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Gulf Oil and Gas: www.gulfoilandgas.com International Group of P&I Clubs: http://www.igpandi.org/ IMO (2000), Study of greenhouse gas emissions from ships”, Issue no. 2, 31 March 2000: IMO-study-2000-ghg-emissions.pdf Kosich, Dorothy, “Canadian Ministers reveal resources management strategy” 28 July 2009: www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view Library of the Canadian Parliament: http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0561-e.htm Lloyd’s List: http://www.lloydslist.com/ll/news/scf-to-test-northern-sea-route/20017751993. htm;.5fa4e8cc80be35e2653c9f87d8b8be45bf6ba69a Lloyd’s Register Fairplay database, extracted via: www.sea-web.com The National Academic Press: KWWSZZZQDSHGXRSHQERRNSKS"UHFRUGBLG  SDJH  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://www.lme.noaa.gov/LMEWeb/Publications/tm208.pdf The New York Times, “Europe’s Recovery Comes to Near Halt”, 13 February 2010: www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13 Norilsk Nickel: Building an Independent Transport Chain: KWWSLPJFXVWRPSXEOLVKFRPJHWÀOHSKSSFSFHYHHVG%8,/',1*B ,1'(3(1'(17B75$163257B&+$,1SGI"UHWXUQ ZZZEDUHQWVQR OzCoasts Australian Coastal Information: http://www.ozcoasts.org.au/indicators/benthic_inverts.jsp Port of Churchill: http://www.portofchurchill.ca/ Port of Murmansk: www.portmurmansk.ru Port of Vitino: http://www.vitino.ru/ Ria Ru: http://ria.ru/arctic_news/20111128/500547773.html River Lake Group: KWWSVZZZULYHUODNHFKQHZVSKS"QHZVLG  378 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Russian Ministry of Transport: http://www.mintrans.ru Russian stats on sailing: KWWSUXVVKLSSLQJUXUXVWDWV"LG  Science Daily, “World oil reserves at tipping point”, University of Oxford, 26 March 2010: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100324225511.htm 6RYFRPÁRW www.scf-group.com/ Statoil, Facts about Snøhvit, 23 November 2009: www.statoil.com/en/OurOperations/ 6W0HOG :KLWH3DSHU ïH[WUDFWHGIURPKWWSZZZUHJMHULQJHQ no/nb/dep/jd/dok/regpubl/stmeld/2008-2009/stmeld-nr-22-2008-2009-/10/1/4. KWPO"LG  Trade and Environment Database (TED) - Case Studies (2009), Russia Oil Spill KWWSVHDUFK"T FDFKH\ZOX&,-KWWSZZZDPHULFDQHGXWHG .20,+70RLOVSLOOUXVVLDÀQDQFLDO Transport Canada: http://www.tc.gc.ca/marinesafety/debs/arctic/acts-regulations/images/zones2.JPG The World Icebreaker and Icebreaking Supply Vessel Fleet: KWWSSRUWDOIPDÀSRUWDOSDJHSRUWDOIPDBÀPHUHQNXOXQBSDOYHOXWWDOYLPHUHQNXONX LFHEUHDNHUÁHHWVSGI Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Explorer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powered_icebreaker http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevek#Port http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_ocean http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves World Port Source: http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/RUS_Port_of_Arkhangelsk_1532.php http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/portCall/RUS_Port_of_Dikson_2549.php http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/portCall/RUS_Port_of_Dudinka_2550.php http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/portCall/RUS_Port_of_Igarka_2551.php http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/RUS_Port_of_Tiksi_2574.php http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/RUS_Port_of_Pevek_2547.php http://www.worldportsource.com/shipping/ports/RUS_Port_of_Providenija_2548.php Other sources 379

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Canadian Coast Guard, 14 January 2010 Canadian Polar Commission, 13 January 2010 Donat Pharand, 11 January 2010 Edgar Gold, 22 December 2009 Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 13 January 2010 Representative from the Beluga Group, 2009 Transport Canada, 9 and 15 January 2010 ,QGH[

GHJUHH&-XO\LVRWKHUP$UFWLFGHÀQLWLRQ ÀVKÀVKHULHV²² 4, 7 forests/forestry 107–8, 113, 129, 287 50 Let Pobedy icebreaker 126–7, 137–40, geopolitics 48, 263–8, 269–75, 279, 285–7, 203–4 303, 331–8 GHJUHHV1ODWLWXGH$UFWLFGHÀQLWLRQV global warming 148–9, 157–9 8–10, 259 historical background 285 indigenous peoples 269–75, 279, 285–7, A 334–8 AAC see Arctic Athabaskan Council mineral resources 107, 113–17, 310–14 AARI national ice service in Russia 200–9, oil resources 285–6, 310–14 259–60 ports 218–20 Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Russian origins 285 Canada (AANDC) 283–4 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Aboriginal peoples Act 286–7 see also indigenous peoples Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) GHÀQLWLRQ²² 285–6, 337–8 accidents 19–20, 41, 54–6, 225–9, 233, 329–31, Alaska Statehood Act 1959 285 339–51 Albania 122–9 see also damage statistics; insurance Alberta 112–17, 310–14 Admiral Makarow icebreaker 203–4 Aleut International Association (AIA) 270, Admiralty formula 349 274–5 aeronautical and maritime search and rescue in Aleut people 269–75, 287, 334–8 the Arctic agreement 199–209 Aleutian islands 38–41, 157–9, 208–9 aerosols 151 Alexander Sibiryakov icebreaker 35 Afghan War 58–9 Algeria 94–5 Africa, R/Ps 130 alternatives to shipping xxxi, 3, 16–17, 83–6, AIA see Aleut International Association 113–17, 118–29, 132–3, 211–18, 220, 297, air transport alternatives to shipping 83–6, 307, 309–14 115–17, 118–29, 216–18, 310–14 alumina resources 106–7 AIRSS see Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System AMAP see Arctic Monitoring Assessment Akademik Ioffe adventure ship 137–8 Program Akademik Sergey Vavilov adventure ship 137–8 Amerasia Basin 103–4 Akademik Shokalskiy former research vessel AMSA see Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 137–8, 187–9, 351 Amundsen Gulf 170–1, 189 Akhangelsk Oblast 106, 309–14 Amur river 124–9 Alaska 8–9, 22–30, 38–41, 48–9, 99–112, Anadyr 38–41, 137–8, 184–9 113–17, 129, 131–2, 137–9, 148–9, 157–9, Antarctic Dream passenger vessel 138 178, 198–209, 218–20, 263–8, 269–75, 279, Antarctic Treaty 62, 76, 77 285–7, 303, 310–14, 331–8 Antarctica 62, 74, 76, 136–7, 139, 195 see also USA apatite ores 106–7 cruise activities 137–9, 287 aquaculture 109–12, 142

W. Ostreng et al., Shipping in Arctic Waters: A comparison of the Northeast, 381 Northwest and Trans-Polar Passages, Springer Praxis Books, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 382 Shipping in Arctic Waters

see alsoÀVKÀVKHULHV 246–50, 264–8, 322–3 Arab wars 58–9 ÀQGLQJV[[[L[[[LL² Archangel region 36–7, 306–51 67, 121–9, 160–1, 172, 177–239, 297, 313, ARCOP research program 54, 160–1, 190–1, 320–31 196–7, 200–9, 226–9, 329–31 IMO guidelines xxix, xxx, xxxii, 8–9, 70, Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC) 67–8, 270, 151, 172, 178–97, 198–209, 232–3, 246–50, 274–5 269, 315–19, 322–6 Arctic Bay 28–30, 284–7 insurance xxxii, 3, 39–40, 177, 221–3, Arctic Bridge 28–30, 35, 39–41, 156–9, 171, 224–33, 329–31, 339–51 208–9, 220, 306–7 International Civil Aviation Convention Arctic charr 158–9 1944 199–209 $UFWLF&LUFOHGHÀQLWLRQ²² International Convention on Maritime 102–3, 255–6, 298 Search and Rescue 1979 197–209 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA) Northeast Passage 147–9, 163–72, 177, 148–9, 168–9 182–5, 193–7, 200–19, 224–9, 269–79, 297, Arctic Container Project (ARCON) 133, 159, 313, 320–31 172, 319 Northern Sea Route 147–9, 163–72, 177, Arctic Council (AC) 4, 6, 21–2, 57, 61, 65–6, 182–5, 193–7, 200–19, 220–9, 269–79, 297, 67–72, 76, 77, 160–1, 199–209, 247–50, 313, 320–31 274–5 Northwest Passage 147–9, 163–4, 168–72, geopolitics 67–72, 76, 77, 247–50, 274–5 177, 185–9, 194–7, 218–20, 223–4, 229–30, indigenous peoples 274–5 263–8, 279–87, 297, 313, 320–31 membership refusals 76, 77 oily sludge disposals 160–1, 316–19 oil spill levels 160–1 prospects 320–31 prospects 77 search and rescue facilities xxxii, 3, 22, search and rescue facilities 199–209 29–30, 63–4, 65–6, 161–3, 177, 195–209, Arctic cruise activity see cruise activities 223–4, 231–3, 323–6 Arctic Demonstration and Exploratory Voyage SOLAS Convention of 1974 8, 177–97, (ARCDEV) 227–9 198–209, 244–50, 320–2, 333 the Arctic Eight states technical requirements 177–89, 230–3, see also Arctic insider states 244–50, 252–3, 313, 320–2 GHÀQLWLRQ² Transpolar Passage 147–9, 172, 177, 195–7, the Arctic Five coastal states 230, 268–9, 297, 313, 320–31 GHÀQLWLRQ² Arctic insider states geopolitics 7, 67–8, 79, 248–9 see also Canada; Denmark; Finland; Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System (AIRSS) geopolitics; Iceland; Norway; Russia; 189, 321–2 Sweden; USA $UFWLFLFHFRYHUHGZDWHUVGHÀQLWLRQ² GHÀQLWLRQ²²² 246–50, 255–6, 261, 267–8, 298 Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA) Arctic infrastructure xxxi, xxxii, 3, 17–18, xxix, 6–9, 25, 26, 29–30, 32–3, 34, 54–5, 21–2, 28–30, 35, 36, 38–41, 47–82, 121–9, 68, 135–6, 150–1, 157–9, 161–2, 191–2, 160–72, 177–239, 297, 313, 320–31 197, 217, 270–1, 302 see also ports Arctic Monitoring Assessment Program communications’ facilities 22, 28–30, 35, (AMAP) 2, 4–9, 68, 149–51 66, 177, 223–4, 324–9 Arctic NAVAREAs 198–209 comparisons between the transportation the Arctic Ocean passages 297, 313, 320–31 GHÀQLWLRQV[[L[[[[²²² crew training/competence requirements 61, 68, 148–9, 158–9, 241–50, 255–61, 298 xxxii, 3, 177, 180–1, 189–97, 231–3, VHDÁRRU² Index 383

