M, 7 May 1783, q582. AM to his brother John M, 29 Sep 1783, q586; Eliza M to her mother, 15 Apr 1783, q387; AM to John (later Sir John) M, 7 May 1783, q582; Soldiering, p. 335. More contracts: AM to WM, 28 Jun 1813, q361. Well and truly passed: AM to his brother John M, 15 Oct 1783, q755.
nabobs #77 Few large fortunes: Eliza M to her mother, 4 Oct 1785, q387. Calculations from Company records 1762–64, in Holden Furber, John Company at work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard UP, 1951, pp.27– 28, suggest that these figures considerably overestimated the likelihood of success; see also Marshall, East Indian fortunes, p.254. Clive’s fortune: Marshall, East Indian fortunes, p.236. Hastings’ fortune: Marshall, ‘The personal fortune of Warren Hastings’, esp. pp.291–92. Marian’s spectacular dress: A.Murray to Eliza Fraser, 4 December 1781, q254; see also Marshall, ‘The private fortune of Marian Hastings’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, XXXVII, 1964. Reactions at home: Philip Lawson and Jim Phillips, ‘“Our execrable banditti”: perceptions of nabobs in mid-eighteenth century Britain’, Albion, vol.XVI, 1984, esp. p.238; Tillman W.Nechtman, ‘Nabobs revisited: a cultural history of British imperialism and the Indian question in late-eighteenth-century Britain’, History compass, vol.4, issue 4, 2006; and Christina Smylitopoulos, ‘Rewritten and Reused: Imaging the Nabob through “Upstart Iconography”’, Eighteenth-Century Life, vol.32, no.2, 2008. #78 Scapegoat: Marshall, The impeachment of Warren Hastings, Oxford, OUP, 1965, pp.11–21. Ossian’s complaints and reassurances: to Macintyre, 14 May 1782, q147; to AM and Macintyre, 24 Jul 1782, q157; to AM, 14 Nov 1782, q157. Ossian chagrined: to Macintyre, 13 Nov 1784, q149. Committees of farts (in Gaelic): translations of passages in letters between Ossian and [Sir] John Macpherson, pp.18 and 25, Macpherson Collection: correspondence and papers of Sir John
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Macpherson, Bart, Mss Eur F291/217, BL; the original letters are presumably in this collection, inadequately cross-referenced.
pLANNING FOR RETIREMENT #79 Naming of William M: Eliza M to her mother, 24 Nov 1784, q387. Minor cadet: Extract from the Minutes of HEIC Council, Calcutta, 29 Nov 1784, q122. Godfathers: AM to Ossian, 7 Mar 1786, q588; AM to Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588. Constant slave: Eliza M to her aunt Mrs Johnston, 21 Aug 1786, q387. Balls and concerts: Eliza M to AM, 3 Sep 1786, q417; ‘A letter [in verse], From a Lady in Calcutta, to her Friend in England’, Calcutta Gazette, 12 Aug 1784. Barrackpore: AM to WM, 28 Jun 1813, q361. Dining with great men: AM to Eliza M, nd [1783], q420. Marian Hastings’ giddy height: Eliza Fay, Original letters from India (1779–1815), with introductory and terminal notes by E.M. Forster, London, Hogarth Press, 1986, p.174. Promises without sincerity: AM to Ossian, 29 Sep 1783, q586. #80 Benefits of being near Edinburgh: Eliza M to her mother, 19 Nov 1783, 15 Feb 1784, q387. Ossian on the low country: to AM and Macintyre, 23 Sep, 29 Oct 1783, q158. Macintyre on the English: to AM, 31 Jul 1786, q436. Cost of living: eg Ossian to AM and Macintyre, 30 Jun 1784, q148. Requirements for genteel living: Eliza M to her mother, 19 Nov 1783, 11 Feb 1784, q387; Eliza M to her brother John Fraser, 2 Apr 1783, q755; Eliza M to her brother-in-law John M, 11 Feb 1784, q387. #81 Trusting Ossian: AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, [Sir John] Macpherson Collection, Mss Eur F291/133, BL. Not trusting bankers: AM to Ossian, 24 Aug 1786, q588; also AM to brother John M, 3 Feb 1783, q755. Lifted spirits: Eliza to Mrs Fraser, 20 Jan 1785, q387. Not really a kinsman: the Skye clan was in fact quite a separate entity from the Badenoch Macphersons, though John Macpherson referred to it as a branch (my thanks to Alan G.Macpherson for clarifying this relationship); see also J.E.Macpherson, ‘The Macphersons of Skye’, Creag Dhubh, no.22, 1970. Dirks, The scandal of empire, mistakenly has John and James Ossian first as cousins (p.61,
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presumably in the narrow sense), then as brothers (p.348n.41). On John M see Paul J.DeGategno, ‘Macpherson, Sir John, first baronet (c.1745–1821)’, ODNB; Maclean, Early political careers; letters, notes and drafts by M.M.Stuart, 1960s–70s, including extracts from an unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, in the Macpherson Collection. #82 Not susceptible: Maclean, Early political careers, pp.56–61. For relationship between Hastings and John M, see Henry Dodwell (ed.), Warren Hastings’ letters to Sir John Macpherson, London, Faber & Gwyer, 1927. Confidential secretary: Soldiering, p.336. Reluctance to favour namesakes: AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, Mss Eur F291/133, BL; AM to Ossian, 29 Sep 1783, q586. Have done with foolishness: translations of passages in letters between Ossian and [Sir] John Macpherson, p.28, Mss Eur F291/217, BL. #83 Not worthier men: John M to Ossian, 28 Nov 1784, Mss Eur F291/131, BL. On HEIC instructions relating to contracts, with specific reference to AM, see Governor-General and Council to Court of Directors, 23 Aug 1784, in B.A.Saletore (ed.), Fort William- India House correspondence: and other contemporary papers relating thereto, vol.IX: 1782–1785, Indian Record Series, Delhi, National Archives of India, 1959, pp.487–88. Pressures on John M: R.Sinh (ed.), Fort William-India House correspondence: and other contemporary papers relating thereto, vol. X: 1786–1788, Indian Record Series, Delhi, National Archives of India, 1972, pp.3–4. Bad luck: AM to Charles Bowles, 21 Aug 1786, q588. The lesson was clear: AM to Ossian and Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588.
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5 SCOUNDRELS
#84 Berrington: Calcutta Gazette, 1 Feb 1787; East India Company Ships, Ship Berrington, http://www.eicships.info/ships/shipdetail. asp?sid=849; Anthony Farrington, Catalogue of East India Company ships’ journals and logs 1600–1834, London, British Library, 1999, p.60. The servants were two Europeans and an Indian ayah: letters between AM and Captain Thomas Ley, q634. John M ready to serve: AM to Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588. Contemptible and contemned: quoted in A.Aspinall, Cornwallis in Bengal: the administrative and judicial reforms of Lord Cornwallis in Bengal, Manchester, Manchester UP, 1931, p.22. Nervous fever: AM to Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588; AM to Ossian, 27 Aug 1786; Aspinall, Cornwallis in Bengal, pp.9–10. Outrage: Sir John Macpherson later remarked that AM ‘appeared more attached to my Interest than I was myself’: John M to James M jnr (Ossian’s son), 25 Sep 1801, [Sir John] Macpherson Collection, Mss EUR F291/127, BL.
seCRETS #85 List of possessions of Lt.col. Allan Macpherson, Calcutta, q365. Cots by Steuart: Account due by Colonel Allan Macpherson to J and R Stewarts [sic], coachmakers, Calcutta, 1786, q711. Account to Mrs Rixon for washing, 31 Dec 1788 [an obviously incorrect date], q764. Getting money home: ch.4 above; P.J.Marshall, ‘The personal fortune of Warren Hastings’, Economic history review, 2nd series, no.XVII, 1964, p.285; Holden Furber, John Company at work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard UP, 1951, pp.227–35; Marshall, East Indian fortunes: the British in Bengal in the eighteenth century, Oxford, Clarendon, 1976, p.249. Pitt’s India Act of 1784 relieved much of the uncertainty. #86 Diamonds hard to come by: Marshall, East Indian fortunes, pp.250–51. On Hastings and diamonds: Furber, John Company at work, p.230; Marshall, ‘The personal fortune of Warren Hastings’, pp.287–89. Ossian disgusted: to AM, 25 Dec 1786, q149. Ossian’s vigilance: AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, State of the Conjoined Actions of Reduction, and of Count, Reckoning, and
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Payment, Colonel Allan Macpherson, of Blairgowrie, against James Macpherson, Esq. now of Belville, and Others, 25 Feb 1813, p.119–23, q427. Links with China: Marshall, ‘Private British trade in the Indian Ocean before 1800’, in Patrick J.N.Tuck (ed.), Trade, finance and power, London, Routledge, 1998, p.121. Trade in tea increased markedly after the reduction in tea duties in 1784. China plan: Macintyre to AM, 6 Jun, 19 Sep, 30 Sep, 4 Oct 1785, 12 Jan, 31 Jul 1786, 6 Mar 1787, q436; AM to Ossian, 22 Dec 1785, in State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.125, q427.; AM to Ossian and Macintyre, 24 Aug 1787, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.128–29, q427.; Ossian to AM, 26 Aug 1789, q149; AM to Alexander Fraser, 5 Apr 1811, q437. Investment in cargoes: Turnbull and Macintyre [to Peter Murray], 3 Jan 1789, q759. On relationship between John Macintyre and the Macintyre brothers see Alistair K.Macintyre and Alan G.Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre, the laird of Balavil that never was’, Creag Dhubh, no.59, 2007 (supplemented by correspondence with the authors, 2008). #87 Happiest moment: AM to Ossian, nd [late 1787], State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.130, q427. Not the men I supposed them: John Macintyre to AM, 28 Sep 1787, q436. Turnbull & Macintyre bankrupt: Turnbull to AM, 13 Jan 1789, q759; John Macintyre to AM, 6 Mar 1787, q436; [Peter Murray] Memo of conversation with Turnbull at Serampore, 14 Jan 1789, q759; Macintyre to AM, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.193–94, q427. AM calculates loss of £7000: AM memo re finances, nd [1790s], q194. Sufficient to live genteely: AM to Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588; also Eliza M to her mother, 3 Aug 1786, q387. Rumours: William Duncan’s account of discussion with Ossian [May 1789?], State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, p.24, q427.; Declaration by AM re Sir John M [last item in bundle], 17 May 1796, q460. #88 Burke on presents: Edmund Burke, The speeches of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke on the impeachment of Warren Hastings, vol.1, London, Bohn, 1857, p.248 (speech at the trial, 21 Apr 1789). The poor colonel: Duncan’s account of discussion with Ossian [May 1789?], p.24. Leave the country: Memorial for Colonel Allan
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Macpherson of Blairgowrie against James Gibson Esq WS, 31 Jan 1805, p.9, q663. Flight to France: Accounts of expenses of a trip to France via Dover, Calais, Boulogne and Fountainebleu among other places, 1790, q121. Come back to India: reported in AM to Ossian, 17 Sep 1790, q460. Unfit for anything: AM to Ossian, 19 Jan 1791, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.135–36, q427. Terrifying prospect: AM to Ossian, 31 Dec 1791, q147; Ossian to AM, 8 Aug 1789, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.134–35, q427.
presents Impenetrable finances: Bond of Macintyre to AM, 21 Dec 1785, q437; AM to Ossian, 22 Dec 1785, q147; Cancelled bond of Macintyre to AM, 21 Dec 1785, with later endorsements, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.157, q427; WM to his parents, 26 Jun 1813, q361; Henry Wilsone to Sir John M, 9 Nov 1789, Mss Eur F291/133, BL. #89 Buhu Begum commented on her son Asaf ad-Daula after he had made incursions on money in her custody: to Warren Hastings, 22 Dec 1775, in G.W.Forrest (ed.), Selections from the letters, despatches and other state papers preserved in the Foreign Department of the Government of India, 1722–1785, Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing, 1890, vol.2, p.465. Hastings on Asaf ad-Daula: quoted in Richard B.Barnett, ‘Oudh, nawab wazirs of (act.1754–1814)’, ODNB. Curious compound: Lewis Ferdinand Smith, Letter from Lucknow, 11 Mar 1795 [http://www.columbia. edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/baghobahar/appendix_smith. html#three, accessed 10 June 2006]. Cornwallis referred to his ‘habits of dissipation and inattention to business’: Cornwallis to Court of Directors, 2 Aug 1789, in G.W.Forrest (ed.), Selections from the state papers of the governors-general of India: Lord Cornwallis, vol. 2, Oxford, Blackwell, 1926, p.135. Asaf the giver: Surendra Mohan, Awadh under the nawabs: politics, culture, and communal relations, 1722–1856, New Delhi, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, 1997, p.77. Mohan’s view of Asaf-ud-daula is more sympathetic than most. See also Abu Talib Khan, History of Asafu'd Daulah, Nawab Wazir of Oudh: being a translation of "Tafzihu'l ghafilin": a contemporary
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record of events, connected with his administrations [the title translates as ‘The disgrace of the negligent ones’], trans W.Hoey, Lucknow, Pustak Kendra, 1971, esp.pp.29–30; Purnendu Basu, Oudh and the East India Company, 1785–1801, Lucknow, Maxwell, 1943, pp.1–6; Richard B.Barnett, North India Between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals, and the British 1720–1801, Delhi, Manohar, 1987, pp. 96–126; C.Collin Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, London, OUP, 1939, pp.68–69,86–89. Hyder Beg Khan: Cornwallis to Court of Directors, 16 Nov 1787, in R.Sinh (ed.), Fort William-India House correspondence: and other contemporary papers relating thereto, vol. X: 1786–1788, Indian Record Series, Delhi, National Archives of India, 1972, p.531, and note at p.717; Abu alib Khaan, History of Asafu'd Daulah, esp.pp.9–10,21,29– 31,78; H.A.Qureshi, The Mughals, the English & the rulers of Awadh, from 1722 A.D. to 1856 A.D.: a kaleidoscopic study, Lucknow, New Royal Book Co., 2003, pp.129–37; Basu, Oudh and the East India Company, pp.15–17; Barnett, North India Between Empires, pp.134–35. #90 1001 rupees: Governor-General John M to Nawab Wazir of Oudh, 22 Mar 1786, Soldiering, pp.340–41. Hearts united: quoted in Soldiering, p.215. #91 Need to assimilate: see generally William Dalrymple, White Mughals: love and betrayal in eighteenth-century India, London, HarperCollins, 2002. Country business and interviews: Soldiering, pp.336–37,342. On Shah Alam’s use of presents to win English support: Marshall, East Indian fortunes, p.177. #92 Hastings and present-giving: see Natasha Eaton, ‘Between mimesis and alterity: art, gift, and diplomacy in colonial India, 1770–1800’, Comparative studies in society and history, vol.46, no.4, 2004, esp. p.820. Hastings presented the German-born artist John Zoffany to Asaf ud-Daula; John Macpherson followed his example, introducing to the Nawab the miniaturist Ozias Humphry (see Soldiering, p.341.) Large and secret gifts: Marshall, East Indian fortunes, pp.179. A lass and a lakh: East Indian fortunes, p.164. New rules: Marshall, The impeachment of Warren Hastings, Oxford, OUP, 1965, pp.130–31; B.B.Misra, The central administration of the East India Company 1773–1834, Manchester, MUP, 1959, pp.384–408.
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Hastings and the ten lakhs: Court of Directors to Governor- General in Council, 15 Jan 1783, in B.A.Saletore (ed.), Fort William- India House correspondence: and other contemporary papers relating thereto, vol.IX: 1782–1785, Indian Record Series, Delhi, National Archives of India, 1959, pp.94–95; Marshall, Impeachment, pp.147–50,161–62; Marshall, East Indian fortunes, pp.178–79 (Marshall suggests that Hastings’ effort to win money for himself was ‘the last bid … by an individual to win a fortune for himself by presents from an Indian ruler.’); Davies, Warren Hastings and Oudh, pp.187–88. Hastings’ unfamiliar: Marshall, Impeachment, pp.184–86. John M’s election: Paul J.DeGategno, ‘Macpherson, Sir John, first baronet (c.1745–1821)’, ODNB; ‘Macpherson, John (c.1745–1821)’, in Lewis Namier and John Brooks (eds), The history of Parliament: the House of Commons 1754–1790, vol.III, London, HMSO, 1964, p.96. #93 For evidence of John M’s earlier prescience see John Riddy, ‘Warren Hastings: Scotland’s benefactor?’, in G.Carnall and C.Nicholson, The impeachment of Warren Hastings: papers from a bicentenary commemoration, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1989, pp.50– 51. John M the reformer: John M to Ossian, 28 Nov 1784, Mss EUR F291/131, BL; to his mother, 18 Sep 1782, and to Company Resident at Lucknow, nd, both quoted in unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, pp.96–97,99, Macpherson Collection. Slashed salaries: more precisely, John M reduced the batta, or allowances additional to salaries (see ch.2 on ‘the batta mutiny’). On John M’s financial policies see Aspinall, Cornwallis in Bengal, pp.21–22; Furber, John Company at work, pp.236–39. Egs of views on John M: Furber, John Company at work, p.235; ODNB; Namier and Brooke (eds), The House of Commons 1754–1790, vol III, pp.96–97; ‘Macpherson, Sir John, 1st Bt.’, in R.G.Thorne (ed.), The history of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790–1820, vol.IV, London, Secker & Warburg, 1986, pp.516–17. Keith Feiling, Warren Hastings, London, Macmillan, 1954, has a favourable word for him on p.298, while J.E.Macpherson offers a spirited defence of his fellow clansman in Creag Dhubh, nos 6,7 and 8, 1954–56. Nothing but reform: John M’s note on Ossian to John Macpherson, nd, quoted in unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, p.107. AM agrees with John M’s reform efforts: AM to John Murray, 24 Aug 1786, q588; AM to Ossian and Macintyre,
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24 Aug 1786, q588. Eternal nature of things: Ossian to John M, nd, quoted in unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, p.100. On changing attitudes to patronage see Henry Parris, Constitutional bureaucracy: the development of British central administration since the eighteenth century, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1969, esp. ch.3. Grasp time by the forelock: Ossian to AM and Macintyre, 24 Feb 1783, q158. Honest John: Alexander Murray to AM, 6 Aug 1785, quoted in Soldiering, p.407. Admirable in theory: AM to Ossian, 27 Sep 1783, q586; also Macintyre to AM, 16 Jun 1785, q436; and Macintyre to Ossian, 1 Aug 1785, quoted in unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, pp.114–15. Mixed messages: AM to James M jnr, 10 Jul 1798, q460. We shall do well: Macintyre to Ossian, 1 Aug 1785, quoted in unpublished book by Sir Arthur Macpherson, pp.114–15. AM’s plan: AM to James M jnr, 10 Jul 1798, q460. #94 Complicated arrangements: Henry Wilsone to Sir John M, 9 Nov 1789, Mss EUR F291/133, BL. Eason, ‘Between mimesis and alterity’, pp.829–30, cites evidence to show that this was a time of ‘lavish gifting’. Cruellest cut: AM to Ossian, 2 Jan 1792, q147. John M’s compensation: Namier and Brooke (eds), The House of Commons 1754–1790, vol III, p.97; Thorne (ed.), The House of Commons 1790– 1820, vol IV, p.516. Henry Wilsone, an attorney employed by AM and Macintyre, told John Macpherson about ‘this hellish Secret’: Wilsone to John M, 7 Nov 1789, Mss EUR F291/133, BL. Following John M’s return in 1793, he asked AM to affirm that he knew nothing about the present. AM readily obliged: Declaration by AM re Sir John Macpherson, 17 May 1796. (This contradicts Nathaniel Wraxall’s suggestion at Mss EUR F291/133, BL, that John M was unaware of the proceedings until 1804.) John M continued to press for compensation: ‘The case of Sir John Macpherson, Baronet, late Governor General of India; containing a summary review of his administration and services. Prepared by friends from authentic documents’, London, printed by William Bulmer and Co., 1808 [unpublished pamphlet], Mss EUR F291/26, BL. #95 WM’s questions: to AM, 26 Jun 1813; and AM’s answer, 28 Jun, q361. Ill-gotten wealth: Eliza M to WM, 29 Jun 1813, q361.
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'MAKE YOUR MIND EASY' Macintyre on Ossian: to AM, nd [1786], q436. AM’s exchanges with Ossian: Condescendence for Colonel Allan Macpherson, in State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.12–14, q427; AM to James M jnr, 10 Jul 1798, q460. #96 Ossian’s dictated letter: Condescendence, p.13; AM to Ossian, 14 May 1789, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.131–32, q427. AM could not refuse Ossian: to James M jnr, 10 Jul 1798, q460. AM’s absolute confidence in Ossian: AM to Ossian, 31 Mar 1783, Mss EUR F291/133, BL; and 30 Jun 1789, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.133, q427. #97 Make your mind easy: Ossian to AM, 13 Aug [1789], q149 – on the Continent: Memorial for Colonel Allan Macpherson of Blairgowrie against James Gibson Esq WS, 31 Jan 1805, q663. Accounts between the Nabob of Arcot and James Macpherson, 1780–93, q696. Infallible preventive: Late 18th. century copper token or ticket (27mm.) of Sir Samuel Hannay of London, advertising preventive medicine for venereal diseases, sold on E-Bay [http://cgi.ebay.co.uk/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item =7397790114&indexURL], accessed 20 Sep 2006]. Alexander Hannay had hanged himself in 1782 after falling out with Hastings: Barnett, North India Between Empires, p.202. AM compliments Ossian: 7 Dec 1784, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.123–24, q427. AM joins partnership: Hannays, Macpherson, and Co. to prospective clients [printed], 1 Mar 1788, q437; Condescendence, pp.14–15; Ossian to AM, 14 Mar 1787, AM’s index, q663. #98 Collapse of Hannays: Condescendence, p.15. Not a halfpenny: AM to Ossian, 5 Jan 1791, q149. Despair: AM to Ossian, 19 Jan 1791, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.135, q427. Ossian’s responses: Condescendence, esp. p.15; Ossian to AM, 13 Apr 1791, AM’s index, q663; Ossian to AM, 25 Jan, 29 Jan, 30 Dec 1791, q150. #99 Purchase near Ruthven: Ossian to AM, 11 May 1783, q657; 14 Sep 1784, q148; Macintyre to AM, nd [1786], q436. Ossian on AM’s folly: to AM, 1 Nov 1788, q149. (Ossian knew Blairgowrie, having taught Thomas Graham of Balgowan
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there many years earlier.) Purchase of Blairgowrie: documents and letters at q163, q194, q268, q269 and q784.
