Peacekeeping chronicle of events permanent tribunal for the prosecution of war criminals (NRC, 16 October, p. 6). B. Operations October - November 1995 23 October / UNF1CYP A so-called Group of Sixteen, presided by the A. General Swedish Prime Minister Carlsson, will focus on reforms to make the UN stronger in the areas of 9 November , finances and democratic British soldiers serving in the UN force in Cyprus 3 October structures. The group consists of the UN were hurt in elashes with Greek Cypriot school US Congress approved a resolution allowing the members Japan, South Africa, Australia, Brazil, children who were rioting over the detention of a US government to operate until a final budget Canada, C6te d'lvoire, Czechia, Egypt, India, national guardsman by Turkish forces in the formula is found. $120 million for payments to Indonesia, Ireland, Jamaica, Mexico, South north of the island. Thousands of school children, the regular UN budget and $50 million for Korea, The Netherlands and Sweden (NRC, 24 many armed with stones, tried to storm the UN peacekeeping operations were set aside. US October, p. 5). buffer zone in Nicosia (TL, 10 November). diplomats hope to make those payments in the next six weeks. In addition, $26 million were 24 October paid for the costs for the peacekeeping operation President Mandela said South Africa is willing to EI Salvador / ONUSAL in Macedonia, where US troops are stationed. start contributing to international peacekeeping. Officials are already facing a potential legal 'If we'rc asked by the UN to be part of a problem with the UN over a decision by peacekeeping operation, we would consider it 31 October Congress to cut the US assessment for peace- very seriously,' he told reporters. Until now The Salvadoran government declared that it has keeping operations unilaterally from 31 to 25 ministers have said that the country's preoccu- fulfilled its obligations under the UN-brokered percent (IHT, 4 October). pation with domestic affairs prevented it from peace accord. The peace agreements called for The work of international tribunals established to participating (Ind, 24 October, p. 11). UN verification of a series of reforms, allowing prosecute charges of genocide and war crimes in 2 November guerrillas of the Farabundo Marti National Rwanda and in the Balkans is being seriously With peacekeeping costs for its 16 current Liberation Front (FMLN) to lay down their impaired by UN spending restrictions, the chief missions far exceeding the organization's regular weapons, form a legal political party and prosecutor of the tribunals, Richard Goldstone, budget, officials from Secretary-General Boutros- participate in elections. The security forces were and Washington's senior human rights officer, Ghali down have expressed concern that peace- disbanded and a new, civilian police force John Sattuck, said. The tribunals are prevented keeping has drained resources away from more formed. Judicial, electoral and land reforms also from spending the money to send investigators traditional tasks. 'Despite all attention given to were to be carried out. According to UN and into the field, recruit lawyers and other personnel peacekeeping, it must be remembered that the FMLN sources there are still shortcomings. or renew contracts of current personnel as a result UN has deeper, more far-reaching responsi- President Armando Calderon nevertheless said in of restrictions on UN agencies imposed by bilities,' Mr. Boutros-Ghali told the Business an national TV address, that the 'government has Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali last (NYT, 4 Council for the UN. In his address to the business completed all the agreements' reached to end the October, p. 8). war, and he added, 'We officially close this group in New York, Mr. Boutros Ghali described chapter of the peace process' (WP, 21 November, 7 October the UN' intervention in Bosnia as 'mission p. A12). NATO's ACE Rapid Reaction Force has hold its impossible'. 'The future of peacekeeping and of first big exercise at the Danish isles of Lolland, our system of internal security as a whole depends upon the restoration of its logic,' he said. Former Yugoslavia Falster and Sjaelland. The exercise, called 'Cold 'In war situations, the international community Grouse', was 'very much integrated,' said Dutch should authorize the combat forces needed to UNPROFOR/UNCRO// General Brinkman (NRC, 7 October, p. 5). deal with it. Where a cease-fire is in place, and UNPREDEP / ICFY / 1FOR 9 October where the consent and cooperation of the parties At the annual meeting of the International is reliahlc, peacekeepers should be deployed' (IHT, 22 November). 