Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47249-4 — Contemporary Nigerian Politics A. Carl Levan Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47249-4 — Contemporary Nigerian Politics A. Carl LeVan Index More Information 277

Index

#BringBackOurGirls, 74, 78–9, Ahaya, Julius, 97, 100, 122, 169 102, 141 air force, 51, 55 2010 Electoral Act, 75 Akhaine, Sylvester Odion, 126n11 9/ 11, 7, 25, 236 Akhigbe, Mike Okhai, 45 Akinsanya, Adeoye A, 126n11 Abacha, Sani, 17–19, 22, 30–2, 43n3, Akos, Zaka, 150 37–46, 48–9, 52, 54, 67, 187–8, Aksoy, Deniz, 234 188n1, 210, 212, 219–20 Akwa Ibom State, 23, 135 Abia State, 59, 61–2, 144, 188n1, al- Qaeda, 205, 208, 233, 236 191–2, 199, 215 Alamieyeseigha, Diepreye, 71 Abiola, Moshood, 17, 38, 41, 48, 64 al- Barnawi, Khalid, 205 Abubakar, Atiku, 61, 67, 75, 96, 203, Algeria, 7, 234 212, 219 National Liberation Front, 234 Abubakar, General Abdulsalam, 40–7, Aliyu, Babangida, 60 50, 54, 64 Aliyu, Nuhu, 53 Abuja, 13, 27, 39, 46, 46n5, 62, 78–9, All Nigeria Peoples’ Party, 126n10 81, 121n7, 129n15, 144, 153–5, All Peoples Party, 43 198, 204–5, 209, 231, 233 All Progressives Congress, 1–3, 6, Abuja Muslim Forum, 171 11–13, 21, 25–7, 32–3, 61, 63, Achebe, Chinua, 190 66–70, 80, 82–3, 87, 96n6, 89–97, Action Congress Nigeria, 126n10 103n7, 99–108, 112–14, 116, Adamawa State, 61–2, 77, 104, 116, 118n4, 118–19, 121–2, 127, 131, 132n17, 134, 139, 148n1, 152, 134, 136–7, 139–42, 145, 148, 195, 199, 202, 207 154–5, 158, 164, 168–9, 171, 206, Adekanye, J. Bayo, 53 217–18, 221–8, 237 affective intelligence theory, 116, Constitution, 93 122, 131 All Progressives Grand Alliance, Afghanistan, 25 121n8, 145 Africa, 2, 5, 9, 14, 17, 19, 23–4, Allah, Miyetti, 197 27–8, 31, 34–5, 39, 67, 69, 82, 90, Alliance for Democracy, 43, 154n5, 100, 105, 109n1, 109–11, 113, 159n6 123, 140–1, 148, 152, 181–3, Allied Congress Party of Nigeria, 159n6 185, 191, 193, 201, 224, 231–2, almajiri, 151, 171, 204 235, 237 Al- Mustapha, Hamza, 40, 43, 46, 64 Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 117 Amaechi, Chibuike Rotimi, 63, 83, 94, African Mission in Somalia, 5 100, 139 African Pentecostalism, 151 America, 25, 39, 172; see also United African Union, 194–5, 211 States Afrobarometer, 73, 90, 111, 117, 132, American troops, 236; see also US 144, 181 Department of Defense