'THE DECEPTION OF THE CROCODILE' #100 Interview with Ossian: AM’s memorandum of conversation, 4 Jun 1794, q460. #101 AM begs for relief from bond: to Ossian, 8 Jul 1795, q460. Ossian’s financial worries: to AM, 20 Jun 1793, q913. Ossian at Belleville: ‘Macpherson (James)’, in Alexander Chalmers, The general biographical dictionary, new ed., vol.XXI, London, J.Nichols, 1815, p.82. Ossian’s epitaph: ‘Macpherson, James’, in Thorne (ed.), The House of Commons 1790–1820, vol IV, p.515. Ossian’s will: Macintyre and Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre’, pp.71–72. AM received more than Ossian’s other friends, though Macintyre received £1000 ‘and any debts he owes me at present’. AM writes to James M jnr: recorded in AM’s notebook, 28 Feb 1796, qvol.1. #102 Deception of the crocodile: AM to Eliza M, 23 Feb 1802, q264. Like a father: Duncan to AM, 23 Apr 1793, State of the Conjoined Actions, 1813, pp.140, q427. Macintyre regrets: to AM, 8 Oct 1796, q438. AM’s consolation: to WM, 4 Apr 1802, q165.
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6 LOTTERY
#103 Guildhall lottery: Harriot M to WM, 11 Apr 1802, q295; John Ashton, A history of English lotteries now for the first time written, London, Leadenhall Press, 1893, esp.pp.318–24. #104 Lotteries and social class: Ashton, pp.61,119,327. Knaves and fools: Ashton, p.62. AM’s and Eliza’s habit: eg AM to Eliza M, 28 Feb, 9 Mar 1802, q264. On 1/16th: Ashton, pp.90,119. #105 Value of tickets, p.132. The 1802 lottery was the most valuable since 1755: Ashton, p.130. Eliza on God’s will: to WM, 13 Oct 1801, q294.
bLAIRGOWRIE Blairgowrie: description based chiefly on James Johnston’s entry in John Sinclair (ed.), The statistical account of Scotland. Drawn up from the communications of the ministers of the different parishes, vol.12, Aberdeen, William Creech, 1796, pp.191–208; for a later description see entry in Samuel Lewis (ed.), A topographical dictionary of Scotland, London, S.Lewis & Co., 1846, vol.1, pp.124–51 [http://www.british-history. ac.uk/re[prt.asp?compid=43423, accessed 26 Aug 2007]. #106 Newton Castle: AM to Eliza M, 4 Jul 1789, q195; Johnston in Sinclair, Statistical account, p.206; Alan D.Macpherson, ‘Newton of Blairgowrie’, Creag Dhubh, no.19, 1967, pp.155–58; John Gifford, Perth and Kinross, New Haven, Yale UP, 2007, pp.233–34. Conflagration: Lewis (ed.),A topographical dictionary, vol.2, pp.309–24 [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp? compid=43467&strquery=blairgowrie, accessed 14 September 2007]. Leaks and pigs: Murdoch McPherson to AM, 9 Oct 1789, q167; Thomas Whitson to AM, 9 and 12 Oct 1789, q167. Delightful habitation: Johnston in Sinclair, Statistical account, p.206. Purchases in London: accounts for various items, 1787–88, q764. Coach invoice: John Mills to AM, 19 Dec 1787, q764. #107 Helpful advice: Henry Butter to AM, 15 Mar 1790, q167. Handbill: ‘Ground to be feud, and farms to be let, in Perthshire’, 6 Oct 1790, q259.
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Parish lagging: Johnston in Sinclair, Statistical account, pp.202–04. #108 AM promises improvements: ‘Ground to be feud’, 6 Oct 1790, q259. Road intersection: Johnston has Blairgowrie on ‘The great road, from Couper of Angus to Fort George’ (Inverness); Alan G. Macpherson (personal email) explains more accurately that Blairgowrie was located ‘where the road from Dundee via Coupar Angus intersected with the hillfoot road from Aberdeen via Kirriemuir to Dunkeld where it joined the Great North Road from Perth to Inverness’. Lords lieutenant: Ann E.Whetstone, Scottish county government in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Edinburgh, J.Donald, 1981, pp.95–98. AM’s responsibilities: Papers relating to plan for preserving the public peace within the county of Perth, by raising three troops of fencible cavalry, including oaths of loyalty signed by many inhabitants of the county, 1794, q236. #109 Blairgowrie prepares to resist French: AM to Lord Adam Gordon, 14 Feb 1797; Gordon to AM, 15 Feb, q237/2. Volunteers and the Militia Act: based on undated typescript note by WCM; Whetstone, Scottish county government, pp.95– 98,104,108–9; and An Act to raise and embody a Militia Force in that Part of the Kingdom of Great Britain called Scotland, 37 Geo.III cap.103, 19 Jul 1797. AM jostled: AM correspondence relating to militia riot in Blairgowrie, including description of the threats to the schoolmaster (charged with drawing up the list of eligible individuals) and letters from various individuals noting similar opposition elsewhere to the Militia Acts, Aug 1797, q124. Subscribed apology by the young men of Blairgowrie for involvement in the riot, 8 Oct 1797, q124. Trafalgar celebrations: AM to Bailie James Dick, 11 Nov 1805, q278.
'GOD GRANT ME A RELIEF FROM THE LAW' AM intends legal action: implied in J.M.Murray to AM, 25 Aug 1794, q369.
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#110 The law a lottery: J.M. Murray to AM, 25 Aug 1794, q369. AM determined to seek justice: Memorial for Colonel Allan Macpherson of Blairgowrie, Suspender, against James Gibson, Esq …, 31 Jan 1805, p. 17, q663. AM as parent: eg AM to James M jnr, 23 Jul 1786, in Soldiering, pp. 345–47. AM visits Belleville: AM to James M jnr, 10 Jul 1798, no. 2, q460; James M jnr to AM, 2 Oct 1798, q155. Sir John Macpherson urged James to act liberally towards AM and reach an arrangement out of court: John M to James M jnr, 25 Sep 1801, [Sir John] Macpherson Collection, Mss EUR F291/127, BL. Quixotic search: based chiefly on AM to Eliza M, 11 Nov 1804, q263; and Memorial, 31 Jan 1805, q663. Ossian’s reputation: James Porter, ‘“Bring me the head of James Macpherson”: the execution of Ossian and the wellsprings of folkloric discourse’, Journal of American folklore, vol.114, no.454, 2001, pp.416–17; Derick S.Thomson, ‘Macpherson, James (1736– 1796)’, ODNB. #111 James M jnr seeks vindication: Richard Hotchkins and James Tyler, agents for James Macpherson of Belleville, to AM, 14 Nov 1807, q663. God grant me: AM to Eliza M, 28 Dec 1804, q263. Carriage problems: Eliza M to Mr Hatchet[t], coachmaker, 29 Nov 1802, q41; Eliza M to WM, 7 Aug 1803, q209; WM to AM, 11 May 1805, q906; AM to John White at Hatchetts and Co, 26 Mar 1808, 18 Mar 1809; Eliza M to John White, 12 Apr 1809, q41; AM to White, 26 Apr 1811, q41. AM’s humiliation: to Eliza M, 28 Feb, 9 Mar 1802, q264. Proud coachmen: AM to WM, 3 Apr 1802, q165. AM reclusive: to Eliza M, 16 Mar 1802, q264. #112 Indulging Eliza: AM to Eliza M, 16, 27 Mar 1802, q264. AM philosophical: to Eliza M, 9 Mar 1802, q264.
eDUCATING WILLIAM Eliza’s instructions: to WM, 5 Apr 1792, q289. #113 WM studies history: WM to uncle Lt Andrew Fraser, 10 Jan 1793, q407. Arthur Herman, The Scottish Enlightenment: the Scots’ invention of the modern world, London, Fourth Estate, 2003, p.27,
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contrasts English and Scottish views of William Wallace and Edward I. Peter Murray pays for WM’s education: AM to John Macintyre, 24? Jan 1795, q120. Murray’s fortune: V.C.P.Hodson, List of the officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834, part III, London, Constable, 1927, p.362. Recommendation of Grierson: G.H. Baird to AM, 2 Jan 1797, q271. Virtue: AM to Ossian and Macintyre, 24 Aug 1786, q588. #114 Locke: Some Thoughts Concerning Education, 1693, quoted in J. R. Milton, ‘Locke, John (1632–1704)’, ODNB; Henry L.Fulton, ‘Private tutoring in Scotland: the example of Mure of Caldwell’, Eighteenth- century life, vol.27, no.3, 2003, pp. 54–55. WM’s tutor explains: James Grierson to AM and Eliza M, 17 Nov 1798, q271. Grierson’s favourable report: to AM, 4 Apr 1799, q271. #115 Peter Murray’s advice: to WM, 5 Mar 1798, q194. Sudden burst of genius: Stewart quoted in Herman, The Scottish Enlightenment, p.11. Edinburgh University: J.B.Morrell, ‘The University of Edinburgh in the late eighteenth century: its scientific eminence and academic structure’, Isis, vol.62, no.2. 1971; Alexander Grant, The story of the University of Edinburgh during its first three hundred years, London, Longmans, Green, 1884. #116 Unruly behaviour: Grant, p.481. WM continued lessons in French with a private tutor, and Latin with Mr Grierson. On Stewart see Michael P.Brown, ‘Stewart, Dugald (1753–1828)’, ODNB; Nicholas Phillipson, ‘The pursuit of virtue in Scottish university education: Dugald Stewart and Scottish moral philosophy in the Enlightenment’, in Phillipson (ed.), Universities, society, and the future: a conference held on the 400th anniversary of the University of Edinburgh, 1983, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1983, pp.82–101; Stefan Collini, Donald Winch and John Burrow, That noble science of politics: a study in nineteenth- century intellectual history, Cambridge, CUP, 1983, pp.25–61. Stewart’s lectures: Lord Cockburn, quoted in Grant, The story of the University of Edinburgh, p.341. #117 Stewart on self-improvement: quoted in Phillipson, p.90. On modes of behaviour: WM’s class notes in Moral Philosophy, 10 Mar 1801, qvol.23.
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Playfair: Jack Morrell, ‘Playfair, John (1748–1819)’, ODNB. Nasmyth: J.C.B.Cooksey, ‘Nasmyth, Alexander (1758–1840)’, ODNB. Grierson’s departure: AM to WM, 7 Apr 1801, q294. #118 Luke-warm on India: Allan M jnr to his brother WM, 7 Jun 1803, q278. West Indian prospects: Alexander Fraser to AM, 14 Aug 1801, q902; Eliza M to WM, 31 Aug, 11 Sep 1801, q294. WM visits Inverness: AM to WM, 22 Sep 1801, q294. A promising young man: James Fraser of Belladrum to AM, 25 Sep 1801, q902. Time to go: James Fraser jnr to AM, 26 Sep 1801, q902. To London with the Dicks: WM to Peter Murray, 4 Apr 1802, q906. #119 Persevere in goodness: Eliza M to WM, 22 Nov 1801, q350. A sink: Simon Fraser of Fairfield to AM, 29 Sep 1801, q294. #120 A letter from Colonel Allan Macpherson to his son, William Letter from AM to WM, 15 Oct 1801: original at q195, copy at q165.
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7 MUD
#123 Repairs: WM to Simon Fraser (Inverness), 7 Apr 1802, q906. Couch in the roundhouse: WM to Eliza M, 24 Nov 1801, q168. Clothing: J. Fraser younger of Belladrum to WM, 16 Oct 1801, q902. Lock of hair: WM to Eliza M, 24 Nov 1801, q168. Blair’s sermons: AM to Eliza M, 15 Oct 1801, q226. Dick’s advice: Dick to WM, nd [1801], q165. #124 Ashington’s approval: WM to Eliza M, 24 Nov 1801, q168. A bound apprentice?: WM to Eliza M, 9 Dec 1801. q168; AM to WM, 15 Dec, q165. Entertaining young ladies: see, eg, Jane Austen, Mansfield Park, vol.2, ch.3. French and Spaniards: WM to Simon Fraser (Inverness), 7 Apr 1802, q906; WM to Eliza, 30 Nov 1801, q168. #125 ‘My dear Mac’: WM to AM and Eliza M, 3 Feb 1802, q906.
berbiCE SOCIETY Raleigh and El Dorado: see Alexander von Humboldt’s Preface to O.A.Schomburgk (ed.), Robert Hermann Schomburgk’s travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco during the years 1835–1839, Georgetown, Argosy, 1931. Raleigh’s prophesy: Humboldt in Schomburgk, Travels in Guiana, p.8. #126 Dutch welcome: D.Graham Burnett, Masters of all they surveyed: exploration, geography, and a British El Dorado, Chicago, Chicago UP, 2000, p.25. British planters and Guyana population: Henry Bolingbroke, A voyage to the Demerary, containing a statistical account of the settlements there, and those on the Essequebo, the Berbice, and other contiguous rivers of Guyana, London, Richard Phillips [1807], pp.30,100–01 [pagination differs between copies]; Papers relating to the West Indies: ordered, by the House of Commons, to be printed 12 July 1815, London, House of Commons,1815. Relative to some of the island colonies, slave numbers in Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice were few. The volume increased markedly after 1796: Winston McGowan, ‘The African slave trade to Guyana’, Guyana Historical Journal, vol. 1, 1989, pp.1–10. Cotton producers: Emilia Viotti da Costa, Crowns of
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glory, tears of blood: the Demerara slave rebellion of 1823, New York, OUP, 1994, pp.20,28. Most of these names are from WM to Harriot M, 19 Jul 1811, q203. See also David Alston, ‘“Very rapid and splendid fortunes?”: Highland Scots in Berbice (Guyana) in the early nineteenth century’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, vol.63, 2006. Old Belladrum was a plantation on the Berbice River. Place names changed often, as estates changed hands or were subdivided – though many of the names are still in use today. Plantations: Bolingbroke, Voyage, p.7; Burnett, Masters of all they surveyed, p.25. #127 Barefoot: WM to AM, 25 Jul 1802, q906. Foolish desire: WM to Peter Murray, 4 Apr 1802, q906. Seaforth: Alston, ‘“Very rapid and splendid fortunes?”’. Poor prospects: WM to AM and Eliza M, 3 Feb 1802, q906. #128 Proper mode of address: WM (Blairgowrie) to Eliza M (London), 27 Dec 1801, q264. #129 Union plantation: Inventory and appraisement of Plantation Union being Nos. 28, 29 & 30, situate on the West Sea Coast of Berbice …, 16 Jun 1804, Union account book, vol.1, pp.196–97, Fraser of Reelig Collection (see National Register of Archives for Scotland). Overseer’s life: WM to AM and Eliza M, 3 Feb 1802, q906; WM to AM, 25 Jul 1802, q906; Henry G.Dalton, The history of British Guiana, vol. I, London, Longman, 1855, pp.330–31. Candles: WM to AM, 15 Dec 1802, q906. Mosquitoes: WM to his brother Allan, 12 Apr 1807, q203; Edward Satchwell Fraser to his mother, 12 Feb 1805, bundle 27; 8 Aug 1809, bundle 66, Fraser of Reelig Collection. Amusements and absence of religion: WM to Eliza M, 10 Apr 1802, q906; WM to AM, 13 Apr 1806, q906. #130 Public road: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 1 Nov 1803, bundle 7, Fraser of Reelig Collection; Thomas Staunton St Clair, A soldier’s recollections of the West Indies and America, vol.I, London, Richard Bentley, 1834, pp.138–39. Carousing: WM to AM, 25 Jul 1802, q906. New Amsterdam: WM to his sister Harriot, 19 Jul 1811, q203; E.S. Fraser to his mother, 12 Feb 1805, bundle 27, Fraser
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of Reelig Collection. Stabroek: Bolingbroke, Voyage, chs 2 and 3; E.S. Fraser to his brother Aleck, 30 Oct 1803, bundle 7. Population estimates based on Bolingbroke, p.24; and B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins UP, 1984, p.97, who suggests total population of 6000 in 1812. #131 Courthouse: St Clair, A soldier’s recollections, pp.107–08. Disease and intemperance: WM to AM, 1 Jun 1802, q906; Do not give way to melancholy: WM to AM, 29 Oct 1803, q210. #132 A step up: WM to AM, 6 Jul 1803, q906; WM to Eliza M, 28 Apr 1804, q906. Edward Satchwell Fraser: based on letters in the Fraser of Reelig Collection; and Alston, ‘“Very rapid and splendid fortunes?”’. AM promises help: to WM, 29 Jul 1802, q165. Cost of slaves: William Threlfall to AM, 22 Nov 1802, q168. Payment by the acre: Bolingbroke, Voyage, pp.280–81. Purchase of slaves: AM to WM, 26 Aug 1802 [continuation of 29 Jul], q165; WM to AM, 25 Nov 1802, q906. Happy beginning: AM to WM, 17 Feb 1803, q351.
sLAVES Dinner-table conversation: based chiefly on E.S. Fraser’s letters, Fraser of Reelig Collection. #134 Van Batenburg scandal: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 1 Oct 1805, bundle 27, Fraser of Reelig Collection; Alston, ‘“Very rapid and splendid fortunes?”’. Desperate pleadings: for a discussion of reasons for abolition, see David Beck Ryden, West Indian slavery and British abolition, 1783– 1807, Cambridge, CUP, 2009. Debate over dinner: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 30 Dec 1808, bundle 7, Fraser of Reelig Collection. #135 Notwithstanding the increase in slave numbers from 1786, demand still far exceeded the supply: McGowan, ‘The African slave trade to Guyana’, pp.7–12. More humane than the Dutch: Bolingbroke, Voyage, pp.61–63. Golden Fleece escape: WM to brother Allan, 13 Jun 1807, q203. Something radically
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wrong: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 8 Nov 1808, bundle 7, Fraser of Reelig Collection. #136 Brute force: eg Benny case in Demerara in 1819, Higman, Slave populations, p.202. On incentives to labour see Higman, pp.199– 204. Task system: WM to Harriot M, 13 Apr 1810, q203; Henry Beard, 1824, quoted in Alvin O.Thompson, A documentary history of slavery in Berbice 1796–1834, Georgetwon, Free Press, 2002, p.199. James Walvin, Black ivory: a history of British slavery, Washington DC, Howard UP, 1994, pp.102–03. McDougall case: Lewis Cameron to E.S. Fraser, 27 Jun 1812, bundle 137; James McDougall to James B.Fraser, 20 Jul, bundle 231, Fraser of Reelig Collection. #137 Lockjaw: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 10 Jul 1804, bundle 27, Fraser of Reelig Collection. On Mr Arthur: E.S. Fraser to his mother, 6 Apr 1804, bundle 27. Blacks in Britain: on lack of blacks in Scotland see James Walvin, Black and white: the Negro and English society 1555–1945, London, Allen Lane, 1973, p.142n; on blacks in the cities, Walvin, Black and white, esp.ch 4. Mungo Park: WM to Eliza M, 28 Jan 1800, q276; Christopher Fyfe, ‘Park, Mungo (1771–1806)’, ODNB. Dugald Stewart and slavery: WM’s class notes in Moral Philosophy, 10 Mar 1801, qvol.23; Gordon Macintyre, Dugald Stewart: the pride and ornament of Scotland, Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2003, includes a single reference to Stewart declaring his opposition to slavery, in 1778–79 (pp.32–33). On Stewart and politically contentious issues: J.M.Tannoch-Bland, The primacy of moral philosophy: Dugald Stewart and the Scottish Enlightenment, PhD thesis, Griffith University, 2000, pp.14,94. #138 AM’s advice re slavery: to WM, 15 Oct 1801, q195. Phyllis Wheatley’s ‘On being brought from Africa to America’ appears in her Poems on various subjects, religions and moral, 1773. Eliza transcribes it for WM, 25 Mar 1805, q210; her version, taken perhaps from a newspaper, differs slightly from the one that appears in the book. I have taken the book version. #139 Eliza approves abolition: to son Allan M, 30 Apr 1807, q210. Ungrateful race: WM to AM, 6 Jul 1803, q906. E.S. Fraser’s view: to his mother, 6 Jul 1809, bundle 66, Fraser of Reelig Collection.
