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Parasite Remains in Archaeological Sites University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of February 2003 Parasite Remains in Archaeological Sites Françoise Bouchet Université de Reims, France Niéde Guidon Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Sã0 Raimundo Nonato, PI, Brasil Katharina Dittmar University of Leipzig, Germany and Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, Stephanie Harter Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil Luiz F. Ferreira Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers Part of the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Bouchet, Françoise; Guidon, Niéde; Dittmar, Katharina; Harter, Stephanie; Ferreira, Luiz F.; Chaves, Sérgio A.M.; Reinhard, Karl J.; and Araújo, Adauto, "Parasite Remains in Archaeological Sites" (2003). Papers in Natural Resources. 52. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Françoise Bouchet, Niéde Guidon, Katharina Dittmar, Stephanie Harter, Luiz F. Ferreira, Sérgio A.M. Chaves, Karl J. Reinhard, and Adauto Araújo This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ natrespapers/52 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 98(Suppl. I): 47-52, 2003 47 Parasite Remains in Archaeological Sites Françoise Bouchet, Niéde Guidon*, Katharina Dittmar**/+, Stephanie Harter, Luiz Fernando Ferreira***, Sergio Miranda Chaves***, Karl Reinhard****, Adauto Araújo*** Laboratoire de Paléoparasitologie, CNRS ESA 8045, Université de Reims, France *Fundação Museu do Homem Americano, Sã0 Raimundo Nonato, PI, Brasil **Institute of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Germany/ Insect Genetics Lab, WIDB 401, Department of Integrative Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, 84602, Utah, USA ***Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil ****School of Natural Research Resources/University of Nebraska, Lincoln Organic remains can be found in many different environments. They are the most significant source for paleoparasitological studies as well as for other paleoecological reconstruction. Preserved paleoparasitological remains are found from the driest to the moistest conditions. They help us to understand past and present diseases and therefore contribute to understanding the evolution of present human sociality, biology, and behavior. In this paper, the scope of the surviving evidence will be briefly surveyed, and the great variety of ways it has been preserved in different environments will be discussed. This is done to develop to the most appropriated techniques to recover remaining parasites. Different techniques applied to the study of paleoparasitological remains, pre- served in different environments, are presented. The most common materials used to analyze prehistoric human groups are reviewed, and their potential for reconstructing ancient environment and disease are emphasized. This paper also urges increased cooperation among archaeologists, paleontologists, and paleoparasitologists. Key words: paleoparasitology - coprolites - ectoparasites - intestinal parasites - mummies - ancient diseases Among the ecological factors that influence the den- parasitology are represented by Heizer and Napton (1970), sity and appearance of a population, parasites and para- Hevly et al. (1979), and Morris (1986). sitic diseases may play a central role (Cockburn 1967). Among other branches of paleoecology, paleopara- The presence of a given parasite in a host population may sitology started to undergo a strong development in the interfere with host dynamics. Paleoparasitological stud- past years. Generally, the study of parasite infection in ies can be useful, not only from a medical perspective, the past has different traditions throughout the world. but also to understand other past events of human evolu- In the Americas, there developed two different con- tion. Parasitism is dependent on environment and behav- cepts of paleoparasitological study. In North America ar- ior. To determine aspects of ancient environment and be- chaeologists involved biologists in their work and so spon- havior, it is important to study organic remains in parasi- sored paleoparasitological study. The first North Ameri- tological contexts (Reinhard 1996). This type of analysis cans to do parasitological work were trained as archae- shows how cultural development and environment ologists and interpreted their findings in context of hu- stresses interactions between ancient humans and para- man diet, ecology, and cultural complexity (Fry 1977, 1980, sites. These include conditions of hygiene, sanitation, 1985). In the archaeological work at Antelope House and and nutritional adequacy. Dust Devil Cave, for example, many biologists of different Initially, collaboration among parasitologists and ar- specialities, including parasitologists, were incorporated chaeologists was random (Reinhard 1992a). Studies were (Morris 1986). As this field developed, parasitological data conducted very sporadically when material such as co- were used to shed light on human cultural evolution prolites or mummified bodies were available and submit- through thousands of years of prehistory (Reinhard 1988). ted to analysis. With the onset of the so called “New For this reason Reinhard (1990) called archaeoparasitology Archaeology” in the 1960s in the United States, perspec- the study of parasites in an archaeological perspective tives of archaeology changed deeply and archaeologists (Reinhard 1990, 1992a; Reinhard et al. 1987). Some years to a large extent turned away from the sole approaches of later this approach was extended to Peru and Chile. history towards other sciences. New ideas emerged from The development of paleoparasitology in Brazil in the other disciplines and multidisciplinary teams appeared. late 1970s (Ferreira et al. 1988) followed an opposite path These early multidisciplinary research project involving relative to the United States. LF Ferreira called paleopara- sitology the study of parasites found in archaeological or paleontological material (Ferreira et al. 1979). Here, parasi- tologists became interested in the antiquity of parasitic diseases, the antiquity of host-parasite relationships, and the prehistoric distribution of parasites (Araújo & Ferreira Supported by CNPq, Papes-Fiocruz, Capes-Cofecub, and 2000). They sought help from archaeologists in procuring Fulbright Commission. +Corresponding author: Fax: +1-801-422.0090. E-mail: coprolites, mummies, hair, and other sources of parasito- [email protected] logical information. The interests of Brazilian paleopara- Received 26 August 2002 sitologists concerned mainly the existing parasitic dis- Accepetd 25 November 2002 eases in the Old World and the New World before Colum- 48 Paleoparasitic in Archaeological Sites Françoise Bouchet et al. bus and prehistoric migrations based on paleopara- Tropical climates are mostly unsuitable for the preser- sitological data (Araújo et al. 1981, Araújo & Ferreira 1996, vation of organic matter. The combination of heavy rain- Reinhard et al. 2001). fall, abundant insect life, and acid soil usually accelerate In Europe, there is a long history of analysis of ar- the process of destruction of organic material. Below we chaeological remains. Mummies were an important source summarize and discuss the conditions that result in the of parasitological evidence, especially “bog bodies” of preservation of parasite remains. northern Europe (Helbaek 1958, Glob 1977, Fischer 1998). THE PARASITES In mummy studies, the analysis of organic residues was an inherent part of work by interdisciplinary teams. European The paleoparasite evidence consists mostly of eggs paleoparasitology groups also developed a vast experi- and rarely of larvae (developmental stages) of intestinal ence in mediaeval deposits and latrines (Szidat 1944, Taylor parasites, or of the chitinous shells of ectoparasites, such 1955, Grzywinski 1960, Bouchet 1997, Bouchet et al. 1995). as lice, mites and fleas (Dittmar 2000, Araujo et al. 2000). In the 1980s, the field of environmental archaeology While some organisms are known to form certain biogenic emerged in England. This field had an important effect in structures that survive for a long time in a variety of envi- defining the direction of parasitological analysis in En- ronments (eg. pollen grains), helminth parasite species gland, and in setting standards for a more comprehen- rarely produce eggs with the same long-lived resistance sive approach to parasitological study (Jones 1982). The to environmental stressors. However some parasite spe- research typically includes botanists, malacologists, pa- cies produce protective structures that guard against de- cay. The eggs of some nematode parasites, such as lynologists, entomologists, parasitologists, and other Ascaridae, Capillaridae, Trichuridae, and Oxyuridae and specialities and the parasitological data are interpreted in cestodes (taeniid eggs) are known to have a good chance context of environment and behavior (Greig 1994). of recovery. There is a tendency today for
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