Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office.

EENY-205

South American Cucurbit Fruit , grandis (Macquart) (Insecta: Diptera: )1 H. V. Weems, Jr.2

Introduction Identification The South American cucurbit fruit fly, Anastrepha grandis Rather large, yellow-brown, with yellow and dark-brown (Macquart), which exists in several South American markings. Mesonotum is 3.3–4.0 mm long, yellow-brown, countries, attacks watermelon and other fruits of the family with humerus, median stripe widening to include acros- . Once a pest of minor to moderate impor- tichal bristles but not reaching scutellum, lateral stripes tance generally, it has become a rather important pest. from just before transverse suture to side of scutellum, The pest status differs in each country and has sometimes stripe below notopleuron, metapleuron, and scutellum changed within a country . This is potentially of except extreme base yellow; a sublateral stripe from level of economic importance in Florida and southern Texas should humeral bristle to scutellum, broken at transverse suture, a it ever be introduced there. It has been intercepted in the band along scutoscutellar suture, intensified medially, and United States in pumpkin from Argentina and Brazil, and a spot on pteropleuron dark brown; metanotum blackened in banana debris from Panama. laterally. Macrochaetae dark brown; pile yellowish brown. No sternopleural bristle. The wing is 9.0–10.5 mm long, Synonymy the bands yellow brown, rather diffuse; costal and S bands broadly connected, and no distinct hyaline spot anterior to Acrotoxa grandis (Macquart) vein R4 + 5; distal arm of V band absent, the proximal arm Anastrepha schineri Hendel not joining S band. Anastrepha latifasciata Hering Female terminalia: The ovipositor sheath is 5.8–6.2 mm Tephritis grandis Macquart long, tapering posteriorly to apical third, which is distinctly Trypeta grandis (Macquart) depressed and broadened; in profile the sheath is distinctly concave dorsally on median half and concave ventrally Distribution on apical third. Rasper well developed, of slender, curved hooks in five or six rows. Ovipositor slightly longer than This species is established in South America: Argentina, length of ovipositor sheath, being somewhat curved Bolivia, Brazil (except north), Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, dorsoventrally to permit fitting into sheath; tip long and Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela (NAPPO 2009). slender, without serrations; extreme base slightly widened (Stone 1942).

1. This document is EENY-205 (IN362) (originally published as DPI Entomology Circular 334), one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published March 2001. Revised March 2012. This document is also available on Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures.

2. H. V. Weems, Jr. (retired), Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A&M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy, Interim Dean Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office.

Figure 4. Ovipositor Credits: Division of Plant Industry

Steyskal (l977) distinguished adult A. grandis from the other four species of the Grandis group as follows:

Figure 1. Adult female South American cucurbit fruit fly, Anastrepha 1. Vein R3 somewhat undulant; metanotum yellow . . . . . A. grandis (Macquart). bezzii Lima and A. balloui Stone Credits: Division of Plant Industry

1’. Vein R3, not undulant; metanotum marked with black . . . . . 2

2. Mesonotum not striped with black . . . . . A. atrigona Hendel

2’. Mesoscutum with black stripes . . . . . 3

3. Mesoscutum and pleura largely black, wing with pattern darkened . . . . . A. shannoni Stone

3’. Mesoscutum and pleura with little black, wing pattern very little darkened . . . . . A. grandis (Macquart)

Figure 2. Adult male South American cucurbit fruit fly, Anastrepha grandis (Macquart). Credits: Division of Plant Industry Hosts • Citrullus lanatus, watermelon

• Cucumis melo, “honeydew melon”

• Cucumis sativus, cucumber

• maxima, autumn and winter squash, pumpkin

• Cucurbita pepo, summer and autumn pumpkin and squash, gourd, marrow

• Cucurbota moschata, butternut squash and pumpkins

• Lagenaria siceraria, bottle gourd or calabash

Figure 3. Rasters at tip of ovipositor sheath. It has also been known to attack common guava, Psidium Credits: Division of Plant Industry guajava (Norrbom 2004). The record of rearing from oranges (Greene 1934) is erroneous. Immature fruits of cucurbits apparently are preferred, but mature or nearly mature fruits of some cucurbits are attacked occasionally.

2 Archival copy: for current recommendations see http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu or your local extension office. Norrbom AL. (2004). Host plant database for Anastrepha Survey and Detection and Toxotrypana (Diptera: Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini). Adults are easily recognized by their relatively large size Diptera Data Dissemination Disk 2 (CD-ROM). North (wing length 10 mm), long aculeus (a sharp spine jutting American Dipterist’s Society. Washington, D.C. from beneath the margin of the eight sternite) and rather Steyskal GC. 1977. Pictorial Key to Species of the Genus diffuse wing markings which are not of the typical Anaste- Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). (Special publication) pha type. Entomological Society of Washington 35 pp. Larvae can be collected from infested fruit and are very Stone A. 1942. The Fruitflies of the Genus Anastrepha. U.S. difficult to identify to species except when reared to adults. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. For best larval preservation, kill in boiling water, place in 439, Washington, DC. 112 pp. 50% isopropyl alcohol for two days, then in 75% isopropyl alcohol. Adults may be collected on stickyboard and in White IM, Elson-Harris MM. 1994. Fruit of Economic baited traps. Significance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CAB International. Oxon, UK. 601 pp. Selected References Carroll LE, Norrbom AL, Dallwitz MJ, Thompson FC. (December 2006). Anastrepha grandis (Macquart). Pest Fruit Flies of the World – Larvae. http://delta-intkey.com/ffl/ www/ana_gran.htm (27 January 2012).

Enkerlin D, Laura-Garcia R, Fidel-Lopez M. 1989. pp. 83- 90. In Robinson AS, Hooper G (editors), Fruit Flies, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. 3A: I-xii, 1-372.

Foote RH. 1967. Family Tephritidae. In Vanzolini, M. (editor), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. 57: 1-91. Dept. Zool., Sec. Agric., São Paulo, Brazil.

Greene CT. 1934. A revision of the genus Anastrepha based on a study of the wings and on the length of the ovipositor sheath (Diptera: Trypetidae). Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Society of Washington 36: 127-179.

Macquart J. 1846. Diptères exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. (1845) (1844): 133-364, illus. Mém. Soc. Roy. Sci., Agric., Arts Lille. (published separately as Supplément I, p. 5-238.

NAAPO. (July 2009). Outbreak of Anastrepha grandis (South American cucurbit fruit fly) in Panama. Phytosani- tary Alert System. http://www.pestalert.org/viewNewsAlert.cfm?naid=76 (27 January 2012).

Norrbom AL. (August 2000). Anastrepha grandis (Mac- quart). The Diptera site. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/ diptera/tephriti/Anastrep/grandis.htm (14 January 2002).

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