Arctic outsider states 253–63 see also China; India; Japan; South Korea ice capabilities of merchant ships 15, 53–7 GHÀQLWLRQ² IMO guidelines xxix, xxx, xxxii, 8–9, 70, $UFWLFUHJLRQGHÀQLWLRQ² 151, 172, 178–97, 198–209, 232–3, 241–50, Arctic shipping xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, 1–10, 269, 315–19, 322–6, 333–8 14–22, 33–5, 47–82, 83–4, 86–145, 147–75, indigenous peoples xxxi, 26–7, 36–7, 67–8, 177–239, 250–63, 269–87, 297–351 139–41, 267–8, 269–87, 297, 333–8 see also Arctic transportation passages; insurance xxxii, 3, 39–40, 177, 221–3, bulk carriers; cargo vessels; containers; 224–33, 329–31, 339–51 environmental challenges; geopolitics; International Convention on Standards of operational conditions; passenger ships; 7UDLQLQJ&HUWLÀFDWLRQDQG:DWFKNHHSLQJ tankers 1978 189–97 accidents 19–20, 41, 54–6, 225–9, 233, national technical requirements 182–9, 329–31, 339–51 252–3, 264–8, 320–2 advantages xxx, xxxiii, 1, 48–51, 299–307, natural conditions 147–9, 163–72, 317–19 338–51 new ships 97–9 alternatives to shipping xxxi, 3, 16–17, noise pollution 151, 155–6, 315–19 83–6, 113–17, 118–29, 132–3, 211–18, 220, pipeline alternatives xxxi, 3, 36–7, 113–14, 297, 307, 309–14 118–29, 132–3, 212–18, 220, 309–14 Baltic and Polar ice classes of ship 181–2, pollution sources 149–51, 178–9, 250–69, 320–2 287, 314–19 Canadian policies 185–9 possibilities 77–9, 115–17, 130–3, 163–72, capital costs 55–6 297–351 commercial prospects 297, 338–51 prospects 77–9, 115–17, 130–3, 163–72, communications’ facilities 22, 28–30, 35, 297–351 66, 177, 223–4, 324–9 reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping comparisons between the transportation 53–7 passages 297, 307–14 Russian policies 66, 77–9, 117–29, 182–5 costs and bureaucratic procedures 33–51, SOLAS Convention of 1974 8, 177–97, 177, 220–9, 232–3, 327–9, 338–51 198–209, 244–50, 320–2, 333 crew training/competence requirements statistics 5–6, 19–22, 25, 27–30, 33–6, xxxii, 3, 177, 180–1, 189–97, 231–3, 49–51, 54–6, 112–17, 149–51, 184–9, 246–50, 264–8, 322–3 210–20, 297–351 damage statistics 185–9, 225–30, 233, technical requirements 177–89, 230–3, 329–31, 339–51 244–50, 252–3, 264–8, 320–2 GHÀQLWLRQ²²² time-savings 49–52, 338–51 distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, trade patterns 89–98, 132–3, 141–2, 182–9, 338–51 224–9, 297, 307–14 ecosystem impacts 151–75, 284–7, 314–19 trends 86–98, 130–3, 338–51 EU policies 69–72, 77–9 types of ship 6–7, 15–16, 19–22, 25, 28–9, ÀQGLQJV[[[[[[L[[[LL²² 33–4, 50–2, 54–6, 59–60, 70, 74, 116–17, forests/forestry 129, 212–18, 223, 287, 124–9, 132–9, 150–1, 179–89, 202–9, 309–14 221–4, 227–9, 253–63, 314, 320–2, 339–51 JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP 8QLÀHG5HTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH,$&6² 129–33, 307–8, 311–12 245–50, 320–2 global warming effects 15–16, 41–2, 49, USA policies 62–4, 77–9 58–9, 116–17, 131–3, 156–9, 229–30, vessel activity statistics 5–6, 19–22, 25, 257–8, 331–2, 337–8, 349–51 27–30, 33–4, 113–17, 121–9, 157–9, 184–9, historical background 33–5, 38, 50–1, 205–9, 308–14, 350–1 384 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention comparisons between the transportation Regulations 1978 (ASPPR) 185–9, 194–7, passages 297–307 323 GHÀQLWLRQV[[L[[[[²²² WKH$UFWLF6L[GHÀQLWLRQ 47–8, 68, 98–9, 179–80, 246–50, 255–8, Arctic states, concepts 4–6 298 the Arctic Three states (Sweden, Finland, elusiveness 3–88 Iceland) gas resources 93–4, 98–105, 112–17, 141–2 GHÀQLWLRQ historical background 3–8, 12–13, 33–5, 38, geopolitics 67–8, 79 50–1, 253–63 Arctic transportation passages xxix, xxx, xxxi, ‘industrial Mediterranean’ aspects of the xxxii, xxxiii, 1–3, 8–9, 11–45, 49–50, 53–7, Arctic 48–51, 299–307 77–9, 115–17, 130–3, 140, 147–9, 159, oil resources 93–4, 98–105, 112–29, 141–2 163–72, 297–351 oil spills xxxi, 25–6, 150–1, 155, 158–63, see also Northeast Passage; Northwest 172, 178–9, 180–1, 202, 263–4, 287, Passage; Transpolar Passage 316–19, 351 commercial prospects 297, 338–51 perceptions 53–7 comparisons between the passages 297–351 purpose and conduct of the study 1–3 concepts xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, 11–45, 49–50, reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping 53–7, 140, 147–9, 297–351 53–7 cost-saving aspects xxx, xxxiii, 3, 15–16, salinity levels 163–4 49–52, 338–51 statistics xxx, 5–6, 8, 13, 15–22, 23–30, cruise activities 140, 313–14 32–3, 49–51, 54–6, 98–117, 148–51, 184–9, distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, 210–20, 297–351 338–51 undiscovered oil/gas resources 102–5, global warming 149, 156–9, 163–72, 331–2, 112–17, 119–29, 131–3, 141–2, 158, 162–3, 349–51 244–50, 280–1, 308–14 historical background 12–13 Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation 64–6, natural shipping conditions 147–9, 163–72, 77, 301–7 317–19 area, Arctic waters 5–6, 32 perceptions 53–7 Arkhangelsk 52, 112, 124–9, 161–3, 202–9, prospects 77–9, 115–17, 130–3, 149, 159, 210–13, 228–9, 309–51 168–72, 297–351 Arktika icebreaker 33–4, 203–4 reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping Arnold, Henry A. 48–9 53–7 Asian markets xxix, xxxi, 7–9, 11–12, 35, time-savings 49–52, 338–51 37–41, 49–51, 72–6, 78, 122–9, 157–9, Arctic Treaty 62–3, 70–1, 78–9, 248–50, 331–3 208–9 the Arctic Two states (Sweden, Finland), see also&KLQD,QGLD-DSDQ1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF GHÀQLWLRQ Corridor; South Korea Arctic Ublureak sinking 230 ASPPR see Arctic Shipping Pollution Arctic Water Pollution Prevention Act 1970 Prevention Regulations 1978 (AWPPA) 26–7, 185–9, 244, 321–2 Atlantic Deep Water Current 150 Arctic waters the Atlantic Ocean xxix, xxx, 1–4, 11–45, 50–2, see also environmental challenges; resources 53–7, 111–12, 116–17, 133, 150–1, 299–307 advantages xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, 1, $WRPÁRW²² 29–30, 32–3, 48–52, 83–6, 93–4, 141–2, Aurora Expeditions 187–9 299–307, 308–14, 338–51 Australia 84 area 5–6, 32 Austria 118 attitudes and lack of knowledge 53–4 $XWRPDWLF,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ6\VWHP cleanliness statistics 149–51, 155–6, 172 availability of ocean space, military affairs Index 385

59–61, 303–6 111, 127–9, 137–9, 151, 157–9, 161–3, AWPPA see Arctic Water Pollution Prevention 167–8, 169–72, 186–9, 198–209, 218, Act 222–3, 250–63, 300–51 Azerbaijan 121–9 pollution levels 151, 157–9, 161–2 ports 218 B search and rescue facilities 198–209, 324–6 Bering Strait 17–30, 31, 33–5, 37–41, 50–1, %DIÀQ%D\²²² 137–9, 151, 157–9, 169–72, 186–9, 198– 157–9, 189, 219–20, 280–7 209, 222–3, 250–63, 300–51 %DIÀQ,VODQG² big Arctic insider states 48, 61–8, 99, 248–96 Baikal Amur railroad line 148 see also Russia; USA Baltic Dry Index 97 FRRSHUDWLRQEHQHÀWV²²² Baltic and Polar ice classes of ship 181–2, 141–2, 248–50, 331–8 320–2 GHÀQLWLRQ² Baltic Sea 53, 122–9, 136–42, 161–2, 181–9, power uses 66–7 195–7 Bilibino 218 Banks Island 22–30, 299–351 biodiversity policies 71–2 Barcelona 49–51 see also environmental challenges Barents Euro-Arctic Region (BEAR) 18, 57, Birka Paradise passenger vessel 136–7 65–6, 71–2 black carbon (BC) 151 Barents Sea xxix, xxx, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13–22, Black Sea 122–9, 136–42, 161–2, 310–14 36–7, 52, 60, 65–6, 71–2, 76–9, 99–100, Bokfjord 125–9 102–3, 111–12, 118–30, 132–3, 153–6, %RYDQHQNRYRJDVÀHOG 161–2, 164–5, 167–8, 200–9, 210–18, BP 86, 91–101, 114–15 256–63, 274–5, 298–351 Brazil 87–9, 107–8, 130, 307–14 Barentsburg 21–2 Bremen passenger vessel 136–7, 139 barges 6, 28, 150–1, 202–9, 214–15 British Columbia 114–15 Baridaratskaya bay 253–63 Broe/Omni Trax 39 Barrow Strait 169–70 Brubaker’s reasonings 260–1 EDVHOLQHVGHÀQLWLRQ²²² Bulgaria 122–9 266–8 bulk carriers 6–7, 97–9, 150–1, 224–30 Bathurst Inlet 28–30, 219–20 pollution 150–1 bauxite resources 106–8 shipping trends 97–9, 184–9 Bay of Bothnia 181–2 Bush, George W. 61, 63 ED\VGHÀQLWLRQ²² BEAR see Barents Euro-Arctic Region C Beaufort Sea 12, 21–30, 103–5, 111, 114–17, 138, 157–9, 160–3, 169–72, 189, 219–20, CAC see Canadian Arctic Class 268, 284–7, 299–351 Cairn Energy 103–5 Belarus 39, 121–9 Cameron Island 28–30 Belkomur Railway 212–18 Canada xxxii, 8–9, 22–30, 34–5, 48–51, 66–8, Bellot Strait 139, 171 75, 79, 87–8, 92, 94–5, 99–117, 138–9, 148– Belokamenka 124–9, 211–18 9, 150–1, 156–9, 162–3, 168–72, 185–9, Belomorsk 112 194–7, 198–209, 218–20, 223–4, 244, Beluga Shipping Group 51–2, 133, 184–5, 248–9, 263–8, 269–75, 279–87, 299–351 200–1, 214–15, 221–3, 228–9, 312, 339–51 see also North America...; Northwest Bergen 133–4, 139 Passage bergybits, Northwest Passage 23–4 China 75 Bering Sea 3, 6, 12, 13–30, 33–5, 38–41, 50–1, costs and bureaucratic procedures 223–4, 386 Shipping in Arctic Waters

