J Jacquinot, FEC 2008

5050 yearsyears inin FusionFusion andand thethe WayWay ForwardForward

1026 watts, 0.01 W/m3

5.108 watts, 5 105 W/m3 1 1 JJ OCS Cannes 17 March 08 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Credits

Discussions with many colleagues and direct input from: R. Arnoux, H. Azechi, B. Bigot; D. Besnard, S. Bourmaud, J. Ebrardt, Ph. Ghendrih, M. Kikuchi, R. Stambaugh, G. Mank, A. Malaquias, D. Meade, E. Oktay, M. Skoric, Q. Tran, H. Yamada

Case for fusion Key milestones Lessons from the past The way forward

2 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Energy:Energy: aa majormajor challengechallenge forfor thethe 2121st centurycentury

ChinaChina 2006:2006: ++ 105105 GW,GW, 90%90% coal!coal! MoreMore thanthan thethe totaltotal FrenchFrench electricityelectricity perper yearyear (80(80 GW)GW)

Today:Today: >> 8080 %% ofof primaryprimary energyenergy comescomes fromfrom fossilfossil resourcesresources GazGaz && petrolpetrol consumptionconsumption exceedsexceeds newnew discoveriesdiscoveries IncreasingIncreasing dependancedependance forfor energyenergy (>(> 5050 %% forfor EU)EU) EnergyEnergy == 40004000 billionsbillions EurosEuros perper yearyear BackBack toto coalcoal oror dodo betterbetter ?? ModerateModerate consumption,consumption, renewablerenewable energy,energy, fission,fission, fusionfusion FusionFusion presentspresents majormajor advantagesadvantages

3 3 JJ OCS Cannes 17 March 08 J Jacquinot, Genevabutbut FEC requires requires2008 advancesadvances inin physicsphysics andand technologiestechnologies WhyWhy FusionFusion ?? • FuelFuel – InexhaustibleInexhaustible andand wellwell distributeddistributed onon earthearth : plentiful in the oceans : produced from Lithium Radio toxicity • SafetySafety – NoNo runrun awayaway effecteffect – NoNo proliferationproliferation • WastesWastes – NeutronNeutron inducedinduced activationactivation (low(low radioradio toxicitytoxicity << 100100 years)years)

Years after shutdown 4 4 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 33 waysways forfor fusionfusion Sun JET / ITER Target compression

Confinement: gravitation : magnetic : inertial : 8 Dimension: 1.3 10 m 10 m 10-2 m 16 Duration: 3 10 s 400 s 10-8 s 9 Pressure: 10 atm 2 atm 109 atm Ion temperature : 100 million deg ⇔ thermal energy = 10 keV

To ignite : i E 21 -3 nT τ ~ 10 m .keV.s ~ 1 bar.seconde E 5 5 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 τ = energy confinement time Milestones • 1932 - 1958 – Fusion discovered – Lawson criteria  Confinement or compression essential • 1958 – Fusion declassified (also Kurtchatov at Harwell in 1955) – Artsimovitch, Teller  international collaboration – Many labs created • 1968 - 1990 – Tokamak breakthrough; global stability • 1990 – 2000+ – Scaling laws – Fusion for real  Tok: Pfus > 10MW; 31018 Spin-off Spin-off of plasmas  Tok + Stel: Duration >> minutes 13 Establish plasmaphysics

Establish plasmaphysics  IF: 600 times liquid, 10kev, 10 neutrons • 2000 to present – Start of a new era  ITER + BA; NIF & LMJ 6 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 They discover the , fission & fusion

1933: Oliphant et Rutherford fuse deuterium atoms Walton Rutherford Cockcroft 7 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 The stars then the criterion

J.J. D.D. LawsonLawson 19231923 –– 20082008 nnττ ≥≥ 1.5x101.5x10

8 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Hans Bethe 1906 -2005

E 20 Kadomtsev et al: stability Spitzer: describes the

111 papers : Aymar, Braguinsky, Bierman, Dreicer, Drummond, Kerst, Lehnert, Myamoto, Rosembluth, Shafranov Thoneman etc Just to name a few… 9 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 L.A.Artsimovich E.Teller Plasma physics is very difficult. Fusion technology is very complex. Worldwide collaboration is needed It is almost impossible to build a for progress fusion reactor in this century 10 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Around 1958: Creation of many labs

An example: Creutz, Bohr & Kerst in 59 at the dedication of the Jay Hopkins Lab Strong links with universities (US, Japan, Germany, France etc.) 11 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 InIn EuropeEurope afterafter 58:58: thethe AssociationsAssociations Joint construction of JET