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COUNTESS Allan’s unhappiness: Allan M jnr to AM, 20 Nov 1804, q903; to Eliza M, 25 Nov, q168; and 14 Dec, q903. #140 His ambitions: AM [to W.F. Elphinstone?], 17 Oct 1803, q210; Allan M jnr to AM, 31 Jul 1804, q168. A little fortune: Allan M jnr to AM, 20 Nov 1804, q903. Allan’s temper: Allan M jnr to parents, 7 Jul 1805, q903. Allan and the regiment: Allan M jnr to AM, 15 Jul, 9 Sep 1806, q903; AM to Allan M jnr, 12 Sep 1806, q210; AM to WM, 30 Dec 1806, q210. #141 A decent native woman: AM to Allan M jnr, 20 Sep 1804, q168. AM expects brothers to read each other’s letters: AM to Allan M jnr, 31 Dec 1806, q210. Slave names: Walvin, Black ivory, p.63; Linda Colley, The ordeal of Elizabeth Marsh: a woman in world history, New York, Pantheon, 2007, p.10, adds that such names were also intended ‘to erase their pre-slave selves’. Slaves at Union: Inventory and appraisement of Plantation Union, 16 Jun 1804, Union account book, vol.1, Fraser of Reelig Collection. Edward Fraser’s namesake: Fraser to his mother, 1 Oct 1805, bundle 27, Fraser of Reelig Collection. #142 Berbice not so bad: WM to AM, 11 May 1805, q906. Slave girls initiated into concubinage at 15: Jenny Sharpe, Ghosts of slavery: a literary archaeology of black women’s lives, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2003, p.54. Disgrace not to take a concubine: Sharpe, Ghosts of slavery, p.58. Barbados exception: Higman, Slave populations, p.150. Two ladies of colour: Bolingbroke, Voyage, p.25; note however da Costa’s description of racial segregation in Georgetown (Stabroek) a decade or two later (Crowns of glory, p.26). John Wray: quoted in da Costa, Crowns of glory, p.102. Bolingbroke on attachments: Voyage, pp.26–27. St Clair, A soldier’s recollections, pp.112–14, follows and substantiates Bolingbroke’s view. #143 Lime juice: Bolingbroke, Voyage, p.54. Naming the daughter: WM to Allan M jnr, 7 Apr 1807, q203. Renaming Countess: Copy of bill of sale, 31 Mar 1807, q202. Reminders of Home: on
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mimicry see Sharpe, Ghosts of slavery, pp.57–70. Looking after Countess: WM to Allan M jnr, 7 Apr, 1 Apr 1807, q203. #144 Waiting on James Fraser: WM to Harriot M, 8 Feb 1807, q203. Copy of bill of sale, 31 Mar 1807, q202. Linen and beads: WM to Allan M jnr, 7 Apr 1807, q203. Anxious crossing: WM to Allan M jnr, 13 Apr 1807, q203. Misleading report: presumably a French setback during the Eylau campaign in Prussia. No fire on board: WM to Allan M jnr, 13 Apr 1807, q203. Liverpool: WM to Allan M jnr, 12 Apr 1807, q203. Parents know nothing: WM to Allan M jnr, 28 Jun 1807, q203.
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8 LOVE
#145 Grand piano: AM to Eliza M, 10 Jun 1796, q258. Eliza’s favourites: Eliza M to Harriot M, 26 Feb 1816, q65. Harriot’s view of Blairgowrie: WM to Eliza M, 21 Jan 1808, q203. Jane Austen: Mansfield Park, vol I, ch 1, begun in 1811 and first published in 1814. #146 Marriage proposal: Harriot had already rejected another suitor, Major Campbell, perhaps because he had no money: Eliza M to John Macintyre, 12 Oct 1806, q296.
prUDENCE John Macintyre: V.C.P.Hodson, List of the officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834, part II, London, Constable, 1927, p.417; Alistair K.Macintyre and Alan G.Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre, the laird of Balavil that never was’, Creag Dhubh, no.59, 2007; and genealogical information compiled by Alistair Macintyre, Reykjavik. Macintyre to India: Ossian to AM, 20 Mar 1771, q156. #147 Sharing house in Calcutta: Soldiering, p.6. Esteemed as a brother: Eliza M to her sister Mrs Gibbons, 15 Dec 1785, q196. Disapproval: AM to Eliza M, 31 Jan 1802, 11 Feb 1802, q264. AM looking after the boys: Macintyre to AM, 14 Mar 1787, q436; corresp. between AM and R. MacLeod, Aberdeen, 1792–98, q430. Fever in Bombay: Macintyre to AM, 26 May 1785, q436; also Eliza M to her mother Mrs Fraser of Fairfield, 15 Dec 1785 q 387. Sore gums: Macintyre to AM, 6 Jul 1806, q432. Melancholy: Macintyre to AM, 9 Nov 1804, q432. Health problems at length: Macintyre to AM, 13 Dec 1806, q432. What am I to do?: Macintyre to AM, 13 Dec 1806, q432. Harriot’s delicate health: AM to Macintyre, 24 Mar 1807, q434. #148 Happiest days over: Harriot M to Eliza M, 16 May 1809, q58. Continuing Hannay problems: Macintyre to AM, 22 May 1805, q432. Looking for ships: Macintyre to AM, 3 Mar 1807, q437.
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Macintyre’s loneliness: Macintyre to AM, 6 Jul 1806, q432. AM’s account of the argument about the marriage settlement: to W.Dick, 6 May 1810, q292; exchanges with Macintyre regarding the settlement at q296. #149 Local excursion: AM to Macintyre, 9 Apr 1807, q434; Macintyre to AM, 13 Apr 1807, q432. Harriot’s letters while on tour, q232. #150 More arguments about the settlement: AM to W.Dick, 6 May 1810, q292. WM’s revelation and Eliza M’s response are implied in Eliza M to WM, 29 Dec 1807, q194. Cards: WM to Eliza M, 5 Jan 1808, q203. On the ‘unlucky’ argument: Eliza M to WM, 1 Jan 1808 (continuing from 29 Dec 1807), q194. Cruel parting: WM to Eliza M, 13 Mar 1808, q901. Dispute regarding the maid: WM to Eliza M, 13 Mar 1808, q901. Macintyre complains about interference: Macintyre to AM, 20 May 1808, q58. #151 Harriot’s appeal for reconciliation: Harriot M to Eliza M, - Apr 1808, q58. AM to Macintyre and Eliza M to Macintyre, 1 May 1808, q58. French, Dutch or German? Macintyre to AM, 9 May 1808, q58. Bad news from India: Harriot M to Eliza M, - Apr 1808, q58. Problems with one of his natural children: Eliza M to WM, 2 Jul 1808, q210. King’s bench: Harriot M to Eliza M, - Apr 1808, q58; Eliza M to WM, 2 Jul 1808, q210. Harriot in despair: to parents, - Apr 1808, q58. #152 The same little volume: The ladies annual journal; or complete pocket- book, for the year 1780, London, J. Russell [c1779]. Other views: Mary Wollstonecraft, A vindication of the rights of woman, London, W.Scott [1892, first published 1792]. Barbara Taylor, ‘Wollstonecraft , Mary (1759–1797)’, ODNB. Endearing expressions: Harriot M to Eliza M, 19 Aug 1809, q58. #153 Macintyre’s stubbornness: Harriot M to Eliza M, 12 Apr 1809, q58. More child than wife: Harriot M to Eliza M, 21 May 1809, q58. Arguments about where they would live: eg Harriot M to
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Eliza M, 24 Feb 1810 , q70. Macintyre on cold Scotland and unfriendly England: in Harriot M to WM, 25 Oct 1814, q60. Common boarding house: Eliza M to WM, 20 Mar 1810, q210. Miseries of the boarding house: Harriot M to Eliza M, 15, 17, 20, 24 Feb, 12 Mar 1810, q70. #154 Visiting social inferiors: Harriot M to Eliza M, 22 Feb 1810, q70. William mentions a possible separation: WM to Eliza M, undated fragment [1808–09], q210. On divorce and separation see Leah Leneman, Alienated affections: the Scottish experience of divorce and separation, 1684–1830, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1998, esp. pp.13–14. He loves me: Harriot M to Eliza M, 3 Mar 1810, q70. Eliza on duties of a wife and the role of Providence: to Harriot M, 18 Aug 1808, q58.
FOLLY Secret code: Eliza M to WM, 29 Dec 1807, q194. #155 Servants: Household accounts 1791–1803, q847. Kennedy’s appointment: AM to William Dick, 13 Apr 1807, q763. Kennedy’s dismissal: Servants’ wage books for 1807–08, q42. #156 Anny replaces Margaret: Eliza M to Margaret Cameron, 1 Jun 1808, q50. Anny in training: Anny McGillivray to Eliza M, 2? May 1808; Eliza M to Anny McGillivray, 30 May, 1 Jun; Margaret Cameron to Eliza M, 30 Jun, 1808, q50. #157 Anny and Kennedy: Ensign James Cameron to AM, 4 Jul 1808, q50. Views of Eliza and AM: Eliza M to Margaret Cameron, 20? Jul 1808; AM to James Cameron, 6 Jul, q50. A mind of her own: James Cameron to AM, 20 Jul 1808, q50. #158 Tracking Kennedy down: AM to James Cameron, 12 Jul 1808, q50. Kennedy agrees to marry: Margaret Cameron to Eliza M, 1 Aug 1808, q50. Shameful behaviour: Margaret Cameron to Eliza M, 1 Aug 1808, q50. Eliza forgiving: Eliza M to Margaret Cameron, 3 Aug 1808, q50. More than £20: AM to Ensign James Cameron, 6 Jul, 15 Jul 1808, q50.
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LOOKING AFTER COUNTESS Consignment for Countess: WM to Allan M jnr, 9 Sep 1809, q203. #159 Allan’s adventures: Allan M jnr to AM, 18 Sep 1807, q903; AM to Allan M jnr, 17 Jan 1808, q210; Allan M jnr to AM, 16 Mar 1808, q903. WM’s annoyance: to Allan M jnr, 10 Nov 1807, q203. Allan jnr’s remorse: to AM, 3 Jun 1808, q903. WM’s money: WM to Eliza M, 13 Mar 1808, q901. AM’s loan: WM to AM, 8 Aug 1808, q203. WM’s purchases: to AM, 6 Apr, 8 Aug 1808, q203. #160 Dangers of partnership: WM to AM, 27 Jun 1802, q165. Dispute: WM to Eliza M, 20 Jul 1809, q203. Drought: Peter Fairbairn to Lord Seaforth, 22 Feb 1804, GD46/17/23, f.296, National Archives of Scotland; Alvin O. Thompson, A documentary history of slavery in Berbice 1796–1834, Georgetown, Free Press, 2002, p.32. Winding down business: John Fraser (London) to AM, 2 Feb 1808, q426. We’ll see: Seaforth to Peter Fairbairn, 17 Feb 1806, GD46/17/24, f.359, National Archives of Scotland. Seaforth’s joke was perhaps unintentionally whimsical, as he was deaf and, for a time, dumb, owing to scarlet fever in childhood: H. M. Chichester, ‘Mackenzie, Francis Humberston, Baron Seaforth and Mackenzie of Kintail (1754– 1815)’, rev. Jonathan Spain, ODNB. Misfortune has attended me: WM to AM, 22 Mar 1811, q903. Knives and forks: WM to Eliza M, 13 Mar 1808, q901; WM’s account with Dr Dudley Wade, 15 Jan 1813, q901. #161 30 slaves: WM to parents, 12 Sep 1811, q203. Country life: WM to Harriot M, 13 Apr 1810, q203. Perception that high-ranking men were under power of their mulatto favourites: Sharpe, Ghosts of slavery, p.45. Undue influence: James McDougall to James B. Fraser, 20 Jul 1812, bundle 231, Fraser of Reelig Collection. Ill temper of a coloured woman: Allan M jnr to AM, 3 Jun 1808, q903. Unable to read and write: see the end of this chapter. Sharpe, Ghosts of slavery, ch.2, discusses the ways such relationships were
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negotiated; see p.60: the relationship ‘breaks with the conventions of slavery and freedom, on the one hand, and marriage and morality on the other’. #162 Use of the term ‘keeper’: Sharpe, p.44. Tropical ladies: Thomas Staunton St Clair, A soldier’s recollections of the West Indies and America, vol.I, London, Richard Bentley, 1834, p.114. Preparing for death: WM to Eliza M, 20 Jul 1809, q203.
FREEDOM Manumission: see B.W. Higman, Slave populations of the British Caribbean, 1807–1834, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins UP, 1984, pp.379– 86, 692; Winston McGowan, ‘The African slave trade to Guyana’, Guyana Historical Journal, vol 1, 1989, p.10. On manumission in Demerara and Essequebo, see Da Costa, Crowns of glory, pp.56–57, 102; and in Suriname, Rosemary Brana-Shute, ‘Slave manumission in Suriname, 1760–1828’, Slavery & abolition, vol.10, no.3, 1989, pp.40–63. #163 Deed of gift, 1 Oct 1810, q202. Cost of manumission: Proclamation regulating the manumission of slaves, 6 May 1807, in Thompson, A documentary history of slavery in Berbice, pp.204–05; Henry Bolingbroke, A voyage to the Demerary, containing a statistical account of the settlements there, and those on the Essequebo, the Berbice, and other contiguous rivers of Guyana, London, Richard Phillips [1807], p.42. Bolingbroke gives the value of guilders at 12 to the £, though it varied significantly over time. Reasons for manumission: see Brana-Shute, ‘Slave manumission in Suriname’, pp.53–59, 63n.33. #164 Financial woes: WM to parents, 22 Mar 1813, q203; da Costa, Crowns of glory, pp.28–30. Property values: WM to parents, 23 Jul 1812, q203; and 31 Oct 1812, q901. Circumstances in Blairgowrie: WM’s tax return 1811–1812, q168. AM desperate: AM to WM and Allan M jnr, 27 Jun 1812, q210. Betsy Tapin: WM to parents, 5 Jul 1811, q203. #165 AM on matrimony: to WM, 18 Oct 1811, q901. Doctor’s bill: WM’s account with Dr Dudley Wade, 15 Jan 1813, q901. Tapin the miser: WM to parents, 25 Nov 1812, q901.
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Final settlements: WM to parents, 6 Sep 1812, q165; 8 Jul 1812, q203; 31 Oct 1812, q901. #166 Berbice is a poison: E.S.Fraser to Lord Seaforth, 30 Nov 1810, GD46/17/35, f.332, Seaforth Papers, National Archives of Scotland. Death of E.S.Fraser: William Dalrymple, City of Djinns: a year in Delhi, London, Flamingo, 1994 (first published 1993), pp.139–41. Law suits: WM to parents, 31 Oct 1812, q901. Determination to bring the children home: WM to parents, 31 Oct 1812, q901 (crossed out). Voyage home: WM to parents, 30 Jan 1813, q901. Safe return: WM to AM, 28 Apr 1851, q390. #167 Hucksters: Bolingbroke, Voyage, pp.16, 30–31. Single clue: Berbice slave register, 1817, T71/437, National Archives (UK); I owe this reference to David Alston, Cromarty. Good creature: James B.Fraser’s journal of a voyage to India, 24 Feb 1812, bundle 397, Fraser of Reelig Collection. Durba Ghosh warns against misrepresenting ‘narratives of romantic intimacy’: ‘National narratives and the politics of miscegenation: Britain and India’, in Antoinette Burton (ed.), Archive Stories: facts, fictions, and the writing of history, Durham (NC), Duke UP, 2005, esp.p.31.
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9 SHAME
#168 Letter from a cramped space: WM to parents, 30 Jan 1813, q901. Leave them a little at Glasgow: AM to WM, 21 Mar 1813, with notes indicating that letter was returned to Blairgowrie, q202.
tHE HOMECOMING #169 Tax demand: WM to T. Whitson, 14 Aug 1813, q111. A trifling sum: Eliza M to William Dick, 8 Dec 1812, q763. Macintyre’s claims: Macintyre to AM, 20 Aug 1810, q437. Macintyre threatens legal action: to AM, 20 Aug, 14 Nov 1810, 1 Feb 1811, q437. Cruellest blow: AM to WM, 5 Mar 1811, q210. Bond: Harriot M to WM, 31 May 1812, q60. Reconciliation: Macintyre to Eliza M, 19 Jul 1811, q292; Eliza M to Macintyre, 21 Jul 1911, q292. #170 Domestic routines: Harriot Macintyre to WM, 31 May 1812, q60. WM on the court case: WM to parents, 20 Jun, 26 Jun 1813, q361. Debt to James M jnr: Sir John Murray Bart to AM, 2 Aug 1813, q56; WM to AM, 21 Aug 1813, q361. Sale of Mawes (part of estate): AM to Sir John Murray Bart, 4 Jul 1813, q56; AM to WM, 23 Jul, q361; WM to AM, 4 Aug, q361; WM to Thomas Whitson, 14 Aug, q111; WM to Alexander Fraser, 17 Aug, enc in WM to AM, 18 Aug, q56. AM’s budget: Memorandum by AM, 12 Aug 1813, q56. WM presses Macintyre: WM to Alexander Fraser, 17 Aug 1813, enc in WM to AM, 18 Aug, q56; WM to Macintyre, 9 Jan 1814, q60; WM to parents, 1 Jul 1814, q228/1. Agreement with Macintyre: WM to Thomas Whitson, 14 Mar 1815, q111. #171 Planning to leave: Alexander Fraser to AM, 7 Apr 1813, q56; AM to Allan Macpherson of Callander [no obvious relation], 8 May 1813, q904. Harriot on ‘the sudden flight’: to WM, 19 Jul 1813, q60. #172 Whimsical passion: WM to AM, 16 Aug 1813, q361. WM’s ultimatum: to AM, 21 Aug 1813, q361. At work on the farm: WM to Harriot Macintyre, 15 May 1814, q60. Wood stealers: WM to T. Whitson, 29 Nov 1813,
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q280. Job-seeking: AM to WM, 6–7 May 1813, q361; Sir John Murray Bart to AM, 6 Jul 1813, q56. ‘Dull and solitary’: WM to Harriot, 26 Aug 1814, q60. Meeting young ladies: WM memoranda, 1814, q109.
'MOONLIGHT SHADES' Schooling arrangements: WM to Harriot, 8 Jun 1813, q60; Harriot to WM, 10 Jul 1813, q60. Harriot’s desire for children: to Eliza M, 25 Dec 1810, q70. Harriot’s role: Harriot to WM, 10 Jul 1813, q60. Avoiding a suntan: Harriot to WM, 13 Aug 1814, q60. Moonlight shades: Eliza M to WM, 16 Jan 1815, q234. #173 AM careless: AM memorandum of debts payable from my Martinmas rents, 1815, q73. Eliza takes control: WM to Harriot, 8 Jun 1814, q60. Out of respect for his mother, William crossed out ‘appear suspicious’ and substituted ‘excite surprise’. WM’s intentions: to Harriot, 8 Jun 1814, q60. #174 Allan Williams implies the Simpson children are still in Blairgowrie, in AW to WM, 28 Aug 1823, q202. School at Stevenage: Eliza M to Harriot, 5 Jun 1814, q228/1; WM to Harriot, 5 Jun 1814, q60. Insolent Francis: Harriot to WM, 3 Jul 1814, q60; AM to WM, 12 Jul 1814, q228/1. Lodgings at Charing Cross: J. Freeman to AM, 24 Sep 1814, q904. Are children well? WM to parents, 16 Aug 1814, q228/1. WM’s attachment to children: to Eliza, 1 Jul 1814, q228/1. The children’s names: Eliza M to WM, 25 Aug 1814, q228/1. In England illegitimate children were required to take their mother’s surname; however, practice appeared to differ in the Scottish Highlands: see example of James ‘Ossian’ Macpherson’s children in Alan G.Macpherson, ‘The bastards of Balavil: James Macpherson’s mistresses and their children’ (pt 1), Creag Dhubh, no.57, 2005, p.44. #175 Voltaire and the Holy Writ: Eliza M to Harriot, 28 Apr 1814, q904. Bad influence of colonies: Eliza M to WM, 16 Jan 1815, q234. On the stain of illegitimacy, Jane Austen, Emma, vol. 3, ch.19. Alternative views of illegitimacy and colour: Gail Reekie, Measuring immorality: social inquiry and the problem of illegitimacy, Cambridge, CUP,
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1998, ch.4. Not colour: Eliza M to Miss Fisher, 11 Jul 1814; and to WM, 25 Aug 1814, q221/1. Egyptian bondage: Eliza M to WM, 13 Oct 1818, q112. In defiance of holy wedlock: Eliza M to Miss Fisher, 11 Jul 1814, q221/1. Virtue and shame: Eliza M to WM, 13 Oct 1818, q112. Dinner parties: WM diary notes, 1814, q109; WM to Eliza, 15 Oct 1814, q228/1; WM to Harriot Macintyre, 14 Dec 1814, q60. Miss Kinloch: WM to Eliza M, 15 Oct 1814, q228/1. #176 Fear of rejection: WM to Eliza M, 10 Jan 1815, q234. Jessy Chalmers: WM to Eliza M, 10 Jan 1815 (draft with many amendments), q234. Eliza seizes opportunity: to WM, 16 Jan 1815, q234. #177 Eliza’s ‘pure delicacy’ was akin, perhaps, to what Jane Austen disparaged as ‘elegant morality’: Emma, vol.1, ch.3. #178 The more I esteem her: WM to parents, 24 Jan 1815, q234. For a short while Eliza referred to herself as Eliza William. Marriage negotiations: WM to parents, 24 Jan 1815, q234. Parents urge caution: AM to WM, 31 Jan 1815, q234; Eliza M to WM, 2 Feb 1815, q234. #179 WM’s frustrations: WM to parents, 12 Feb 1815, q234. Lord Seaforth, mentioned in chs 7 and 8, was a Mackenzie. #180 Threat to return to West Indies: WM to AM, 5 Feb 1815, q234. Marriage contract, 1815, copied by Allan Williams, 2 Apr 1829, q457. Arguments re Blairgowrie House: WM to AM, 21 May 1815, q234; Eliza M to Harriot Macintyre, Sep 1815, q65; AM memorandum, 3 Jul 1815, q73. Bonaparte’s carriage: Eliza M to Harriot, 26 Feb 1816, q65. Hoping to occupy Newton: AM memorandum, 3 Jul 1815, q73. Fate and folly: Eliza M to Harriot, Sep 1815, q65; AM to Harriot, 25 Apr 1816, q73. #181 Black Watch: David Stewart of Garth to AM, 4 Mar 1816, and AM to Stewart, 25 Apr, q202. Hannay affair: AM memorandum, 20 May 1816, q73. Worries about young Allan: AM to Harriot, 3 Aug 1815, q65; AM to Allan M jnr, nd [Spring 1816], q73. Still seeking a job for WM: AM to Lord Keith, May 1816, q73. Death of AM: WM to Macintyre, 31 May 1816, q113.