2 October Monetary Fund and the Worldbank Secretary- Bosnian Serb forces have launched a eounter- General Boutros-Ghali has made an urgent and 16 November offensive in north-western Bosnia in the Bihac dramatic appeal on countries to pay their overdue The first Canadian peacekeeper to be convicted region and are retaking land captured in a Croat- contributions to the UN. Otherwise the of torture was released from prison after serving a Muslim offensive last month, UN officials said. continuation of UN peace operations would be third of his sentence for beating a youth to death In Mr. Holbrooke, US Assistant endangered (NRC, 10 October, p. 18). in . Kyle Brown, sentenced in 1994 to a Secretary of State, met with the Bosnian 11 October five-year term for manslaughter and torture, President, Alija Izetbegovie, and Foreign In another sign of deepening tension in the served in the Airborne Regiment, part of a UN Minister Mohammed Sacirbey, pushing for a breakaway republic of Chechnya, rebel leaders peacekeeping force in 1992-1993. Mr. Brown, cease-fire (IHT, 3 October). suspended the July 30 military accord with 26, was freed after a parole board panel ruled that he had showed genuine remorse and posed 3 October Russia and demanded that international observers An elite British military force, the 24th Air- and the UN troops be brought in before they minimal danger to the public (NYT, 17 November, p. 13). mobile Brigade, is being pulled out of the would return to the negotiation table. The OSCE, Balkans after spending two months camped, meanwhile, reduced the number of diplomats, 17 November unemployed, in a swamp at the Croatian town of from six to two, at its mission in Grozny. The An American soldier went on trial at a US army Ploce. They have been refused permission by the mission has been a recent target for threats and base in Germany for refusing to wear the UN Bosnian government to deploy in central Bosnia, grenade attacks. The Chechen rebels' blue beret. Michael New, an army medic, is as planned. The 4000 troops withdrawal, part of a announcement came two days after Russia said it accused of 'refusing a legal order' but the general reduction of UN troop levels, will cut the would suspend participation in the talks, defence argues that it is US participation in British presence in former Yugoslavia by half following a bomb attack that gravely wounded its peacekeeping missions that should be in the The brigade may return under NATO command military commander in the region, Lieutenant dock. Mr. New argued that as he had sworn an as part of a 'peace implementation force' if US- General Anatoli Romanov. Russia has insisted oath of allegiance to the US, wearing another driven peace talks are successful (Ind, 3 October, that the conflict is an internal matter and is likely uniform would be disloyal. 'It is not that he p. 8). to reject the demand for international troops and didn't want to go to war with his unit,' Col. observers (IHT, 12 October). The Bosnian Army has been firing at Bosnian Henry Hamilton, who heads Mr. New's lawyers, Serb gun positions from Sarajevo in overt 16 October told the military newspaper Stars and Stripes. violation of orders from the UN. In response to In a speech, held at the University of 'The issue is, is he going to go as an army soldier or the government attacks, the Bosnian Serbs Connecticut, President Clinton pleaded for a as a minion of the UN?' (Ind,18 November, p.15). requested UN permission to move their heavy weapons back into the 12 mile exclusion zone Izetbegovic. The cease-fire is to last 60 days 9 October round Sarajevo for 'self-defense'. Refusing the (NYT, 6 October, pp. 1, 30, NRC, 6 October, p. Bosnian Serbs shelled UN-designated 'safe request, the UN issued a stem protest to the 1).). areas', killing two civilians and a Norwegian Bosnian government, calling its attacks 'outrage- The UN announced it was pulling 9000 troops peacekeeper. In response NATO war planes ous' (TL, 4 October, WP, 4 October, p. A17). again launched air strikes on a