232–3, 328–9, 338–51 Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) 29–30, 194–7, crew training/competence requirements 204–6, 219–20, 265–8, 325–7 194–7, 231–3, 264–8, 322–3 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 162–3 delimitation lines 268 Cape Chelyuskin 19–20 economic trends 87–8, 92, 94–5, 112–17 Cape Dezhnev 186–9 ÀVKÀVKHULHV²²²² Cape of Good Hope 58 GDP statistics 87 Cape Schmidt 19–20 geopolitics xxxii, 26–7, 48, 49–51, 66–8, Cape Vankarem 139 75, 79, 185–9, 194–7, 244, 248–9, 263–8, capital costs 55–6, 104–5, 114–15, 117–29, 204, 269–75, 279–87, 299–307, 332–8 206, 286–7, 308–14 global warming 148–9, 156–9, 229–30 Arctic shipping 55–6 icebreakers 205–6, 224, 230, 267–8, 281–2, drilling costs 104–5, 117–29, 286–7, 308–14 321–2, 325, 350 future increases 104–5 indigenous peoples 269–75, 279–87, 334–8 icebreakers 204, 206 inland waters 266–8 Capitan Spinner 187–9 jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 26–7, carbon dioxide 52–3, 55, 129–30, 132–3, 66–7, 79, 162–3, 245–50, 261–2, 263–8, 150–1, 349–51 332–8 carbon monoxide (CO) 151, 349–51 military affairs 304–5 Cargo Insurance 224 mineral resources 107, 113–17, 219–20, cargo vessels 6–7, 8, 53–7, 97–9, 133, 150–1, 282–7, 302–51 179, 184–9, 198–209, 223–30, 301–51 ocean law xxxii, 26–7, 66–7, 79, 162–3, commercial comparisons of the Transit 245–50, 261–2, 263–8, 281–7, 331–8 sailing routes 297, 338–51 oil/gas consumption trends 91–2, 96–105, pollution 150–1 112–17 shipping trends 97–9, 184–9 oil/gas production 94–5, 99–105, 112–17, CASA see Canadian Arctic Shipping 158, 162–3, 186–9, 218–20, 282–7, 302–51 Assessment pollution 150–1, 156–9, 185–9, 204–5, 244, Caspian Sea 31–2, 127–9, 131 263–8 Central America, R/Ps 130 ports 49–51, 218–20, 265–8, 326–7 Central Arctic Basin 30–3, 55, 58–60, 64, 79, Russia 28, 29, 66, 210, 219–20, 261–2, 256–7, 305–6 332–8 Central Arctic Ocean xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–8, search and rescue facilities 198–209, 223–4, 11–45, 48–9, 53, 56–7, 58–66, 79, 158–9, 231–3, 323–6 163–4, 172, 195–7, 254–63, 301–51 shale deposits 94, 113, 130–1 see also Transpolar Passage technical requirements 185–9, 231–3, 264–8, ice movements 31–2, 41–2, 330–1, 349–51 320–2 military affairs xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–8, 28, 38, transportation/shipping policies 185–9 42, 48–9, 53, 56–7, 59–66, 254–63, 303–6 USA jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 26–7, sea ice thickness xxx, 7–8, 14–22, 23–4, 66–7, 79, 162–3, 245–50, 263–8, 332–8 31–3, 58–9, 148–9, 158–9, 164–72 Zone System 188–9, 265–8 Central Asia 39, 58–9 Canada Shipping Act 2001 204–6 Central Marine Research and Design Institute Canada Today 25 196–7 Canadian Arctic Archipelago xxxii, 22–30, charting requirements 180–9, 206, 223 60, 157–9, 168–72, 194–7, 266–8, 304–5, Chaunsky 217–18 318–19, 330–51 Cheshkaya bay 253–63 Canadian Arctic Class (CAC) 189, 321–2 Chilingarov, Arthur 261 Canadian Arctic Shipping Assessment (CASA) China xxx, xxxi, 17–18, 38–41, 48, 49–51, 6–8, 168–70 52, 53, 55–6, 59, 72–9, 84, 86–98, 104–5, Index 387

106–8, 122–9, 130–3, 184–9, 208–9, 281, climate models 148–9, 159, 163–4, 168–9, 172, 299–314, 340–51 229–30, 300–1 see also1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU Clinton, Hillary 68 agenda 73–4 Clipper Adventurer passenger vessel 136–7, economic trends 86–98, 104–5, 307–14 139–40 energy demands 72–6, 88–92, 95–8, 104–5, FORVHWRZLQJGHÀQLWLRQ 130–3, 141–2, 281, 307–14, 340–51 coal resources 21–2, 89, 91, 105, 108, 113, ÀVKÀVKHULHV² 115–17, 128–30, 210–18, 301–7 GDP statistics 86–98, 307–14 The Coast of Hope 187–9 geopolitics 48, 49–51, 52, 53, 55–6, 72–9, coastal maritime zones, concepts 242–50 91–4, 299–307 cobalt resources 106–7, 119–29 mineral resources 106–7 cod 66, 111 oil/gas production 91–2, 94–5 Cod War between Iceland and the UK in the policies 73–9 1970s 66 quality of life expectations 131–2 Cold War tensions 27–8, 49, 56–66, 255–6, research expeditions 74 303–6 Russia 73, 122–9, 132–3, 310–14 commercial prospects, Arctic transportation shale deposits 94 passages 297, 338–51 statistics 72–3, 86–98, 106–7 communications’ facilities 22, 28–30, 35, 66, trade destinations 90–4, 108–9, 122–9, 177, 199–209, 223–4, 324–9 184–9, 310–14 Northeast Passage 200–9, 223, 324–9 trade patterns 89–98, 106–7, 108–9, 122–9, Northern Maritime Corridor 208–9 132–3, 141–2, 184–9, 307–14 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU² FKORURÁXRURFDUERQV &)&  Northern Sea Route 22, 66, 201–9, 324–9 chromium resources 106–8 Northwest Passage 28–30, 204–6, 223–4, Chukchi people 269–75, 277–9, 334–8 233, 324–6 Chukchi Sea 12, 13–22, 24–30, 50–2, 60, satellite communications 22, 200–9, 229, 103–5, 111, 127–9, 138–40, 153–9, 166–72, 324–6, 328–9 225–9, 253–63, 287, 314–51 search and rescue facilities 199–209, 323–6 Chukotka 35, 218, 274–5 southern water connecting corridors 208–9 Churchill 28–30, 39–41, 156–9, 171–2, 210, Transpolar Passage 206–8, 324–6 219–20, 327 communism fears 53 Chuykov, Yuri 185, 321 Conoco-Phillips 114–15 circulation patterns, pollution 149–50 Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic 153–4 Sovereignty 273–5 construction materials 106–7, 119–29, 163 CIS states 121–9 containers civil sector, military affairs xxx, xxxi, 49–51, commercial comparisons of the Transit 53, 56–7, 59–66, 78–9, 205–6, 243–4, sailing routes 297, 338–51 252–3, 254–63, 303–6 pollution 150–1 climate change 63–4, 69–72, 105, 131–3, shipping trends 97–9, 116–17, 125–9, 133, 147–9, 156–9, 163–72, 274, 298–9, 300–7, 184–9 331–2, 349–51 FRQWLJXLW\SULQFLSOHGHÀQLWLRQ² see also global warming; sea ice melting FRQWLQJHQWUHVRXUFHVGHÀQLWLRQ concepts 63–4, 69–72, 147–9, 156–7, continuous permafrost 4, 148–9 163–72, 274, 298–9, 300–7, 331–2 FRROVSRWVGHÀQLWLRQ EU policies 69–72 FRRSHUDWLRQEHQHÀWVJHRSROLWLFV²² military affairs 305–6 75, 77–9, 141–2, 245–50, 299–307, 331–8 USA policies 63–4 copper resources 106–8, 119–29, 219–20 388 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Coronation Gulf 139–40, 170–1 284–5, 287, 313–14 corporate governance xxxii, 3, 246–50, 269, ÀQGLQJV[[[L²² 331–8 ÀVKÀVKHULHV² see also social responsibilities Greenland 133–6, 138–40, 281, 314 concepts 246–50, 269, 331–8 historical background 133–5 GHÀQLWLRQ² indigenous peoples xxxi, 139–41, 281, cost-saving aspects of the Arctic transportation 284–5, 287 passages xxx, xxxiii, 3, 15–16, 49–52, main specialist operators 137–40 338–51 Northeast Passage xxxi, 135, 137–40, see also capital costs 313–14 costs and bureaucratic procedures Northwest Passage xxxi, 27, 135, 139–40, see also insurance 281, 284–5, 287, 313–14 Arctic shipping 177, 220–30, 232–3, 327–9, oil spills 160–1 338–51 prices 137–8 commercial comparisons of the Transit prospects xxxi, 132–42, 313–14 sailing routes 297, 338–51 Russia 135–40 Northern Sea Route 220–9, 232–3, 327–9, sailing routes 133–5, 137–9 338–51 ship categories 136–7 Northwest Passage 223–4, 229–30, 328–9, social responsibilities xxxi 338–51 statistics 132–42 Council Conclusions on Arctic Issues 69 Svalbard 133–6, 314 crab 157–9 Transpolar Passage 140, 313–14 crew training/competence requirements xxxii, Cruise North Expeditions 139–40 3, 177, 180–1, 189–97, 231–3, 246–50, CSCL Hamburg 340–51 264–8, 322–3 cultural issues xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, 1–3, 21–2, concepts xxxii, 3, 177, 180–1, 189–97, 26–7, 38, 56–7, 78, 243–50, 269–87, 333–8 231–3, 246–50, 322–3 current training practices 195–7 D ÀQGLQJV[[[LL²²² IMO Guidelines 189–97, 232–3, 246 damage statistics 185–9, 225–30, 233, 329–31, INSROP research program 192 339–51 insurance 231–3 see also accidents; insurance International Convention on Standards of databases, risk assessments 55–6 7UDLQLQJ&HUWLÀFDWLRQDQG:DWFKNHHSLQJ Davis Corridor (DC) 35, 42 1978 189–97 see also Labrador Sea Manila IMO conference in 2010 192–3 Davis Strait 12, 21–30, 35, 42, 138–9, 157–9, Northeast Passage 193–7, 231–3, 322–3 169–70, 189, 219–20, 315–51 Northwest Passage 194–7, 231–3, 264–8, Dease Strait 189 322–3 deep pressure ridges, statistics 32–3 statistics 196–7 Deng Chiao Ping 87 Transpolar Passage 195–7, 231–3, 322–3 Denmark 41–2, 48, 58–9, 66, 68–72, 198–209, Cristal passenger vessel 136–7 248–9, 261–2, 263–8, 271–5, 279–80, 323, cruise activities xxxi, 3, 6–7, 27, 114, 132–42, 332–8 160–1, 281, 284–5, 287, 313–14 see also Greenland see also passenger ships geopolitics 48, 58–9, 66, 68–72, 248–9, Alaska 137–9, 287 261–2, 263–8, 271, 279–80, 332–8 Arctic transportation passages status 140, indigenous peoples 271–5, 279–80, 334–8 313–14 jurisdiction 261–2, 263–8, 279–80, 332–8 concepts xxxi, 114, 132–42, 160–1, 281, search and rescue facilities 198–209 Index 389

