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Influência Da Complexidade Do Habitat E Da Sazonalidade Sobre a Fauna Associada a Macroalgas De Um Manguezal Hipersalino

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Influência Da Complexidade Do Habitat E Da Sazonalidade Sobre a Fauna Associada a Macroalgas De Um Manguezal Hipersalino UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DA PARAÍBA Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa – PRPGP Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação – PPGEC RAFAELA CRISTINA DE SOUZA DUARTE Influência da Complexidade do Habitat e da Sazonalidade sobre a Fauna Associada a Macroalgas de um Manguezal Hipersalino Orientadora: Profa. Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias Campina Grande – PB 2014 RAFAELA CRISTINA DE SOUZA DUARTE Influência da Complexidade do Habitat e da Sazonalidade sobre a Fauna Associada à Macroalgas de um Manguezal Hipersalino Dissertação de Mestrado submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (Nível Mestrado) da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB), como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias Campina Grande – PB 2014 É expressamente proibida a comercialização deste documento, tanto na forma impressa como eletrônica. Sua reprodução total ou parcial é permitida exclusivamente para fins acadêmicos e científicos, desde que na reprodução figure a identificação do autor, título, instituição e ano da dissertação. D812i Duarte, Rafaela Cristina de Souza. Influência da complexidade do habitat e da sazonalidade sobre a fauna associada a macroalgas de um manguezal hipersalino [manuscrito] / Rafaela Cristina de Souza Duarte. - 2014. 85 p. : il. color. Digitado. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia e Conservação) - Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, 2014. "Orientação: Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias, Departamento de Biologia". 1. Arquitetura algal. 2. Complexidade estrutural. 3. Heterogeneidade de habitat. 4. Invertebrados marinhos. I. Título. 21. ed. CDD 577 DEDICATÓRIA Ao meu pai, Severino do Ramo Duarte (in memoriam) A Maria José de Souza Duarte (minha mãe) que nunca mediu esforços para me conduzir pelos caminhos do saber. AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, primeiramente que me concedeu a benção de chegar até aqui. A todos aqueles que participaram direta e indiretamente desta caminhada árdua e recompensadora, bem como desse esforço individual e, ao mesmo tempo coletivo que é fazer um trabalho de dissertação. Aos meus familiares em especial a minha mãe Maria José de Souza Duarte por todo apoio e a minha vó Antônia Cabral, pelo exemplo de mulher e ser humano lindo. A Danilo Arruda (meu noivo) pela paciência, por suportar todos os momentos de ausência e ajudar nos momentos de dificuldades e nos obstáculos que surgiram nessa caminhada. A Professora Thelma Lúcia Pereira Dias, pela sua fundamental contribuição para a minha formação enquanto ser humano e acadêmico. Minha eterna gratidão. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação em especial a professora Joseline Mollozi, pela ajuda com as análises estatísticas e ao professor André Pessanha, pelas discussões e ajuda no trabalho de dissertação. A Luis Carlos, pelas ajudas nas coletas de campo e todo o apoio logístico. A Dona Dalci e Sr. Belo pela receptividade e hospitalidade, sempre nos recebendo em sua casa com carinho. As colegas do mestrado Adna, Carol e em especial a Ellori, companheira de todas as horas. Aos companheiros de pesquisa do Labmar Bel (Jacicleide), Jéssica, Priscila, Romilda, Lamara e Lívia pela companhia e ajuda. As minhas amigas da vida Carina, Claudia, Renata e Rosinete, pela compreensão e apoio sempre. Ao colega Leidson Alan pela identificação das macroalgas estudadas. Agradeço ao apoio financeiro da CAPES. LISTA DE FIGURAS ÁREA DE ESTUDO GERAL Figura 1 Estuário do Rio Tubarão. (a) Localização da área de estudo no litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte. (b) Imagem de satélite ilustrando toda a extensão do Rio Tubarão. (c) Vista parcial do Rio Tubarão durante a maré baixa ................................................................................................................................... 21 Figura 2- Bancos de algas formados no estuário do Rio Tubarão, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte. (a) Vista parcial de um banco de alga exposto durante a baixa- mar às margens do manguezal. (b) Vista parcial de um banco submerso de macroalgas no Rio Tubarão a 1,5 metros de profundidade. ................................... 22 CAPÍTULO I Figura 1 - Espécies de macroalgas estudadas no estuário do Rio Tubarão, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte. ................................................................................................. 35 Figura 2- Desenho esquemático de uma alga ilustrando alguns dos parâmetros analisados para verificar a complexidade estrutural do talo a partir de sua estrutura morfológica ................................................................................................................ 