277

278 Index

American University of Nigeria, 207 Biafra, 180–1, 184–6, 190, 192–3, 210, Amnesty International, 190, 206 214–16, 229, 231, 235 amnesty program (Niger Delta), 76, Biafran Pound, 190 213–14, 231 bin Laden, Osama, 236 Amuwo, ‘Kunle et al., 14 Biu, Zakari, 44 Anambra State, 121n8, 144, 170, Blattman, Christopher, 9 186, 190 Boko Haram, 1, 3, 5–6, 10, 12–13, 22, Angola, 107 26, 28–9, 45, 65, 67–8, 70–1, 74, Annual Abstract of Statistics, 128 78n4, 77–9, 84–5, 87–9, 94–5, 97, ANPP, 47 102, 104–5, 110, 114–16, 122, Anti- Terrorism Law, 102 127–8, 131, 134, 136, 140, 148–9, APC, see All Progressives Congress 151–3, 168–9, 171–2, 180, 184, APGA, 121n8; see also All Progressives 200, 200n6, 202–11, 213–14, Grand Alliance 216, 218, 223, 230–5, 237 Arab Spring, 35, 179, 229 Born on a Tuesday, 171–2 Ararume, Ifeanyi, 62 Borno Elders Forum, 96n6, 208 Arewa, 193 Borno State, 74, 77, 116, 128, 132n17, Arewa Youths, 193 134, 139, 148n1, 180, 202–3, Arewa Consultative Forum, 50 205–6, 216 army, 11, 38, 50, 55, 118, 118n4, 230 Braji, Ibrahim, 53 Army Chief of Staff, 50 Bratton, Michael, 112, 152, 170 Chief of Army Staff, 40, 52 Brazil, 33 Arriola, Leonardo, 111, 139 Britain, 15–16, 125; see also United Atiku, Abubakar, 83 Kingdom authoritarianism, 5, 10, 12, 14, British House of Commons, 96 17, 19–22, 24, 29–30, 33, 35–6, budget, 5, 13, 17, 24, 32, 54–5, 57, 65, 38–40, 42–9, 51–4, 61, 64–5, 86, 71, 75, 80, 91, 96, 99, 138, 189, 108, 141, 151, 181, 185, 187, 216, 220 189, 191, 194, 197, 211, 219, Buhari, Adamu, 160 229, 234 Buhari, Muhammadu, 12, 17–18, Awolowo, Obafemi, 15, 36, 108, 27, 30, 46, 52, 63, 67, 73, 83, 189, 214 93, 101, 104, 106, 112, 115, Ayoade, John A.A., 126n11 118–19, 122–3, 124n9, 124–5, Azikiwe, Nnamadi, 15, 187, 214 128, 131–2, 134–7, 140–1, Aziza, Major- General Patrick, 45 144–5, 148–52, 154–5, 158–60, 162–4, 168–9, 177, 192, 199, Babangida, Ibrahim, 18–19, 30, 38, 40, 207–8, 213, 215, 217, 225, 227, 44, 47, 52, 54, 61, 65, 187 230, 237 Badeh, Alex Sabundu, 78 Buhari government, 21 Baga, 206, 214 Buhari’s coup, 68 Bamaiyi, General Ishaya, 45, 50, 64 Buhari’s presidential campaign, 63 Bamaiyi, Major- General Ishaya, 40 Burchard, Stephanie, 109, 141 Bamiduro, Joseph, 91n5 Burma, 36 Basedau, Matthias, 112, 139, Bush, George W., 25 142, 152 Bauchi State, 78, 203 Cameroon, 95, 139, 171, 185 Bayelsa State, 22, 71, 212 Campaign for Democracy, 38 Berlin Wall, 19, 34 Carothers, Thomas, 182 Berom, 22, 200 Carter, David, 234 Bhavnani, Ravi, 170 Carter, Jimmy, 43

Index 279

Center for Strategic and International colonialism, 5, 14–16, 99, 107–8, 195, Studies, 96 259, 264 Central America, 214 indirect rule, 15, 125 Central Bank of Nigeria, 120, 138 Congo, 185 Central Bank Act of 2007, 72 Congress for Progressive Change, 63, Central Bank Governor, 72 126n10 Centre for Human Rights, Consolidation (democratic), 2, 4, 29, Development and Environmental 31, 35, 102, 173, 179–84, 209–10, Foundation, 118 214, 216, 218, 229 Centre for Regional Integration and Constitutional Rights Project, 41, 43 Development, 209 Constitutionalism, 2, 12, 17, 24, 35, Chad, 17n4, 95, 171, 202 40, 42, 49, 56, 59–60, 62, 64, Charter of Equity, 62 138n18, 160, 170, 181–2, 191, Cheeseman, Nicholas, 182 202, 209, 228–9, 234, 237 Chen, Tse- Hsin, 170 corruption, 3, 12, 20, 26–7, 32, Chibok, 1, 68, 78–9, 84, 87–8, 96, 45–6, 50–1, 58, 63–4, 67–8, 102, 140–1, 148n1, 205, 207–8, 70–2, 80, 82, 85, 87–91, 97, 214, 233 100–2, 107, 112–14, 116–17, Chief of Air Staff, 51 134, 136–7, 140, 148, 169, Chile, 32–3, 36 182–3, 191, 195n3, 199, 208, Christian Democratic Party, 169 218, 220, 222 Chime, Sullivan, 94 Council of Elders, 193 Christian, 9, 51, 78, 125, 149–51, 154, Council on Foreign Relations, 127 161, 165, 168–70, 172, 200, 203, Countering Violent Extremism, 5 228, 234; see also Christianity counter- terrorism, 3, 5, 7, 11–12, 25, Christian Association of Nigeria, 125, 68, 79, 86, 89, 96, 101, 104–5, 168–9 110, 115, 118, 128–9, 131, 134, Christianity, 15, 148n1, 150, 168 136, 139–41, 148, 171, 185, 218, Anglicans, 168 222–3 Catholic, 168, 190 demonstration counter- terrorism, Catholic Church, 169 11 Old Testament, 151 coups, 12, 17n4, 17–18, 21, 21n5, 24, Pentecostal, 151, 168 30, 32, 36–8, 40, 45, 46n6, 51–2, Chukwumerije, Uche, 42, 62 54, 56, 60, 67, 71, 185, 187, 216, Civil Liberties Organization, 190 219–22, 231, 237 civil society, 19–20, 24, 26, 38–9, CPC, see Congress for 41, 48, 52–3, 69, 72, 74, 78, 80, Progressive Change 87, 92, 96, 108, 114, 135, 140, Crippled Giant, see Osaghae, Eghosa 189, 192, 206, 209, 224, 227 Cross Rivers State, 129n15, 135 Civil Society Legislative Advocacy CRP, 45; see also Constitutional Rights Centre, 135 Project civil war, 14, 18, 22, 36, 42, 50, 87, 102, 185–7, 190, 210–11, 214, Dahl, Robert, 182 220, 223, 230, 232 Daily Independent, 145 Civil War, the, 48, 52, 65, 192 Daily Times, 145 clientelism, 28, 111 Daily Trust, 83 Clinton, Bill, 39 Danjuma, Theophilus, 44, 53–4 Coalition for National Consensus, 30 De Mesquita, Ethan Bueno, 9, 235 Cold War, 34, 108 debt, 27, 81, 91, 106, 121, 133, 137, Collier, Paul, 109 141, 225–6