Denmark Strait 41–2, 138–9 153–6, 165–8, 202–9, 216–18, 225–9, depths xxx, 14–15, 24–5, 31–3, 41–2, 59–60, 252–63, 314–51 232–3, 305 eco-system management policies, USA 63–4 Des Groseilliers icebreaker 207 economic interests, geopolitics 58–9, 61–6, Destination-Arctic sailing routes xxix, 1–3, 72–6, 299–307, 331–8 11–12, 18–22, 27–30, 33–5, 117, 158, economic trends xxix, xxxiii, 1–3, 39–41, 297–8, 312–14 47–82, 83–4, 86–98, 112–29, 130–3, 141–2, see also harbors; ports 297, 307–14, 338–51 Northern Sea Route 18–22, 312–14 commercial comparisons of the Transit Northwest Passage 27–30, 117, 158 sailing routes 297, 338–51 Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 97, 133, 172, 197, comparisons between the transportation 312–13, 319 passages 297, 307–14 Devon Island 139 concepts 83–4, 86–98, 112–29, 130–3, DEW line 27–8 141–2, 307–14 DGPS see Differential Global Positioning energy consumption 72–6, 86, 88–105, Systems 307–14 diamond resources 106–8, 115–17, 310–14 GDP statistics 86–98, 130–1, 141–2, 307–14 Dickson 19–20 JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP diesel-powered icebreakers 34–5, 184–5, 129–33, 307–8, 311–12 203–4, 207–9, 319 historical background 86–7 Differential Global Positioning Systems trade destinations 90–4, 158, 310–14 (DGPS) 202–9, 324–6 trade patterns 89–98, 106–7, 118–29, 130–3, Dikson 128–9, 215–16, 220–4, 322–51 141–2, 297, 307–14 distances between harbors, statistics 49–52, ecosystems xxxi, 1–3, 5–6, 62–6, 71–2, 147, 299–307, 338–51 151–75, 243–50, 284–7, 297, 314–19, 351 Dmitri Laptev Strait 165–6, 251–63, 318–19 see also environmental challenges; marine... Dmitriyenko, Dmitry 210 Arctic shipping impacts 151–75, 284–7, Dmitry Pozharsky 187–9 297, 314–19 DNV see Det Norske Veritas comparisons between the transportation domestic laws 3, 15–16, 61–6, 78–9 passages 297, 314–19 see also ocean law concepts xxxi, 5–6, 63–4, 151–9, 243–4, double hulls 55–6 284–7, 297, 314–19, 351 drift ice 32, 168–72 GHÀQLWLRQ² drift stations 34, 42 ÀQGLQJV[[[L²² drilling costs 104–5, 117–29, 159, 286–7, Northeast Passage 153–6, 161–2, 297, 308–14 314–19, 351 Dudinka 19–22, 35, 128–9, 154–9, 184–9, Northern Sea Route 153–6, 314–19, 351 204–9, 210–18, 301–51 Northwest Passage 156–9, 162–3, 284–7, Dunbar, Moira 3 297, 314–19 Dutch Harbor 35, 38–41, 112 oil spills xxxi, 25–6, 150–1, 155, 158–63, Dvina Gulf 212–13 172, 178–9, 180–1, 287, 316–19, 351 prospects 314–19, 351 E species’ types 151–9 statistics 153–9 East Barents Sea 102–3, 309–51 Transpolar Passage 158–9 East Bering Sea 157–9 EEZ see exclusive economic zones East China Sea 70, 302–7 HIIHFWLYHRFFXSDWLRQGHÀQLWLRQ² East Greenland Rift Basin 103–4 Egvekinot 38–41 East Siberian Sea 12–22, 52, 60, 127–9, 138–9, Egypt 94–5 390 Shipping in Arctic Waters

El Paso Corporation 84 35–7, 48–51, 68–72, 299–307 Ellesmere Island 22–30, 268 see also Northern Maritime Corridor emerging market economies (EMEs) 94–8, European Economic Area (EEA) xxx, 68–72 141–2 see also Iceland; Norway see also China; India European Parliament 69–72 emissions, statistics 150–1, 172, 349–51 European Union (EU) xxx, xxxi, 26–7, 36–7, energy consumption 72–6, 86, 88–105, 307–14, 48, 66–7, 68–72, 76–9, 87–98, 117–29, 340–51 130–1, 150–1, 214–15, 219–20, 248–50, ENI 122–9 266–7, 272–5, 305–6, 331–8 environmental challenges xxix, xxxi, 1–3, see also Denmark; Finland; Northern 20–1, 25–6, 31, 48–82, 120, 132–3, 147–75, Maritime Corridor; Sweden 180–1, 192–3, 243–87, 297, 314–19, 322, cooperation policies 69–72, 77–9, 248–50, 351 331–8 see also ecosystems; oil spills; pollution economic trends 87–98, 130–1 comparisons between the transportation environmental concerns 71–2, 76–9 passages 297, 314–19 GDP statistics 87–98, 130–1, 307–14 concepts xxxi, 20–1, 67, 76–9, 147–75, geopolitics 48, 66–7, 68–72, 76–9, 248–9, 180–1, 243–69, 297, 314–19, 322 272–5, 299–307 EU policies 69–72, 76–9 JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP² ÀQGLQJV[[[L²²² 307–8 243–87, 297, 314–19, 322, 351 insider/outsider perspectives 68–72 ‘general legal principles’ 247–8 international governance policies 70–2, natural shipping conditions 147–9, 163–72, 77–9 317–19 members 68–72 Northeast Passage 147–9, 153–6, 161–2, military affairs 305–6 163–72, 250–63, 269–79, 297, 314–19, 351 national security policies 69–72, 78–9 Northwest Passage 147–9, 156–9, 162–4, oil/gas consumption trends 91–2, 94–5, 96 168–72, 263–8, 279–87, 297, 314–19 policies 69–72, 76–9 oil spills xxxi, 25–6, 150–1, 155, 158–63, pollution 150–1 172, 178–9, 180–1, 202, 263–4, 287, resource policies 69–72, 76–7 316–19, 351 shale deposits 94 prospects 314–19, 351 stakeholder concepts 72 renewable energy 132–3 trade destinations 90–4, 108–9, 118–29, Russian policies 64–6, 77–9, 120, 252–63 219–20 Transpolar Passage 147–9, 158–9, 172, 297, trade patterns 90–8, 108–9, 117–29, 214–15, 314–19 219–20, 224–9, 307–14 USA policies 63–4, 77–9 transportation/shipping policies 69–72, 77–9 ¶HQYLURQPHQWDOVHFXULW\·GHÀQLWLRQ² Evenk people 269–75, 277–9, 334–8 Eskimos 258 Event people 269–75, 277–9, 334–8 estimated resources 84–6, 92–4, 98–112, exclusive economic zones (EEZ) 30–1, 242–69, 129–33, 307–14 331–8 Estonia 74 exhaust fume pollutants 150–1, 172, 349–51 ethics 247–50 exploration and exploitation 30–1, 47–82, see also social responsibilities 86–98, 117–29, 131–3, 136–42, 242–50, Eurasia 7–10, 158–9, 165–6, 303–51 280–7, 313 European Bank for Reconstruction and Explorer sinking 195 Development (EBRD) 272–5 exports, trade pattern statistics 89–94, 106–9, European Commission 68–72, 305–6 112–17, 118–29, 132–3, 141–2, 210–20, European continent xxix, xxxi, 7–10, 11–12, 227–30, 307–14 Index 391

Exxon Valdez 163, 178–9 forests/forestry 3, 83–6, 107–9, 113, 128–9, 142, 212–18, 223, 287, 309–14 F Arctic shipping 129, 212–18, 223, 287, 309–14 FAO see Food and Agricultural Organization of Russia 107–9, 128–9, 142, 212–18, 223, the United Nations 309–14 Far East Shipping Company (FESCO) 202–4, statistics 107–9, 128–9, 309–14 217–18, 324–6 USA 107–8, 113, 129, 287 fast ice 32, 167–72, 317–19 Foxe Basin 219–20 FC see Fram Corridor Fram Corridor (FC) xxix, 2, 11–12, 35, 41–2, fees see sailing fees 59, 159, 208–9, 298, 300–7 ferries 6 see also Greenland; North Atlantic; FESCO see Far East Shipping Company Northern Maritime Corridor; Svalbard; Finland 14, 18, 48, 67–72, 74, 118, 139–40, Transpolar Passage 142, 161–2, 196–7, 201, 227–8, 249, 262, GHÀQLWLRQ[[L[²² 274–9 ÀQGLQJV²²² geopolitics 48, 67–72, 249, 262, 274–9 usage limitations 42 indigenous peoples 274–9 Fram passenger vessel 139 Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR) Fram Strait 31–2, 33–5, 41–2 181–2, 188–9, 320–2 France 49–51, 64, 68, 74, 88, 94, 118, 305 Finnmark Act 275–6, 335–8 Franckx, Erik 257 First Nations people 281–7 Franklin Strait 170–1 ÀUVW\HDULFH²²²² Franz Josef Land 18–22, 135, 137–40 ÀVKÀVKHULHV²²²² freedom of navigation 61–6, 67, 70–1, 78–9, 140–2, 151–9, 185, 187–9, 260–1, 264–8, 243–50, 252–69, 302, 331–8 301–51 Freeport Shipping 187–9 Canada 111–12, 156–9, 187–9, 264–8 Frobisher Bay 27–8 China 110–11 Frolov, Ivan Ye 259–60 concepts 83–6, 109–12, 140–2, 152–9, FSICR see Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules 315–19 Fury and Hecla Strait 168–9, 171 cruise activities 140–1 ecosystems 151–63, 284–5, 315–19 G estimates 84–5, 109–10 global warming 111–12, 156–9 gas resources xxix, xxx, xxxi, 3, 21, 30, 33, Norway 111–12, 260–1, 301–2 36–7, 47–82, 83–6, 91–105, 108, 112–33, oil spills 159–63 141–2, 155–9, 186–9, 244–50, 278–87, Russia 111–12, 152–6, 185, 301–2 297–351 statistics 109–12, 142, 154–9, 185, 187–9 Arctic waters 93–4, 98–105, 112–29, 141–2 trends 109–10, 142, 154–9 carbon content 129–30, 132–3 USA 111–12 comparisons between the transportation ÀVKLQJYHVVHOV²²² passages 297, 307–14 264–8, 283–5 consumption trends 88–105, 112–17, activity statistics 5–6 307–14 pollution 150–1 drilling costs 104–5, 117–29, 286–7, 308–14 ÁDJSODQWLQJFRQWURYHUV\5XVVLD² estimates 129–30 ÁDJVRIFRQYHQLHQFH geopolitics xxxi, 47–82, 91–4, 105, 141–2, Food and Agricultural Organization of the 297–307 United Nations (FAO) 84 historical background 99–112 food supplies 38–9 oil substitution factors 91–2 392 Shipping in Arctic Waters