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a USEFUL EDUCATION Jane Austen on boarding school: Emma, vol.1, ch.3; see also ‘Education, Women’s Education, and “Accomplishments”’, at ‘The Republic of Pemberley’ web site, http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/pptopic2. html [accessed 4 May 2005]. Miss Fisher’s school: A. Fisher to Eliza M, 8 Jul 1814, enc. in Eliza M to WM, Jul 1814, q228/1; Harriot Macintyre to WM, 20 Oct 1815, q60. #182 Unfortunate accident: Eliza M to A. Fisher, 11 Jul 1814, enc. in Eliza M to WM, Jul 1814, q228/1. Letters from the children at q112. Misunderstanding mother: Harriot to WM, 3 Jul 1814, q60. Eliza’s instructions: to A. Fisher, 28 Aug 1817, enc in Eliza M to WM, 28 Aug 1817, q112. Teaching French: Eliza M to WM, 23 Jul 1818, q112. Some people: Eliza M to WM, 25 Dec 1817, q112. #183 Every necessary advantage: Eliza M to A. Fisher, 28 Aug 1817, enc in Eliza M to WM, 28 Aug 1817, q112. Cow’s grass: Eliza M to WM, 1 Jan 1818, q112. Industrious & fit: Eliza M to WM, 13 Oct 1818, q112. Financial problems: Eliza M to WM, 29 Oct 1817, q112. Needle work: Eliza Williams to Eliza M, 15 Oct 1818, q112. #184 Improving references: Eliza M to WM, 9 Aug 1819, q112. Exchange with Macintyre: Eliza M to WM, 13 Oct 1818, q112. #185 Setting Eliza Williams straight: Eliza M to WM, 9 Aug 1819, q112. AW’s arrival: Thomas Whitson to WM, 1 Nov 1816, q451. #186 Allan Williams at Dupplin school, near Perth: AW to WM, 28 Aug 1823, 28 Aug 1824, q202. Birth of Allan jnr: WM to AM jnr, 20 Oct 1855, q391.
patronaGE #187 Poor suffered most: Circular letter from Committee of Manufacturers and Operative Weavers, 24 Sep 1816, q113. WM struggling: State of arrears on Blairgowrie estate, 2 Feb 1818, q355. Need for salary: WM [to ?], Oct 1823, q117. Factor on Atholl estates: Macintyre to WM, 9 Jun 1816, q60. Barrack Master at Perth: WM to Duchess of Atholl, 13 Dec 1821, q108.
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Atholls’ promises and WM’s allegiances: WM to Sir Peter Murray Bart, Feb 1818, q108 and q109. #188 Berbice: James Drummond MP to WM, 22 Mar 1817, q109. Australian prospects: WM to his brother-in-law Colonel Chalmers, 30 Nov 1824, q259. Sir George Murray’s support: WM to Murray, 23 Jun 1828, CO323/132, ff.16–17. Donald Macintyre: Alistair K.Macintyre and Alan G.Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre, the laird of Balavil that never was’, Creag Dhubh, no.59, 2007 (supplemented by correspondence with the authors, 2008–09). Partnership with McLachlan Macintyre: Memorial of [certain] commissioners [trustees] nominated by WM, With accompanying Opinion, Oct 1829, q451; WM to Sir George Murray, 23 Jun 1828, CO323/132, ff.16–17. Alistair Macintyre has found additional evidence of a close relationship between WM and Donald Macintyre: personal communications, 2009. Harriot Macintyre’s estimate of cost of living in London, Dec 1825, q451. Withdrawal of application: WM to Sir George Murray, 23 Jun 1828, CO323/132, ff.16–17. Advertisement for Blairgowrie lease, 2 Aug 1825, q80 and q452. #189 The Macintyres’ high life: Eliza M to WM, 26 Jan and 26 Apr 1818, q112. Isabella: some years earlier Harriot had adopted the daughter of the housekeeper at Blairgowrie, Peggy Cameron, who had died when still young; but this child too had died in infancy, and Isabella now stood in her place. Children’s parties: Harriot to WM, 26 Jan 1818, q60; Boarding school: Blemell House School: ‘Plate 11’, Survey of London: volume 41: Brompton (1983), pp.11 [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=50043, accessed 29 May 2008]. Methodistical notions: Eliza M to WM, 11 Nov 1817, q112. Childhood illnesses: Harriot to WM, 26 Jan 1818, q60; Eliza M to WM, 4 Apr 1818, q112. Matilda the brighter: Eliza M to WM, 26 May 1818, 9 Aug 1821, q112. Eliza Williams at Norwood school: Eliza M to WM, 18 Mar and 26 Apr 1821, q112; Eliza Williams to Eliza M, 24 Jul 1821, q112; Eliza M to WM, 9 Aug 1821, q112; Eliza M to Miss Brookes (Norwood school), 11 Sep 1821, enc. in Eliza M to WM, 12 Sep 1821, q112. Likelihood of Eliza Williams living with Eliza M: Eliza M to WM, 9 Aug 1821, q112.
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#190 On children’s progress: Eliza M to Miss Brookes, 11 Sep 1821, enc. in Eliza M to WM, 12 Sep 1821, q112. Allan Macpherson jnr in Berbice: Harriot Macintyre to WM, 7 May 1818, q60; Allan Macpherson jnr to Harriot, 5 Jun 1820, q911; Allan Macpherson jnr to WM, 31 Aug 1820, q911. #191 Radicalism: Eliza M to WM, 18 Mar 1821, q112; Allan jnr contributed to the Aurora Borealis, a new weekly journal strongly critical of the Tory government. Allan Macpherson jnr in Sedghill, Wiltshire: WM to Col Chalmers, 30 Nov 1824, q259. Allan Macpherson jnr in the East Indies: Allan M jnr to brother WM, 3 Nov 1828, q911. McLachlan Macintyre and approach to Murray: WM to Sir George Murray, 23 Jun 1828, CO323/132, ff.16–17. Murray served for many years as Quartermaster General, so his considerable successes to the battlefield were often achieved at military headquarters. S.G.P. Ward, ‘Murray, Sir George (1772–1846)’, ODNB. Murray overwhelmed with applications: see CO323/132. On patronage generally: Harold Perkin, The origins of modern English society 1780–1880, London, Routledge, 1969, pp.38–56; in relation to the colonies: Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial connections 1815–45: patronage, the information revolution and colonial government, Manchester, Manchester UP, 2005, esp. pp.102–10: note Permanent Under- Secretary of State R.W. Hay’s comment on disputatious colonial officials, p.43. #192 Superintendent at Swan River: WM’s grandson, William Charles Macpherson, commented in 1929, the centenary of the foundation of Western Australia, that ‘I have heard my father say that his father declined the office of Governor of West Australia’ (note by WCM on article in Perthshire Advertiser, 10 Aug 1929, q450); The Macphersons of Blairgowrie, copy A. Relevant dates (detailed in Pamela Statham-Drew, James Stirling: Admiral and founding governor of Western Australia, Crawley, University of Western Australia Press, 2003, pp.100–18) suggest that WM might indeed have been offered the appointment ahead of his fellow Scot, James Stirling. Announcement: Sir George Murray to Governor Ralph Darling, 12 Dec 1828, HRA, vol. XIV, p. 516. Arrangements for departure: WM to Col Chalmers, 3 Mar 1829, q451; Memorial of [certain] commissioners [trustees]
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nominated by WM, With accompanying Opinion, Oct 1829, q451. Problem with sureties: R.W.Hay to WM, 31 Jan 1829, CO202/23; such problems were not unusual: see Laidlaw, Colonial connections, pp.18–19. Fickle fortune: Eliza M to WM, Apr 1829, q80. #193 Payments to Eliza Williams: WM to Alexander Whitson, 28 May 1832, q215. Accounts relating to illness and death of Miss Eliza Williams, Dec 1836–Jan 1837, q202.
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10 COLONISTS
#194 Aboard the Elizabeth: AM to his grandmother, Eliza M, 13 Oct 1829, q280. Young Allan’s reading included [Margaret King Moore,] Stories of Old Daniel, first published in 1810, and Isaac Taylor, Scenes of British wealth, in produce, manufactures, and commerce, for the amusement and instruction of little tarry-at-home travellers, London, Harris and Son, 1823, quotation from p.301.
sYDNEY #195 European images of Aborigines: Alan Atkinson and Marian Aveling (eds), Australians 1838, Sydney, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, 1987, pp.64–67. WM was on half salary from his date of arrival, 12 Oct, and full salary from 1 Nov: A.Macleay, Colonial Secretary, to WM, 27 Aug 1830, CO201/224, ff.49–50. #196 Outline of revenue arrangements: Arthur McMartin, Public servants and patronage: the foundation and rise of the New South Wales Public Service, 1786–1859, Sydney, Sydney UP, 1983, pp.185–90. Collector of Internal Revenue: Darling to W.Huskisson, Secretary of State, 15 Mar 1828, HRA, I, 14, pp.25–26; Brian H. Fletcher, Ralph Darling: a governor maligned, Melbourne, OUP, 1984, p.96. Enormous arrears: WM to Macleay, 14 Apr, 18 Jun 1830, CO201/224, ff.37– 41. The landholders at least had some excuse, as in many instances no-one had told them how much they owed. Solicitor-General, inc. Darling’s estimate: R. J. Mckay, ‘Moore, William Henry (1788–1854)’, ADB. WM’s estimate: to A.Macleay, 14 Apr 1830, CO201/224, f.41. Extra clerks: WM to Macleay, 14 Apr 1830, CO201/224; WM to Sir G. Murray, 21 Feb 1831, CO201/224, f.51; NSW Blue Book, 1830, CO206/71, p.86. #197 WM’s workload: WM to Sir George Murray, 21 Feb 1831, CO201/224, f.52; the Collector of Internal Revenue was not responsible for customs duties. Learning about NSW: WM to Sir George Murray, 19 Feb 1831, CO201/224, esp. f.20, and enclosures. Need for more clerks: WM to A.Macleay, 18 Aug 1830, CO201/224, f.42; A. Macleay to WM, 10 Sep 1830, CO201/224,
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f. 43. Approach to Murray and response: WM to Sir George Murray, 19 Feb 1831, CO201/224, ff.20–27; Viscount Howick, Undersecretary of State, to Governor Sir R.Bourke, 24 Aug 1831, HRA, I, 16, pp. 333–34. #198 Retention of Collector’s office: Viscount Goderich to Bourke, 29 Sep 1831, HRA, I, 16, p. 391. Even after Goderich’s reassurance, WM remained anxious: WM to Goderich, 7 Nov 1832, CO201/229, ff.146–49. Indispensable: Bourke to Stanley, 17 Sep 1834, HRA, I, 17, p.537. Financial troubles: WM to Alexander Whitson, 28 May 1832, q215. St Andrew’s Day Ball: Sydney Morning Herald, 5 Dec 1836. #199 E.Deas Thomson’s praise: to his father, Sir John Deas Thomson, 26 Sep 1832; also 29 Sep 1834, ML MSS 7270, SLNSW. Honorary appointments: WM to Alexander Whitson, 17 Nov 1832, q215. Husbands and wives: Australians 1838, pp. 101–02. WM as Emigrants’ Friend: evidence to Committee on Immigration, Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Council of NSW, 22 May 1835, pp.288–95, esp. p.290; WM to Goderich, 23 Nov 1832, CO201/229, ff.167–70; Bourke to E.G.Stanley, 21 Jan 1834, enc. WM to Sydney Gazette, 11 Dec 1833, HRA, I, 17, pp.343–46. On government assisted immigration see Eric Richards, ‘How did poor people emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the nineteenth century’, Journal of British Studies, 32/3, Jul 1993, pp.250–79; Janet Doust, An imitation of England? English migrants to eastern Australia, 1815–1860, unpub. MSS, ch.4 (courtesy Janet Doust). Anxiety about Reform Bill: WM to Alexander Whitson, 17 Nov 1832, q215. Bourke’s initial support for WM: Richard Bourke jnr to James Stephen, 23 Jun 1835, Bourke Papers, ML MSS 403/13, SLNSW; see also S.G. Foster, ‘A piece of sharp practice? Governor Bourke and the office of Colonial Secretary in New South Wales’, Historical Studies, vol. 16, no. 64, Apr 1975; and McMartin, Public servants and patronage, p.169. Bourke promotes WM: Bourke to Glenelg, 4 Dec 1837, HRA, I, 19, p. 195. As the Colonial Secretary’s salary was £1500, Thomson did far better out of the transactions than WM. WM outlines his finances: to William Panton, 1 Dec 1838, q215.
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#200 Jessy M: obituary in SMH, 12 Jun 1847. Lightning strike (19 Sep 1835): AM to Harriot Craigie, 4 May 1836, q311. Allan Williams’ employment recorded in Blue Books for NSW, CO206/71–78. #201 Sophia Charlotte Williams’ death certificate describes her father as Captain Crowther of the 39th Regiment. Although the regiment was stationed in NSW from the mid-1820s until 1832, the name Crowther does not appear in the Quarterly Musters (WO12/5263–66) or Richard Cannon’s Historical record of the Thirty-Ninth, or, the Dorsetshire Regiment of Foot, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1853. Bourke’s quarrels with his officials: Hazel King, Richard Bourke, Melbourne, OUP, 1971, esp. ch.17; Foster, ‘A piece of sharp practice?’, pp.72–80. Administrative changes: Bourke to Lord Glenelg, 15 Nov 1837, and encs, HRA, I, 19, pp. 165–73. On Riddell: John Metcalfe, ‘Riddell, Campbell Drummond (1796–1858)’, ADB; Zoë Laidlaw, Colonial connections 1815–45: patronage, the information revolution and colonial government, Manchester, Manchester UP, 2005, esp. pp.18– 19,113–14. Bourke’s opinion of Riddell is reflected in letter from his daughter, Anne Maria Deas Thomson, 18 Mar 1838, Bourke Papers, MSS 403/7, Mitchell Library, SLNSW. AW denied promotion based on Bourke to Glenelg, 15 Nov 1837, and encs, HRA, I, 19, pp.165–73. Riddell’s sly dig: Riddell to Colonial Secretary E.Deas Thomson, 27 Sep 1837, enc. in Bourke’s despatch, p.171. Bourke too made use of connections at the Colonial Office: see Foster, ‘A piece of sharp practice?’, pp.417–24; and Laidlaw, Colonial connections, pp.72–80. #202 Gipps’ background and character: S.G. Foster, Colonial improver: Edward Deas Thomson 1800–1879, Melbourne, MUP, 1978, esp. pp.50–63; West Indian career: John Gipps, Every inch a governor. Sir George Gipps: governor of New South Wales 1838–1846, Port Melbourne, Hobson’s Bay Publishing, 1996, pp.17–20. Gipps initially served in both colonies until his position was divided in two, when he was given the senior posting as Commander in Berbice.
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#204 Port Phillip proposal: Gipps to La Trobe, 23 Dec 1839, in A.G.L.Shaw (ed.), Gipps-La Trobe correspondence 1839–1846, Carlton, MUP, 1989, p.8.
a COLONIAL EDUCATION Colonial schooling: Australians 1838, pp. 418–20. Cape’s school: Biographical notes on William Cape and his family made by A.J.Cape from family records, Papers of William Timothy Cape, ML DOC 833, Mitchell Library, SLNSW; Notes by James Sheen Dowling, 1819–1902, written about 1890–95, in Dowling Family Papers, A3947, Mitchell Library; V.W.E.Goodin, ‘Cape, William Timothy (1806–1863)’, ADB; and Australians 1838, pp. 418–20. Cape opened his school in mid-1829. The Sydney College, inaugurated in 1830, began operations in 1835, with Cape as its first headmaster. School rules: Based on rules approved for the Sydney College in 1838: James Maclehose, Picture of Sydney and strangers’ guide in New South Wales for 1839, Sydney, J.Maclehose, 1839, pp.108–09; Comparable regulations no doubt applied in earlier years. #205 Hangings: Australian, 23 Oct 1829; Tim Castle, ‘Constructing death: newspaper reports of executions in colonial New South Wales, 1826–1837’, Journal of Australian colonial history, vol. 9, 2007, pp.51–52. Violence towards Aborigines: Australian, 14 Oct 1829. #206 Curriculum: Maclehose, Picture of Sydney, p.107. WM’s improvements: AM to aunt Harriot Craigie (formerly Macintyre), 11 May 1835, q311. Amusements: AM to Harriot Craigie, 11 May 1835, q311. #207 Sailing: AM to Harriot Craigie, 20 Aug 1838, q311. Forster: Bede Nairn, ‘Forster, William (1818–1882)’, ADB; Forster to AM, 6 Jul 1835, q214; Notes by James Sheen Dowling, 1819–1902, written about 1890–95, in Dowling Family Papers, A3947, Mitchell Library, SLNSW; David Clune, ‘Forster, William’, in Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The premiers of New South Wales: Volume 1-1856-1901, Sydney, Federation Press, 2006. Brush Farm is still standing in the suburb of Eastwood: see http://www.ryde.nsw. gov.au/ryde/history/bhouse.htm [accessed 23 Oct 2007]. Hopes of becoming an East India Company writer: AM to Harriot Craigie, 11 May 1835, 4 May 1836, q311. Submitting to the law: AM to Harriot Craigie, 4 May 1836, q311.
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Frustrations and martyrdom: AM to Harriot Craigie, 12 Feb, 20 Aug 1838, q311. #208 Colonial obsession: G.J. Abbott, The pastoral age: a re-examination, South Melbourne, Macmillan, 1971, pp.62–70. Wool ambitions: AM to Harriot Craigie, 4 May 1836, q311. Darwin and wool statistics: A.W. Martin, Henry Parkes: a biography, Melbourne, MUP, 1980, pp.26–27. The £10 ticket of occupation was introduced in 1836; but as the system was almost impossible to administer beyond the settled districts, most squatters managed to avoid paying it. Arguments against sheep and cattle farming: WM to AM, 27 Jun 1839, q398. Trip to Goulburn: AM to Harriot Craigie, 20 Aug 1838, q311. #209 Edinglassie: WM to AM, 17 Jun 1839, q398. James White’s most famous descendent is the novelist Patrick White. WM’s stern lecture: to AM, 1 Apr 1839, q398. Excessive postage: WM to AM, 30 Apr 1839, q398. Deaf ears: WM to AM, 30 Apr 1839, q398. #210 WM prefers northern districts: WM to AM, 27 Jun 1839, q398. WM risks all: WM to AM, 20 Mar 1840, q399. Negotiations with Archibald McCalman re the Big River: WM to AM, 10 Jul 1839, q398. Allan Williams’ refusal to budge: WM to AW, 17 Mar 1840, quoted in WM to AM, 20 Mar 1840, q399. WM’s anxieties: based on WM to AM, 11 Feb 1840, q399, and other letters. #211 Avoid conflict with the blacks: WM to AM, 12 Sep 1839, q398. WM’s advice to avoid excessive familiarity probably owed something to his friend Major Mitchell: see D.W.A.Baker, The civilised surveyor: Thomas Mitchell and Australian Aborigines, Melbourne, MUP, 1997, p.100.
HEROES 1836 ball: AM to Harriot Craigie, 12 Feb 1838, q311. Forster on the 1839 ball: to AM, 5 Jun [1839], q214. #212 Forster’s persuasion: to AM, 27 Nov [1839], q214. Brush Farm: City of Ryde web site http://www.ryde.nsw.gov.
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au/ryde/history/bhouse.htm [accessed 23 Oct 2007]. AM offends: WM to AM, 20 Mar 1840, q399. AM resists: AM to WM, 11 Apr 1840, q399. #213 Compromise: WM to AM, 14 Apr 1840, q399. Bushrangers: AM to WM, 14 May 1840, q399. #214 Liverpool Plains squatting runs included extensive holdings by the Australian Agricultural Co. Altercation with AW: WM to AW, 14 Mar 1840, q399; WM to Harriot Craigie, 3 Mar 1843, q402. #215 Encounter on the road: Beverley Kingston, ‘Hodgson, Christopher Pemberton (1821–1865)’, ADB. C. G. Austin, Clem Lack, ‘Russell, Henry Stuart (1818–1889)’, ADB. Henry Stuart Russell, The genesis of Queensland, Sydney, Turner & Henderson, 1887, pp.192–93. Russell tells a story of AM being stopped by bushrangers after their encounter on the Liverpool Plains; he was probably confusing it with the earlier robbery outside Maitland. Beginnings of Tamworth: Roger Millis, City on the Peel: a history of Tamworth and district 1818–1976, Terrey Hills, Reed, 1980, pp.42– 57. Travellers to the Clarence: Louise Tiffany Daley, Men and a river: a history of the Richmond River district 1828–1895, Melbourne, MUP, 1966, p.22.
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11 SQUATTING
#216 Description of Keera based on AM’s Sketch Map, c1850, Macpherson Collection; A Lady [Emma Macpherson], My experiences in Australia. Being recollections of a visit to the Australian colonies in 1856–7, London, J.F.Hope, 1860, pp.158–63; Henry G. Lamond, From Tariaro to Ross Roy: Wm. Ross Munro 20-2-’50 – 20-2-’43, Brisbane, printed by Jackson & O’Sullivan [1943], p.23; information from Jillian Oppenheimer; and personal observation. AM as surveyor: AM (Keera) to Aunt Harriot Craigie, 27 Jun 1848, q311. #218 ‘Shrimps’: William Ridley, Kámilarói and other Australian languages, Sydney, printed by Thomas Richards, 1875, p.21. Perhaps AM noted that Keera, when pronounced with a Scottish lilt, resembled the Gaelic female name ‘Ciara’. While it is not absolutely certain that AM named Keera, the evidence is strong, especially the introduction of the name in his letters. See also Roger Millis, Waterloo Creek: the Australia Day massacre of 1838, George Gipps and the British conquest of New South Wales, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 1994 (first published 1992), p.787n.85; and Elizabeth Wiedemann, World of its own: Inverell’s early years 1827–1920, Inverell (NSW), Devill Publicity, 1981, p. 27.