12 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Milestones (toroidal devices)

Period Phys. concepts Experimental/Technology Foundations: Spitzer (Stellarator, div), Mirror machines: Ioffe stabilizes 1958 - 68 Kadomsev, Rosembluth, Sagdeev, interchange but micro instabilities Shafranov etc Tokamak breakthrough (1 keV on T3) Heating systems: NB, IC, EC TFR (2keV), PLT (9keV) confirm 1969 - 78 Current drive: LH (Porkolab, Fish) confinement and use heating (NB & IC) Neo-classical theory - Bootstrap current Conf. degrades vs P but improves with (Galeev, Bickerton, multipole TFTR) H-mode (Asdex) and pellet (Alcator C) Scaling laws (Goldston) Russian gyrotrons (T10) 1979 - 88 Limits: Beta (Troyon), density Divertor/H-mode phys (JFT2-a, JFT2-a) (Greenwald) Construction of many

Confinement barriers D/T > 10MW in TFTR & JET (+ 1989 - 98 Gyrokinetic scaling (wind tunnel and beryllium +Remote Handling); Divertor later by simulation) studies; NNBI (LHD, JAERI)

Advanced/hybrid Tokamak (DIII-D, JT- 1GJ on Tore Supra, 1.6GJ on LHD 1999 - 08 60, Asdex-U, etc.) Elm mitigation (DIII-D; JET) Simulation: intermittency, zonal flows Construction: ITER, EAST, KSTAR, ST1 NTM suppression: Asdex-U, DIII-D High density mode on LHD Breakthrough in Kurtchatov (FEC 1968)

TT confirmedconfirmed byby UKUK ThomsonThomson scatteringscattering teamteam

14 14 Artsimovitch:JeanJ Jacquinot, Jacquinot, Geneva U libre FEC de« Fusion St2008 Germain en will Laye 1erbe avril ready 2008 whenTFR society (CEA) needs it. » ~ 1971 External diameter 13.5 m Plasma major radius 3.9 m Plasma minor radius 0.6 m (LHD) Plasma volume 30 m3 Magnetic field 3 T Total weight 1500 t NBI (Ctr) ECR 84 – 168 GHz NBI (Perp)

Local Island NBI (Co) Divertor (LID)

ICRF NBI (Ctr) 25-100 MHz

StrongStrong programmesprogrammes inin JapaneseJapanese universitiesuniversities15 Tokamak line Fusion Research in Japan (JAERI/JAEA)

JFT-2a (DIVA) JFT-2M First Divertor Experiments JFT-1 JFT-2 Doublet III Tokamak confinement with in the world (1974-1979) a noncircular cross section (1983-2004) JFT-2a JFT-2M

JT-60U/JT-60 Divertor coil Shell

 H-mode physics  Edge plasma control  AMTEX (Advanced Material Tokamak Experiment)  CT injection Progress of Fusion Plasma Performance in JT-60U

First plasma (1985) ITB plasma (1993-)

 Highest DT-equivalent fusion of 1.25  Highest ion temperature of 45 keV  Development of steady-state tokamak operation scenario  Confinement physics  Divertor physics  N-NB injection FusionFusion forfor real:real: TFTRTFTR && JETJET

ITERITER basisbasis

(5x1018 n)

18 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 200816 RebutMW, andJET, the November project team ~ 19971976 Establishing the ITER organization

Negotiations

Commissioner Potočnik : “hard winds bring strong trees” 19 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Milestones for inertial confinement

1960 innovation Townes, Basov, Prochorow, Maiman 1 1 keV and DD neutrons France: Limeil (Floux et al) 1972 Implosion concept Nuckolls 1986 10-keV temperature demo. Japan 1x1013 neutrons US 2x1013 neutrons 1989 High-density demo US 100-200 times liquid density Japan 600 times liquid density US high convergence

US-NIF France-LMJ

First thermonuclear ignition (Q=10) in laboratories is expected in early 2010’s. Compactness of Fast Ignition will accelerate inertial fusion energy.