producer statistics 94–5, 100–5, 112–29, reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping 308–14 53–7 reserves 93–4, 98–105, 108, 112–33, 141–2, regional informal operational regime 76–9 162–3, 308–14 state of the Arctic 48–61 Russia 93–4, 96, 98–105, 112–33, 142, submarines xxx, xxxi, 42, 49, 58–60, 64–6, 210–18, 278–9, 301–51 75, 261–2, 303–6 shale deposit alternatives 118, 130–1 Georg Ots 184–5 statistics xxix, xxx, xxxi, 21, 36–7, 55–6, Georgia 121–9 58–9, 91–6, 98–105, 108, 112–33, 210–20, Germany 34, 35, 49–51, 68, 88, 90, 94, 96, 107, 307–14 118, 122–9, 196–7, 228 technological issues 93–4, 102–5 Gioia Tauro 49–51 trade patterns 91–4, 112–29, 132–3, 141–2, JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP 186–9, 210–18, 307–14 129–33, 307–8, 311–12 undiscovered oil/gas resources in the Arctic Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 102–5, 112–17, 119–29, 131–3, 141–2, 158, 198–209 162–3, 244–50, 280–1, 308–14 Global Positioning Systems (GPS) xxxii, USA 93–4, 96, 100–5, 112–17 202–9, 324–6 Gazprom 118–19, 122–9, 214–18 global warming xxix, 7–8, 13–16, 28, 31, 32–3, GCI see Gwich’in Council International 41–2, 49, 51–2, 57–9, 63–4, 69–70, 73–4, GDP see Gross Domestic Product 105, 111–12, 116–17, 131–3, 142, 147–9, ¶JHQHUDOOHJDOSULQFLSOHV·GHÀQLWLRQ² 156–9, 163–72, 229–30, 257–8, 298–9, JHQHUDWLRQDOFRQWLQXXP$UFWLFGHÀQLWLRQV² 301–7, 331–2, 337–8, 349–51 geopolitics xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–3, 6–7, 13, 18– see also climate change; sea ice melting 22, 38–9, 41–2, 47–82, 91–4, 105, 141–2, ÀQGLQJV²²²²² 182–9, 193–7, 241–96, 297–307, 331–8 111–12, 116–17, 131–3, 142, 147–8, 156–9, see also Arctic outsider states; big Arctic 163–72, 229–30, 298–9, 301–7, 337–8, insider states; Canada; military affairs; 349–51 ocean law; politics; Russia; small Arctic ÀVKÀVKHULHV² insider states; USA indigenous peoples 274–5, 337–8 the Arctic Five coastal states 7, 67–8, 79, prospects 163–4, 301–7, 337–8, 349–51 248–9 salinity levels 163–4 the Arctic Three states (Sweden, Finland, sea levels 163–4 Iceland) 67–8, 79 globalization 39–40, 61–4 comparisons between the transportation GLONAS Russian satellite system 202–9 passages 297–307 gold resources 106–7, 113, 115–17, 218, 280–1, concepts 47–82, 91–4, 141–2, 182–9, 310–14 241–96, 297–307, 331–8 *ROLDWÀHOG FRRSHUDWLRQEHQHÀWV²²² Gorbachev, Mikhail 56–7 141–2, 245–50, 331–8 GPS see Global Positioning Systems GHÀQLWLRQV² grain 28 distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307 Granberg, Alexander 38–9, 63 economic interests 58–9, 61–6, 72–6, Gray’s Bay 28–30, 219–20 299–307 Great Circle Route (GCR) 40–1, 157–9, 208–9 indigenous peoples 67–8, 78–9, 139–41, Greece 122–9 247–50, 269–87, 297, 333–8 greenhouse gases 150–1, 163–4, 349–51 industrial production statistics 48–9 Greenland xxix, 3–9, 11–12, 21–2, 23, 34–5, oil resources 36–7, 58–9, 60, 64–6, 72–9, 41–2, 67–8, 103–5, 132–6, 138–40, 151, 91–4, 105, 141–2, 297–307 158–9, 189, 199–209, 219–20, 248–9, prospects 76–9, 297–307 263–8, 269–75, 279–87, 332–8 Index 393

see also Denmark; Fram Corridor High Frequency radio (HF) 22, 200–9 cruise activities 133–6, 138–40, 281, 314 +LJK6HDVGHÀQLWLRQ²² geopolitics 248–9, 263–8, 269–75, 279–87, 255–6, 259, 267–9, 302, 306 336–8 Hokkaido 75 indigenous peoples 269–75, 279–87, 334–8 homeland security policies, USA 61–4 jurisdiction 248–9, 263–8, 332–8 Hong Kong 49–52 mineral resources 280–1 Honninsvag 186–9 pollution 151 KRWVSRWVGHÀQLWLRQ undiscovered oil/gas resources in the Arctic hovercrafts, cruise activities xxxi, 137–40 103–5, 280–1 Hu Zhengyue 73–5 *ULIÀWKV)UDQNO\Q² Hudson Bay 3–4, 6, 8, 21–2, 24–30, 156–9, Grise Ford 139, 219–20 171–2, 199–209, 219–20 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), statistics Hudson Bay Company 27–8 86–98, 119–20, 130–1, 141–2, 307–14 Hudson research vessel 25 growlers, Northwest Passage 23–4 Hudson Strait 139, 157–9, 171–2 Guide for Navigation Through the NSR 182–5 Huizhou 186–9 Gulf of Aden 39–40 hull damage statistics 185–9, 225–30, 233, Gulf of Alaska 158–9 329–31, 339–51 Gulf of Mexico 131 Hull and Machinery (H&M) surcharges 224–9, Gulf Stream 12–13, 150 329–31, 338–51 Gwich’in Council International (GCI) 270, Human Rights 21, 71–2, 271–87 274–5 Hurtigruten 133–6 Hvalfjordur 36–7 H hydrocarbons 20–1, 53, 58–9, 69–70, 72, 91, 100–5, 127–9, 131–3 halibut 157–9 see also oil resources Hamburg xxxiii, 49–51, 299–307, 339–51 hydrographical surveys 18–19 Hammerfest 125–9 Hans Island 268 I Hanseatic passenger vessel 136–7, 139 Hapag-Lloyd Cruises 136, 139 IACS see International Association of harbors xxix, xxx, 1–3, 11–45, 49–50, 299–307, &ODVVLÀFDWLRQ6RFLHWLHV 320–31 ICC see Inuit Circumpolar Council see also ports; sailing routes LFHDFFUHWLRQGHÀQLWLRQ² distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, ice capabilities of merchant ships 15, 53–7 338–51 LFHFODVVLQJRIYHVVHOVÀQGLQJV[[[LL² +DYLVÀHOG² 320–2 Hayward, Tony 91 LFHÀHOGVGHÀQLWLRQ +D]DUG,GHQWLÀFDWLRQRIWKHDGGLWLRQDO3RODU LFHÁRHGHÀQLWLRQ Hazards 180–9 ice massifs 14–22, 32, 164–72, 317–18 Healy icebreaker 34, 208–9 ice movements 31–2, 41–2, 330–1, 349–51 heavy oil, unconventional resources 85, 338–51 ice navigators helicopters 205–9 see also navigation Henry Larsen icebreaker 207 GHÀQLWLRQ Heritage Expeditions 139 Ice Rules of the Russian Register (1999) 183–5 Hermus Strait 39–40 ice-edge migration xxx, xxxi, 1, 3, 6, 7, 14–15, herring 111, 157–9 23–4, 32–3, 34–5, 41–2, 47, 49, 58–9, 60, +LJK$UFWLFERXQGDULHVGHÀQLWLRQ 67, 111–12, 116–17, 147–8, 157–9, 163–72 67–8, 99, 255–6 see also sea ice melting 394 Shipping in Arctic Waters

statistics xxx, 58–9, 147–9 illegal dumping problems, oil spills 160–1, ice-free summers 7–8, 12–13, 15–16, 23–4, 263–4, 316–19 32–3, 40–1, 172, 300–7, 314 illegal migration 64 concepts 32–3, 172, 300, 314 ILO Convention No 169 of 1989 271–6, 334–8 likelihood assessments 32–3, 172, 300–1, Ilulissat 139 314 Ilulissat-Declaration 67–8 LFHLVODQGWKHRU\GHÀQLWLRQ IMO Guidelines see International Maritime LFHLVZDWHUWKHRU\GHÀQLWLRQ Organisation... icebergs, Northwest Passage 23–4 imports, trade pattern statistics 89–94, 106–9, icebreakers xxx, xxxii, xxxiii, 3, 6, 12, 112–17, 118–29, 141–2, 214–20, 307–14 15–30, 33–5, 42, 53–7, 70, 74, 76, 126–9, Incheon 186–9 135–42, 150–1, 171–2, 181–5, 196–7, India 72, 76, 86–98, 104–5, 130–3, 141–2, 281, 201–9, 212–33, 252–63, 267–8, 281–2, 302, 307–14 300–7, 314, 319, 320–9, 338, 344–51 economic trends 86–98, 104–5, 307–14 see also sailing fees energy demands 72, 76, 88–92, 95–8, DJHLQJÁHHWV² 104–5, 130–3, 141–2, 281, 307–14 capital costs 204, 206, 324–5 GDP statistics 86–98, 307–14 current training practices 195–7 geopolitics 48, 72, 76, 299–307 GHÀQLWLRQ²² oil/gas consumption trends 91–2, 95–6, historical background 33–5, 50–1 104–5, 307–14 Northern Sea Route 15–22, 34–5, 126–9, policies 76 183–5, 201–9, 212–18, 220–4, 226–9, production of oil/gas statistics 91–2 232–3, 252–63, 314, 319, 320–2, 324–9, quality of life expectations 131–2 350–1 shale deposits 94 Northwest Passage 205–7, 224, 230, 232–3, trade destinations 90–4 267–8, 281–2, 319, 320–2, 350 Indian Ocean 59, 70, 116, 302–7 pollution 150–1 Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) 285–6, 337 procedures 183–5, 202–4 Indiga 128, 184–5 search and rescue facilities 201–9, 323–6 indigenous peoples xxix, xxxi, xxxiii, 1–3, statistics 33–5, 54–6, 126–7, 136–42, 150–1, 21–2, 26–7, 36–7, 67–8, 71–2, 78–9, 202–4, 324–6, 350 139–41, 192–7, 241, 247–50, 258, 267–8, types 19–20, 33–5, 126–7, 135–42, 181–2, 269–87, 297, 331, 333–8 183–5, 202–9, 227–8, 319, 320–2, 324–5 see also individual countries; individual Iceland 6, 7, 8, 12, 36–7, 48, 66–72, 75, 112, peoples; Inuit...; Nenet...; Sami... 133–42, 151, 208–9, 248–9 Arctic shipping xxxi, 26–7, 36–7, 67–8, China 75 139–41, 267–8, 269–87, 297, 333–8 cruise activities 133–5, 139–40 comparisons between the transportation ÀVKÀVKHULHV passages 297, 333–8 geopolitics 48, 66–72, 75, 248–9 concepts 269–87, 297, 331, 333–8 jurisdiction 248–9 cruise activities xxxi, 139–41, 281, 284–5, national interests’ report 67–8 287 pollution 151 EU policies 71–2 search and rescue facilities 208–9 ÀQGLQJV[[[L[[[LLL²²²² ICESCR see International Covenant on 8, 71–2, 78–9, 139–41, 192–7, 241, 247–50, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 258, 267–8, 269–87, 297, 331, 333–8 ICJ see International Court of Justice Finnmark Act 275–6, 335–8 IEA see International Energy Agency geopolitics 67–8, 78–9, 139–41, 247–50, Igarka 16–22, 216 267–8, 269–87, 297, 333–8 Igloolik 28–30, 219–20 global warming 274–5, 337–8 Index 395