KEERA Transport of goods: ‘List of Articles sent [by WM] to Mr. Miller at Morpeth to be forwarded by your dray’, 21 Sep 1842, q401. Value of sheep: WM to William Panton, 17 Sep 1842, q215; Stephen H.Roberts, The squatting age in Australia 1835–1847, Melbourne, MUP, 1970 (first published 1935), pp.192–93. #219 Second rate wool: WM to AM, 15 Feb 1843, q402. Piano overboard: AW to AM, 31 Oct 1843, q451. Magistrate: WM to Harriot Craigie, 3 Mar 1843, q402. Magisterial vaccination: Roger Therry’s evidence to Select Committee on the State of the Magistracy, 1 Jun 1858, NSW Legislative Assembly, Votes and proceedings, 1858. Painful to complain: WM to AM, 15 Mar 1843, q402. Pressing creditors: WM to AM, 28 Mar 1841, q400. Borrowing from estate
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manager, William Panton: WM to brother Allan M, 25 Apr 1850, q390. #220 Sheriff Macquoid: WM to AM, 13 Oct 1841, q400. Bowman’s comment and response: based on WM to AM, 4 Nov 1843, q402; and WM to AM [Nov 1843?], q399; Nancy Gray, ‘Bowman, James (1784–1846)’ ADB. #221 Tallow: AM to Colonel Craigie, Nov 1844, q311; AM to Harriot Craigie, 12 May 1845, q311; Roberts, The squatting age, pp.204–05; G.J.Abbott, The pastoral age: a re-examination, South Melbourne, Macmillan, 1971, pp.81–84. Gelatine: AM to Colonel Craigie, Nov 1844, q311; AM to Harriot Craigie, 12 May 1845, q311; WM to AM, 16 Jul 1845, q282. Extremely imprudent: WM to AM, 31 Dec 1845, q282. All Allan wanted: WM to AM, 14 May 1845, q282.
soLITUDE AM’s diary: WM to Harriot Craigie, 3 Mar 1843, q402. #222 Bad for eyes: WM to AM, 3 Feb 1847, q282. Writing letters in Council: WM to AM, 2 Jan 1844, q403. Frosty relations: AW to AM, 6 May [1843?], q451. Henry Lawson’s comment is in his short story, ‘The bush undertaker’, 1892. ‘Cranky Macpherson’: recollections of George Smith of Mount Beagle, part 1, nd, in Spencer Material, Roma Town Council. I thank Peter Keegan, Roma, for introducing me to this collection. #223 Intimates: William Forster to AM, 29 May 1845, q214. Purgatory: Forster to James Dowling, 22 Nov 1841, James Sheen Dowling Correspondence 1831–1839, ML A486-1, SLNSW. At the time of this comment, Forster was living in a slab hut. Reading matter: Forster to AM, 10 Aug [1844], q214; AM to Harriot Craigie, 12 May 1845, q311. #224 Greatest danger: Forster to AM, 29 May 1845, q214. On greed see also Forster (Molonglo Plains) to James Dowling, 28 Sep 1839, James Sheen Dowling Correspondence 1831–1839, ML A486-1, SLNSW; also quoted in part in Michael Roe, Quest for authority in Eastern Australia 1835–1851, Melbourne, MUP, 1965, p.75. Numbers of women: 1846 Census gives a total of 356 women in the Clarence Pastoral District. Love-scrapes: Forster to AM, 29
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May 1845, q214; also Forster to James Dowling, 22 Nov 1841, James Sheen Dowling Correspondence: ‘There are some ladies here however of a more correct style with whom I am tolerably intimate according to my usual habits.’ Fanny Wentworth: WM to AM, 9 Jul 1845, q282; Carol Liston, Sarah Wentworth; Mistress of Vaucluse, Glebe, Historic Houses Trust, 1988, pp.21–23, 46–47. #225 Bush prison: Forster to AM, 29 May 1845, q214. On masculinity and colonial self-government see Angela Woollacott, ‘Frontier violence and settler manhood’, History Australia, vol.6, no.1, Apr 2009.
rebeLLION #226 Incessant rain: Forster to AM, 27 Mar 1848, q214. For an account of relevant literature on frontier conflict see Bain Attwood and S.G. Foster, Frontier conflict: the Australian experience, Canberra, National Museum of Australia, 2003, esp. Introduction. On frustration among New England squatters: David Roberts, ‘The frontier’, in Alan Atkinson, J.S.Ryan, Iain Davidson and Andrew Piper (eds), High lean country: land, people and memory in New England, Crows Nest, Allen & Unwin, 2006, pp.108–09. AM’s expedition and WM’s anxiety: WM to AM, 10 May 1843, q402. Workers: AM to Harriot Craigie, 27 Jun 1848, q311. #227 Impudence for any thing: AW to AM, 6 Nov 1840, q451. WM’s dismay: to AM, 31 Dec 1845, q282. Gipps on Crown lands: to Lord Stanley, 18 Apr 1843, HRA, I, 23, pp.666–67. #228 Wentworth’s holdings: Buckley, ‘Gipps and the graziers of New South Wales, 1841–1846’, pt 2 (first published 1956), in J.J.Eastwood and F.B.Smith (comp.), Historical studies: selected articles, Melbourne, MUP, 1964, p.92. Gipps’ fears: John Manning Ward, James Macarthur: colonial conservative, 1798–1867, Sydney, Sydney UP, 1981, p.142. Gipps’ regulations: Roberts, The squatting age, pp. 236–44; K. Buckley, ‘Gipps and the graziers’, pt 2, esp. pp.82–83; Peter Cochrane, Colonial ambition: foundations of Australian democracy, Melbourne, MUP, 2006, pp.74–75.
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#229 Wentworth at the Royal Hotel: Cochrane, Colonial ambition, pp.80–81. Victory or death! Forster to AM, 29 May 1845, q214. AM’s submission: NSW Legislative Council, Report from the Select Committee on Crown Land Grievances, 1844, Replies to circular letters, pp.21–25. #230 WM’s meeting with Dr Forster: WM to AM, 16 Apr 1846, q282. Thomas Forster was co-proprietor, from early 1844, of the Australian, a moderate Tory newspaper: R.B. Walker, The newspaper press in New South Wales, 1803–1920, Sydney, Sydney UP, 1976, pp. 34–35. #231 The Atlas insisted that others besides Lowe contributed to its pages: Ruth Knight, Illiberal liberal: Robert Lowe in New South Wales, 1842–1850, Melbourne, MUP, 1966, p.110; this is confirmed A.Patchett Martin, Life and letters of the Right Honourable Robert Lowe Viscount Sherbrooke, London, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893, vol. I, pp.254–68; see also G.B.Barton (ed.), The poets and prose writers of New South Wales, Sydney, Gibbs, Shallard, & Co., 1866, pp.49–63; and Vincent O’Sullivan (ed.), The unsparing scourge: Australian satirical texts 1845–1860, Nedlands (WA), University of Western Australia, 1988, pp.57–60. Apart from subscribing to the tradition of journalistic anonymity, Forster was averse to self-promotion. Devil and the governor: Atlas, 17 May 1845. Civil disgust: Atlas, 25 Jan 1845. On rebellion: K.S. Inglis, The Australian colonists: an exploration of social history, 1788–1870, Melbourne, MUP, 1974, pp.188–89. #232 Mitchell’s expedition: William C. Foster, Sir Thomas Livingston Mitchell and his world 1792–1855: Surveyor-General of New South Wales 1828–1855, Sydney, Institution of Surveyors, 1985, esp.ch.14. As Foster explains, FitzRoy Downs was probably named after Henry FitzRoy, later 5th Duke of Grafton, rather than Sir Charles FitzRoy, who succeeded Gipps as Governor of NSW. Quotations from T.L.Mitchell, Journal of an expedition into the interior of tropical Australia, in search of a route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria, London, Longman, 1848, pp.312,322,152. On ‘champaign’, see ch.12 below. Note that the explorer Ludwig Leichhardt endorsed Mitchell’s enthusiastic reports: see his letter written from Mount Abundance in Henry
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Stuart Russell, The genesis of Queensland, Sydney, Turner & Henderson, 1887, pp.373–74. #233 Forster’s warning: to AM, 10 May 1847, q214. News of Mitchell’s discoveries: the explorer’s Journal for Dec 1846, ML C64, SLNSW, suggests his route south via Tamworth. Itinerant stockmen probably carried the news quickly around the Liverpool Plains. Lead coffin: AM to Harriot Craigie, 29 Jun 1856, q393. Jessy M’s obituary: Sydney Morning Herald, 12 Jun 1847.
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12 WAR WITH THE BLACKS
#234 Descriptions of the expedition to Mount Abundance are based chiefly on Allan Macpherson, Mount Abundance: or, the experiences of a pioneer squatter in Australian thirty years ago, London, Fleet Street Printing Works, nd [1880]; and AM to Harriot Craigie, 27 Jun 1848, q311. A glorious prospect! Mount Abundance, pp.12–13. Peter Keegan of Roma alerted me to the misspelling of champaign.
savaGES #235 Invasion: T.L.Mitchell, Three expeditions into the interior of eastern Australia; with descriptions of the recently explored region of Australia Felix, and of the present colony of New South Wales, vol. I, London, T.& W.Boone, 1839, pp.306–07; see also D.W.A. Baker, The civilised surveyor: Thomas Mitchell and Australian Aborigines, Melbourne, MUP, 1997, p.101. #236 Mitchell’s warnings: Three expeditions, vol.I, p.341; Baker, The civilised surveyor, p.105. Conflict on the Murray:Three expeditions, vol. II, pp.101–04 ; Baker, The civilised surveyor, pp.122–24. Treacherous reputation: WM to AM, 17 Jan 1849, q282; Mount Abundance, p.10; the later book was his Journal of an expedition into the interior of tropical Australia, in search of a route from Sydney to the Gulf of Carpentaria, London, Longman, 1848. #238 Stories of AM’s temper: recollections of George Smith of Mount Beagle, part 1, nd, in Spencer Material, Roma Town Council; see also ch.11 above. #239 ‘Black Charley’ and the charges of cowardice: Mount Abundance, pp.25–27. WM’s advice: WM to AM, 10 May 1843, q402. #240 Criminal proceedings: WM to AM, 17 Jan 1849, q282. Myall Creek and its aftermath: R.H.W.Reece, Aborigines and colonists: Aborigines and colonial society in New South Wales in the 1830’s and 1840’s, Sydney, Sydney UP, 1974, chs 4 and 5, and many later publications. Gipps’ reaction: Alan Atkinson and Marion Aveling (eds), Australians 1838, Sydney, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, 1987, pp.365–67.
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#241 Equal justice: proclamation on Aborigines, NSW Government Gazette, 21 May 1839. Squatters view: Memorial of P.P.King and 81 others, 8 Jun 1838, 4/1013, State Records of NSW. Gipps’ response to the memorialists: E.Deas Thomson to P.P.King, 23 Jun 1838, 4/1013, State Records of NSW (reproduced with associated documents in S.G.Foster, ‘Aboriginal rights and official morality’, Push from the bush, no. 11, Nov 1981, pp.68–98.) The difficulty of pursuing white offenders was also impeded by the inadmissibility of Aboriginal evidence: see, inter al., Jane Lydon, ‘“no moral doubt …”: Aboriginal evidence and the Kangaroo Creek poisoning, 1847–1849’, Aboriginal history, vol.20, 1996, pp.158–61. On Commissioners of Crown Lands (as well as conflict in northern NSW) see Heather Goodall, ‘Authority under challenge: Pikampul land and Queen Victoria’s law during the British invasion of Australia’, in Martin Daunton and Rick Halpern (eds), Empire and Others: British encounters with indigenous peoples, 1600–1850, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. For conflict in the Moreton Bay District see Raymond Evans, A history of Queensland, Port Melbourne, Cambridge UP, 2007, ch.3. Wretched protégés: Forster to AM, 15 Mar 1851, q214. No important result: Forster to AM, 27 Mar 1848, q214. The powerlessness of the law: Mount Abundance, p.27. #242 Do not neglect duty to God: WM to AM, 11 Feb 1840, q399. AM reads from the scriptures: WM to Harriot Craigie, 3 Mar 1843, q402. WM disappointed: to AM, 16 Apr 1846, q282.
'SUNDRY CONFLICTS' #244 ‘Armed to the teeth’ was a familiar expression on the frontier: see Raymond Evans, ‘“Plenty shoot ’em”: the destruction of Aboriginal societies along the Queensland frontier’, in A.Dirk Moses (ed.), Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen Indigenous children in Australian history, New York, Berghahn Books, 2004, pp.154–55. Decision to leave: Mount Abundance, pp.39–52; and AM to Commissioner Durbin, 20 May 1849, Colonial Secretary, NRS 905, Letters received, Letter No.49/6879 with Letter No.52/1908, 4/3072, State Records of NSW.
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#245 Shoot every thing: William Telfer Jr, The Wallabadah Manuscript: recollections of the early days, ed. and intro. Roger Millis, Kensington (NSW), University of NSW Press, p.43; Millis says (p.23) Telfer’s yarns have to be approached with caution. Story so far fetched: A Lady [Emma Macpherson], My experiences in Australia. Being recollections of a visit to the Australian colonies in 1856–7, London, J.F.Hope, 1860, p.127. Durbin stimulates publication: J.H. Scott [Durbin] to AM, 5 May 1879; and AM [to Durbin] (draft), 7 May 1879, q800. ‘Redspinner’ [William Senior], Gentleman’s Magazine, vol.CCXLIV, Jan-Jun 1879, pp.558–74. #246 Biblical story: see Ann Curthoys, ‘Constructing national histories’, in Bain Attwood and S.G. Foster, Frontier conflict: the Australian experience, Canberra, National Museum of Australia, 2003, pp.188–89. Unpalatable detail: see eg Godfrey Charles Mundy’s comments on a comparable encounter, reported in his Our Antipodes: or, residence and rambles in the Australasian Colonies. With a glimpse of the gold fields, 3rd ed., London, Richard Bentley, 1855, pp.108–09. Evil spirits: Pearce to AM, 23 Apr [1880], q381.
'CALLING THINGS BY RIGHT NAMES' #247 Formidable enemy: the Maitland Mercury, 19 Jun 1850, described the Aboriginal people around Mt Abundance as the only tribe that was dangerous. ‘Old Billy’: the squatter was Gideon Lang. Patrick Collins, Goodbye Bussamarai, St Lucia, University of Queensland Press, 2002, assembles evidence to suggest that a Mandandanji elder Bussamarai, otherwise known as ‘Possum Murray’, ‘Old Billy’ and ‘Eaglehawk’, led an Aboriginal ‘rebellion’ against the European invasion in the late 1840s and early 1850s. Bob Reece expresses reservations about ‘Bussamarai’ when he reviews Collins in Eureka Street, Sep 2003; see also relevant exchanges at http://www.goodbyebussamarai.com/ default.htm [accessed May 2007]. The white man’s guns, including the time taken to load them: David Denholm, The colonial Australians, Ringwood (Vic.), Penguin, 1979, pp.35–36. #248 Emma M’s justification: My experiences, pp.223,235–40. Poison flour: see, eg, Jane Lydon, ‘“no moral doubt …”’: Aboriginal evidence and the Kangaroo Creek poisoning, 1847–1849’, Aboriginal history, vol.20, 1996, pp.156–59.
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Gipps’ warning: Proclamation on Aborigines, NSW Government Gazette, 21 May 1839. Colonial Secretary’s warning: E.Deas Thomson to Commandant of Native Police, Warialda, 8 Aug 1849, 49/264, Copies of letters to magistrates 4/3850, State Records of NSW. #249 Squatters’ protest: Maitland Mercury, 1 Aug 1849, quoted in Mark Copland, ‘The native police at Callandoon – a blueprint for forced assimilation?’ conference paper, History of Crime, Policing and Punishment Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in conjunction with Charles Sturt University and held in Canberra, 9–10 December 1999 http://www.aic.gov.au/conferences/hcpp/copland. pdf[accessed 1 Nov 2007]; see also Copland, A system of assassination: the Macintyre River frontier 1837–1850, BA Hons thesis, University of Queensland, 1990. #250 Many hours of conversation: in the months after AM’s departure from Mount Abundance, as conflict worsened, a group of squatters at Warialda in the Gwydir pastoral district pressed for government action, arguing that ‘a war of extermination has been carried on against the blacks, which although it has succeeded in affecting the security of the lives, and property of the settlers, has but too often, with the force of retributive justice, produced a low standard of moral feeling in the white people themselves’. A.Morris to R.Fitzgerald, 13 Jul 1849, 49/7447, Colonial Secretary In-letters, 4/2868, State Records of NSW. Forster’s growing family: by 1862, when his first wife died, they had two sons and six daughters. Speaking in bush style: Forster to AM, 18 Jan 1852, q541. Forster gives up squatting: to AM, 4 Dec 1854, q541. #251 Forster on murder: evidence to Select Committee on the murders by the Aborigines on the Dawson River, 18 Jun 1858, New South Wales Parliamentary Papers, 1858, vol.2, pp.10–14; see also his evidence to Select Committee on the Native Police Force, 12 Dec 1856, New South Wales Parliamentary Papers, 1856–57, vol.1, pp.35–40. ‘Lines on a young kangaroo’: The Brothers: a drama, London, Gordon & Gotch, 1877, pp.236–39. For an assessment of Forster’s literary talents, see Dorothy Green, ‘William Forster and the drama of ideas’, Australasian drama studies, vol.1, no.1, Oct. 1982, p.36–37:
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‘it is fairly safe to say that no finer mind, with a greater gift for analytic reasoning, a better grasp of the nature of dialectic and of the facts of common life, has ever occupied itself in this country with the medium of the drama.’
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13 HOME AND AWAY
#252 On the broad theme of the relationship between imperial metropole and periphery see inter al Catherine Hall and Sonya O. Rose (eds), At home with the empire: metropolitan culture and the imperial world, Cambridge, CUP, 2006, esp. ch.1 by the editors; and Marjory Harper (ed), Emigrant homecomings: the return movement of emigrants, 1600– 2000, Manchester, MUP, 2005. AM’s certainty and ambivalence: AM to AW, 24 Nov 1852, q391. NSW as ‘my country’: AM to Col E.B. Craigie, Nov 1844 (draft and notes), q311. #253 Mrs Egan’s attentions: WM to AM, 26 Dec 1850, q390. Two boys in Sydney: WM to AM, 18 Sep 1847, q282. Irretrievably sinking: W. Forster to AM, 18 Jan 1852, q541; Forster was applying his comment to one of his relatives. AW at Keera: AM to Aunt Harriot Craigie, 27 Jun 1848, q311.
transition STATES #254 AM’s portrait: WM to AM, 22 Jan 1851, q390. #255 An agreeable appurtenance: WM to AM, 28 Jan 1853, q391. Desperately in love: W. Forster to AM, 15 Mar 1851, q214; the young lady was a Miss Jephson: see also Shipping News reproduced in Maitland Mercury, 20 Mar 1850, http://nla.gov.au/nla. news-article695591 [accessed 31 Jul 2008]. Sardonic comments and sharp rebuke: W.Forster to AM, 18 Jan 1852, q541. A plain country gentleman: WM to Thomas Duncan, 16 Jun 1850, q390. Gorse (‘whins’) and broom: WM to brother Allan, 25 Apr 1850, q390. Politics and literature: W.Forster to AM, 15 Mar 1851, q214. #256 Transition state: AM to AW, 24 Nov 1852, q391. Blairgowrie transformed: entry on Blairgowrie in ‘Berwick-upon-Tweed - Braidwood’, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846), pp.124– 51 http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43423 [accessed 26 Aug 2007]; Harriot Craigie to WM, 4 Jul 1842, enc. in WM to AM, 7 Dec 1842, q401; Offer by Thomas Cargill and John Panton for a 19 year lease of Blairgowrie corn and flour mills
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and acceptance thereof, 8 Jun 1855, q451. Agonies of suspense: AM to AW, 24 Nov 1852, q391. WM on railways: WM to AM, 18 Aug 1855, q391. FitzRoy’s lament: [to E. Deas Thomson] nd [May 1851], Thomson Family Papers, ML A1531-3, p.1074, SLNSW. New England rushes: R.B.Walker, Old New England: a history of the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales 1818–1900, Sydney, Sydney UP, 1966, pp.48–50. Bingara discoveries: Commissioner Richard Bligh to Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands, 19 Jul 1852, printed in New Zealander, 25 Sep 1852 http://www.british-history. ac.uk/report.asp?compid=43423 [accessed 31 Jul 2008]; and WM to AM, 2 Oct 1852, q390. AW was reported to have discovered gold at Keera shortly after the first rushes to the west of Sydney: Maitland Mercury, 30 July 1851. #257 WM’s complaints about AW: WM to AM, 22 Jan, 16 Aug 1851, q390. AW was reported to have found gold at Keera shortly after the reports of finds west of Sydney: Maitland Mercury, 30 Jul 1851 (extract from SMH). Sophia and the children resided at Clerkness station, Bundarra, owned by AW’s friend Edward George Clerk: WM to AM, 25 Jun 1855, q391. The ninth child, born at Clerkness in 1852, was christened Edward George, presumably in honour of their host. On Clerkness: Unlocking Regional Memory: NSW Electronic Regional Archives, Pastoral Station entry, http://www.nswera.net. au/biogs/UNE0100b.htm [accessed 31 Jul 2008]. William to the rescue: WM to AM, 22 Jan 1851, q390. Pistols: AM to AW, 24 Nov 1852, q391. A most unfortunate fellow: WM to AM, 11 Dec 1852, q390. #258 Additional clerk: WM to AM, 5 Mar 1853, q391. Renting at Ashfield: WM to AM, 23 Mar 1853, q391. Clerk in Surveyor-General’s office: WM to AM, 18 Nov 1853, q391. Cook’s River: WM to AM, 8 May, 17 Jul 1855, q391. Too many children: WM to AM, 19 Sep 1855, q391; 9 Apr 1856, q392. WM ecstatic: to AM and Emma M, 8 Aug 1853, q391. #259 Emma’s family: documents in the Blake-Espitalié Collection, including Blake family trees and family bible; E.K.Pearce to Eileen Blake, 14 Dec 1903, and accompanying letters; and two (varying)
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typescript documents by WCM on the Blake, Powney, Denis and Beswick families, dating from the 1890s; also early 20th century notes and correspondence in WCM Family Scrapbook, q727; and V.C.P. Hodson, List of the officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834, London, Constable, 1927, entries on Benjamin Blake and William Powney Blake, Part I, pp.162–64. Emma’s sister Fanny referred to her grandmother, the daughter of ‘Mary (Indian)’, as ‘Black Grandmother’, and regarded her with great affection. When Fanny and Emma’s niece, Eileen, evidently suggested in 1903 that the family’s Indian origins should be excised from the family tree, her cousins quickly dissuaded her. #260 Blake’s promise: to AM, 20 Feb 1853, quoted in AM to William Shaw Soutar, 17 Aug, 1860, q753; Deed of Covenant and Declaration of Trust by Charles Henry Blake, 17 June 1861, q545. The Macpherson and Blake families seem already to have been in some way related, perhaps by marriage. Happiest day: AM’s diary, 30 Apr 1853, q312.
imperiaL TRAVELLERS Revolution in communications: Geoffrey Blainey, The Tyranny of distance: how distance shaped Australia’s history, Melbourne, Sun Books, 1966, esp.ch.8. Unimpressed: WM to AM, 20 Apr 1853, q391. #261 Walter Hood: Maritime Heritage Online, New South Wales, http://maritime.heritage.nsw.gov.au/public/documents/wrk_ walterhood.htm [accessed 1 Jun 2008]; SMH, 4 Aug 1853. Snodgrass Chalmers’ ancestry: family tree compiled by Major P.Chalmers, 1906, and corrected by WCM, WCM’s Family Scrapbook, q727. Snodgrass Chalmers: letters between AM and Sir William Chalmers, 1853, q492; WM to AM, 12 Sep 1853, 6 Apr 1855, q391. #262 Troublesome charge: AM to WM, 26 Mar 1854, q391. Colonial drinking habits: Frank Fowler, Southern lights and shadows, London, Sampson Low, 1859, pp.51–52, who comments that there were no fewer than 500 public houses in Sydney and its immediate neighbourhood. Roderick Mitchell: WM to AM, 16 Sep 1851, q390.
