Design of 4-Stage Marx Generator Using Gas Discharge Tube
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Design and Performance of a Tesla Transformer Type Relativistic Electron Beam Generator
SFuthan~, VoL 9, Part 1, February 1986, pp. 19-29. © Printed in India. Design and performance of a Tesla transformer type relativistic electron beam generator K K JAIN, D CHENNAREDDY, P I JOHN and Y C SAXENA Plasma Physics Programme, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009, India MS received 25 October 1984; revised 29 July 1985 Abstract. A relativistic electron beam generator driven by an air core Tesla transformer is described. The Tesla transformer circuit analysis is outlined and computational results are presented for the case when the co- axial water line has finite resistance. The transformer has a coupling co- efficient of~56 and a step-up ratio of 25. The Tesla transformer can provide 800 kV at the peak of the second half cycle of the secondary output voltage and has been tested up to 600 kV. A 100-200 keV, 15-20 kA electron beam having 150 ns pulse width has been obtained. The beam generator described is being used for the beam injection into a toroidal device aETA. Keywords. Relativistic electron beam; Tesla transformer; coaxial water line; drift injection technique. 1. Introduction In the last decade, the technology of the intense relativistic electron beam (REB) has received much attention in the field of plasma physics. Intense electron beams have been used for heating of plasma to high temperatures (Korn et a11973; Roberson 1978; Jain & John 1984a), for plasma confinement by creating a close field-reversed configuration (Kapetanakos et al 1975; Sethian et al 1978; Jain & John 1984b), for collective acceleration of ions (Olsen 1975; Roberson et a11976; Sprangle et a11976) and for pellet fusion (Yonas et al 1974, 1983, p. -
Simulation of Impulse Voltage Generator and Impulse Testing of Insulator Using MATLAB Simulink
ISSN 1 746-7233, England, UK World Journal of Modelling and Simulation Vol. 8 (2012) No. 4, pp. 302-309 Simulation of Impulse Voltage Generator and Impulse Testing of Insulator using MATLAB Simulink Ramleth Sheeba1∗, Madhavan Jayaraju2, Thangal Kunju Nediyazhikam Shanavas3 1 Department of EEE, TKMCE, Kollam 691005, India 2 MES College of Engineering & Technology, Chathannoor, Kollam 691005, India 3 Department of EEE, TKMCE, Kollam 691005, India (Received September 8 2011, Accepted June 29 2012) Abstract. The main objectives of this work are of two folds: the first is the design of impulse voltage gen- erator and impulse testing of a standard disc type insulator experimentally. The second is the development of MATLAB Simulink model of the above mentioned experimental setup. Investigation shows that this soft- ware is very efficient in studying the effect of parameter changes in the design to obtain the desired impulse voltages and wave shapes from an impulse voltage generator for high voltage applications. Keywords: lightning and switching impulses, impulse voltage generator, MATLAB Simulink 1 Introduction International Electro technical Commission (IEC) has specified that the insulation of transmission line and other equipment’s should withstand standard lightning impulse voltage of wave shape 1.2/50µs and for higher voltages (220 kV and above) it should withstand standard switching impulse voltage of wave shape 250/2500µs[5]. In the design or use of impulse voltage generators for research or testing, it is required to evaluate the time variation of output voltage, the nominal front and tail times and the voltage efficiency for given circuit parameters. Also, it needs to predict circuit parameters for producing a given wave shape, with a given source and loading conditions. -
Development of a 18- Megavolt Marx Generator
© 1969 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE. DEVELOPMENTOF AN l&MEGAVOLT MARK GENERATOR* K. R. Prestwich and D. L. Johnson Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, New Mexico Summary approaches pVo, the generator is called an n-p generator and it would trigger down to 100/p per- An l&megavolt, 1 megajoule Marx generator cent of VB. has been constructed and tested to 11 MV as the primary energy store of the Hermes II flash x-ray To gain a more thorough knowledge of the oper- machine.1 A geometrical arrangement for the capa- ation of Marx generators, several model Marx gen- citors that takes advantage of the stray capaci- erators were built. A capacitor arrangement was ties to provide a wide triggering range and fast sought that would trigger over a large voltage Marx erection time was developed from model and range for any given spark gap setting, that would circuit studies. The design parameters of the switch very rapidly, that could be easily assembled Marx were checked by constructing and testing a 4 and maintained when constructed with 1/2uF, 100 kV MV, 100 kJ generator using components proposed for capacitors, and that would have a reasonably low the 18 MV system. Spark gaps were developed spe- inductance. The Marx models were constructed with cifically for the generator and have operated 10 kV, l/4 pF capacitors. -
2.3 Impulse Voltages