international conventions and declarations 330–1, 339–51 270–6, 334–8 International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) Northeast Passage 36–7, 269–79, 297, 74 333–8 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQRI&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ Northwest Passage 26–7, 67–8, 267–8, Societies (IACS) 182–9, 245–50, 320–2 269–75, 279–87, 297, 333–8 International Civil Aviation Convention 1944 prospects 78–9, 140–1, 297, 333–8 199–209 regional cooperation 273–5 International Convention on Maritime Search resources 271–87, 334–8 and Rescue 1979 197–209 rights 241, 247–50, 267–8, 269–87, 333–8 see also Search and Rescue Convention sovereignty issues 273–5, 334–8 International Convention on Standards of statistics 269–87, 334–8 7UDLQLQJ&HUWLÀFDWLRQDQG:DWFKNHHSLQJ Transpolar Passage 287, 297, 333–8 1978 (STCW) 189–97, 244–50 types 269–75, 334–8 international conventions and declarations, Indigenous People’s Secretariat (IPS) 274–5 indigenous peoples 270–6, 334–8 Indonesia 94–5, 111 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 260–1 ‘industrial Mediterranean’ aspects of the Arctic International Covenant on Civil and Political 48–51, 299–307 Rights (ICCPR) 271–5 industrial production statistics 48–9 International Covenant on Economic, Social INMARSAT satellite system 207–8 and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 271–5 LQQRFHQWSDVVDJHGHÀQLWLRQ² International Energy Agency (IEA) 72, 86, 105, innovation rings 55–6 130 INSROP research program 50–4, 75, 156–7, international governance policies 62–4, 65–8, 192–7, 225–9, 315–19, 329–31 77–9, 246–50, 331–8 see also Northern Sea Route EU 70–2, 77–9 crew training/competence requirements 192 Russia 65–6, 77–9 insurance 225–9, 329–31 USA 62–4, 77–9 insurance xxxii, 3, 39–40, 177, 221–3, 224–33, International Group of P&I Clubs 224–30, 329–31, 339–51 329–31, 338–51 see also costs...; risk management International Maritime Organisation (IMO), concepts xxxii, 39–40, 224–33, 329–31, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice- 339–51 covered Waters of 2002 (IMO Guidelines) crew training/competence requirements xxix, xxx, xxxii, 8–9, 70, 151, 172, 178–97, 231–3 198–209, 232–3, 241–50, 269, 298, 315–19, GHÀQLWLRQ² 320–3, 333–8 ÀQGLQJV[[[LL²²² concepts 178–97, 232–3, 241–50, 269, 298, Northeast Passage xxxii, 221–3, 224–9, 320–2, 323–6, 333–4 231–3, 329–31, 339–51 crew training/competence requirements Northern Sea Route 221–3, 224–9, 231–3, 189–97, 232–3, 246, 322–3 329–31, 339–51 GHÀQLWLRQV² Northwest Passage xxxii, 229–30, 231–3, mandatory aims 181, 244–50, 269 339–51 Manila IMO conference in 2010 192–3 regulations 224–30, 329–31 non-binding aspects 179–80, 193, 244–50, risk-assessment information requirements 269 231–3 recent progress 179–81, 191–2 search and rescue facilities 231–3 search and rescue facilities 198–209, 232–3, self-insurance provisions 224 323–6 technical requirements 230–1 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 88, 119 Transpolar Passage xxxii, 230, 231–3, international relations 47–82, 298–307 396 Shipping in Arctic Waters

see also geopolitics see also ocean law Intra-Arctic sailing routes xxix, 1–3, 11–12, Canada xxxii, 26–7, 66–7, 79, 162–3, 18–22, 27–30, 33–5, 301, 303 245–50, 261–2, 263–8, 332–8 Northern Sea Route 18–22, 303, 312–14 comparisons between the transportation Northwest passage 27–30, 303 passages 297, 331–8 Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) 67–8, 270–5 Denmark/Norway 41–2 Inuit people 26–7, 67–8, 267–8, 269–75, EU 70–1, 302 279–87, 334–8 ÀQGLQJV[[[LL[[[LLL²²² see also Canada; Greenland 77–9, 248–69, 297, 302, 303–6, 331–8 Inupiat people 269–75, 334–8 Greenland coastal waters 263–8 Inuvik 28–30, 204–6, 325–6 Northeast Passage xxxii, 15–18, 70–1, 79, IPS see Indigenous People’s Secretariat 242–63, 297, 302, 331–8 Iqaluit 204–6, 219–20, 325–7 Northern Norway and Svalbard coastal IRA see Indian Reorganization Act waters 250–1 Iran 39–40, 58–9, 84, 94–5, 130–1 Northwest Passage xxxii, 26–7, 66–7, 79, Iraq 58–9, 94–5 162–3, 245–50, 261–2, 263–8, 297, 331–8 IRIDIUM satellite system 200–9, 324–6 prospects 77–9, 297, 302, 331–8 iron ore resources 28–30, 52, 97, 106–8, Russia xxxii, xxxiii, 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 114–17, 119–29, 184–9, 219–20, 280–1, 245–63, 302, 303–6 310–14, 351 5XVVLDQÁDJSODQWLQJFRQWURYHUV\² Irtysh river 124–9 former Soviet Union 254–60 Isafjordur 36–7 Transpolar Passage 268–9, 297, 302, 333–8 Israel 58–9 Italy 71, 76, 77, 88, 118, 122–9 K

J Kamchatka 38–41, 161–2, 202–9 Kandalaksha multipurpose cargo vessel 17–18, James Bay 6 50–2, 227–8 James Ross Strait 170–1 Kangerlussauq 139 Jan Mayen 41–2, 250–1 Kap York 139 JANSROP research program 54, 75 Kapitan Khlebnikov 137–8 Japan xxx, 17, 33, 36, 38–41, 48, 49–51, 54–5, Kara gate 187–9 75–6, 88, 90, 91–2, 95–6, 106–7, 126, 129, Kara Sea 12, 13–22, 35–6, 52, 54, 60, 119–29, 133, 214–15, 299–307 153–6, 164–5, 168–9, 187–9, 200–9, economic trends 88, 90–2, 133 214–18, 225–9, 253–63, 301–51 GDP statistics 88 Kara Sea Route 20–1, 35–6, 52, 54, 60, 164–5, geopolitics 48, 49–51, 54–5, 75–6, 91, 168–9, 253–63, 317–19 299–307 Karelia Republic 106, 128–9 mineral resources 106–7 Karlsen Shipping 139 Northern Sea Route 75 Karrat Fiord 139 oil/gas consumption trends 91–2, 95–6, 133 Khabarovsky Krai 38–41 policies 75–6 Kholmsk 187–9 Jetstream Route 40–1 King William Island 189 Jintang 187–9 Kirkenes 50–1, 75, 125–9, 133–5, 139, 184–9, JSC ROMAN 187–9 227–9, 300–51 jurisdictional controversies xxxii, xxxiii, 3, 11, Klimenco, B.M. 257 15–18, 26–7, 30–1, 41–2, 65–8, 70–1, 74–5, Kodiak 112 77–9, 162–3, 241–96, 297, 302, 303–6, Koguev 128 331–8 Kola Inlet 155, 210–18 Index 397

Kola Peninsula 49, 64–6, 124–9, 149–51, 155, LLC Dalrifer 187–9 210–18, 275–9, 309–51 LMEs see Large Marine Ecosystems Kolguev 213–14, 326–51 LNG seeOLTXHÀHGQDWXUDOJDV Kolodkin, A-L. 259–60 logistics xxix, 1–3 Kolosov, M.E. 259–60 Lomonosov, Mikhail 12, 48–9 Kolyma river 16–22 Lomonosov Ridge 261–2 Komi Republic 106, 128–9, 212–18, 309–14 London 36, 49–51 Korea xxx, 17, 38–41, 48, 49–52, 74, 75–6, Long Strait 14–22, 166–7, 318–19 96, 107, 115, 133, 186–9, 214–15, 221–2, Longyearbyen 21–2, 134–6, 139–40 228–9, 299–307 Louis Majesty passenger vessel 136–7 see also North...; South... Louis S. St-Laurent icebreaker 34, 42, 207 Kotzebue 38–41, 208–9 LPG see liquid petroleum gas Krasin icebreaker 203–4 LR Ice Shipping Nine 186–9 Kristina Regina passenger vessel 136–7 Ludlov Saddle 99–100 Kugluktuk 139 Lukoil 203–4, 213–14 Kulebyakin, V.N. 257 Lyubov Orlova 139 Kuujjuaq 139 Kuwait 84, 94–5 M Kvalsund 125–9 Macdonald icebreaker 25 L Mackenzie River 28–30, 113–17, 162–3, 220, 284–5, 310–14 Labrador Sea 6, 42, 111, 171–2 Magadan 38–41, 148–9 see also Davis Corridor Magas tanker 216–17 Lakthine, V.L. 254–7 magnetite 28–30 Lancaster Sound 157–9, 169–70, 219–20 Makarov Training Center 197 Laptev Sea 12, 13–22, 33–4, 52, 60, 127–9, Malacca 49–50 153–9, 165–6, 209, 216–18, 220–4, 225–9, Malaysia 94–5 253–63, 314–51 Manhattan supertanker 25–8, 170 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) xxxi, 5–6, Manila IMO conference in 2010 192–3 152–9, 314–19 Mariann 186–9 see also ecosystems Marilee 186–9 GHÀQLWLRQ² ¶PDULQHDUHDVDGMDFHQW·GHÀQLWLRQ² Larsen Sea 170–1 0DULQH&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG7UDIÀF6HUYLFHV Lavrov, Sergej 261–2 (MCTS) 204–6, 325–6 lead resources 107, 113, 219–20, 280–1 marine ecosystems xxxi, 1–3, 5–6, 25–6, 62–6, least developed countries (LDC) 59, 87–98 71–2, 147, 150–75, 178–9, 243–50, 284–7, Lena river 16–22, 124–9, 203–4, 216–17 297, 314–19, 351 Lenin era 256 see also ecosystems; environmental Lenin icebreaker 203–4 challenges Li Keqiang 74 comparisons between the transportation Lincoln Sea 268 passages 297, 314–19 Lindblad Expeditions 138–9 concepts xxxi, 5–6, 63–4, 151–9, 243–4, Lindblad Explorer cruise ship 27 284–7, 297, 314–19, 351 linear innovation chains 55–6 GHÀQLWLRQ² OLTXHÀHGQDWXUDOJDV /1* ² eco-system management policies 63–4 184–5 ÀQGLQJV[[[L²² liquid petroleum gas (LPG) 126–9 Northeast Passage 153–6, 161–2, 297, Little and Big Diomede islands 37–41 314–19, 351 398 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Northern Sea Route 153–6, 161–2, 297, 303–6 314–19, 351 comparisons between the transportation Northwest Passage 156–9, 162–3, 284–7, passages 303–6 297, 314–19 ÀQGLQJV² oil spills xxxi, 25–6, 150–1, 155, 158–63, historical background 48–9, 62–3, 253–63, 178–9, 316–19, 351 303–6 statistics 153–9 missile attacks 303–5 Transpolar Passage 158–9, 297, 314–19 prospects 78–9, 303–6 marine insurance see insurance surveillance operations 304–5 Marine Operation Headquarters (MOH) 193–7, mineral resources 3, 20–1, 47–82, 83–6, 106–7, 217–18, 220–4, 322–3, 327–9 113–17, 119–29, 141–2, 210–18, 219–20, Marinvest 186–9 276, 280–7, 297–351 Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) 179–80 see also geopolitics; iron ore; nickel...; steel; PDULWLPH]RQHVGHÀQLWLRQ² zinc... MARPOL convention 160–1, 244–50, 269, 333 Canada 107, 113–17, 219–20, 282–7, Marseilles 49–51 302–51 Marxist–Leninist theory of the class struggle comparisons between the transportation 256 passages 297, 307–14 Mary Rive iron ore 28–30, 114–17, 219–20, concepts 83–6, 106–7, 113–17, 141–2, 210, 310–14 219–20, 276, 297–314 massifs 14–22, 32, 164–72, 317–18 Northeast Passage 119–29, 210–18, 276–9, M’Clure Strait 22–30, 168–70, 229–30, 301–7 318–19, 330–51 Northwest Passage 113–17, 219–20, 280–7, MCTS see0DULQH&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG7UDIÀF 301–7, 310–14 Services Norway 107, 128–9, 276 the Mediterranean xxx, 48–51, 52, 136, 299 Russia 106–7, 119–29, 141–2, 210–18, Medium Frequency radio (MF) 22, 200–9 278–9, 301–51 Melville Island 22–30 statistics 106–7, 113–17, 128–9, 210–18, metals 28–30, 52, 97, 106–7, 113–17, 119–29, 309–14 210–20, 223, 309–14 types 106–7, 113, 114–17, 119–29, 309–14 methane (CH) 151 USA 106–7, 113–17 Métis people 269–75, 282–7, 334–8 mining xxx, 8, 28–30, 60, 106–7, 113–17, Mexico 94–5 119–29, 141–2, 218, 280–1, 309–14 Miami 133–4 MIS Quest passenger vessel 139 mid-Canada line 27–8 missile attacks, military affairs 303–5 Middle East 39–40, 58–9, 75–6, 84, 101–5, Mitchell, Billy 48 130, 131 mixes of energy sources, prospects 89–91, see also individual countries 131–3 Mikhail Kutuzov 187–9 MOH see Marine Operation Headquarters military affairs xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–3, 6, 8, 28, Molly Deep 41–2 38, 42, 48–9, 53, 56–7, 59–66, 78–9, 83, molybdenum resources 106–7, 280–1 179, 205–6, 243–4, 252–3, 254–63, 303–6 Monchegorsk cargo vessel 15, 55–6, 184–5 see also submarines Moscow 220–4, 327–9 availability of ocean space 59–60, 303–6 MSC see Maritime Safety Committee civil sector xxx, xxxi, 49–51, 53, 56–7, Mudyug island 212–13 59–66, 78–9, 205–6, 243–4, 252–3, 254–63, multiyear ice 14–15, 24–5, 31–3, 38, 41–2, 303–6 182–9, 317–18 climate change factors 305–6 Murmansk 17–22, 28–30, 33–7, 55–7, 60, 69, Cold War tensions 27–8, 49, 56–66, 255–6, 112, 118–29, 135–40, 153–9, 161–3, 184–9, Index 399