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‘Remittance men’ are most famously described by Mark Twain, Following the equator: a journey around the world, Hartford CT, American Publishing Company, 1897, pp.33–34 (and republished in various forms); see also Eric Richards, Britannia’s children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600, Hambledon, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, pp.188–89. Shabby dog: AM to Harriot, 20 Aug 1860, q753. Good recovery: note by WCM, nd, q492. AM’s misdemeanours: WM to AM, 5 Jan and 2 Feb 1854, q391. #263 AM’s diary, entry for 19 Jan 1854, q312. Scottish Midland Railway: AM to WM, 26 Mar 1854, q391. #264 Subdivision: Plan of Newton Villa and Town Feus, on the Estate of William Macpherson, Esquire, Blairgowrie, 1854, q457. AM’s chastened response: to WM, 27–28 May 1854, q391. Support from Emma: EM to WM, 28 May 1854, q391. #265 AM hints at his concern about inheritance to WM, 27–28 May 1854, q391. Jessie: like AW, AM misspelt her name; WM set things straight to AM, 16 Feb 1855, q391. The spelling of Aunt Harriot’s name had often varied. In care of Aunt Harriot: ‘The Macphersons of Blairgowrie’, comp. by WCM 1896–1906 and later amended, copy 2, Macpherson Papers.
sCANDAL On colonial sensitivities on moral issues see inter al. Penny Russell, A wish of distinction: colonial gentility and femininity, Carlton (Vic.), Melbourne UP, 1994; and Russell, ‘The brash colonial: class and comportment in nineteenth-century Australia’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 12, 2002, pp.431–53. Death of Margaret M (nee Chalmers): Allan Macpherson to his brother WM, 3 Nov 1828, q911. Remarriage: ‘The Macphersons of Blairgowrie’, comp. by WCM 1896–1906 and later amended, copy 2, Macpherson Papers. No children of his own: Uncle Allan had a daughter, presumably by his second marriage, who appears to have died by 1850: Harriot Craigie to WM, 4 Jul 1842, q401; S.Hawkins, Holy Trinity Rothwell: A Guide, Rothwell 1999, extract kindly provided by Canon George Burgon.
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#266 Hopes for his brother’s benign influence: WM to AM, 9 Oct 1852, q390. Harriot seems for a time to have had charge of her husband’s daughter, one of two children by an earlier marriage: Harriot Craigie to WM, 4 Jul 1842, in WM to AM, 7 Dec 1842, q401. Harriot and religion: Harriot Craigie to AM, 20 Mar 1840, 28 Aug 1844, q908; Harriot Craigie to WM, 4 Jul 1842, in WM to AM, 7 Dec 1842, q401. Col.E.B.Craigie’s death: V.C.P.Hodson, List of the officers of the Bengal Army 1758–1834, London, Constable, 1927, Part I, p.404; Times, 18 Jun 1850; Trewman’s Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, 20 Jun 1850. WM urges attentiveness to Aunt Harriot: to AM, 14, 25 Jun, 16 Sep 1851, q390. #267 Aunt Harriot as confidant: AM to Harriot Craigie, 29 Jun 1856, q393. #268 WM and Mrs Egan: chiefly WM to Harriot Craigie, 29 Jun 1856, q393, as well as later letters in this bundle. WM looks to the afterlife: to AM, 20 Apr 1853, q391. #271 Wife of the new governor: Sir William Denison was also styled and generally referred to as ‘governor-general’. #272 Gossips: AM to WM, 24 Jan 1857, q393. Trip to Melbourne: AM to Harriot Craigie, 24 Sep 1856, q393; AM to William Panton, 24 Sep 1856, q753. AW as JP in 1844: Maitland Mercury, 13 Jan 1844. Emma at Cook’s River: WM to Emma M, 20 Aug 1856, q392. A scene and a conversation: AM to Harriot Craigie, 24 Sep 1856, q393. #273 Emma better able to live peaceably: AM to Harriot Craigie, 24 Sep 1856, q393. Sydney’s delights and deficiencies: ‘A Lady’ [Emma Macpherson], My experiences in Australia. Being recollections of a visit to the Australian colonies in 1856–7, London, J.F.Hope, 1860, pp.20–72, esp. pp.22,44.
a BUSH JOURNEY A bush journey: based chiefly on My experiences; AM’s dairies for 1856–57, q312; and letters between AM and WM. Maitland costs: AM to WM, 12 Oct 1856, q393.
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Dog cart: My experiences, pp.90,116; object in Cobb & Co. Museum, Toowoomba, Qld http://www.cobbandco.qm.qld.gov. au/exhibitions/carriage/carriage.asp?Carriage=8 [accessed 1 Oct 2008]; Ezra M.Stratton, The world on wheels; Or, Carriages, with their historical associations from the earliest to the present time, including a selection from the American centennial exhibition, New York, B.Blom, 1972, p.381. Bullock drays: AM to WM, 12 Oct 1856, q393. #274 15 miles and 6: AM to WM, 14 Oct 1856, q393; My experiences, p.113. WM complains: to AM, 21 and 29 Oct 1856, q392. Eight members of the party: My experiences, esp.pp.91–92; AM to WM, 12 and 22 Oct 1856, q393; AM to Harriot Craigie, 30 Nov 1856, q393; WM to AM, 24 Feb 1857, q393. The ‘son of a connection’: My experiences, p.92. Sleeping arrangements: AM to WM, 12 Oct 1856, q393; My experiences, pp.103–04. #275 Allan Williams jnr: My experiences, p.92. William Williams: WM to Emma M, 20 Aug 1856, q392. Horse problems: AM to WM, 8, 12 and 22 Oct 1856, q393. Emma quickly adapts: AM to WM, 12 and 14 Oct 1856, q393; quotations from My experiences, pp.18,105,118,120. #276 More beautiful than Scotland: My experiences, p.116. Emma’s dislikes: My experiences, pp.120,147–48; AM to WM, 23 Nov 1856, q393. Tic douloureux: AM to WM, 1 Nov 1856, q393. Keera in fine condition: AM to Harriot Craigie, 30 Nov 1856, q393. Emma rhapsodic: My experiences, p.162. #277 Cottage and garden: My experiences, pp.162–67. The vineyard: My experiences, p.190. AW’s success on the Hunter: WM to AM, 22 Mar 1841, q400. Nearest doctor (from Warialda): AM to Harriot Craigie, 30 Nov 1856, q393; AM to WM, 30 Dec 1856, q393. Birth of Alan: AM’s diary, 11 Jan 1857, q312. Emma helping out: My experiences, pp.196–200. The servant greater than the lord: My experiences, p.180. A trial for any lady: My experiences, p.200. #278 ‘We hate this colony’: AM to William Panton, 9 Dec 1856, q753. Scarcity of labour: AM to WM, 3 and 9 Dec 1856, q393; AM to William Panton, 9 Dec 1856, q753. The station establishment and rates of pay: AM to WM, 9 Dec 1856, q393.
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#279 Aborigines working at Keera: AM’s diaries, 1856–57, q312; My experiences, pp.205–06. Pay and food for Aboriginal shepherds: AM to WM, 9 Dec 1856, q393; My experiences, p.206. Aboriginal babysitter: My experiences, pp.230–31. #280 Emma on ‘this strange race’: My experiences, esp.pp.203–05. Corroboree: My experiences, pp.220–21. Aboriginal friends: My experiences, pp.205,240. Emma remarks that colonists are too rapid in the friendships in her shipboard journal, 20 Jan–22 Apr [1868], q235. The blacks’ camp: My experiences, pp.202–03. Official policy: Earl Grey to Sir Charles FitzRoy, 11 Feb 1848, HRA, ser I, vol 26, pp.223–26. On background to Grey’s despatch, see Henry Reynolds, Frontier: Aborigines, settlers and land, St Leonards NSW, Allen & Unwin, 1987, pp.151–54. Emma echoed this view: My experiences, pp.237–38. Small band joined by others: My experiences, p.203. #281 Kamilaroi people: [David Horton,] Aboriginal Australia [map], Canberra, Aboriginal Studies Press, 1996 http://www.aiatsis.gov. au/aboriginal_studies_press/aboriginal_wall_map [accessed 1 Oct 2008]; Alan Atkinson and Marian Aveling (eds), Australians 1838, Broadway NSW, Fairfax, Syme & Weldon, 1987, pp.38–39; for a convenient summary, inc early population estimates, see Northern Regional Library Indigenous Unit, ‘Gamilaroi/Kamilaroi’ [Moree, NSW, 2004] http://www.indigenousunit.com.au/index. php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=0&Itemid=44 [accessed 1 Oct 2008]; and Aboriginal Heritage Study, draft report prepared by Heritage Concepts Pty Ltd for Moree Plains Shire Council, Oct 2007 http://www.indigenousunit.com.au/index. php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=0&Itemid=44 [accessed 1 Oct 2008]. Gwydir District: New South Wales Government Gazette, 7 Dec 1847, p.1339. Report by Crown Lands Commissioner Richard Bligh on condition of Aborigines in Gwydir District, 28 Jan 1851, DL ADD 81, SLNSW. ‘Wouraferi’: Bligh’s report is the only primary source I am aware of for this small band; see also Michael O’Rourke, The Kamilaroi lands, Griffith ACT, The Author, 1997, pp.49–56 and maps (while noting Gaynor Macdonald’s review in Oceania, vol 70, issue 2, Dec 1999, pp.199–200). She knew that they were
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dying: My experiences, pp.215,228–30. Burial ground: My experiences, pp.224–26. Alcohol problems: AM’s diary, 8 Feb 1857, 312; My experiences, pp.228. Wine-making: AM’s diary, 13 Feb 1857; My experiences, pp.190– 96. Hogshead and a half: about 360 litres.
WILLIAM DECIDES WHERE HOME IS #282 Allan financial hopes: AM to WM, 22 Oct 1856, 13 Jan 1857, q393. Keera was sold through agents John Single jr and Philip Adams to the Munro family, who still owned the property in 2009: see Jillian Oppenheimer, Munros’ luck: from Scotland to Keera, Weebollabolla, Boombah and Ross Roy, Walcha, Ohio Productions, 1998, pp.28,40–43; additional information from Jillian Oppenheimer, 2008. Mt Abundance sale: AM to WM, 5 Apr 1857, q393; AM to Harriot Craigie, 8 Jun 1857, q393. This sale was complicated by WM not having paid licence fees for several years; for a time it seemed they would forfeit the property entirely. Keera auction: List of items sold, 15 April 1857, q542. #283 Emma’s regrets: My experiences, p.258. Expected extinction: My experiences, p.230. Tedious journey: AM to Harriot Craigie, 8 Jun 1857, q393. Route across New England: My experiences, pp.258–77. The identity of the male servant is not clear. Young Allan Williams stayed behind: AM to WM, 24 Jan 1857, q393. #284 Odious creature: AM to Harriot Craigie, 30 Nov 1856, q393. Living arrangements in Sydney: AM to WM, 24 Jan 1857, q393; AW to AM, 14 Apr 1857, q392; AM to WM, 21 Apr 1857, q393. William’s decision: based on WM to AM, 31 Mar 1857, q392 and other correspondence; the principal letter is missing. If ‘the woman’ should die: AM to Harriot Craigie, 6 Apr 1857, q393. WM wedded to Australian ways: AM to William Shaw Soutar, 9 Jun 1857, q753; also AM to William Panton, 6 Apr 1857, q753. WM evasive: AM to Harriot Craigie, 6 Apr, 8 Jun 1857, q393. Procrastination: AM to Harriot Craigie, 30 Jan 1857, q393. AM in Melbourne: AM to Harriot Craigie, 6 Apr, 8 Jun 1857, q393; WM to AM. 30 Jun 1857, q392.
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#285 WM and Mrs Egan at the theatre: AM’s diary, 15 Aug 1857, q312. Farewells at Circular Quay: AM’s diary, 11 Sep 1857, q312. Melbourne and Albany: My experiences, pp.329–34.
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14 MATTERS OF PRINCIPLE
#287 Fort Denison: A.B.Shaw, Fort Denison, Sydney Harbour [?Sydney, Maritime Services Board of NSW, 1946]; K.S.Inglis, The Australian colonists: an exploration of social history 1788–1870, Melbourne, MUP, 1974, pp.216–17,221; John Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore: Australia’s first colony, Melbourne, Black Inc, 2008 (first published asThe strange birth of colonial democracy, 1988), esp.pp.289–94; Hobart Courier, 26 Oct 1857 (Sydney Correspondent).
UNFINISHED BUSINESS #288 Bernera: Note of deed of grant (copy by WM), 21 Mar 1854, q804; Note on Bernera property, 1868, q805. Bernera was originally granted to Donald Macleod in 1829, and presumably named by him after the isle in the Outer Hebrides. Seen at the theatre and privately married: W.Forster to AM, 19 Jan 1858, q541; also 12 May 1859, q541. A series of documents: AM to W.Forster, 7 Feb 1859, q541. Interview over coffee: W.Forster to AM, 6 Nov 1858, q541. #289 Ultimatum: AM to W.Forster, 7 Feb 1859, q541, enc.letter from WM. Monetary and sentimental value of Blairgowrie: AM to W.Forster, 16 Dec 1859, q541. ‘Conciliatory’ response: AM to W.Forster, 7 Feb 1859, q541. A milder letter from WM: AM to W.Forster, 13 Jan, 12 Feb 1860, q541. To make matters worse for Allan, Emma’s father, Charles Blake, was being tardy in implementing the marriage settlement. #290 Decision to visit Australia: AM to Forster, 16 Dec 1859, 12 Feb 1860, q541; Amicable negotiations: AM to Emma M, 12 Jun 1860, q753. #291 Promise to AW: AM’s diary, 10 Aug 1857, q312. Over-generous: AM to Harriot Craigie, 13 May 1860, q753. Ducks and drakes, and not caring: AM to Harriot Craigie, 10 Jul 1860, q753. Infatuation: AM to Harriot Craigie, 10 Jul 1860, q753. Senile: AM to W.Forster, 6 Apr1859, q541. Forster on very old men: to AM, 6 Nov 1858, q541. #292 Uncle Allan as vicar and entrepreneur: S. Hawkins, Holy Trinity Rothwell: A Guide, Rothwell, 1999, extract kindly provided by
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Canon George Burgon; Court of Bankruptcy report, Daily News, 24 May 1858. #293 Uncle Allan’s act of folly: AM to Emma M, 11 Jul 1860, q753; AM to Uncle Allan M, 20 Aug 1860, q753; AM to Harriot Craigie, 20 Aug 1860, q753. #294 Proposal for Uncle Allan to come to NSW: Harriot Craigie to AM, 14 Jun 1861, q753; AM to Harriot Craigie, 19 Jul 1861, q753; Last recorded meeting: Harriot Craigie to AM, 18 Mar 1862, q291. The six shirts might well have belonged to the late Col. Craigie. #295 The enemy at work: AM to Emma M, 11 Jul 1860, q753. Superciliousness: AM to Emma M, 19 Sep 1860, q753. Exile: AM to Emma M, 19 Sep 1860, q753. Avoiding extravagance: AM to Emma M, 11 and 20 Jul 1860, q753. Bernera property and cottage: AM to Emma M, 11 Jul, 20 Aug 1860, q753; AM to William Panton, 17 Sep 1860, q753; estate agent maps and descriptions, 1889, National Library of Australia. My thanks to Dariel Larkins, Sydney, for additional information about Bernera, including floor plan. #296 Buckingham Palace: AM to Emma M, 19 Sep 1860, q753. Missing Emma: AM to Emma M, 20 Aug 1860, q753. Bernera’s potential: AM to Emma M, 12 Jun 1860, q753. Prepared to remain: AM to William Shaw Soutar, 9 Jun 1860, q753. #297 Changes in government: WM to AM, 8 Sep, 22 Dec 1855, q391; index to Journal of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, vol. 1, 1856–57. WM’s resignation: W.Forster to AM, 11 Jan [1860], q800; Journal of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, 2 Feb 1860, vol. 5, 1859–60, pp.53–54. Sir W.Macpherson told me the story of the missing wig. WM in retirement: WM to John Panton, 21 Oct 1861, q215. William Harvie Christie had served as Serjeant-at-Arms in the old Legislative Council: ADB, vol.3, pp.393–94. On Canon Robert Allwood see entry by K.J.Cable in ADB, vol.1, pp.10–11. WM, Christie and Allwood had all been born outside Britain, Christie in Ceylon and Allwood in Jamaica. WM’s health, inc Polding: WM to John Panton, 21 Oct 1861, q215.
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#298 WM travelling to Bernera: AM to Harriot Craigie to AM, 20 Sep 1860, q753; WM to John Panton, 21 Oct 1861, q215. AM on Mrs Egan: AM’s notes on Sir William Manning’s opinion on Egan v Macpherson [1866], q801; Papers relating to Mrs Egan’s bond, 1865–66, q542. Deas Thomson’s eulogy: SMH, 15 Mar 1866. Arguments about legacies: AM’s notes on Sir William Manning’s opinion on Egan v Macpherson [1866], q801.
poLITICS #299 Forster’s prophesy: to AM, 29 May 1845, q214. Cape’s school: AM’s scrapbook, Apr 1834, q411; Forster to AM, 15 Mar 1851, q214; and ch.10 above. Several of Cape’s boys became politicians, and three of them premiers. #300 Colonial democracy: see Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore, esp. pp.289–94; Peter Cochrane, Colonial ambition: foundations of Australian democracy, Melbourne, MUP, 2006, esp.pp.470–86. #301 Blairgowrie coming of age: the Blairgowrie Advertiser was first issued in 1855 (information kindly supplied by the Perth & Kinross Council). Curlers’ dinner: Blairgowrie Advertiser, 5 Feb 1859 (extract in the Macpherson Collection). #302 Friends with the semi-washed: AM to Forster, 7 Feb 1859, q541. Political turmoil: Hirst, ‘The strange birth of colonial democracy’, in Freedom on the fatal shore; Peter Loveday and A.W.Martin, Parliament, factions and parties: the first thirty years of responsible government in New South Wales, 1856–1889, Melbourne, MUP, 1966 (which first defined the ‘faction system’); Cochrane, Colonial ambition, esp.chs 27–29; David Clune and Gareth Griffith, Decision and deliberation: the Parliament of New South Wales 1856–2003, Sydney, Federation Press, 2006, esp.pp.49–53. Details re ministries and members are conveniently listed at http://www.parliament.nsw.gov. au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/resourcesarchives. Responsibility a claptrap: Denison to Henry Labouchere, 23 Sep 1856, Sir William Denison Correspondence, microfilm FM3/795, Mitchell Library, SLNSW. The terms ‘liberal’ and ‘conservative’ were applied loosely and imprecisely: see Loveday and Martin, Parliament, factions and parties, ch.2.