mywbut.com 2.3 Impulse voltages The first kind are lightning overvoltages, originated by lightning strokes hitting the phase wires of overhead lines or the busbars of outdoor substa- tions. The amplitudes are very high, usually in the order of 1000 kV or more, as every stroke may inject lightning currents up to about 100 kA and even more into the transmission line;27 each stroke is then followed by travelling waves, whose amplitude is often limited by the maximum insulation strength of the overhead line. The rate of voltage rise of such a travelling wave is at its origin directly proportional to the steepness of the lightning current, which may exceed 100 kA/µsec, and the voltage levels may simply be calcu- lated by the current multiplied by the effective surge impedance of the line. Too high voltage levels are immediately chopped by the breakdown of the insulation and therefore travelling waves with steep wave fronts and even steeper wave tails may stress the insulation of power transformers or other h.v. equipment severely. Lightning protection systems, surge arresters and the different kinds of losses will damp and distort the travelling waves, and there- fore lightning overvoltages with very different waveshapes are present within the transmission system. The second kind is caused by switching phenomena. Their amplitudes are always related to the operating voltage and the shape is influenced by the impedances of the system as well as by the switching conditions. The rate of voltage rise is usually slower, but it is well known that the waveshape can also be very dangerous to different insulation systems, especially to atmospheric air insulation in transmission systems with voltage levels higher than 245 kV.28 Both types of overvoltages are also effective in the l.v. -
Redalyc.Portable High Voltage Impulse Generator
Ingeniería e Investigación ISSN: 0120-5609 [email protected] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia Gómez, S.; Buitrago, M.P.; Roldán, F.A. Portable High Voltage Impulse Generator Ingeniería e Investigación, vol. 31, núm. 2, octubre, 2011, pp. 159-164 Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=64322338024 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative REVISTA INGENIERÍA E INVESTIGACIÓN Vol. 31 Suplemento No. 2 (SICEL 2011), OCTUBRE DE 2011(159-164) Portable High Voltage Impulse Generator Generador Portátil de Impulsos de Tensión. S. Gómez 1, M.P. Buitrago 2, F.A. Roldán 3 Abstract — This paper presents a portable high voltage impulse 1. INTRODUCTION generator which was designed and built with insulation up to 20 Dielectricstrength testsof materialsused aselectrical kV. This design was based on previous work in which simulation software for standard waves was developed. Commercial insulatorsare part of widely used andinternationally accepted components and low-cost components were used in this work; qualitytests or trials and they are subject to rulesor however, these particular elements are not generally used for standardsestablished bycorresponding institutions,such asthe high voltage applications. The impulse generators used in AmericanSociety forTestingof Materials(ASTM) and the industry and laboratories are usually expensive; they are built to InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC). withstand extra high voltage and they are big, making them An insulationcoordination study must be done toensurethat impossible to transport. -
3 DEFINING the TEST SPACE 3.1 Lightning Impulse Generator
3 DEFINING THE TEST SPACE In Chapter 2, the test space framework is defined requiring waveforms between 4/40 µs and 4/70 µs, and peak current ranging between 0 and 65 kA (refer to Figure 2.1). Therefore creating the benchmark sample, requires at least the 4/40 µs and 4/70 µs waveform extremes i.e. “Area of interest”, where the 4/55 µs waveform may be considered to be a typical average for this waveform range. Additionally, the use of the 8/20 µs waveform is advisable because it is an industry standard. The number of data points required per waveform depends on the achievable resolution – this is best determined by analysing preliminary gap etching samples; in the absence of further information, at least five significantly dissimilar non-zero data points per waveform are required – this may be increased later as deemed necessary. 3.1 Lightning Impulse Generator A lightning impulse combination generator available in the HV laboratory of the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of the Witwatersrand (Melaia, 1993), generates a 1.2/50 µs voltage impulse into an open-circuit and an 8/20 µs current impulse into a short-circuit. The generator may be reconfigured to generate other waveform combinations, where the selection of 5 components is achieved through repeated (tedious) simulation. In practice the challenge is the construction of low-inductance resistors that shape the voltage impulse. However, the generator may be configured in current mode only as per Figure 3.1, which simplifies matters considerably - fortunately only the current waveform is required to create the benchmark sample. -
Conventional Marx Generator