202–9, 210–18, 220, 301–51 freedoms 61–6, 67, 70–1, 78–9, 243–50, background information 128–9, 184–9, 252–69, 302, 331–8 210–18, 220 IMO Guidelines 189–97, 246, 323–6, 333–4 cruise activities 135–40 limitations xxxii, 38, 61–6, 67, 163–72, search and rescue facilities 202–9 190–1 Murmansk Shipping Company (MSC) 140, Northern Maritime Corridor 208–9 184–5, 187–9, 202–4, 216–17, 223 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU² MV Foresight 51–2, 184–5 Northern Sea Route requirements 182–5, MV Fortitude 184–5 193–7, 201–9, 252–63 MV Fraternity 51–2, 184–5 Northwest Passage requirements 185–9, MV Houston 184–5 204–6, 233, 264–8 MV Nordic Barents 52, 184–5 search and rescue facilities 201–9, 323–6 southern water connecting corridors 208–9, N 306–7 Transpolar Passage requirements 206–8 Nakhodka 112, 161–2 USA policies 61–4 Nanisivik 28–30, 219–20, 327 ‘navigator’s nightmare’ 38 Nansen, Fridtjof 3, 51 NAVSTAR satellite system 202–9 Narvik 128–9 Nenets people 36–7, 269–75, 277–9, 306–7, Naryan-Mar 17–18 334–8 National Aeronautics and Space Administration see also indigenous peoples; Russia (NASA) 158–9 NEP see Northeast Passage National Geographic Explorer passenger ship Neptune Maritime 186–9 139 Neskaupstadur 112 National Petroleum Council 91–2 Neste Shipping 186–9 national security policies Netherlands 49–51, 68, 94–5, 196–7 EU 69–72, 78–9 New Forest Code, Russia 129, 309 Russia 64–6, 78–9 QHZLFHGHÀQLWLRQ² USA 61–4, 78–9 new ships, statistics 97–9 national technical requirements, Arctic shipping New Siberian Islands 14–22, 137–8, 166, 182–9, 252–3, 264–8, 320–2 186–9, 318–19 national transport routes 260–1 New York 49–51, 138 Native people 269–75, 282–7, 334–8 New Zealand 139 NATO 256–7 Newfoundland 111–12, 136, 139, 196–7 natural bitumen, unconventional resources 85 NGOs, environmental challenges 71–2, 248 natural shipping conditions 147–9, 163–72, nickel resources 20–1, 35, 55, 106–8, 119–29, 317–19 154–5, 215–16, 309–14, 327 navigation xxxi, xxxii, 2–3, 6, 12–13, Nigeria 52, 94–5, 228 18–19, 24–6, 31–2, 36, 38–41, 61–6, 67, 70, Nikolaev Communards 187–9 149, 163–72, 177, 182–97, 201–9, 221–4, QLODVGHÀQLWLRQ² 231–3, 242–50, 252–69, 317–19, 322–3 Ningbo 55–6, 184–9 see alsoFUHZWUDLQLQJWUDIÀFVHUYLFH nitrogen dioxide, exhaust fume pollutants systems 150–1 aids 201–9 nitrogen oxides (NOx) 151 current training practices 195–7 NMC see Northern Maritime Corridor GHÀQLWLRQ NOAA American satellite 153–4, 200–9 ÀQGLQJV[[[L[[[LL² Noble Discoverer 286–7 163–72, 182–97, 201–4, 231–3, 242–50, noise pollution, Arctic shipping 151, 155–6, 252–69, 317–19, 322–3 315–19 400 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Nome 38–41, 139 costs and bureaucratic procedures 220–9, Noorderlicht 137–8 232–3, 327–9, 338–51 Nordic Bulk Carriers 184–5, 351 crew training/competence requirements Nordic Sami convention 274–5 193–7, 231–3, 322–3 NORDREG see1RUWKHUQ&DQDGD9HVVHO7UDIÀF cruise activities xxxi, 135, 137–40, 313–14 Services Zone Regulations GHÀQLWLRQ[[[L[[[LL²² Nordstjernen passenger vessel 139 298, 299, 332 Norilsk-Nickel 15, 19, 35, 55–6, 120–9, 148–9, distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, 161–2, 184–5, 187–9, 200–1, 204, 215–16, 338–51 309, 327 ecosystems 153–6, 161–2, 297, 314–19, 351 Norrkoping 184–9 environmental challenges 147–9, 153–6, North America xxix, xxx, xxxii, 5–6, 7–9, 161–2, 163–72, 250–63, 269–79, 297, 11–12, 22–30, 35–7, 49–51, 58–9, 94, 314–19, 351 150–9, 198–209, 299–351 ÀQGLQJV[[[L[[[LL²²² see also Canada; USA... 70–1, 117–29, 130–3, 153–6, 163–72, North America western coast xxix, xxx, xxxii, 182–5, 193–7, 200–18, 232–3, 250–63, 11–12, 37–41, 208–9 269–79, 297–351 see also&DQDGD1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU geopolitical comparisons with the other two USA... passages 297–307 North Atlantic xxix, 4, 7, 86–98, 111–12, 150, global warming 149, 163–72, 331–2, 159 349–51 see also Fram Corridor historical background 12–22, 253–63 North Atlantic Drift 150 indigenous peoples 36–7, 269–79, 297, North Atlantic states, GDP statistics 86–98 333–8 North Cape 125–9, 133–5, 138–9 insurance xxxii, 221–3, 224–9, 231–3, North Korea xxx, 17, 38–41 329–31, 339–51 1RUWK3DFLÀF²² jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 15–18, North Sea 36–7, 103–4 70–1, 79, 242–63, 297, 302, 331–8 North Slope 113–17, 198–209 legal sensitivities 18 Northeast Atlantic 159 marine ecosystems 153–6, 161–2, 297, Northeast Passage (NEP) xxix, xxx, 314–19, 351 xxxi, xxxii, 1–6, 11–22, 23, 29–30, 36–7, military affairs 59–60, 254–63, 303–6 49–52, 70–1, 79, 117–29, 130–3, 147–9, mineral resources 119–29, 210–18, 276–9, 153–6, 161–2, 163–72, 177, 182–5, 200–18, 301–7 224–33, 242–63, 269–79, 297–351 natural shipping conditions 147–9, 163–72, see also Northern Maritime Corridor; 317–19 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU1RUWKHUQ6HD ocean law xxxii, 15–18, 70–1, 79, 242–63, Route; Norway; Russia 297, 331–8 advantages xxxi, xxxii, 29–30, 49–52, oil spills 161–2, 202, 316–19, 351 117–29, 130–1, 172, 299–307, 312–14, ports xxxii, 20–2, 49–50, 117–29, 132–3, 338–51 184–9, 209–18, 227–9, 232–3, 297, 313, Arctic infrastructure 147–9, 163–72, 177, 320–31 182–5, 193–7, 200–19, 224–9, 269–79, 297, prospects 130–3, 297–351 313, 320–31 reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping commercial prospects 297, 338–51 53–7 communications’ facilities 200–9, 223, resources 117–29, 210–18, 276–9, 297–314 324–9 sailing fees xxxii, 327–9, 350 comparisons with the other two passages sailing routes 18–22, 49–52, 132–3, 149, 297–351 154–9, 164–72, 182–5, 193–7, 209–18, Index 401