280 Index

Debt Management Office, 120, 145 connected plurality, 149, 154n4, decentralization, 16 153–5, 160, 168, 227 decrees (military), 43, 65, 219 electoral violence, 1, 5, 23, 68, 73, defections (party), 12, 25, 32, 63, 88, 84–5, 109–10, 114, 135, 180, 93, 122, 146, 221 223, 233 Delta State, 22–3, 212 Elischer, Sebastian, 111–12, 142 Delta states, 155 El- Rufai, Nasir Ahmad, 100 Demilitarization, Demobilization, and Enders, Walter, 6 Reintegration (DDR), 208 Englebert, Pierre, 191, 210 Democratic Coalition, 38 English, 122 democratization, 2, 5, 19, 24, 29, 33– Enugu, 189 5, 57, 64, 92, 105, 108, 179, 183, Enugu State, 62, 94, 144 218, 221, 229 Environment Conflict and Cooperation Deputy Speakership, 61 Platform, 196 Diamond, Larry, 14, 35 Eritrea, 185 dictatorship, see authoritarianism Ethiopia, 14, 111, 139 diphtheria- pertussis, 98 ethnic conflict, 22, 36, 79, 109, Director- General of the Presidential 152, 200 Campaign, 83 ethnic minorities, 215 Diya, Lieutenant-General Oladipo, 40, ethnic politics, 3, 22, 25, 28–9, 32, 43–6, 50, 52 47–51, 61, 63–5, 105, 107, 111, Doctrine of Necessity, 60 124, 142, 148–9, 152–4, 158, 167, Dogara, Yakubu, 66 169, 186–7, 191, 198, 210, 215, Dresden, Jennifer, 228n2 220, 228, 231 Dutch disease, 20 ethnic violence, 193 ethnic voting, 3, 28, 124–5, 142, 148– Ebonyi State, 135, 215 9, 152, 154–5, 160, 163–7, 171, Economic and Financial Crimes 222, 226–7 Commission, 70 Europe, 7, 13–14, 16, 232, 235 economic voting, 3, 27, 69, 105–6, Southern Europe, 2, 33 113–15, 119, 125, 131–2, 134–6, Western Europe, 7 139, 141–2, 148, 160, 163–4, 166, Eze, Ayogu, 62 170, 218, 222, 225 Economist, The, 90 Falae, Olu, 43 Ecuador, 36 Falola, Toyin, 14 Edo State, 155 Federal Capital Territory, 79, EFCC, 72; see also Economic and 121n7, 153 Financial Crimes Commission federal character, 48–9, 56, 62, 153, Egwu, Samuel, 62, 126n11, 185 167, 186 Egypt, 111 Federal Character Commission, 186 Ekeh, Peter, 16 federal government, 98 Ekiti State, 155, 198 Federal High Court, 219 Ekwueme, Alex, 47–8, 57, 65, 186–7, Federal Permanent Secretary, 54 210, 220, 231 Federal Petroleum Monitoring Unit, 44 elections federalism, 4, 19, 42, 49, 106, 120, founding election, 29, 35, 37, 219 138, 141, 153, 185, 191, 198, Electoral Act, see 2010 Electoral Act 202, 211, 226 electoral reform, 66, 73, 84 Federation Account, 71–2 electoral systems, 28, 75, 88, 149 First Lady, 79, 123