Serbian command out of Bosnia and , reducing its strength and control bunker near the Govemment-held Rebel Serbs in Croatia agreed in principle to there to 21,000; and more withdrawals were city of . The bunker that was destroyed in allow the return of Croatian authority over the likely, UN sources said. Britain and Canada the raid had directed shell fire that killed the small swath of territory they still control in confirmed large troop withdrawals. About 4000 Norwegian peacekeeper, as well as two Bosnian eastern , after a transition period. The troops in units from Bangladesh, Britain, Canada, civilians, NATO officials said. The Serbs were I I-point basic principles for further negotiations the Netherlands and Pakistan would be with- warned by UN and NATO commanders to stop include Croatia's right to sovereignty over the drawn and sent home. Other units from Malaysia, the shelling. But Bosnian Serb commanders, region, deployment of international forces in the the Nordic countries, Pakistan, Spain and Turkey ignoring the threat of renewed air strikes, lobbed area during a transition period, demilitarisation of would be cut back to a total of about 2000 troops shells into Zivinice, south of Tuzla, killing two the region and the return of thousands of (Ind, 6 October, p. 12, NYT, 6 October, p. 8). people and wounding 10, Government officials Croatian refugees who fled when the Serbs took 6 October said. the region in the 1991 Serb-Croat war (Ind, 4 The Bosnian Serbs, by using armour and October, p. 14). Delegates from 12 countries - including the three directly interested parties, five EU member states, infantry, made major pushes in the north-west A car bomb exploded in central Skopje as the car Russia, the US, Canada and, for the first time, And the Serbian media, quoting Bosnian Serb of the Macedonian President, Kiro Gligorov, Japan - gathered in Rome for a meeting of the so- army officials, said allied Government and passed by, injuring the leader of the Balkan called Consultation Group on former Yugoslavia Croatian forces were attacking Bosnian Serb republic and killing his driver. The President's to discuss the nuts and bolts of the cease-fire positions around the towns of Sanski Most, Kljuc security officer and five pedestrians were injured agreement. The member countries of the Group and Mrkonjic Grad. The UN also denounced a when the remote-controlled bomb exploded (Ind, have pledged funds to reconstruct the country as renewed campaign of 'ethnic cleansing' by the 4 October, p. 14). an inducement to maintain the cease-fire once it Bosnian Serbs. They said 3500 people, mostly is in place (Ind, 7 October, p. 10). women and children, have been driven from their 4 October homes around . Many had to ford a NATO aircraft fired three missiles at Bosnian Skirmishes at the battlefields across Bosnia river, where some drowned. And men and boys Serb positions after Serb forces illuminated the continued along two fronts in north-western were separated from their families by Bosnian planes with their radar. The American fighters Bosnia, where Serbs claimed to have re-taken Serb troops hauled off of buses, these officials targeted two Serb surface-to-air-missile sites in Kljuc and Croatian artillery weighed in to said. The displaced families have fled to . central Bosnia and another in southern Bosnia, support an expected Bosnian counter-attack There is no information about the whereabouts of 12.5 miles south of Sarajevo. Maj. Dag beyond the town of (Ind, 7 the men and boys (NYT, 10 October, p. 8). Christensen, a NATO spokesman, said the three October, p. 11). separate strikes using HARM anti-radiation Teams of Bosnian Muslim, Croatian and Serbian 10 October missiles were made in self-defense during a soldiers fanned out through a suburb of Sarajevo The Bosnian Government, complaining that the routine patrol of the no-flight zone over Bosnia to clear mines in what one UN official called a restoration of gas and electricity to the besieged (TL, 5 October, NYT, 5 October, p. 13). clear sign that a cease-fire in Bosnia could take city of Sarajevo was inadequate, said that it Mr. Holbrooke, the American mediator, said the effect as planned. The soldiers are removing would delay a cease-fire in its war with Serbian Bosnian Government had made a 'serious mines that surround several high-tension electri- rebels for at least another day. 