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Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication [AUTHOR REMOVED AT REQUEST OF ORIGINAL PUBLISHER] UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LIBRARIES PUBLISHING EDITION, 2016. THIS EDITION ADAPTED FROM A WORK ORIGINALLY PRODUCED IN 2010 BY A PUBLISHER WHO HAS REQUESTED THAT IT NOT RECEIVE ATTRIBUTION. MINNEAPOLIS, MN Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Contents Publisher Information ix Acknowledgments x About the Author xi Chapter 1: Media and Culture 1.1 Media and Culture 2 1.2 Intersection of American Media and Culture 5 1.3 The Evolution of Media 9 1.4 Convergence 19 1.5 The Role of Social Values in Communication 25 1.6 Cultural Periods 32 1.7 Mass Media and Popular Culture 37 1.8 Media Literacy 45 Chapter 2: Media Effects 2.1 Mass Media and Its Messages 54 2.2 Media Effects Theories 67 2.3 Methods of Researching Media Effects 74 2.4 Media Studies Controversies 80 Chapter 3: Books 3.1 Books 89 3.2 History of Books 91 3.3 Books and the Development of U.S. Popular Culture 101 3.4 Major Book Formats 113 3.5 Current Publishing Trends 119 3.6 The Influence of New Technology 128 Chapter 4: Newspapers 4.1 Newspapers 139 4.2 History of Newspapers 142 4.3 Different Styles and Models of Journalism 154 4.4 How Newspapers Control the Public’s Access to Information and Impact 164 American Pop Culture 4.5 Current Popular Trends in the Newspaper Industry 169 4.6 Online Journalism Redefines News 176 Chapter 5: Magazines 5.1 Magazines 185 5.2 History of Magazine Publishing 188 5.3 The Role of Magazines in the Development of American Popular Culture 195 5.4 Major Publications in the Magazine Industry 202 5.5 How Magazines Control the Public’s Access to Information 211 5.6 Specialization of Magazines 215 5.7 Influence of the Internet on the Magazine Industry 221 Chapter 6: Music 6.1 Music 229 6.2 The Evolution of Popular Music 231 6.3 The Reciprocal Nature of Music and Culture 248 6.4 Current Popular Trends in the Music Industry 260 6.5 Influence of New Technology 269 Chapter 7: Radio 7.1 Radio 283 7.2 Evolution of Radio Broadcasting 285 7.3 Radio Station Formats 299 7.4 Radio’s Impact on Culture 303 7.5 Radio’s New Future 317 Chapter 8: Movies 8.1 Movies 325 8.2 The History of Movies 328 8.3 Movies and Culture 343 8.4 Issues and Trends in Film 353 8.5 The Influence of New Technology 362 Chapter 9: Television 9.1 The Evolution of Television 374 9.2 The Relationship Between Television and Culture 385 9.3 Issues and Trends in the Television Industry 398 9.4 Influence of New Technologies 408 Chapter 10: Electronic Games and Entertainment 10.1 Electronic Games and Entertainment 421 10.2 The Evolution of Electronic Games 423 10.3 Influential Contemporary Games 436 10.4 The Impact of Video Games on Culture 443 10.5 Controversial Issues 451 10.6 Blurring the Boundaries Between Video Games, Information, Entertainment, 458 and Communication Chapter 11: The Internet and Social Media 11.1 The Internet and Social Media 469 11.2 The Evolution of the Internet 471 11.3 Social Media and Web 2.0 483 11.4 The Effects of the Internet and Globalization on Popular Culture and 496 Interpersonal Communication 11.5 Issues and Trends 510 Chapter 12: Advertising and Public Relations 12.1 Advertising 526 12.2 Public Relations 552 Chapter 13: Economics of Mass Media 13.1 Economics of Mass Media 571 13.2 Characteristics of Media Industries 573 13.3 The Internet’s Effects on Media Economies 580 13.4 Digital Divide in a Global Economy 585 13.5 Information Economy 590 13.6 Globalization of Media 597 13.7 Cultural Imperialism 602 Chapter 14: Ethics of Mass Media 14.1 Ethics of Mass Media 611 14.2 Ethical Issues in Mass Media 614 14.3 News Media and Ethics 625 14.4 Ethical Considerations of the Online World 638 Chapter 15: Media and Government 15.1 Media and Government 651 15.2 Government Regulation of Media 654 15.3 The Law and Mass Media Messages 662 15.4 Censorship and Freedom of Speech 668 15.5 Ownership Issues in the Mass Media 677 15.6 Digital Democracy and Its Possible Effects 683 15.7 Media Influence on Laws and Government 690 Chapter 16: The Future of Mass Media 16.1 Changes in Media Over the Last Century 700 16.2 Information Delivery Methods 705 16.3 Modern Media Delivery: Pros and Cons 710 16.4 Current Trends in Electronic Media 715 16.5 Privacy Laws and the Impact of Digital Surveillance 721 16.6 Mass Media, New Technology, and the Public 728 Publisher Information Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Commons license (CC BY-NC-SA) in 2010 