High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Marx Generators and Marx-like Circuits Fall, 2018 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Introduction The simplest and most widely used high-voltage impulse generator is the device Erwin Marx introduced in 1925 for testing high-voltage components and equipment for the emerging power industry. The basic operation of a Marx generator is simple: Capacitors are charged in parallel through high impedances and discharged in series, multiplying the voltage. 2/31 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Operational principles of simple Marxes A Marx generator is a voltage-multiplying circuit that charges a number of capacitors in parallel and discharges them in series. The process of transforming from a parallel circuit to a series one is known as “erecting the Marx.” = 0 = 0⁄ What is a role of resistors? Current limiting Ground path Isolation during discharge Could be replaced with inductors 3/31 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Ladder-type Marx generator Same polarity output Inverting polarity output 4/31 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Marx charge cycle During the charge cycle, the Marx charges a number of stages, , each with capacitance to a voltage , through a chain of charging resistors . 0 0 1 = ( ) 2 2 0 0 The time to charge the th stage with a DC source is given approximately by = 2 푐 0 5/31 High-voltage Pulsed Power Engineering, Fall 2018 Marx erection The Marx erection is the process of sequentially closing the switches to reconfigure the capacitors from the parallel charging circuit to the series discharge circuit. -
What Is Pulsed Power
SAND2007-2984P PULSED POWER AT SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES LABORATORIES NATIONAL SANDIA PULSED POWER AT WHAT IS PULSED POWER . the first forty years In the early days, this technology was often called ‘pulse power’ instead of pulsed power. In a pulsed power machine, low-power electrical energy from a wall plug is stored in a bank of capacitors and leaves them as a compressed pulse of power. The duration of the pulse is increasingly shortened until it is only billionths of a second long. With each shortening of the pulse, the power increases. The final result is a very short pulse with enormous power, whose energy can be released in several ways. The original intent of this technology was to use the pulse to simulate the bursts of radiation from exploding nuclear weapons. Anne Van Arsdall Anne Van Pulsed Power Timeline (over) Anne Van Arsdall SAND2007-????? ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Jeff Quintenz initiated this history project while serving as director of the Pulsed Power Sciences Center. Keith Matzen, who took over the Center in 2005, continued funding and support for the project. The author is grateful to the following people for their assistance with this history: Staff in the Sandia History Project and Records Management Department, in particular Myra O’Canna, Rebecca Ullrich, and Laura Martinez. Also Ramona Abeyta, Shirley Aleman, Anna Nusbaum, Michael Ann Sullivan, and Peggy Warner. For her careful review of technical content and helpful suggestions: Mary Ann Sweeney. For their insightful reviews and comments: Everet Beckner, Don Cook, Mike Cuneo, Tom Martin, Al Narath, Ken Prestwich, Jeff Quintenz, Marshall Sluyter, Ian Smith, Pace VanDevender, and Gerry Yonas. -
Development of Rectangle-Pulse Marx Generator Based on PFN Hongtao Li, Hong-Je Ryoo, Jong-Soo Kim, Geun-Hie Rim, Young-Bae Kim, and Jianjun Deng
190 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE, VOL. 37, NO. 1, JANUARY 2009 Development of Rectangle-Pulse Marx Generator Based on PFN Hongtao Li, Hong-Je Ryoo, Jong-Soo Kim, Geun-Hie Rim, Young-Bae Kim, and Jianjun Deng Abstract—In this paper, two designs of the rectangle-pulse Marx generator based on pulse-forming network (PFN) for pulse-power application are reported. The PFN is composed of inductors and capacitors. Proposed schemes consist of several identical PFNs that are connected according to Marx generator scheme. PFN Marx generators can output rectangle pulse several hundreds of nanoseconds in duration and several tens of nanoseconds in rising time. The effect of component parameter to the waveform is studied. Prototypes made of four PFNs have been tested. One of the prototypes is designed according to classical Marx mode, while another is designed as an L−C Marx generator in which only one command switch and one isolating switch is needed. In a 500-ns duration, 65-ns rising-time rectangle pulse has been achieved on the matching load. Index Terms—Classical mode, L−C mode, Marx generator, pulse-forming network (PFN), rectangle pulse. I. INTRODUCTION IGH-POWER rectangle pulse has wide application in H science research and industry fields. It is very favorable in high-power microwave, X-ray, and laser research because of improvement to the quality of the electron beam. However, it is Fig. 1. CES-based single PFN. (a) Simulation circuit model. (b) Results. difficult to generate several hundreds of kilovolts or more high- power rectangle pulse with several hundreds of nanoseconds in 500-ns rectangle pulse with frontal rising time of 65 ns has been duration using the existent Marx generator or solid state pulser produced by four stages of Marx generators. -
Reconfiguration of 3 MV Marx Generator Into a Modern High Efficiency System