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Growing disgust: Forster to AM, 6 Nov 1858, q541; also A.W.Martin, Henry Parkes: a biography, Melbourne, MUP, 1980, p.164. #303 ‘Slippery Charlie’: Alan Powell, Patrician democrat: the political life of Charles Cowper 1843–1870, Melbourne, MUP, 1977; John M. Ward, ‘Cowper, Sir Charles (1807–1875)’, ADB, vol. 3, pp. 475– 79 (Powell attributes the sobriquet to J.D.Lang, Ward to Henry Parkes). Forster’s ministry: Forster to AM, 15 Nov 1859, and other letters in q541; Trevor McMinn, ‘William Forster’, in David Clune and Ken Turner (eds), The Premiers of New South Wales, vol.1 1856– 1901, Sydney, Federation Press, 2006, pp.69–79; Martin, Henry Parkes, p.171; Bede Nairn, ‘Forster, William (1818–1882)’, ADB, vol. 4, pp. 199–201. Forster as reluctant premier: to AM, 11 Jan [1860], q800. AM’s prediction: Forster to AM, 6 Nov 1858, q541. AM hopes to succeed WM: AM to Forster, 16 Dec 1859, q541. Harassed and besieged: AM to Emma M, 20 Aug 1860, q753. Central Cumberland election: AM to John Panton, 16 Nov 1860, 19 Dec 1860, 19 Jan 1861, q753; SMH, 28 Nov, 15, 20 and 24 Dec 1860; Empire, 20 Dec 1860. The electorate stretched north to the Hawkesbury River, south to Campbelltown, then east to Botany Bay; the town of Parramatta had its own member: see NSW Dept of Lands, Electoral atlas of New South Wales 1856–2006, Bathurst, NSW Dept of Lands, 2006, p.12. The 1858 Electoral Act provided for 4, 2 and single member constituencies. On electoral procedure see Marian Simms, From the hustings to harbour views: electoral institutions in New South Wales, 1856–2006, Sydney, University of NSW Press, 2006, esp.pp.17–25. #304 Pungent satirist: Daniel Deniehy, ‘How I became Attorney- General of New Barataria’ (1860), in E.A.Martin, The Life and Speeches of Daniel Henry Deniehy, Melbourne, McNeil and Coffee, 1884, p.225. On the land issue see Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore, pp.321–40. SMH, 15 Dec 1860, adhered to its usual practice in reporting AM’s ‘Nebuchadnezzar speech’ in the third person: I have rephrased the quotation in the first person. (A rival newspaper, the Empire, often used the first person, but did not report this speech.)
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#305 ‘There was a gentleman’: SMH, 15 Dec 1860, emphasis added to clarify meaning. Conservative rout: Trevor McMinn, ‘1860’, in Michael Hogan et al. (eds), People’s choice: electoral politics in colonial New South Wales, Sydney, Federation Press, 2007, pp.94–95. Insane democracy: AM to John Panton, 19 Jan 1861, q753. #306 1863 election: SMH, 4, 8 and 11 Jun 1863; Bell’s Life in Sydney, 11 Jun 1863. The liberal Empire’s reporter, 4 Jun 1863, used the expression ‘grotesque clamour’. The issues of the period are clearly set out in Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore. Secret voting: AM to Forster, 7 Feb 1859, q541. AM on the magistracy: SMH, 24 Jun 1863; also 1 Aug 1863. #307 AM’s pursuit of delinquent magistrates in his electorate can be followed in papers relating to Mrs Laing; and Select Committee on the death of John Hart in Benevolent Asylum at Liverpool, New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Votes and proceedings, 1863–64, vol. 2, pp. 739–90; also Empire, 30 Nov 1864. On the magistracy generally: Select committee on the State of the Magistracy, Legislative Assembly, Votes and proceedings, 1858, vol. 2, pp.105–193; Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore, pp.414–21. On politics as the realm for gentlemen: Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore, esp.chs 7 and 11. Forster a true gentleman: AM to Emma M, 19 Sep 1860, q753. #308 Criticism of returning officers: SMH, 11 Jun 1863; Empire, 30 Nov 1864. Ignorant and improper men: SMH, 1 Aug 1863. #309 1864 election: SMH, 23 and 25 Nov 1860; Empire, 25, 29 and 30 Nov 1864. Martin: J.M.Bennett, Sir James Martin, Sydney, Federation Press, 2005, chs 1–8; Elena Grainger, Martin of Martin Place: a biography of Sir James Martin (1820–1886), Sydney, Alpha Books, 1970, pp.3–17, 109–10; Bede Nairn, ‘Martin, Sir James (1820–1886)’, ADB, vol 5, pp.216–19. AM fiercely supported free trade: eg Empire, 26 Nov 1864. State aid: article on AM in Kiama Pilot, Shoalhaven Gazette, and Impartial Reporter, 2 Jul 1868, clipping at q807; Bennett, James Martin, p.169. Inexorable hatred: Empire, 2 Mar 1868.
a HORSEWHIPPING IN PARLIAMENT HOUSE #310 The horsewhipping affair is based chiefly on newspaper reports and commentary in 1868, esp.SMH, 27–29 Feb, 2,3 Mar, 6,17,19 Jun; Empire, 27–29 Feb, 2,5 Mar, 12 May; Bell’s Life in Sydney,
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13 Jun. There was no official Hansard reporter and newspaper accounts sometimes differ. Also W.H.Wilkinson and J.S.Paterson (eds), Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of New South Wales, vol. VII, Sydney, J.J.Moore, 1869, pp.230–44. Bennett mentions the incident in Sir James Martin, pp.222–23; and Hirst in Freedom on the fatal shore, p.355, though without mentioning AM by name. Although the inspector of schools issue was controversial, it bore little relevance to subsequent events in the house. Parkes was Colonial Secretary, a title now separate from that of Premier. Lee: Martha Rutledge, ‘Lee, Benjamin (1825–1917)’, ADB, vol 5, pp.74–75. #311 Duelling: Hirst, Freedom on the fatal shore, pp.295–96. Suggestions that Lee had been drinking: Sydney Punch, 7 Mar 1868, p.114. #312 Royal visit: Inglis, Australian colonists, pp.94–103. What would the Prince think? Empire, 27 Feb 1868; SMH, 27 Feb 1868. Sydney Punch: 7,14 Mar 1868. #313 West on ‘native legislators’: SMH, 3 Mar 1868; Empire responds 5 Mar. Bitterest enemy: SMH, 29 Feb 1868; also Empire, 29 Feb 1868. Trifling affair:Empire , 12 May 1868. #314 AM in court: 6,17 Jun 1868. Vindication of principle: Kiama Pilot, 25 Jun 1868, clipping at q804. West’s harsh words: SMH, 27 Feb 1868. AM’s response with feeling: Empire, 28 Feb 1868. #315 Support from Emma: Emma M to AM, 22 Apr, 28 Jun, 29 Jul 1868, q235. #316 Political friends: Emma to AM, 11 Aug 1868, q235. An extended article in the Kiama Pilot, 25 Jun and 2 Jul 1868, was evidently intended to encourage him to stay. Emma adamant: to AM, 27 May, 11 Aug 1868, q235. AM’s last speech: SMH, 28 Oct 1868. Farewell dinner: SMH, 31 Oct 1868. A much grander banquet: Dundee Advertiser, 29 Oct 1869 (clipping at q450).
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15 MAKING FAMILIES
#318 AM’s political aspirations and frustration: AM to W.Forster, 28 Jan 1869, and nd [1869], q471; Forster to AM, 25 Mar 1869, q471. AM’s politics: Kiama Pilot, Shoalhaven Gazette, and Impartial Reporter, 2 Jul 1868, clipping at q807; AM to Arthur Holroyd, 13 Jul 1871, q806. Hopes for appointment as Agent-General: AM to Forster, 28 Jan 1869, 24 Jan 1870, q471. The exact role of the Agent-General was unclear at the time: Forster to AM, 3 Nov 1869, q471. #319 A terrible blow: Forster to AM, 8 Oct, 3 Nov 1869, 24 Jan 1870, q471. Some strange hallucination: Forster to AM, 21 Mar 1870, q471. Privy Council decision: Law reports: Privy Council appeals. Cases heard and determined by the Judicial Committee and the Lords of Majesty’s Most Honourable Privy Council, vol.III, 1869–71, London, William Clowes and Sons, 1871, pp.269–81; AM to Arthur Holroyd, 1 Dec 1871, q806. #320 Fixed determination to make a family: AM to Emma M, 19 Sep 1860, q753.
a TUNDING AT WINCHESTER This section draws substantially on Peter Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’: George Ridding and the belief in ‘Boy Government’”, in Roger Custance (ed.), Winchester College: sixth-centenary essays, Oxford, OUP, 1982, which is based on close research in the Winchester College archives. John Chandos, Boys together: English public schools 1800–1864, London, Hutchison, 1984, provides valuable background; and Charles Oman, Memories of Victorian Oxford and of some early years, 2nd ed., London, Methuen, 1941, is the best first-hand account. Brief biographies of students are in Henry John Hardy (ed.), Winchester College 1867–1920: a register, Winchester, P. and G. Wells, 1923. Jessie in Paris: AM to Frank Williams, 26 Mar 1869, q806. One all absorbing idea: AM to Forster, nd [1876], q471. #321 Designation of great public schools: Chandos, Boys together, pp.22–23. On career destinations of Winchester students, see T.J.H.Bishop, Winchester and the public school elite: a statistical analysis,
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London, Faber and Faber, 1967, esp.p.65; Oman, Memories, pp.25– 26. Immersed in tradition: Chandos, Boys together, esp.pp.23,112– 15. Charles Wordsworth’s influence: AM to editor of the Times, 18 Nov 1872, Times, 20 Nov; John Wordsworth, ‘Wordsworth, Charles (1806–1892)’, rev. H.C.G.Matthew, ODNB. Emma’s parents helped: AM to Mrs Blake, 19 May 1874, q509 (Emma’s father, Charles Blake, died in 1872). Keen sportsman: AM to Forster, nd [1876], q471. An old Etonian: Charles Rowcroft (1852), quoted in Chandos, Boys together, p.33. WCM’s school reports 1870–73, q509. #322 Pure misery: Oman, Memories, pp.31–32. On Tom Brown’s schooldays and the Clarendon Commission: Chandos, Boys together, pp.45–46, 328. Praefects and inferiors: Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, pp.443–52; Chandos, Boys together, pp.89–90; WCM to AM, 24 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov: ‘he is a Praefect and I am an inferior, which constitutes a great barrier between us’. Floggings: Chandos, Boys together, esp.ch.11. Spirit of Luther: Gerald Ritchie (comp. and ed.), The Ritchies in India: extracts from the correspondence of William Ritchie, 1817–1862; and personal reminiscences of Gerald Ritchie, London, John Murray, 1920, p.280. ‘William of Whack’em’: Punch, 11 Sep 1869. Ridding: Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, esp.p.432 n.8, 453–57; F.G.Kenyon, ‘Ridding, George (1828–1904)’, rev. M.C.Curthoys, ODNB. Ridding’s wife had died after just one year. Pupil numbers increased from 275 in 1867 to 385 in 1873: Charles Stevens, Winchester notions: the English dialect of Winchester College, ed. Christopher Stray, London, Athlone Press, 1998, p.8 (editor’s intro.). A remarkable adventure: WCM to Emma M, 13 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov. The term ‘Senior Commoner Praefect’ referred to a former division of the college between scholarship boys and ‘commoners’, who now occupied the new Houses. Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, traces the events in detail, with additional comments on the role of another praefect. #323 Notions: Stevens, Winchester notions; Oman, Memories, pp.29–30; Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, p.433 n.12; and many other sources, all of which are better at describing ‘notions’ than explaining their functions. The expression ‘notions’ was in fact of fairly recent currency. Ridding, quoted in his daughter Laura Ridding’s
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biography, George Ridding: schoolmaster and bishop, London, Edward Arnold, 1908, p. 99, and after him Gwyn, offer an empathetic account of the praefect, J.D.Whyte’s, actions. Strong views as to precedent and legality: Oman, Memories, p.35. He had come to be licked: WCM to AM, 24 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov. #324 Bruises: WCM to Emma M, 13 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov. Decidedly irritated: quoted in Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, p.440. A regular hero: WCM to Emma M, 13 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov; Oman, Memories, p.38, refers to his ‘martyrdom’. Reign of terror: Oman, Memories, pp.32–35; Stevens, Winchester notions, p.xvii. Oman, p.39, comments on the improved conditions, though Gwyn, p.476, remarks that they were short lived, and that corporal punishment for minor offences continued until at least the 1960s. #325 Perfect friends: WCM to AM, 28 Oct 1872, in Times, 29 Nov. Arm in arm: Ridding, George Ridding, p.99. AM quotes from his correspondence with Ridding in his letter to the Times, 18 Nov 1872, Times, 20 Nov. Charles Wordsworth’s involvement: Times, 20 Nov. Wordsworth’s comments on flogging are in hisAnnals of my early life 1806–1846, London, Longman, Green & Co., 1891, pp.236–37. Tunding in the press: Gwyn perused 99 letters on the issue (“The ‘Tunding Row’”, p.432 n.4). Many relevant letters and editorials can be located through the Gale Group’s 19th century British newspapers on-line. A former Wykehamist was R.Maude, Times, 13, 16 Nov 1872; Oman, Memories, p.36, identifies Maude as a friend of AM. ‘Indefensible and barbarous’ and ‘wholesome and effective’: Times, 16 Nov. ‘The Victim’, Times, 15 Nov. #326 Tom Brown’s spirit: Times, 16 Nov; also, eg, Graphic, 23 Nov and Punch, 7 Dec; but note eg of contrary view in Preston Guardian, 16 Nov. AM’s broadside: Times, 20 Nov; Ridding’s response: 22 Nov; Assistant masters: 21 Nov; WCM’s private letters, 29 Nov. Priceless advantage: Times, 25 Nov. Boy government: Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, esp.pp.443–47; Chandos, Boys together, pp.29,241–44, inc. reference to a comparable scandal at Harrow two decades earlier. That indefinable something: Times, 19 Nov. Religious zeal: Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, pp.455–57. Doubts
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about lads of 18: Times, 25 Nov. Changing attitudes: Chandos, Boys together, ch.15; Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, pp.457–58. What was at stake: Times, 28 Nov. #327 The flogged becomes the flogger: Preston Guardian, 16 Nov. ‘A letter from an artisan’: Punch, 23 Nov. Departure of the Second Master: Oman, Memories, p.38. Governing body’s decision: Times, 22 Jan 1873; Gwyn, “The ‘Tunding Row’”, pp.475–76. The chairman and another prominent member considered the report inadequate and resigned: Ridding, George Ridding, p.101. Ridding’s distress: Ridding, p.99. Tunded Macpherson: Oman, Memories, p.38.
tHE FAMILY TREE #328 The main sources for Clan Macpherson genealogy are Alan G. Macpherson’s ‘An old Highland genealogy and the evolution of a Scottish Clan’, Scottish studies, vol.10, 1966, pp.1–43; and The posterity of the three brethren: a short history of the Clan Macpherson, its tartans, music and heraldry (5th ed.), Newtonmore, Clan Macpherson Museum, 2004; also his ‘Historians of the Macphersons’, parts 1 to 4, Journal of the Clan Chattan Association, vols VII and VIII, 1981–1986. (These and other relevant articles by Alan G. Macpherson are reproduced at http://www.sonasmor.net/AGM_menu.html. AM’s questions to Aunt Harriot, 22 May 1866, q202. Covent Garden farce: Eliza M to her son WM, 4 Mar 1802, q165. The play was Charles Macklin’s Love à la mode. Seanachaidhs: Macpherson, ‘An old Highland genealogy’, p.2; ‘The Seanchaidhean’, part 2 of ‘Historians of the Macphersons’, Journal of the Clan Chattan Association, vol VII, no.6, 1982. #330 Sir Aeneas Macpherson and the Inverashie Book: Macpherson, ‘An old Highland genealogy’, pp.3–6; AM to Duncan Macpherson of Cluny, 21 Sep 1873 (extract), in Creag Dhubh, no.11, 1959; AM to W.Forster, 25 Oct 1874, q471. #331 Fourth cousins, ‘the great tree’ and AM’s reflections: AM to W.Forster, 25 Oct 1874, q471. Sir Aeneas Macpherson’s tree included many illegitimate individuals and lineages: AM’s failure to acknowledge the Williams family was in keeping with Victorian times.
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#332 AM thanks AW ‘for all the trouble you are taking about my troublesome affairs in both Colonies’: 12 Aug 1869, q806. Poor investments: AM to ?, 19 Apr 1871, q805; AM to AW, 24 Jan 1870, 5 Sep 1871, q806. AW’s misfortunes: AW to AM, 11 Jul 1872, q328. Softening of the brain: W.Forster to AM, 25 Feb 1870, q471. Colonial marriage: in 1911, when Lucy, the youngest of the 11 Williams children, turned 53, only 12 per cent of women aged 45–49 were unmarried and 22 per cent of men. These figures were significantly lower in earlier years, when the Williams children were at an age more likely to marry. See Peter F. McDonald, Marriage in Australia: age at first marriage and proportions marrying, 1860–1971, Canberra, Australian National University, 1975, esp. table 40. It paid to be white: on ‘half-castes’ see Henry Reynolds, Nowhere people: how international race thinking shaped Australian’s identity, Camberwell, Penguin, 2005. Information about the Williams family is based chiefly on clippings and genealogical records in the possession of Pam Webster, and an undated and unsigned note to Allan Crowther Williams from one of his siblings (probably Edith Sophia) in the possession of Elaine Williams. Allan Williams jnr’s career: Matt J.Fox (comp.), The history of Queensland: its people and industries, vol.3, Brisbane, States Publishing, 1923, pp.340–41; SMH, [?] 1931. Frank Williams (1846–1904), the sixth child of Allan and Sophia Williams, married in the 1880s and had one daughter, who died without issue in her early twenties. #335 Death records: NSW Registrar of Births, deaths and marriages; Audrey Barnes, St Paul’s Church of England, Canterbury, burial records, [typescript, Earlwood, NSW] Canterbury and District Historical Society, 1986.
retirement AM’s daily activities: AM to Arthur Holroyd, 1 Dec 1870, q806; AM to W.Forster, 25 Oct 1874, q471. [Mrs Allan Macpherson,] The angel of the desert: and other poems, by A Lady, Windsor (Vic.), printed by J.E.Tarrant, 188?. (Thanks to Andrew Serjeant at the National Library of Australia for confirming place and approximate date
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of publication. Emma probably published the booklet when she passed through Melbourne with AM in 1884.) #336 County and parish duties: see Blairgowrie Advertiser, 14 Nov 1891, and other clippings in WCM’s family scrapbook, q727. Clearness and vigour: Blairgowrie Advertiser, Nov 1891, clipping in scrapbook, q727. Pitched battle: W.Forster to AM, nd [1877–78], q800. Weighing machine controversy: Dundee Advertiser, 22 Nov 1879, Perthshire Advertiser, 24 Nov, q450. Reconciliation: W.Forster to AM, 19 Aug 1874; AM to W.Forster, 25 Oct 1874; W.Forster to AM, 12 Feb 1875, q471. Grumpy old men: W.Forster to AM, nd [c.1877], 26 Aug 1880, 18 Sep 1880, and other letters and fragments, q805; 6–7 Jun 1875, q471; and AM to W.Forster, nd [1876], q471; also AM to Archibald Michie, nd [Sep 1876], q805. Forster published his views at this time in Political presentments, London, Trubner, 1878; see also Gregory Melleuish, ‘William Forster and the critique of democracy in colonial New South Wales’, conference paper, Dunedin 2005, Australasian Political Studies Association http:// auspsa.anu.edu.au/proceedings/publications/Melluishpaper.pdf [accessed 10 August 2006]. #337 Visit from the Forsters: AM to AW, 29 Oct[?] 1876, q806. Court dress: W.Forster to AM, nd [1875?], q805; also Bede Nairn, ‘Forster, William (1818–1882)’, ADB, vol. 4, pp.199–201. #338 AM advises Forster: 30 Jun 1877, and nd[1879?], 16 Oct 1879, q471; 26 Aug 1877, q805. Forster’s recall: Forster to AM, 15 Oct, 3 Nov 1879, q471; see also David S.MacMillan, ‘The Australians in London, 1857–1880: a study in the opinions and influence of Sir Charles Nicholson and his circle, with a consideration of the career of William Forster as Agent General for NSW, and of the circumstances of his dismissal’, Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol.44, pt 3, Sep 1958. AM on emigration: AM to Archibald Michie, nd [Sep 1876], q805. Hatred of human nature: AM to W.Forster, 27 Mar 1877, q471. Colonial properties: letters re properties 1868–81, q328; List of AM property transactions, 17 Mar 1884, q807; Hardie & Gorman (solicitors, Sydney) to Emma M, 20 Apr 1896, q804.
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Strawberries and jam: WCM to Emma M, 19 May 1880, q486; WCM to AM, 3 Sep 1883, q486; Representative documents assembled by WCM, with his covering note 9 Jun 1928, q451. #339 AM’s death: Ella M’s 1890s journals, q813. Debts: WCM to Tim [Burra], 7 Jun 1931, scrapbook, q727. AM’s obituary: Blairgowrie Advertiser, Nov 1891, clipping in scrapbook, q727.
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16 DUTY
#340 Winchester destinations in 1870s were military 21.4%, business 14.9%, law 12.2%, church 8.4%; Imperial civil service accounted for just 5%: T.J.H.Bishop, Winchester and the public school elite: a statistical analysis, London, Faber and Faber, 1967, p.67. Changing relationship: see John M.Mackenzie, ‘Empire and metropolitan cultures’, and Robin J.Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858– 1914’, in Andrew Porter (ed.), The nineteenth century, The Oxford history of the British empire, vol.3, Oxford, OUP, 1999, pp.280–81, 422–27. Passing through Ceylon: ‘A Lady’ [Emma Macpherson], My experiences in Australia. Being recollections of a visit to the Australian colonies in 1856–7, London, J.F.Hope, 1860, p.338.
servinG THE RAJ #341 This section draws substantially on David Gilmour, The ruling caste: imperial lives in the Victorian Raj, London, John Murray, 2005; although Gilmour did not refer to the Macpherson Collection, WCM’s attitudes and experiences resonate through his pages. For other views on the Indian Civil Service see Bradford Spangenberg, British bureaucracy in India: status, policy and the I.C.S., in the late 19th century, New Delhi, Manohar, 1976; and Maria Misra, “Colonial officers and gentlemen: the British Empire and the globalization of ‘tradition’”, Journal of global history, vol.3, issue 3, 2008. On use of the term career: David Lambert and Alan Lester (eds), Colonial lives across the British empire: imperial careering in the long nineteenth century, Cambridge, CUP, editors’ Introduction, pp.21–24. On competitive Indian Civil Service, see J.M.Compton, ‘Open competition and the Indian civil service, 1854–1876’, English historical review, vol.83, no.327, Apr 1968; C.J.Dewey, ‘The education of a ruling caste: the Indian civil service in the era of competitive examination’, English historical review, vol.88, no.347, Apr 1973; and Gilmour, Ruling caste, ch.2. Wren’s college: letters to or relating to Wren, 1872–75, q486 and q509; Ritchie, The Ritchies in India, p.301; M. C. Curthoys, ‘Wren, Walter (1834–1898)’, ODNB. Crammers: Dewey, ‘The education of a ruling caste’, pp.272–73; Gilmour, Ruling caste, p.45.
