MEDIA AND MODULES is wired technology and supports a variety of media including backplanes, twisted 2015 ETHERNET ROADMAP pair, twinax, multimode fiber and single-mode fiber. Most people know Ethernet by the twisted pair or Cat “x” cabling with RJ45 connectors because close to a billion ports a year are sold. Cat 8 is the latest generation of twisted pair cabling that will be used in 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T. 10 Tb/s Another popular copper interface is Twinax copper cables that are also known as direct attach cables (DAC)s. DACs may be passive or 1.6 Tb/s 6.4 Tb/s active and provide very low cost connectivity As shown on the long and winding road, Ethernet could have 12 speeds before 2020 with 6 new speeds >2020 >>2020 Ethernet Speed to servers. Passive DACs are limited to 25 introduced in the next 5 years. The progression of speeds is not in chronological order because 40GbE 1 Tb/s meters or less while active optical cables can and 100GbE were primarily based on multiple lanes of 10Gb/s technology that was available before >2020 go hundreds of meters. 25Gb/s serial technology enabled 25GbE. Lanes running at 25Gb/s are becoming practical in 2015 Speed in Development For links longer than 100 meters, fiber optics and will be used in 25GbE SFP+ and 4x25Gb/s 100GbE QSFP28. The next serial lane speed is are required and the graphic below shows expected to be 50Gb/s and enable 50GbE SFP28, 200GbE QSFP28 (4X50G) and 400GbE 800 Gb/s three of many module types. The SFP family is CFP2 (8X50G). >2020 the most popular module and supports a single Possible Future Speed channel or lane in each direction and duplex fibers. Beyond 400GbE, the map shows the unknown distant future that will become clearer as The QSFP family supports 4 channels while the we approach 2020. Terabit links are expected when single lanes can be modulated at 400 Gb/s CFP2 supports up to 10 channels and duplex or 100Gb/s and grouped into 10 or 16 lanes to form TbE or 1.6TbE. Significant investments in 2017 (est) parallel fibers. For 40GbE and beyond, the technology are needed before 100Gb/s lanes are economically feasible. electrical interface to the module is being 200 Gb/s defined in IEEE and supports a variety of optical Low cost 100Gb/s lane technology that can fit in an SFP+ is not expected to be available TO TERABIT SPEEDS interfaces from IEEE and other sources. until after 2020. The will award the first company that produces a 100GbE 2018-2020 (est) SFP+ with the Holy Grail of the 100GbE SFP+. 10T Highly Parallel 0.01-40Gb/s Speeds (e.g., CFP) The twisted pair or BASE-T roadmap in the lower right corner of the map shows how 10GBASE-T 1-100Gb/s technology is being used in 4 new speeds — 2.5, 5, 25 and 40Gb/s. All four of these speeds 1T Quad Speeds 40-400Gb/s 400G in QSFP Twisted Pair are expected to be standardized in 2016 but they are targeting different cabling Cat “x” 40-800Gb/s infrastructure. 2.5 and 5GBASE-T are being designed for Cat 5e cabling up 200G 100 Gb/s Serial Speeds 2W to 100 meters while 25 and 40GBASE-T are being designed for in SFP+ 4W 100G Twinax 50 Gb/s 2010 30 meters of Cat 8 cabling. 50G 12W 2018-2020 (est) Link Speed (b/s) 25G 40 Gb/s 10G 2010 25 Gb/s 2000 2010 2020 2030 Duplex and Parallel 2016 (est) Standard Completed