Index 281

First Republic, 14–15, 36–7, 108, Ha, Yoonbin, 119, 139, 142 124, 228 Habe emir, 160 Forbes, 72 Hart, Austin, 113 foreign aid, 26, 53, 111, 171–2, Hausa, 12, 48, 51, 64, 116–17, 207–9 124n9, 124–5, 135, 146, 149, Fourth Republic, 5, 14, 22, 24, 83, 121, 152, 154, 160, 161f5.5, 161–2, 123, 132n17, 184, 189, 210–11, 164, 177, 198, 200, 200n6, 202, 215–16, 219, 231, 237 227, 230 France, 7, 232 Hausa-Fulani, 51, 64, 124–5, 154, 160, National Front, 232 162, 198, 230 Fulani, 12, 16, 22, 104, 124, 124n9, Higazi, Adam, 198 146, 149, 152, 160, 162, 164, Higley, John, 34, 65 177, 187, 200n6, 198–201, 215, Hope Party, 159n6 227, 230 house, 211 Fulfulde, 198, 199n5, 201 House of Representatives, 1, 12, 58, 60, 72, 122, 146, 189 G34, 41, 187; see also Group of Speaker of the House, 61, Patriotic Nigerian Citizens 66, 189 Gabon, 182 Privatization Committee, 188 Galadima, Ganiyu, 159n6 human rights, 20, 23, 32, 41, 43–6, 50, Gallup, 69, 73, 87 52, 57, 64–5, 77, 117, 183, 190, Gambia, 5 192–3, 204, 206, 216, 219, 234, Gbaramatu, 212 237 GDP, 90, 120–1, 137, 145; see also Human Rights Violations gross domestic product Investigations Commission, 52 gender, see women Hunter, Lance, 117 Germany, 7 Huntington, Samuel, 34, 55–6, Getmansky, Anna, 8, 235 109, 182 Ghana, 14, 108, 112, 142, 152, hybrid regimes, 4, 35, 109, 183 182, 224 Giwa Barracks, 216, 237 Ibru, Alex, 50 Global Terrorism Database, 9 Idiagbon, Tunde, 46 godfathers, 76, 94, 121, 121n8, IDP, 207–8; see also internally 138, 234 displaced people Gombe, 97 IFRA, 140 Gombe (city), 1 Igbo, 3, 29, 41, 47–8, 57, 59, 61, Gombe State, 122, 125, 169, 199 65, 68, 124, 155, 180, 188n1, Gombe State Assembly, 47 184–92, 210, 214–15, 220, 229, government of national unity, 41, 64 231, 234 Gowon, Yakubu, 36, 44, 48, 51, 185, IGR, see internally generated revenue 189, 191, 211 Ihedioha, Emeka, 61 gross domestic product, 80, 120, 145 Ihonvbere, Julius Omozuanvbo, 14 Group of Patriotic Nigerian Ijaw, 22, 45, 149, 151, 154, 163–4, Citizens, 39 212 Guardian, 145 Ijaw Youth Council, 212 Gunther, Richard, 34, 65 Ikpeazu, Okezie Victor, 39, 47, 58, 61, Gusau, Ali Mohammed, 53 191, 215 Gusau, Aliyu, 61 Ilaje, 22 Gwarzo, Ismaila, 45 Imo State, 61–2, 145