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#342 Dreadful examination: WCM to Emma M, 23 Mar 1874, q509. Perhaps to spite the crammers: WCM to AM, 3 Apr 1874, q509. On official hostility to crammers: Dewey, ‘The education of a ruling caste’, p.272; Demanding Commissioner: WCM to Emma M, 14 Nov 1875, q486. Attending courts: WCM to AM, 17 Jun 1875, q486. Brother Alan had sat for the ICS examination but failed: AM to W.Forster, 13 May 1877, q471. George and Ewan favour Winchester: Ridding, George Ridding, p.101. #343 On board SS Viceroy: WCM’s shipboard diary, 13–24 Nov 1877, q486. Reception at Calcutta: WCM to AM, 28 Dec 1877, q508. Sylhet (Karim Ganj): WCM to Emma M, 29 Sep 1878, 19 May 1880, q486. Civilians avoided Assam (and Bengal): Gilmour, Ruling caste, p.59. #344 Indian population figures are at http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe. edu.au/dcd/census.htm. Missing examinations: WCM to Emma M, 25 Nov 1880, q486. Risk of violence: WCM to Emma M, 19 May 1880, q486. #345 Rowdy planters: quoted in Gilmour, Ruling caste, p.102. WCM and Charlie: Ritchie, The Ritchies in India, p.296; from the letters home, WCM seems to be chiefly concerned in keeping Charlie out of financial and other troubles. Tiresome district work: WCM to AM, 3 Sep 1883, q486; Gilmour, Ruling caste, pp.123–28. On Mount Abundance: WCM to Emma M, 19 May 1880, q486. Shillong: WCM to Emma M, 16 Jul, 7 Aug 1883, q486. Entertainments: WCM to Emma M, 16 Jul, 7 Aug 1883, q486. On Indian Civil Service preoccupations with precedence see Gilmour, Ruling caste, pp.77–78. #346 Pleasant berth: WCM to AM, 3 Sep 1883, q486. Trip by palanquin: WCM (Gaza District, Bengal) to Emma M, 1884, q486. #347 Cheerless days: WCM to Emma M, 4 Dec 1884, q486. Diary entries, Nov 1884, q486. Anxious time: WCM to Emma M, 4 Dec 1884, q486. Maharani (of Tikari)’s invitation: WCM to Emma M, 4 Dec 1884, q486.
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'THE PRIZES & THE HONOURS OF THE SERVICE' #348 What was it all for: see inter al. Mackenzie, ‘Empire and metropolitan cultures’, pp.270–93. Indian Civil Service salaries: Gilmour, Ruling caste, pp.221–22; as Gilmour explains, the depreciation of the rupee had a marked impact on salaries. Shivering nights: eg WCM to Emma M, 4 Dec 1884, q486. Orders of chivalry: Thomas R.Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (The New Cambridge History of India, III.4), Cambridge, CUP, 1994, pp.77– 78. WCM ambitious: WCM to AM, 3 Sep 1883, q486. #349 Empress of India debate, inc. Lowe’s comment: Metcalf, Ideologies, pp.60–63. AM’s respect for Lowe: A.Patchett Martin, Life and letters of the Right Honourable Robert Lowe Viscount Sherbrooke, London, Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893, vol.II, p.14. #350 Learning Bengali: WCM to Emma M, 29 Sep 1878, q486. Intention to study agriculture: WCM to Emma M, 16 Jul 1883, q486; at this stage he hoped to enrol at the Royal Agricultural College at Cirencester, but his name does not appear on College class lists (information kindly provided by RAC). On attitudes of officials in Indian Civil Service, see Gilmour, Ruling caste, esp. ch.12. For a critical summary, Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858–1914’, pp.429–30. On British sense of superiority, see Metcalf, Ideologies, esp.ch.3. Legislation relating to Indian magistrates: this was the Ilbert Bill, which Gilmour says ‘provoked a spectacular case of Anglo- Indian collective hysteria’; see Gilmour, Ruling caste, pp.132–34; Metcalf, Ideologies, pp.203–14; Barbara Caine, Bombay to Bloomsbury: a biography of the Strachey family, Oxford, OUP, 2005, pp.47–48. WCM’s view: to AM, 3 Sep 1883, q486. On arguments about empire see Mackenzie, ‘Empire and metropolitan cultures’. #351 Beginnings of the Second Afghan War: WCM to Emma M, 12 Oct 1878; to George M, 24 Nov 1878, q486. Distressing state of things: WCM to Emma M, 27 Dec 1879, q486. #352 On marriage in Indian Civil Service: Gilmour, Ruling caste, ch.14.
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WCM’s marriage: Blairgowrie Advertiser, 23 Oct 1886. #353 Calcutta society: Ella M to Emma M, 28 Dec 1886; and WM to Emma M, 30 Nov 1886, q486. Ella’s pony: Ella M to Emma M, 28 Dec 1886, q486. As happy as possible: WCM to Emma M, 15 May 1887, q486. One ‘l’ or two: note by WCM in Ella M to Emma M, Jun 1887, q486. Drudgery of desk work: WCM to AM, 4 Dec 1886, q486. #354 WCM’s appointments are set out in his Career and obituary file, unnumbered, Macpherson Collection; also Isla M to Alan D.M, 16 Feb 1966, q727; and Blairgowrie Advertiser, 18 Nov 1927, q450. Hard work at Mozufferpore: Ella M’s journal, Apr 1889, q813. Standard reference work: WCM career and obituary file; A.M.A.Munith, ‘The Deputy Commissioner and development administration’, in Nagendra Kr. Singh (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh, Anmol Publications, 2003, pp.129–30. The official replacement was the District Officers’ Handy Reference Book, pub.1901 and rev.1908 and 1918 (BL holds a copy of the 1908 edition). Appointment to settlement work: WCM to Ella M, 29 Nov 1891, q813. Revenue survey: Peter Robb, Ancient rights and future comforts: Bihar, the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885, and British rule in India, Richmond (Surrey), Curzon, 1997, esp.ch.8; Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (http://banglapedia.net/english/index.htm) includes lucid articles on ‘Land survey’, ‘Permanent settlement’, ‘Bengal Tenancy Act 1885’, etc. Elliott justifies the proposed Bihar survey in his ‘Reply to an address of the indigo planters of Behar and Sonepur, Nov., 1891’, in Charles Alfred Elliott [and F.H.B.Skrine], Laborious days: leaves from the Indian record of Sir Charles Alfred Elliott, Calcutta, printed by J.Larkins, 1892, appendix, pp.x–xiii. Physically exhausting: ‘Diary of tour in the Central Provinces’ (printed extract from an unidentified official document), WCM Record of services in India scrapbook, unnumbered, Macpherson Collection. #355 Watch chain: Isla M to Alan D.M, 16 Feb 1966, q727. Forecast of fiasco: H.J.S.Cotton, quoted in Robb,Ancient rights, p.275. Outcomes of the survey: Robb, p.277, concludes that in the long term, since the registers were not maintained, the state merely succeeded in entrenching the successes of the strong. The Bihar
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survey took ten years to complete. On settlement work generally see Gilmour, The ruling caste, pp.109–14. Tauzi: Note by Alan D.M in The Macphersons of Blairgowrie, copy 2. (Ella M referred to WCM’s appointment to ‘hunt the Tauzi’: Ella M journal, 9 Dec 1894, q813.) Right-hand man: Elliott’s address to civil servants, in clipping from Englishman (Calcutta), [day and month missing] 1895, WCM Record of services in India. #356 Elliott’s recommendation: WCM to C.W.Bolton, 15 Jul 1898; Bolton to WCM, 18 Jul 1898; WCM to F.W.Duke, 18 Nov 1911, WCM Career and obituary file. #357 Quick promotions: WCM to Alan D.M, 2 Sep 1929, q452. Imperious Emma: WCM to Sir Andrew Fraser, 12 Dec 1905, WCM Record of services in India. Possible retirement: WCM to Fraser, 19 Jun 1905; Fraser to WCM, 3 Oct, WCM Record of services in India. On significance of the Revenue Board see entry in Banglapedia. On the partition of Bengal see [Andrew H.L.Fraser,] The administration of Bengal under Sir Andrew Fraser, K.C.S.I. 1903–1908, Calcutta, Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1908; Fraser, Among Indian rajahs and ryots, Allahabad, Chugh Publications, 1911, ch.XXIII; Katherine Prior, ‘Fraser, Sir Andrew Henderson Leith (1848–1919)’, ODNB; Gordon Johnson, ‘Partition, agitation and Congress: Bengal 1904 to 1908’, Modern Asian studies, vol.7, no.3, 1973; Vinod Kumar Saxena (ed.), The partition of Bengal (1905–1911): select documents, Delhi, Kanishka, 1987; P.G.Robb, The evolution of British policy towards Indian politics 1880–1920: essays on colonial attitudes, imperial strategies, and Bihar, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992, esp.ch.3; Sukharanjan Sengupta, Curzon’s partition of Bengal and aftermath, Kolkata, Naya Udyog, 2006. WCM appears to have supported Fraser’s policies, though his precise role awaits further investigation. #358 Baker and memorial: Isla M to Alan D.M, 16 Feb 1966, q727. WCM was influenced by the medical scientist (Sir) Leonard Rogers: see also Rogers, Happy toil: fifty-five years of tropical medicine, London, Frederick Muller, 1950, p.159; G.C.Cook, ‘Leonard Rogers KCSI FRCP FRS (1868–1962) and the founding of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine’, Notes and records of the Royal Society, vol.60, no.2, May 2006; money left over from building the statue eventually went to the School.
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Abrupt resignation: WCM to Under-Secretary of State for India, 5 Sep 1911; to C.J.Stevenson Moore, 5 Sep 1911; to Duke, 18 Nov 1911, WCM Record of services in India. The immediate cause of WCM’s resignation related to the government’s reluctance to bring him back from leave to undertake a short project for which he was especially well qualified. Maharajah’s request: Rajendra Mohan Gupta to WCM, 29 May 1911; WCM to Gupta 27 Jun, WCM Record of services in India. Most experienced officer: Capital, 22 Sep 1910; unswerving devotion: Empire (Calcutta), extracted in Statesman (Calcutta), 23 Dec 1911; no British officer: Statesman, 4 Apr 1911: all clippings in WCM Record of services in India.
CONSOLATIONS #359 Alan D.M’s career: ‘Cluny’s account of Cluny’, Creag Dhubh, vol.3, no.18, 1966; wartime letters to parents and note by WCM, q301; Alan D.M.’s notes re Passchendaele, 1918, q811; letters from Alan D.M. to WCM, 1926, q453. Conflict in Waziristan: Brian Robson, Crisis on the frontier: the third Afghan war and the campaign in Waziristan 1919–1920, Staplehurst (Kent), Spellmount, 2004; Robson refers to the conflict as ‘the last act of the Third Afghan War’ (p.xiii). #360 Palestine: WCM to Alan D.M., 2 Sep 1829, q452. WCM’s daughters: information from Jean Ann Scott Miller and Sir William Macpherson, 2009. Sheila the doctor: Sheila M to WCM, 25 Jul [1925], q545. #361 Kalimpong: letters from Sheila and Isla to their parents, 1928–29, q823; J.A.Graham to WCM and Ella M, 30 Jan 1829, q823; James R.Minto, Graham of Kalimpong, Edinburgh, William Blackwood, 1974 (inc. ‘the Anglo-Indian problem’). WCM’s links with Graham: Statesman (Calcutta), 4 Apr 1911; St Andrew’s Homes letterhead, q823. David Macpherson (born 1900): see D.W.K.Macpherson, Little birds and elephants: a diary in Portuguese East Africa & Nyasaland 1928–1929, ed. Isabel Macpherson, Blonay (Switzerland), Denham House, 2005; and http://www.birdsandelephants.com/home.htm [accessed 1 Mar 2009].
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#362 Financial problems: WCM to Tim [Burra], 7 Jun 1931, WCM’s family scrapbook, q727; Alan D.M. to WCM, Jan 1926, q453. George M died at the Battle of Loos on 27 Sep 1915; Blairgowrie Advertiser, 2 Oct 1915; typescript documents by WCM on the Blake, Powney, Denis and Beswick families, dating from the 1890s, Blake-Espitalié Collection. Raspberries: Blairgowrie Advertiser, Jul 1936. A rich man’s plaything: Alan D.M. to WCM (quoting his father back to him), Jan 1926, q453. Selling Blairgowrie: WCM to Tim [Burra], 7 Jun 1931, scrapbook, q727; Sheila to WCM, 8, 19 Jun [1928]; Isla to WCM, 19 Jun [1928], q823. #363 Macphersons of Blairgowrie: WCM to Tim [Burra], 7 Jun 1931, scrapbook, q727. Over 700 acres: Return of owners of lands and heritages in Scotland, 1872–73, Edinburgh, Murray & Gibb, 1874, p.166 (estimating 741 acres). WCM’s community service: Blairgowrie Advertiser, [?] Jul 1936. Isobel M (died 1760s): note by WCM [c1933], q453. Research on Emma M’s ancestry is in WCM’s family scrapbook, q727. Research on Uncle Allan: WCM to Sir John M (Somerset), 18 Mar 1932, and Sir John M to WCM, 23 Mar, q473. Soldiering in India: relevant papers at q185, 454, 500, 518, 825; quotations are from the Introduction, p.v.
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17 REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING
#365 Funeral of Allan M (1818–91): Blairgowrie Advertiser, 14 Nov 1891.
monUMENTS #367 Emperor of bust-chisellers: Gentleman’s magazine, vol.XCIII, Aug 1823, p.167. Memorial to James ‘Ossian’ Macpherson: Fiona J.Stafford, The sublime savage: a study of James Macpherson and the poems of Ossian, Edinburgh, Edinburgh UP, 1988, p.6; Extract will of James Macpherson, 10 Sep 1793, q202; AM to Col. Duncan M of Cluny, 3 May 1800, and encs, q233. #368 Macintyre’s tablet: Alistair K.Macintyre and Alan G.Macpherson, ‘Lieut-Gen John Macintyre, the laird of Balavil that never was’, Creag Dhubh, no.59, 2007. #369 Burial of William and Jessy: see Keith A.Johnson and Malcolm R.Sainty (comps), Gravestone inscriptions N.S.W., vol. 1, Sydney Burial Ground, Sydney, Genealogical Publications, 1973. My thanks to John L.Macpherson for help in tracing burial details. Stained glass: SMH, 4 Dec 1868; S.M.Johnstone, The book of St Andrew’s Cathedral Sydney, rev. J.H.L.Johnstone, Sydney, Angus& Robertson, 1968 (first published 1937), pp.103–07. The artist was Charles Edmund Clutterbuck, from Stratford in East London. The subjects, probably selected by the Cathedral Building Committee, are Moses lifting up the serpent, John the Baptist preaching in the wilderness, and Abraham offering up Isaac. A design for the window is in the Macpherson Collection. Oddly, relevant minute books in the Sydney Diocesan Archives do not mention the window or the donation. Pulpit in St Catharine’s Church, Blairgowrie: Blairgowrie Advertiser, Jan 1893, clipping in q727. #370 Ashfield graveyard: Audrey Barnes (comp.), St. Paul’s Church of England, Canterbury, burial records, [typescript, Earlwood (NSW),] Canterbury and District Historical Society, 1986, pp.2,54. Dugald Stewart monument: Gordon Macintyre, Dugald Stewart: the pride and ornament of Scotland, Brighton, Sussex Academic Press, 2003, pp.1–2,228–30 (quotation p.1); Listed Building Report,
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Historic Scotland http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_ HBNUM=27835 [accessed 10 Feb 2009]. #371 Bush monument: Hugh Gordon Munro, The monument at Keera: with brief historical notes and details of places of interest at Keera Station, near Bingara, N.S.W., Australia, 14th February, 1960 [Bingara, NSW, privately published] 1960, with accompanying program; on Munro, see Jillian Oppenheimer, Munros’ luck: from Scotland to Keera, Weebollabolla, Boombah and Ross Roy, Walcha, Ohio Productions, 1998. Great Australian silence: W.E.H.Stanner, The 1968 Boyer Lectures: After the Dreaming, Sydney, ABC, 1968, p.25.
pLACES #373 Spiritual home: Paul Basu, ‘Macpherson Country: genealogical identities, spatial histories and the Scottish diasporic clanscape’, Cultural geographies, vol.12, no.2, 2005; and his Highland homecomings: genealogy and heritage tourism in the Scottish diaspora, London, Routledge, 2007, esp.pp.133–44 (and p.141 for the cairn). #374 Keera flood: Munro, The monument at Keera, p.16. Bernera fire: The leader (Liverpool), 16 Apr 1986. Well-designed vernacular: The heritage of Australia: the illustrated register of the National Estate, South Melbourne, Macmillan in association with the Australian Heritage Commission, 1981, p.2/21. Bernera was recorded on the Register of the National Estate in 1980: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi- bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;place_id=3290 [accessed 15 Mar 2009]. #375 Location of Mt Abundance head station: information from Peter Keegan, Roma; my thanks, too, to Pat and Don Tite of Mount Abundance homestead.
paper #376 Excising documents re strawberries: note by WCM, 9 Jun 1928, q451. Destroying ‘unkind letters’: note by WCM, nd, q432. #377 Publication of My experiences: AM to J.F.Hope Publisher, 11 Apr 1859; Copy of agreement between AM and J.F.Hope, 14 July 1859, q381. Printing of Mount Abundance: letters and documents at q800.
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Book of annals: WCM to Emma M, 24 Jun 1888, q486. Printed annals: The Macphersons of Blairgowrie, copies A and B, Macpherson Collection. #378 Edward Homer Williams: war diary, Elsie Homer Williams Collection; Letters, photographs and postcards, PR01220, Australian War Memorial (this includes typescript copy of diary); service record, item 1806615, B2455/1, National Archives of Australia http://naa12.naa.gov.au/scripts/ItemDetail. asp?M=0&B=1806615; L.C.Wilson and H.Wetherell, History of the Fifth Light Horse Regiment, 1914–1919, part 1: from September, 1914, to October, 1917, Sydney, Motor Press, 1926 http://www.anzacs. org/5lhr/index.html. #379 Fine views: Shell Green Cemetery, Commonwealth War Graves Commission http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_ details.aspx?cemetery=66901&mode=1. #380 Henry Stuart Homer Williams: Australian Imperial Force War Diary of 53rd Infantry Battalion for April 1918, item number 23/70/21, Australian War Memorial http://www.awm.gov.au/ cms_images/AWM4/23/AWM4-23-70-21.pdf; service record, item 1808271, B2455/1, National Archives of Australia http://naa12.naa. gov.au/scripts/ItemDetail.asp?M=0&B=1808271. On burying and remembering war dead see K.S.Inglis, Sacred places: war memorials in the Australian landscape, Melbourne, Miegunyah, 1998, esp.pp.85–106. #381 The family’s story: Matt.J.Fox (ed.), History of Queensland: its people and industries, vol.3, Adelaide, Hussey & Gillingham for the States Publishing Co., Brisbane, 1923, pp.340–41; also ‘A pioneer passes’, typescript obituary for Allan Williams [1931], Elsie Homer Williams Collection. #382 On Australia as a white man’s country see, inter al., Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds, Drawing the global colour line: white men’s countries and the question of racial equality, Carlton (Vic.), Melbourne UP, 2008, esp.ch.6.
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EPILOGUE
#384 ‘I feel that he is home’: Statement by Neville Lawrence to the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, 7 March 1998, Appendix 7 to the Inquiry, 1999 [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/ document/cm42/4262/sliap07a.htm, accessed 7 Mar 2005]. Daily Mail declaration: 14 Feb 1997. #385 Two senior police officers: John G.D.Grieve and Julie French, ‘Does institutional racism exist in the Metropolitan Police Service?’, in David G.Green (ed.), Institutional Racism and the Police: fact or fiction?, London, Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2000 [http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs06.pdf, accessed 1 Jun 2009]. The literature relating to the Macpherson Report is vast, beginning in 1999 and extending throughout the period I have been writing this book. It includes articles by some of Britain’s best known social commentators. Travels to Australia: ‘Cluny’s message for 2001’, Creag Dhubh, 2001, no.53, p.5; and information from Sir William Macpherson. Properties north of Sydney: plans and documents at q804. Williams family: newspaper clippings and documents in the Elsie Homer Williams Collection, in the possession of Pam Webster; interview with Pam Webster, 22 Jul 2005; Former Homevale Station: a conservation plan for the Nebo Shire Council, Brisbane, Adam Lovell Architects, 2004 [http://www.nebo.qld. gov.au/images/PDF%20Files/FormerHomevaleHomestead.pdf, accessed 6 Feb 2009]. #386 Instinctive understanding: Mackay Daily Mercury, 4 Jul 1981. #387 The fifth Allan Williams and his family: Paula Heelan, ‘Family favourite’, R.M.Williams Outback, issue 41, Jun–Jul 2005. ‘Riverside’ station was previously known as ‘Goonyella’.
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