36 Figura 3- Dendrograma da análise de agrupamento utilizando a distância euclidiana para ilustrar a similaridade entre as réplicas de macroalgas estudadas. .. 39 Figura 4 – Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) para os atributos da arquitetura algal analisados nas espécies macroalgais estudadas .............................. 40 Figura 5- Número total de espécies (S) e de indivíduos (N) entre as diferentes espécies macroalgais ................................................................................................. 41 Figura 6- Valores de riqueza de espécies de Margalef (d) e diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H’) para as assembleias de moluscos presentes nas diferentes espécies macroalgais estudadas ............................................................................... 42 Figura 7- Modelo de ordenação multidimensional (NMDS) com relação a composição das assembleias de moluscos associados as diferentes espécies de macroalgas ................................................................................................................. 43 Figura 8- Algumas das espécies mais frequentes e abundantes nas macroalgas estudadas .................................................................................................................... 44 Figura 9- Análise de Distance-based Redundancy Analysis (dbRDA) com relação a arquitetura algal e a abundância das assembleias de moluscos associados as diferentes espécies de macroalgas .............................................................................. 45 CAPÍTULO II Figura 1 - Estuário do Rio Tubarão, ilustrando o setor amostral de coleta das macroalgas estudadas em Macau, Rio Grande do Norte. ........................................... 67 Figura 2- Espécies de macroalgas estudadas no estuário do Rio Tubarão, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte. ................................................................................................. 67 Figura 3 – Modelo de ordenação multidimensional (NMDS) com relação aos atributos morfológicos de Gracilaria sp. (chuva), Solieria filiformes (seca) e Dictyota 71sp. (seca) estudadas ................................................................................................ 71 Figura 4- Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) para os atributos da arquitetura algal analisados nas espécies Gracilaria sp. (chuva), Solieria filiformes (seca) e Dictyota sp. (seca) ..................................................................................................................... 72 Figura 5- Abundância dos táxons associados às macroalgas nos período de chuva (Gracilaria sp.) e seca (Dictyota sp. e Solieria filiformes) no Rio Tubarão ................ 73 Figura 6- Modelo de Ordenação Multidimensional (NMDS) com relação à abundância dos táxons de macroinvertebrados associados às macroalgas nos período de chuva (Gracilaria sp.) e seca (Dictyota sp. e Solieria filiformes) no Rio Tubarão ...................................................................................................................... 73 Figura 7- Análise de Distance-based Redundancy Analysis (dbRDA) com relação a arquitetura algal e a abundância de macroinvertebrados associados a Gracilaria sp. (chuva) e Dictyota sp. e Solieria filiformes (seca) no estuário do Rio Tubarão ............... 74 Figura 8- Número total de espécies (S), número total de indivíduos, riqueza de espécies de Margalef (d) e diversidade de Shannon-Wiener (H’) da malacofauna associada a Solieria filiformes nos períodos de seca e chuva ..................................... 75 Figura 9- Modelo de ordenação multidimensional (NMDS) com relação a composição da malacofauna da macroalga Solieria filiformes, nos períodos estudados .................... 76 Figura 10- Espécies de moluscos mais abundantes no fital de Solieria filiformes, nos períodos de seca e chuva ...................................................................................... 70 LISTA DE TABELAS CAPÍTULO I Tabela 1- Atributos algais analisados nas quatro espécies de macroalgas ............ 35 Tabela 2- Valores médios (±DP) dos atributos morfológicos das macroalgas estudadas ................................................................................................................... 38 Tabela 3- Valores da Dimensão Fractal e número de moluscos (N) por réplica das macroalgas amostradas .................................................................................................. 39 CAPÍTULO II Tabela 1- Atributos algais analisados nas três espécies estudadas no Rio Tubarão, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte ................................................................... 68 Tabela 2- Valores médios (±DP) dos atributos morfológicos das macroalgas estudadas no estuário do Rio Tubarão, Macau, Rio Grande do Norte .................. 70 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ......................................................................................................................
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