282 Index

Independent Corrupt Practices Sharia law, 51, 150, 155, 199, and Other Related Offences 202–3, 208, 210–11, 232, 236 Commission, 70 Shiite, 235 Independent National Electoral Sufi, 211 Commission, 50, 73, 149, 158 Sufism, 171 indigeneity, 22, 201 Islamic Movement of Nigeria, 235 Indigenous People of Biafra, 66, 186, Islamic State, 1, 95, 171, 233 189, 191–3, 215, 230 Israel, 8, 79, 110, 232, 236 Indonesia, 111 Itsekiri, 22 INEC, 46, 62, 73–6, 84, 88, 91, 94, IYC, 212; see also Ijaw Youth Council 101, 122, 126, 139, 143, 145–6, 149, 154n4, 158, 162–3, 166, Jamatu Nasril Islam, 206 170, 227–8; see also Independent Jang, Jonah, 200, 200n6 National Election Commission Jasawa, 200 INEC v. Musa, 75 Jega, Attahiru, 73–4, 76, 84, 91, 101, inflation, 13, 83, 88, 91 166n8 Institute on Francophone Research in jingina, 116, 118, 131, 135 Africa, 127, 143 Joda, Ahmed, 54 insurgency, 4, 181, 206, 210, 212, 234 Jonathan, Goodluck, 1, 10, 13, 16, 25, kidnapping, 1, 68, 78, 87, 140, 27, 44n4, 60, 65, 67–72, 74–81, 148n1, 207, 231, 233 83, 87, 89, 91, 93, 96–9, 101–2, internally displaced people, 96, 104, 106–7, 112, 114–15, 117–19, 122, 207 121, 127, 129, 131–2, 134–7, 139, internally generated revenue, 27, 120, 141, 144–5, 149, 154–5, 158–9, 129, 133, 138, 141, 145, 226 161–8, 177, 192, 213, 221, 224, International Committee for the Red 227, 235 Cross, 207 Jonathan administration, 95–6, International Criminal Court, 113 114–15, 123, 140–1, 223 International Crisis Group, 209 Jos, 48, 200 International Monetary Fund, 80 Journal of Democracy, 236 International Republican Institute, 224 judiciary, 62, 153 inverted neocolonialism, 205, 235 June 12 election (1993), 19, 38–41, IPOB, see Indigenous People of Biafra 61, 188 Iraq, 236 Iraq War, 81 Kadua, 100 ISIL, 208; see also Islamic State Kaduna State, 144, 201 ISIS, see Islamic State Kaiama, 212 Islam, 25, 148n1, 151, 160–1, 168–9, Kaiama Declaration, 212 171–2, 201, 203, 209, 211 Kaita, Isa, 61 almajiris, 151 Kalu, Ogbu, 151 caliphate, 150, 210, 236 Kalu, Orji Uzor, 59, 62, 188n1 Islamic extremism, 205 Kano State, 40, 72n2, 78, 167, Islamic law, 37, 150, 202 197, 203 Islamic State, 184 Kanu, Nnamadi, 191–2 Islamicization, 49n7 Kanuri, 124n9, 160 Islamophbia, 169 Katsina, 160 Qur’an, 172 Katsina State, 197 Qur’anic school, 160 Kenya, 7, 15, 107–9, 113, 153n3, 182 Salafism, 214 Kenyatta, Uhuru, 113 Salafist, 193, 202, 209 Kew, Darren, 126n11, 163

Index 283

Kibris, Arzu, 235 Ministry of Defence, 24, 79 Kurdistan Workers’ Party, 8 Chief of Defence Staff, 78 Kwara State, 61 Ministry of Petroleum, 72 modernization theory, 34–5, 229 Lagos, 190, 198 Mohammed, Lai, 83 Lake Chad, 153, 171, 196 Mohammed, Murtala, 50 Lake Chad basin, 171 Morrison, M.K.C., 112, 142 Lake Chad region, 184, 207 Movement for the Actualization of the Lamido, Umar, 47 Sovereign State of Biafra, 49n7, Lange, Matthew, 128 170, 186–7, 189–93, 214–15, Latin America, 33, 36, 183, 221 230–1 Lawan, Farouk, 72 Movement for the Emancipation of the Leadership, 145 Niger Delta, 212–13, 234 LeVan, Carl, 126n11 Mozambique, 107 Lewis, Peter, 126n11, 163 Mua’zu, Adamu, 83 Lindberg, Staffan, 27, 92, 102, 112, Muhammed, Murtala, 36 142, 183 Muslim, 16, 78, 131, 136, 141, Linz, Juan J., 180–1, 183, 216, 229 149–51, 161–2, 162n7, 164–5, Livestock Development Project, 211 168–9, 171, 177, 193, 200, 202–4, Local Government Area(s), 209, 224, 228, 232 139, 199 London, 233 Nation House Press, 54 Lord’s Resistance Army, 9 National Aeronautic and Space Lugard, Frederick, 15 Administration, 196 National Assembly, 11–12, 32, 38, Maiduguri, 95, 207 42, 51, 53, 55, 59f2.3, 59–61, 67, Maitatsine, 12, 22, 102 69, 73, 138n18, 140, 153, 213, Malawi, 182 221, 227 Mali, 7 National Assembly Committee, 72 Malu, Victor, 50–2 National Assembly elections, 42 Mambila Plateau, 200 National Bureau of Statistics, 97 Mansfield, Edward, 109 National Council of State, 75 Maritime University, 213 National Defense University, 206 Mark, David, 53, 60 National Democratic Coalition, 41 marketing boards, 15–16 National Democratic Institute for MASSOB, see Movement for the International Affairs, 43, 224 Actualization of the Sovereign National Gender Policy, 99 State of Biafra National Grazing Rights and Reserves Mbororo, 198 Bill, 211 McCauley, Herbert, 15 National Human Rights Merolla, Jennifer L. and Elizabeth Commission, 117 J. Zechmeister, 8, 12 National Institute of Policy and Middle Belt, 21, 148–9, 158, Strategic Studies, 209 198, 200 National Literacy Survey, 146 Middle East, 35, 183 National Police Force Midwest Region, 16 Headquarters, 78 military rule, 19, 54, 67, 151, National Publicity Secretary, 83 185, 187, 220; see also National Republican Convention, 38 authoritarianism National Security Adviser, 1, 11, 45–6, Millennium Development Goals, 98 61, 74