10 Gb/s 2002 FIBER OPTIC LINKS

MULTIMODE FIBER SINGLE-MODE FIBER 2015 — 100GBASE-SR4 2017— 400GBASE-SR16 2017? — 400GBASE-LRn 2015 5 Gb/s 100 m on OM4 100 m on OM4 500m, 2km, and 10km 400G 2010 — 400G 2010 — 100GBASE-SR10 2019?— 100GBASE-LR4 2014/5 — 2016 (est) 150 m on OM4 100 G 200GBASE-SR4 100 G 10km 100GBASE-CWDM4 50GBASE-SR 100GBASE-CLR4 40G 2002 — 100 m on OM4 40G 2002 — 2KM ETHERNET 10GBASE-SR 10GBASE-LR Not IEEE Standard 2010 — 2016 — 2010 — 300 m on OM3 10km 2014 — 40GBASE-SR4 25GBASE-SR 40GBASE-LR4 10G 10G 100GBASE-PSM4 150 m on OM4 100 m on OM4 10km 2001 — 500m on parallel SMF 2.5 Gb/s 1000BASE-LX ROADMAP Not IEEE Standard 5km 1G 1995 — 1G 2011 — 2016 (est) 100BASE-FX 2001 — 1995 — 10X10 MSA 5km

Link Speed (b/s) 1000BASE-SX Link Speed (b/s) 100BASE-LX 2,10 and 40km on OM2 550 m on OM2 5km Not IEEE Standard 100M 100M 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990 2000 2010 2020 THE PAST, PRESENT Standard Completed Standard Completed AND FUTURE OF ETHERNET

ETHERNET SPEEDS

COPPER LINKS 1T 400GbE 400G 100GbE 200GbE 1 Gb/s 100G TWISTED PAIRS 40G 50GbE TWINAX 10GbE 25GbE 1998 10G 40GbE 2010 — 2014 — 5GbE 1T 2016 — 100GBASE-CR10 100GBASE-CR4 GbE 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T 2.5GbE 7m 5m 2006 — 1G 30 m on Cat 8 100G 10GBASE-T 100Mb/s 100G 2019 — 100m on Ethernet 50GBASE-CR Cat 6A 100M 1999 — Link Speed (b/s) 10Mb/s 40G 3m? 10G 1000BASE-T Ethernet 100m on 10M 2002 — 2010 — Cat 5e 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 25G 10GBASE-CX4 40GBASE-CR4 1995 — 15m 7m 2016 — 1G 100BASE-TX 2016 — Standard Completed 100 Mb/s 10G 25GBASE-CR 100m on 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T 3? and 5?m Cat 5 100 m on Cat 5e/Cat 6 1995 1998 — 100M Ethernet Speed Speed in Development Possible Future Speed Link Speed (b/s) 1000BASE-CX Link Speed (b/s) 25m 1990 — 10BASE-T 1G 10M 100m on Cat 3 1990 2000 2010 2020 1990 2000 2010 2020

Standard Completed Standard Completed www.ethernetalliance.org

10 Mb/s Designed by Scott Kipp 1983 © Ethernet Alliance 2015. All rights reserved. To get a pdf version of the roadmap and to find out more about the roadmap, please go to: www.ethernetalliance.org/roadmap/ $9.95 ETHERNET ECOSYSYTEM

Represented as a city, the Ethernet Ecosystem is divided into four quadrants The top half of the map represents applications where cost and connectivity are The lower half of the map captures applications that consistently push the that are interconnected by multiple MANs that are typically not Ethernet. driving concerns. In the home, small office and car, link distances are less than 100 bounds of Ethernet and require higher speeds and massive scalability. For example, While each quadrant has overlapping technologies and requirements, this meters and speeds are typically under 10Gb/s, so copper cabling and wireless are service providers and hyperscale data centers will be the early adopters of map organizes the environments with a broad brush. Specific implementations ideal. As enterprises scale in size and requirements, they shift towards fiber and 400GbE. These users may deploy hundreds of thousands of servers in data centers may vary considerably. 10Gb/s speeds and beyond. that span multiple football fields and consume hundreds of megawatts of power.