Implosion Fast Heating Ignition/Burn Designed Gain

F a s t I g n i t i o n 1 0 0 O s a k a G a i n f o r r e a c t o r s US-NIF 1 0 1983-92 Concept Exploration by T.Yamanaka, Basov Energy G ain Q C e n t r a l 1994 Concept Innovation: Tabak, PoP I g n i t i o n 2002 1-keV heating by fast ignition scheme by Japan-UK 1 0 . 1 1 1 0 Ongoing program: Laser Energy（MJ ） Japan-FIREX-I US-EP Europe-PETAL

Proposed FIREX-II Proposed ARC HiPER-under design

The ongoing programs will demonstrate ignition temperature in early 2010’s, followed by ignition programs. A trademark: international collaboration • IAEA – IFRC • Journal • FEC, technical meetings (topical), projects, education • Atomic & Molecular (A&M) Data for Fusion • Auspices for ITER – Conceptual design – EDA – ITER negotiations – Custody of ITER documents • EURATOM-national fusion lab associations – All EU countries + Switzerland • IEA – FPCC, since 1975, 9 implementing agreements (physics, technology, materials, safety, environmental and socio-economic aspects) • Staff exchange, joint experiments, hardware exchange

• Evolving in light of recent changes 22 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA)

• ITER Expert Groups (1992), then ITPA (2001) by EU, Japan, Russia, US – Tokamak physics – data bases –projections to ITER • Now under ITER IO, including all 7 ITER members

• Major contributor to the ITER physics basis • Scaling laws • Validation of models and computer codes • Joint experiments on ITER issues • Published: “Progress in the ITER physics basis” 18,495 downloads of chapters (as of June 08)!!

23 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Databases and modeling for confinement projection (from ITPA)

Dimensionless “wind tunnel” scaling: • Fundamental basis for performance projection • Comforted by gyrokinetic simulation

• Theory/models also used to project confinement.

24 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Lessons from the past : physics • Plasma physics – Linear phenomenae now well understood – Non-linear effects (turbulence) require more work • Theory/simulation – will provide new insight. Vortices, zonal flows etc. – Predictive?

• Wind tunnel approach was essential  scaling – International collaboration  data bases – Network of experiments  size, shape, heating • Strengthening required

• Next challenge: – Physics of burning plasma – Physics & engineering of long pulses (Tokamak) 25 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Lessons from the past : engineering

• Very integrated with physics – The machine itself is the experiment – “plasma engineering”; e. g. disruption forces

• Becoming predominant: – Supra conductors – Materials – Heat transfer – Safety

• Operation in CW or high duty cycle – The obvious next challenge for both MF and IF  a new era for engineering! 26 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Lessons from the past : organisation

• JET: H. O. Wüster to US Congress: “JET could succeed because it was given the power to manage” Organisation: Council sets “What” (objectives & resources). JET director sets “How”. Council approves (or not) proposals from the director.

• ITER has in-kind procurement by domestic agencies – ATLAS in CERN also!  It did work!  but central project team needs to be strong and should cross-check procurements at all time and levels  the devil is in “classical details” (welds) not in high technology  pulling knowledge together is beneficial  Cost increase for ATLAS ~ 16% (but in time)

27 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 WayWay forwardforward (magnetic(magnetic fusion)fusion)

JT60-SA Supra conductors SS operation ++

JET ~ 80 m3 D/T ~16 MWth ITER DEMO ++ 800 m3 ~ 1000 - 3500 m3 many other ~ 500 MWth ~ 2000 - 4000 MWth contributing facilities Dominant self heating via ITPA, IEA, IAEA

28 28 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 TheThe wayway forwardforward Demonstration of burning plasmas: Q=10 (FCM, IF) DemonstrationConcept of burning improvements plasmas:

Joules not just watts: CW operation or duty cycle ITER Technology: Reliability, longevity (PFC & structural materials, lasersJT60-SA, etc.) JET, Commercial Fusion Safety: Tritium confinement,DEMO(s) inventory and cycle existing Plants devices, IFMIF Strengthen education: physicists and engineers in rare supply (Materials testing) Are resources and time scale sufficient ?: need to scale with tasks and stake.Other Accelerate technology fusion fast track? (ITER first!)

29 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Coming decade: The “Broader Approach”

ITER B.A.

JT60-SA

IFERC

IFMIF-EVEDA

30 30 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Way forward (Coming decade) Success in ITER is absolutely essential • Challenges: –Cost  ‘several key items are first of a kind’ » Reduce risk  simplify! –Availability of industry for construction? (busy with fission!) » Modus vivendi with industry • Winning cards: – the 50 year legacy » A solid physics and technical basis » A culture and a practice of international collaboration of unprecedented size and quality ‘‘whenwhen therethere isis aa (good)(good) willwill therethere isis aa way’way’

31 J Jacquinot, Geneva FEC 2008 Summary

Fusion: a need for this century; present effort enough?

50y legacy: International collab. and a sound basis

Next step for MCF & IF: an exciting Q=10 milestone

Happy 50 year anniversary!