284 Index

nationalism, 15, 17, 36, 107–9, 235 Ogbeha, Jonathan Tunde, 53 Natural Resource Governance Ogoni, 19 Institute, 71 Ohakim, Ikedi, 62 Nepal, 182 Ohanaeze New York Times, 140 Council of Elders, 187 Nicaragua, 182 Ohanaeze Ndigbo, 48, 186–7, 188n1, Nice, 232 188–9, 191–3, 211, 214–15 Niger, 7, 171 oil revenue, 2, 13, 17, 19–22, 54, 71, Niger Delta, 16, 19, 21, 23, 45, 49n7, 80, 91, 214 61, 74, 76, 79, 100, 151, 154–5, Okadigbo, Chuba, 189 158, 164, 168, 181, 189, 191–2, Okigwe zone, 62 209, 212–15, 227, 231, 234 Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi, 91n5 Niger Delta Avengers, 215 Okorie, Chekwas, 159n6 Niger State, 60, 144 Okoye, Godson, 159n6 Nigeria Labour Congress, 38 Okupe, Doyin, 83 Nigeria Security Tracker, 77 Olukolade, Chris, 79 Nigeria Watch database, 127, 143 Ondo State, 23, 135 Nigerian Governors’ Forum, 138 Operation Python 2, 192 Nigerian National Petroleum Operation Rainbow, 200 Company, 71 Oputa, Chukwudifu, 52 Nkrumah, Kwame, 108, 235 Oputa Panel, 52, 57, 64 NNPC, 71–2; see also Nigerian Organization of Petroleum Exporting National Petroleum Company Countries, 22, 81 NOI Polls Ltd, 70n1 Oritsejafor, Ayo, 168 Northern Education Initiative, 172 Orlu zone, 62 Northern Elders Forum, 79, 96n6, 169 Osaghae, Eghosa, 14 Northern Governors’ Forum, 155 Oshewolo, Segun, 91n5 Northern People’s Congress, 124 Osinbajo, Yemi, 161 Northern Political Leaders Forum, 61 Owen, Olly, 93, 126n11 NVivo, 68, 83, 222 Owuru, Ambrose Albert, 159n6 Nwabueze, Ben, 42, 187 Oyediran, Oyeleye, 14 Nwachukwu, Major General, 53 Nwankwo, Arthur, 192 pacts, 2, 4, 44, 47, 52–3, 56, 64, 67, Nwaorgu, Joe, 193 184, 218–19, 221 Nwodo, John Nnia, 48 Paden, John, 126n11 Nyako, Murtala, 44, 195 Page, Matthew, 119, 139, 142 Nyanya, 214 pan- Africanism, 108 Panter-Brick, S.K, 14 O’Donnell, Guillermo, 33, 57, 181 Pape, Robert, 25 Oates, Sarah, 7, 136 paradox of democratic counter- Obama, Michelle, 79 terrorism, 5, 8, 139–40, 236 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 17–18, 21n5, PARE, 194–5, 199; see also Pastoral 21–2, 24, 30, 32, 40, 43–4, Resolve 46n5, 46–8, 50–2, 54, 56–7, 59– Paris, 232 62, 64–5, 67, 75, 77, 91, 94, 103, Pastoral Resolve, 193 114, 154, 154n5, 185–8, 188n1, pastoralism, 3, 65, 104, 172, 180, 190, 212–13, 220, 231–2 184, 193–201, 210–11, 230–1 Obi, Cyril, 126n11 patronage, 12, 21, 28, 89, 103, 107, Odi, 22, 212, 216 110–13, 119, 142, 164, 182, 226 Odinga, Raila, 113 Paul II, Pope John, 39