ENTERPRISE AND CAMPUS RESIDENTIAL AND CONSUMER Enterprises consume more Ethernet ports than the other environments Work Ethernet Passive Optical Networking (EPON) delivers Internet service by connecting desktop computers, devices and Voice over IP (VoIP) phones. Area to millions of residential customers around the world. Regardless of The wired Ethernet networks are supplemented with wireless access points Wiring how the Internet reaches the home, residents may wire their home (WAPs) that are connected to Ethernet cables. 802.11ac WAPs are driving the Closet with Ethernet or use wireless connectivity to connect devices. From need for 2.5 and 5GBASE-T and eventually 10GBASE-T. Most enterprise data cameras to cars, Ethernet provides the network to enable sharing centers are less than 10,000 sq ft and use Cat “x” cabling to connect to servers. resources and content. Equipment Room

Internet Service End Devices may attach Ethernet or WAN connectivity Provider using: via Ethernet or Wireless using Ethernet Passive Optical Ethernet Passive networks: Networks (EPON) leased lines Optical Networks Desktops and Laptops (EPON) Cell Phones and Tablets Other PON Ethernet Printer/Fax/Copier Ethernet Router Manufacturing Cable Modem Plant Telecom Network DSL Modem Network Attached Storage (NAS) Cable Network Fixed Wireless Media Server CD Network Or Satellite Smart Appliances Ethernet Switches Televisions* Pan/Tilt/Zoom Camera* Environmental Controls* To Campus To Data Center 1 *PoE Devices Networks Wireless Router/ Ethernet Switch Data Center 1 10,000 sq ft

BACKBONE TO OTHER CITIES BACKBONE TO OTHER CITIES

POD 1 Server Racks POD 2 HVAC Ethernet Switch Systems and Router Racks

Patch Panels

Storage Racks Transport Equipment Transport Equipment Transport Equipment Transport Equipment Main Distribution Area 2 MANs Main Distribution Area 1 Phone, Data Video, Data Content Metropolitan Area Networks and Video and Phone Delivery Services Services Services (MANs) come in many varieties Row Design Rack Design Server Design Router Router Router Ethernet Switch Server 42 Rack Unit (RU) and deliver services to a variety Rack can support: Rack Mounted of enterprises, organizations Top of Rack (ToR) End of Row (EoR) Limited configurability • 1 Top of Rack Low Density Popular because servers Popular for consolidating Switch and consumers. Some MANs Cable TV Ethernet Fabric Ethernet Fabric Ethernet Fabric use low cost copper links switches in the row Networks • 41 Servers Blade Server are based on Ethernet, but the within the rack. Configurable chassis Router Servers and Servers and Servers and High density largest MANs are based on Co-located Co-located Co-located Servers Servers Servers Middle of Row (MoR) Centralized Optical Transport Networks Only moderately Popular because switches Pedestal Server different than ToR or EoR. are centrally located High end applications (OTN) technologies. Routers Telecommunications Company Cable TV Company Content Delivery Network (CDN) and managed. High throughput Telecommunications companies have Cable TV companies have regional and CDNs deliver content around the world and national and global networks and offer national networks, deliver Internet service offer co-location facilities. Internet services and co-location facilities. and offer co-location facilities. Ethernet Fabric Switch and Router Design Fixed Port Switch HYPERSCALE DATA CENTER Limited configurability SERVICE PROVIDERS No backplane 56 RJ45s/1U Servers and Hyperscale data centers, also known as warehouse scale computing and Co-located Service providers deploy MANs and Wide Area Networks (WANs) to Modular Switch 56 SFP/1U Servers mega data centers, are known by their massive size and scalability. Cloud service Configurable chassis 36 QSFP/1U deliver a variety of services including . Service providers Backplane for high 8 CFP2/1U providers, large enterprises and service providers pack over 100,000 servers that bandwidth Internet Exchange Point may use Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON) and cable companies Modular Router IXPs form an interconnection point in the Internet by facilitating multiple networks to interact with each other. are often divided into several pods. Thousands of 25GbE servers and eventually Layer 3 Routing Service providers and other companies co-locate with the send EPON Protocol over Coax (EPOC). Service providers use routers High throughput IXP and interconnect using Ethernet. 50GbE servers in these data centers drive the need for 400GbE to the MAN and WAN. to interconnect various networks.