'As far as we are proposal' for a cease-fire in its war with the cal lines damaged in recent fighting (1HT, 7 concerned the facilitics are restored,' said a UN Bosnian Serbs. He said he was leaving for October). spokesman, Maj. Myriam Sochacki. 'it is now up to the parties.' (NYT, 11 October, p. A8). Belgrade to discuss the proposal with President A UNPROFOR reconnaissance unit from Milosevic (TL, 5 October). travelled down the road to Gorazde to check on The UN announced that it was removing Yasushi Nine elderly Serbs have been found in a Croatian the state of the route and the mood of the Akashi from his role as the UN's special envoy to village apparently slain by men in Croatian army Bosnian Serbs who control the checkpoints to the the former Yugoslavia. He will be replaced by uniforms, according to senior UN officials. In a Muslim enclave. UNPROFOR sources said that, Kofi Annan, the Ghanian head of the UN statement released in Geneva, Jose Ayala Lasso, as part of the conditions for a cease-fire, they peacekeeping department. Mr. Annan's job as the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, would have to show that they could escort aid head of peacekeeping operations will be taken by said 'Investigations conducted by UN monitors convoys into Gorazde without any interruption lsmat Kittani, an Under Secretary-General. Mr. suggest that many of the deaths occurred long by the Serbs (TL, 7 October). Kittani is an Iraqi Kurd with no prior peace- after the military operation was over and were keeping experience. Mr. Akashi will be given caused by bullet wounds in the head or chest.' 8 October Mr. Kittani's current job as a senior advisor to (NYT, 5 October, p. 15). Bosnian Serbs attacked a crowded refugee camp Mr. Boutros-Ghali. The changes will take effect for Bosnian Muslims, killing 6 civilians and on November 1 (TL, II October, NYT, III 5 October wounding at least 30 others, two days before a October, p. 9). In the most significant step yet toward ending the cease-fire was to take effect, UN officials said. In The Bosnian Serbs acknowledged that they had 42-month-old , the two sides have response to the attack on the camp NATO lost the strategic town of Mrkonjic Grad, about agreed to a cease-fire beginning October 10. That ordered air strikes against Serbian artillery 75 miles north-west of Sarajevo, allowing the is to be followed two weeks later by the start of positions, but said they have been called off Bosnian Army and the Croatian forces to direct intensive negotiations in the US, conducted because of bad weather (NYT, 9 October, p. 1).). artillery fire along a key road to the northern through American intermediaries. These negotia- Serbian stronghold of Banja Luka and giving tions are meant to prepare the way for face-to- In Geneva the US and Russia agreed that their troops should work closcly together in policing a them control of the road from Bihac to Sarajevo face bargaining at a peace conference in Paris, (NYT, 11 October, p. 8). and completion of a formal peace treaty. A prospective peace agreement between the successful Paris conference would be followed warring parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina, but they 11 October by a peacekeeping operation. The Clinton remained deeply divided over who should After a two day delay, the Bosnia cease-fire was Administration envisaged a NATO-led force command the operation. After a day of discus- finally accepted by all sides. The delay, caused consisting of as many as 50,000 troops and sions with his Russian counter-part, General by arguments over the restoration of gas and lasting approximately a year. The cease-fire was Pavel S. Grachev, Defense Secretary William J. electricity supplies to Sarajevo, allowed Bosnian announced by US President Clinton at the White Perry said the two sides achieved 'substantial government forces to seize two towns from the House just hours after Assistant Secretary of progress,' but acknowledged that a lot of hard rebel Serbs, Sanski Most and Mrkonjic Grad. State, Richard C. Holbrooke finished working work lay ahead (IHT, 9 October). Antonio Peduuye, the UN chief in Bosnia, said out the accord in Sarajevo and obtained the last that all sides had agreed to a 60-day cease-fire, signature from the Bosnian President, Alija which will allow further negotiations on the