Index 285

PDP, see People’s Democratic Party Region of the Niger Delta, 193n2 pension scam, 72 rehabilitation of livestock production Pentagon, 233; see also US Department facilities, 211 of Defense Reinert, Manuel, 127n12 People’s Democratic Party, 1–4, 10–13, revenue allocation system, 19, 21, 138 21, 23–7, 29, 31–2, 37–8, 42–4, derivation formula, 20–1 46–54, 56–68, 70, 74–6, 79, 81–3, Rhodesia, 15, 108 86, 89–97, 103n7, 99–106, Ribadu, Nuhu, 62, 71 112–15, 121n8, 117–22, 125–9, Rivers State, 23, 63, 87, 101, 108, 135, 129n16, 131–7, 139–41, 143, 213, 219 145, 148, 151, 155, 158–9, 164, Rivers State Attorney General, 219 166–71, 182, 186–9, 191–2, 200, Rochas, Okorocha, 62 203, 205, 210, 215, 217–28, Rondel Solidarity Movement, 193n2 231, 235. rotation, 49, 56, 58, 60–1, 64–5, 153; PDP National Working Committee, 83 see also zoning Persian Gulf War, 233 rule of law, 29, 65, 109, 209, 216, 237 Peru, 36 Russia, 7 Petroleum Trust Fund, 189 Rwanda, 182 Pew Research Center, 169 Plateau State, 22, 101, 150, 158, 187, Salawu, Rafiu, 159n6 189, 200n6, 200–1 Sambisa Forest, 95, 171 Plateau State Assembly Sandler, Todd, 6 Deputy Speaker of the Plateau State Sanusi, Lamido, 72 Assembly, 76 Saraki, Bukola, 61 polarization (political), 8, 13, 136, Saro- Wiwa, Ken, 19, 212, 219 171–2, 224, 235 Saudi Arabia, 60, 69, 236 police, 23, 44, 128–9, 143, 224 Schmitter, Philippe C., 33, 57 Assistant Inspector General of search for common ground, 23 Police, 73 secession, 21, 172, 180, 184, 191, 214, polio, 98 218 political violence, 223 Second Republic, 14, 17, 22, 30, 37, Port Harcourt, 216 39, 46, 48, 52, 80, 186–7, 220, post- Soviet States, 183 231 power shift, 32, 48–50, 58–63, 65, 75, Secretary for Information, 42 167, 210, 220–1, 227; see also Secretary General, 42, 193, 211, 214 zoning Senate, 1, 13, 33, 58, 60, 62, 72, 211 PRC, see Provisional Ruling Council Senate President, 189, 192 Premium Times, 145 Senegal, 182, 185 priming voters, 3, 6, 113 Shagamu riots, 22 prison, 18–19, 38, 40–1, 44, 46, 78, 187 Shannon, Tom, 209 privatization, 54 Shekau, Abubakar, 204–5, 208, 235 Procurement Act, 72 Sheriff, Ali Modu, 203 Provisional Ruling Council, 30, 32, 37, Siollun, Max, 74 40, 42, 45, 64, 219 situation room, 74 Punch, 83, 145 Sklar, Richard, 14 Smith, Daniel Jordan, 191 referendum, 115, 134, 136, 151, 191, Snyder, Jack, 109 193, 230 Socio- economic Rights and religious, 28, 149–51, 161, 165–6, Accountability Project, 72 228 Sokoto State, 61