by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. This adaptation has reformatted the original text, and replaced some images and figures to make the resulting whole more shareable. This adaptation has not significantly altered or updated the original 2010 text. This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license. ix Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following colleagues who have reviewed the text and provided comprehensive feedback and suggestions for improving the material: • Barry Smith, Mississippi University for Women • Chris Moser, Georgia Perimeter College • Jamii Claiborne, Buena Vista University • August Grant, University of South Carolina • Patty Lamberti, Loyola University Chicago • John Sewell, Georgia State University • David S. Fusani, Ph.D., Erie Community College • Don Stacks, University of Miami • Mara Einstein, Queens College • Patricia Fulfs, Sauk Valley Community College • Valerie Greenberg, University of the Incarnate Word • Robert Blade, Florida State College at Jacksonville • Stephen Price, Georgia College & State University • Jennifer Peters, Orange Coast College • Robert Abelman, Cleveland State University x About the Author Understanding Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication is adapted from a work produced by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. Though the publisher has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution, this adapted edition reproduces all original text and sections of the book, except for publisher and author name attribution. Unnamed Author Unnamed Author is the Joseph B. McFadden distinguished professor of journalism and the director of the globalization and social change initiative at Lehigh University. His research interests include globalization and media, international communication, international news reporting, cultural and critical studies of news, online journalism, and teaching with technology. He is the author of Daily News, Eternal Stories: The Mythological Role of Journalism, published in 2001 by Guilford Press. Called “a landmark book in the sociology of news,” the book argues that ancient myths can be found daily in the pages of the news. The book won the 2002 Lewis Mumford Award for Outstanding Scholarship. His current book is a study of globalization and the media. The author of more than forty scholarly articles and book chapters, Unnamed Author is also a frequent contributor to numerous newspapers and periodicals and has served as a commentator about the news on National Public Radio, BBC, and other media outlets. xi Chapter 1: Media and Culture 1.1 Media and Culture 1.2 Intersection of American Media and Culture 1.3 The Evolution of Media 1.4 Convergence 1.5 The Role of Social Values in Communication 1.6 Cultural Periods 1.7 Mass Media and Popular Culture 1.8 Media Literacy 1 1.1 Media and Culture Pop Culture Mania Figure 1.1 Paul Townsend – 1960s Beatlemania Fashion – CC BY-ND 2.0. Just as fans could purchase Jerry Lind hats, Beatles fans could purchase Beatle wigs (as pictured above). In 1850, an epidemic swept America—but instead of leaving victims sick with fever or flu, this epidemic involved a rabid craze for the music of Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. American showman P. T. Barnum (who would later go on to found the circus now known as Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey), a shrewd marketer and self-made millionaire, is credited with spreading “Lindomania” through a series of astute show-business moves. Barnum promised Lind an unprecedented $1,000-a-night fee (the equivalent of $28,300 in 2009) for her entire 93-performance tour of the United States. Ever the savvy self-promoter, Barnum turned his huge investment to his advantage by using it to create publicity—and it paid off. When the Swedish soprano’s ship docked on U.S. shores, she was greeted by 40,000 ardent fans; another 20,000 swarmed her hotel (Barnum). Congress was adjourned specifically for Lind’s visit to Washington, DC, where the National Theatre had to be enlarged to accommodate her audiences. A town in California and an island in Canada were named in her honor. Enthusiasts could purchase Jenny Lind hats, chairs, boots, opera glasses, and even pianos. Barnum’s marketing expertise 2 3 • UNDERSTANDING MEDIA AND CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTION TO MASS COMMUNICATION made Lind a household name and created an overwhelming demand for a singer previously unknown to American audiences.
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