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Research & Technology Transfer Research & Technology Transfer Alaska Department of Transportation & Public Facilities COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF BRIDGE ANTI-ICING TECHNOLOGIES – FINAL REPORT Prepared by: Jing Zhang Deben Das Rorik Peterson Doug Goering Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska University Transportation Center Institute of Northern Engineering P.O. Box 755910 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5910 Prepared for: Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities 550 West Seventh Avenue, Suite 1850 Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Report No. INE/AUTC 07.06 January 2007 Comprehensive Evaluation of Bridge Anti-icing Technologies – Final Report By: Jing Zhang Deben Das Rorik Peterson Doug Goering Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska University Transportation Center Institute of Northern Engineering P.O. Box 755910 Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5910 A report on research sponsored by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities Report No. INE/AUTC 07.06 January 2007 Form approved OMB No. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestion for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-1833), Washington, DC 20503 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (LEAVE BLANK) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED FHWA-AK-RD-xx-xx January 2007 Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Comprehensive Evaluation of Bridge Anti-icing Technologies ADN# 2571820 6. AUTHOR(S) Jing Zhang, Deben Das, Rorik Peterson, Doug Goering 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Department of Mechanical Engineering Institute of Northern Engineering INE/AUTC 07.06 P.O. Box 755910 University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, AK 99775-5900 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities 550 West Seventh Avenue, Suite 1850 FHWA-AK-RD-xx-xx Anchorage, Alaska 99501 11. SUPPLENMENTARY NOTES Performed in cooperation with Alaska University Transportation Research Center (AUTC) 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE No restrictions 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Knik Arm is the northernmost branch of Cook Inlet. The Knik Arm Crossing Project is to construct a cost-affordable, vehicular toll bridge of about 2 miles across Knik Arm to join the Port of Anchorage and Port MacKenzie areas. Currently, only a single transportation corridor exists connecting the Anchorage and Mat-Su – the Glenn Highway. The Knik Arm Crossing Project will provide improved transportation infrastructure, vehicular access and connectivity and needed safety and transportation system redundancy. Given the potential traffic disruptions caused by ice and snow in winter, a comprehensive literature investigation on bridge anti- icing and deicing technologies is critically needed. This report provides technical recommendations for viable and economic anti-icing and deicing technologies for the Knik Arm Bridge. Based on the literature data in similar latitude, duration and intensity of freezing, and the fact that the thermal method may reduce the use of chemical agents substantially, a combination of the chemical method with a Fixed Automatic Spray Technology and the thermal method is suggested to be the best approach based on the cost-effectiveness criteria. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 14- KEYWORDS : Anti-icing, Deicing, Bridge, Chemical Methods, Thermal Methods, Hot fluids, Road Weather Information 56 System (RWIS), Fixed Automatic Spray Technology (FAST), Calcium chloride (CaCl2),Sodium chloride (NaCl),Magnesium chloride (MgCl2),Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA),Potassium acetate (KAc) 16. PRICE CODE N/A 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified N/A NSN 7540-01-280-5500 STANDARD FORM 298 (Rev. 2-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................iii DISCLAIMER .................................................................................................................. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vi 1.INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Scope and Organization ............................................................................................... 3 2. ANTI-ICING AND DEICING USING CHEMICAL MECHODES ............................ 4 2.1 Chemical Methods ....................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Cost Analysis of Various Chemical Methods ............................................................ 13 3. ANTI-ICING AND DEICING USING THERMAL METHODS .............................. 15 3.1 Thermal Methods ....................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Cost Analysis of Various Thermal Methods .............................................................. 18 4. OTHER INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUES .................................................................... 18 5. GEOGRAPHIC, ENVIORMENTAL, AND OPERATIONAL INFORMATION OF THE BRIDGE ............................................................................................................ 30 5.1 Geographic and Climatic Conditions ......................................................................... 30 5.2 Operational Information ............................................................................................. 33 6. RANKING AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................................ 34 6.1 Ranking ...................................................................................................................... 34 6.2 Future Work ............................................................................................................... 35 APPENDIX I: SELECTED CHEMICALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ...................... 37 APPENDIX II: FIXED,AUTOMATIC SPRAY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS IN USE . 41 APPENDIX III: CASE STUDY: HYDRONIC HEATING OF BRIDGE DECK VIA HOT FLUID ............................................................................................................... 42 APPENDIX IV: CASE STUDY: HEATING LOOP DESIGN........................................ 44 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of the proposed Knik Arm Bridge (highlighted in white line) Figure 2: Phase diagrams of NaCl and CaCl2 solutions. Figure 3: Phase diagrams of five chemical solutions. Figure 4: Looking down at piping for automated sprinkler system in concrete barrier. Figure 5: Spray head in action, automated salt spraying system in Lausanne, Switzerland. Figure 6: City of New York, NY Anti-icing/Deicing System Operational Sequence. Figure 7: RWIS roadside installation [27]. Figure 8: Comparison of heat transfer coefficient of various nanofluids with respect to glycol/water mixture. Figure 9: View of the Port MacKenzie area Figure 10: View of the Port of Anchorage area Figure 11: Potential icing event as a function of temperature. Figure 12: Plan view of the hydronic piping lay out on a section of the bridge deck (top). Cross sectional view of the bridge deck (bottom). Not shown is a layer of insulation below the tubes. ii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Eutectic temperature and eutectic concentration of five chemicals Table 2: Cost of deicing chemicals and their temperature range and application rate Table 3: The cost estimates for various heating systems are cited from Yehia and Tuan. Table 4: Comparison of Various Anti-icing/Deicing Methods Table I.1: Various weather events at the temperatures below -10 to -7oC (15 to 20oF) Table I.2: Various weather events at the temperatures below -10oC (15 oF) Table II: FAST systems in use in 2000 iii DISCLAIMER The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. This research has been funded by the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF). The contents of the report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of AKDOT&PF or any local sponsor. This work does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities (AKDOT&PF) in 2006 hired a team of consulting specialists to launch
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