286 Index

Somalia, 5, 7 transitions, 1–2, 4–6, 10, 14, 17–20, Song Local Government, 199 22–5, 29–45, 47, 50–5, 57–8, 61, South Africa, 39, 52, 90, 95, 168 63–7, 69, 86, 94, 110, 114, 140, South South, 154–5 150–1, 169, 173, 179, 181, 184, South Sudan, 185 186–9, 192, 200, 202, 210–12, Southeast Situation Room, 192 214–15, 218–21, 229, 231–2 Sovereign National Conference, 212 end of, 24, 31, 38 Soviet Union, 34, 229 Transparency International, 70, 72 Spain, 7, 34, 234 Trump, Donald, 193, 216, 236 Special Investigation Board, 40 tsoro, 117–18, 131 state of emergency, 36, 96 Tunisia, 35 State Secret Service, 11 Turkey, 8 Stepan, Alfred, 180–1, 183, 216, 229 Turkey’s Justice and Development Stokes, Susan, 111, 113 Party, 169 Strauss, Scott, and Charlie Taylor, 84 turnover (party), 1, 4, 13, 24, 29, 31, Street, John, 236 33, 67, 110, 140–1, 173, 181–4, stress points, 3–4, 29, 173, 179–81, 216, 218, 237 184, 202, 210, 213, 215, 218, Tutu, Desmond, 52 229, 231–2 Twitter, 79 structural adjustment programs, 20 subnational power, see US Ambassador to Nigeria, 69; decentralization see also US Department of State sub- Saharan Africa, 110, 170n9, 183; US Congress, 25 see also Africa US Government, 27 subsidy fraud, 72 Agency for International Sultan of Sokoto, 41 Development, 5, 26 Supreme Court, 17, 32, 47, 75, 153 Commission on International Syria, 184 Religious Freedom, 28, 228 Department of Defense, 4, 22 talakawa, 12, 164 Department of Justice, 45 Taliban, 203 Department of State, 28, 39, Tambuwal, Aminu Waziri, 61 144–6, 177 Taraba State, 199–200 Institute of Peace, 206, 209, 225 tax, 15, 19, 120, 190, 211 Uganda, 9, 112, 137, 182 terrorism, 6n1, 3–11, 14, 25–7, 29, Ujo, A.A., 126n11 65, 68–9, 74, 78, 84–5, 88, 94–7, Umahi, Dave, 215 101, 105, 107, 110, 114, 116–17, Umuahia, 190 122, 127–9, 131, 134–6, 139–41, United Democratic Party, 159n6 148, 171, 180, 200, 202–3, United Kingdom, 7, 15, 71, 215, 232 205–6, 214, 216, 222, 224, British, 195 230, 232–7 British colonies, 128 suicide bombing, 205 Conservative Party, 232 tetanus, 98 England, 172 The Political Economy of Terrorism, United Nations, 22, 78, 190, 205, 207, see Enders, Walter, and 223, 225, 233 Sandler, Todd Food and Agriculture Organization Third Wave of Democratization, of the United Nations, 198 108, 216 United Nations Development This Day, 83 Program, 198 Tinubu, Bola, 100 United Nations Development Transition Monitoring Group, 53 Programme, 98, 223

Index 287

United Nations High Commission Westminster, see Britian on Refugees, 202 Wing, S.D., 7 United Nations Security Council, women, 16, 80, 82, 88, 97–9, 102, 22, 205 107, 123, 137, 163, 170, 207 World Food Program, 207 World Bank, 58, 121, 145 United Progressive Party, 159n6 World War II, 15, 36 United States, 7, 25, 28, 51, 81, 95, 207, 232–3, 235 Yacouba, 201 California, 8 Yar’Adua, Umaru Musa, 26, 40, 59– Washington DC, 95–6, 117, 206 60, 60n9, 67, 69–70, 77, 167–8, University of Ibadan, 127, 143 227 Unwazurike, Ralph, 191 Yobe State, 77, 116, 128, 132n17, 134, USAID, see US Agency for 202–3 International Development Yola South Local Government Useni, Lieutenant-General Jerry, 40, Area, 104 43, 43n3, 64 Yoruba, 2, 24, 32, 38, 40–2, 44n4, 47, Usman, Zainab, 93, 126n11 56, 61, 64, 101, 112, 124–5, 150, Uwazurike, Ralph, 190 154, 187–8, 210, 214, 220, 231 Yousef, Mohammed, 208 Vanguard, 83, 145 youth bulge, 7, 204 voter turnout, 9, 27, 110, 116–17, 122, Yusuf, Mohammed, 77, 184, 203–4 131, 146 Zambia, 182 Waku, Senator Joseph, 50 Zamfara State, 197, 201, 203 Wall Street, 80 Zeitzoff, Thomas, 8, 235 Wall Street Journal, 235 Zero Corruption Coalition, 72 Wawazinge Dukku, 199 Zimbabwe, 5, 109 West Africa, 201; see also Africa zoning, 2, 24–5, 32, 49, 56, 58–9, West Point, 234 61–3, 65, 153, 167, 184, western region, 108 210, 221