Reconfiguration of 3 MV Marx Generator into a Modern High Efficiency System Joni V. Klüss William Larzelere Mississippi State University, USA Evergreen High Voltage, USA Abstract charging resistor between the source and the capacitor). The switch connecting C1 to the rest of the circuit can High voltage impulse generators are intended to last for either be triggered (trigatron – ignitable sphere gap), or long periods of time. Upon reaching the end of their self-ignited (e.g., increase voltage across open gap or technical lifetime, decisions concerning decrease inter-electrode distance across gap to result in decommissioning, replacement, refurbishment or flashover). Upon closing of the switch, capacitance C2 is upgrading are needed. A new generator is a charged from C1 through resistor R1. At the same time, considerable investment. Significant reductions in but slower (since R2 >> R1), both capacitors discharge material and labor costs can be made by repurposing through R2. Output voltage V2 appears across C2. still functional elements of the existing generator and redesigning the circuit for higher efficiency requiring fewer components. This paper describes the process of refurbishing the Mississippi State University (MSU) High Voltage Laboratory 3 MV, 56 kJ impulse generator originally built in 1962 into a modern digital impulse generator system. 1. Introduction In general, the basic function of an impulse voltage generator is the rapid application of capacitive energy to a load, i.e., the charging and discharging of a capacitor. The impulse waveform can be approximated by a double exponential function, , (1) shown in Fig. 1. Output voltage V(t) is the superposition Fig. -
Note: Investigation of a Marx Generator Imitating a Tesla Transformer” B
Supplementary Material of \Note: Investigation of a Marx generator imitating a Tesla transformer" B. H. McGuyer1, a) Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027-5255, USA (Dated: 1 July 2018) CONTENTS and Ct were Murata DHR series ceramic disc capacitors with a ZM temperature characteristic, ±10% tolerance, I. Supplementary Material 1 and 15 kV direct-current (DC) rating. Their capacitance A. Spark discharges 1 is known to decrease with DC bias, up to roughly 22% 1 B. Marx-coil aparatus 1 at 15 kV. C. Estimating time-dependent circuit parameters 2 The inductors L1−36 were 3-pi universal wound D. Data analysis 3 Bourns/J. W. Miller 6306-RC varnished RF chokes with E. Discharge loading of Tesla transformers 6 ferrite cores, ±5% tolerance, and 31 Ω or less DC resis- F. Further improvements 6 tance. These inductors were installed in one of two clear plastic tubes, each with a slot for the leads that was later sealed with room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) I. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL silicone, and the inductors were immersed in mineral oil. The load inductor Ls was a close-wound single-layer solenoid made from a 55.4 cm varnished winding of ap- A. Spark discharges proximately 791 turns of 22 awg magnet wire on a plastic pipe with an outer diameter of 8.8 cm. The measured Fig. 5 provides larger versions of the insets showing inductance was 8.07 ± 0.03 mH at 10 kHz, and DC resis- spark discharge in Figs. 1 and 3. These pictures and the tance was 11.8 ± 0.1 Ω. -
High Voltage Laboratory: Simulation, Adjustment and Test on Electrical Insulators
Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto High Voltage Laboratory: simulation, adjustment and test on electrical insulators Manuel Angel Saboy Gabiña Master’s Thesis Report carried out within Master in Electrical and Computers Engineering - Energy Director: Prof. Dr. António Carlos Sepúlveda Machado e Moura June 2009 © Manuel Angel Saboy Gabiña, 2009 ii Resumo O principal objectivo desta dissertação é a preparação do Laboratório de Alta Tensão da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto com a finalidade de permitir a realização de ensaios de alta tensão, particularmente ensaios ao choque de descargas atmosféricas, de isoladores eléctricos de material orgânico conforme a normativa internacional aplicável e, dar solução aos problemas encontrados no equipamento que foram detectados no começo dos trabalhos no laboratório. As descargas de origem atmosférica produzem sobretensões nas linhas eléctricas de transporte de energia que podem atingir centenas de milhares de volts, o que causa esforços dieléctricos sob os isoladores e pode pôr em perigo uma operação, normal e com segurança, do equipamento eléctrico das estações e subestações. Os isoladores eléctricos são amplamente utilizados neste tipo de dispositivos, como por exemplo: seccionadores de tensão, terminais de transformadores eléctricos, linhas de transporte em alta tensão, ou, linhas eléctricas em infra-estructuras ferroviárias. O trabalho é divido em três partes: a primeira parte estabelece os fundamentos teóricos necessários para a compreensão do mesmo. É imprescindível conhecer como são produzidas as descargas atmosféricas e a categoria das sobretensões que são objecto de estudo. A segunda parte apresenta o trabalho de experimentação feito: introdução ao equipamento do laboratório disponível, simulação do processo, estudo das diferentes possibilidades e solução dos problemas que surgiram, avaliação de riscos para os utilizadores na instalação, princípios estabelecidos pelas normas internacionais, calibração do equipamento de medida e, o ensaio de isoladores eléctricos.