250–63, 297–351 commercial prospects 297, 338–51 search and rescue facilities 200–9, 231–3, communications’ facilities 200–9, 324–9 253–63, 323–6 costs and bureaucratic procedures 220–9, technical requirements 182–5, 231–3, 232–3, 327–9, 338–51 252–3, 320–2 crew training/competence requirements 1RUWKHUQ&DQDGD9HVVHO7UDIÀF6HUYLFHV=RQH 193–7, 231–3, 322–3 Regulations (NORDREG) 204–6, 233, cruise activities 135, 137–40, 313–14 265–8, 325–6 GHÀQLWLRQV[[[L[[[LL[[[LLL² Northern Forum 57 222–3, 258–63 Northern Maritime Corridor (NMC) xxix, xxxi, distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, 2–3, 4–5, 11–12, 35–7, 41–2, 59, 69–70, 338–51 124–9, 161–2, 208–9, 298, 299–307 ecosystems 153–6, 297, 314–19, 351 see also European continent; Fram Corridor; establishment 13–22, 57, 252–3, 256–7 Northeast Passage; Norway; Russia; USA ÀQGLQJV[[[LL[[[LLL²² east coast 49–52, 77–9, 126–9, 132–3, 149, 153–6, advantages xxxi, 59, 127–9, 299–300, 306 164–72, 192, 193–7, 209–18, 220–9, 232–3, communications’ facilities 208–9 242–63, 297–351 GHÀQLWLRQ[[L[[[[L²²² global warming 149, 163–72, 257–8, 331–2, 298, 306 349–51 establishment xxxi, 36–7 historical background 13–22, 35, 50–1, ÀQGLQJV[[[L²²² 253–63 299–307 icebreakers 15–22, 34–5, 126–9, 183–5, navigation 208–9 201–9, 212–18, 220–4, 226–9, 232–3, search and rescue facilities 208–9 252–63, 314, 319, 320–2, 324–9, 350–1 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU 13& [[L[[[[L indigenous peoples 36–7, 269–79, 297, 11–12, 35, 36, 37–41, 59, 72, 115–17, 333–8 157–9, 161–2, 208–9, 298, 306–7, 311–14 insurance 221–3, 224–9, 231–3, 329–31, see also Asian markets; China; North 339–51 America western coast; Northeast Passage; jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 15–18, Northwest Passage; Transpolar Passage 70–1, 79, 242–63, 297, 302, 331–8 communications’ facilities 208–9 marine ecosystems 153–6, 297, 314–19 GHÀQLWLRQ[[L[[[[L²² military affairs 59–60, 254–63, 303–6 298, 306–7 natural shipping conditions 147–9, 164–72, establishment delays xxxi, 38–41, 72 317–19 navigation 208–9 navigation requirements 182–5, 193–7, search and rescue facilities 208–9 201–9, 252–63 Northern Sea Route (NSR) xxxi, xxxii, ocean law xxxii, 15–18, 70–1, 79, 242–63, xxxiii, 1–3, 11–22, 23, 29–30, 33, 35, 297, 331–8 36–41, 49–52, 53–7, 59–66, 74–5, 77–9, RIÀFLDO5XVVLDQGHÀQLWLRQ²² 124–9, 132–3, 135, 137–8, 140, 149, 153–6, ports xxxii, 20–2, 49–50, 117–29, 132–3, 164–72, 182–5, 193–7, 209–18, 220–33, 209–18, 227–9, 232–3, 281–2, 297, 313, 242–63, 275–9 320–31 see also Northeast passage; Russia SURÀWV advantages xxxi, xxxii, 29–30, 49–52, prospects 77–9, 126–9, 297–351 117–29, 130–1, 172, 299–307, 312–14, reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping 338–51 53–7 Arctic infrastructure 147–9, 163–72, 177, sailing routes 18–22, 49–52, 132–3, 149, 182–5, 193–7, 200–19, 220–9, 269–79, 297, 154–9, 164–72, 182–5, 193–7, 209–18, 313, 320–31 222–3, 250–63, 297–351 402 Shipping in Arctic Waters

search and rescue facilities 200–9, 231–3, 194–7, 223–4, 232–3, 263–8, 279–87, 253–63, 323–6 297–351 statistics 13–22, 35, 49–52, 126–9, 184–5, geopolitical comparisons with the other two 220–9, 297–351 passages 297–307 technical requirements 182–5, 231–3, global warming 149, 156–9, 163–4, 168–72, 252–3, 320–2 229–30, 331–2, 349–51 XQRIÀFLDOIXQFWLRQDOGHÀQLWLRQV² historical background 27–9 258–63 icebreakers 205–7, 224, 230, 232–3, 267–8, Northern Shipping Company 187–9, 216 281–2, 319, 320–2, 350 Northern Territories 114–17, 263–8 indigenous peoples 26–7, 67–8, 267–8, Northwest Atlantic 150 269–75, 279–87, 297, 333–8 Northwest Passage (NWP) xxix, xxx, xxxi, insurance xxxii, 229–30, 231–3, 329–31, xxxii, xxxiii, 1–6, 11–12, 15, 22–30, 33–41, 339–51 49–51, 60, 61–8, 74–5, 77–9, 112–17, 135, jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 26–7, 139–40, 147–9, 156–9, 162–4, 168–72, 66–7, 79, 162–3, 245–50, 261–2, 263–8, 185–9, 194–209, 218–20, 223–4, 229–30, 297, 331–8 263–75, 279–87, 297–351 marine ecosystems 156–9, 162–3, 284–7, see also Alaska; Canada; Greenland; 297, 314–19 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU military affairs 303–6 AMSA report on future economic attractions mineral resources 113–17, 219–20, 280–7, 29–30 301–7, 310–14 Arctic infrastructure 147–9, 163–4, 168–72, natural shipping conditions 147–9, 163–4, 177, 185–9, 194–7, 218–20, 223–4, 229–30, 168–72, 317–19 263–8, 279–87, 297, 313, 320–31 navigation requirements 185–9, 204–6, 233, commercial prospects 297, 344–51 264–8 communications’ facilities 28–30, 204–6, ocean law xxxii, 26–7, 70–1, 78–9, 242–50, 223–4, 233, 324–6 261–2, 263–8, 297, 331–8 comparisons with the other two passages oil spills 162–3, 263–4, 316–19 297–351 ports 49–51, 218–20, 232–3, 265–8, 297, costs and bureaucratic procedures 223–4, 313, 320–31 229–30, 328–9, 338–51 possible routes 22–5 crew training/competence requirements SURÀWV 194–7, 231–3, 264–8, 322–3 prospects 77–9, 115–17, 149, 168–72, cruise activities xxxi, 27, 135, 139–40, 281, 297–351 284–5, 287, 313–14 resources 112–17, 219–20, 280–7, 297–314 GHÀQLWLRQ[[[L[[[LL[[[LLL²² sailing fees xxxii, 328–9, 350 35, 60, 298, 299 sailing routes 27–30, 156–9, 163–4, 168–72, disadvantages xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, 22–3, 29– 186–9, 194–7, 218–20, 223–4, 263–8, 30, 116–17, 139–40, 149, 162–3, 168–72, 297–351 218–20, 223–4, 229–30, 300–7, 318–19 search and rescue facilities 198–209, 223–4, distances between harbors 49–51, 299–307, 231–3, 323–6 338–51 statistics 23–30, 49–51, 60, 112–17, 168–72, ecosystems 156–9, 162–3, 284–7, 297, 185–9, 223–4, 297–351 314–19 technical requirements 185–9, 231–3, environmental challenges 147–9, 156–9, 264–8, 320–2 162–4, 168–72, 263–8, 279–87, 297, transportation patterns 28–30 314–19 Northwest Territories 23–30, 113–17, 219–20, ÀQGLQJV[[[L[[[LL²²² 274–5, 282–7, 310–14 77–9, 112–17, 149, 156–9, 162–3, 168–72, Norvarg 125–9 Index 403

Norway xxxi, 4–6, 9, 18, 21–2, 34, 41–2, Obama, Barack 61 48, 52, 58–9, 65, 68–72, 73–5, 86, 99–112, ocean law xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, 1–3, 13, 15–18, 117–29, 132–3, 142, 151, 161–2, 197, 198– 26–7, 30–1, 41–2, 48–82, 177–89, 241–96, 209, 212–13, 246–63, 269–79, 299–351 297, 331–8 see also Northern Maritime Corridor see also IMO guidelines; jurisdictional Barents Sea delimination Russian controversies; MARPOL...; regulations; negotiations 262–3 ‘soft law’; SOLAS...; UNCLOSS III laws China 73–5 coastal maritime zones 242–50 crew training/competence requirements 197 comparisons between the transportation cruise activities 133–5 passages 297, 331–8 ÀVKÀVKHULHV²²² ÀQGLQJV[[[LL[[[LLL²²² fjords 133–4, 138–9, 208–9 67, 70–1, 78–9, 179–80, 241–96, 297, geopolitics 48, 52, 58–9, 68–72, 73–5, 331–8 248–9, 250–63, 269–79, 299–307 ‘general legal principles’ 247–8 indigenous peoples 269–79, 334–8 Ilulissat-Declaration 67–8 jurisdiction 248–9, 250–63 indigenous peoples 270–87, 334–8 mineral resources 107, 128–9, 276 Northeast Passage xxxii, 15–18, 70–1, 79, ocean law 248–9, 250–63 242–63, 297, 331–8 oil/gas production 94–5, 99–105, 117–29, Northern Sea Route xxxii, 15–18, 70–1, 79, 142, 161–2, 251, 301–7, 308–14 242–63, 297, 331–8 pollution 151, 161–2, 250–1 Northwest Passage xxxii, 26–7, 70–1, 78–9, search and rescue facilities 198–209, 323–6 242–50, 261–2, 263–8, 297, 331–8 Norwegian Barents Secretariat 274–5 Norway 248–63 Norwegian Caribbean Line 133–4 perceptions 248–9 Norwegian Coastal Administration 181, 208–9 pollution 243–4, 250–69 Norwegian Indreleja case 260–1 prospects 78–9, 297, 331–8 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 86 STCW 189–97, 244–50 Norwegian Sea 4–6, 21–2, 111, 124–9 Transpolar Passage 268–9, 297, 333–8 Norwegian Shipping Association 54, 59 8QLÀHG5HTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH,$&6² Novaja Zemlja 13–22, 138–40, 155–9, 222–3, 245–50, 320–2 228–9, 259–60 OCEAN system 324–6 Novatek 166 Oceanwide Expeditions 137–8 Novorossiysk 126–9 October Revolution of 1917, Russia 18–19, Novozemelsky 164–5 277, 335 Novy Port 184–9, 214–15, 228–9 Oden icebreaker 34 NPC see1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU Odyssey Bulk Ship Limited 187–9 NSR see Northern Sea Route OECD 89–91, 95–6, 104–5, 131 nuclear-powered icebreakers 19–20, 33–5, 135, offshore resources 3, 127–9, 131–3, 155–9, 153–4, 202–4, 227–8, 233, 314, 319, 324–6 162–3, 313 Nunavut 26, 114–17, 219–20, 267–8, 282–7, offshore supply vessels 6–7 310–14, 327 Oil and Gas Journal 86 Nuuk 71, 324 oil resources xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, 3, 6, 20–1, NWP see Northwest Passage 28–30, 33, 36–7, 39–40, 47–82, 83–6, Ny Alesund 74 91–105, 108, 112–33, 141–2, 155–9, 186–9, 210–18, 244–50, 278–87, 297–351 O Arctic waters 93–4, 98–105, 112–29, 141–2, 186–9 Ob river 16–22, 124–9, 154–9, 211–18, 228–9, carbon content 129–30, 132 326–7 comparisons between the transportation 404 Shipping in Arctic Waters

passages 297, 307–14 long-term effects 159–60 consumption trends 72–6, 86, 88–105, low levels 160–1 112–17, 307–14 PDQDJHPHQWGLIÀFXOWLHV² GHÀQLWLRQV² Northeast Passage 161–2, 202, 316–19, 351 drilling costs 104–5, 159, 286–7, 308–14 Northwest Passage 162–3, 263–4, 316–19 economic trends xxix, xxxiii, 1–3, 39–41, regulations 158–9, 162–3, 172, 178–9, 47–82, 83–4, 86–98, 117–29, 130–3, 297, 180–1, 185–9, 315–19 307–14 responses 160–3, 172, 178–9, 202, 316–19 estimates 84–6, 92–3, 98–105, 117–29, statistics 160–3 131–3 oily sludge disposals in ports 160–1, 316–19 ÀQGLQJV[[[LLL²²² old ice see multiyear ice 72, 75–9, 91–105, 112–29, 141–2, 155–9, olivine resources 107 297, 307–14 on-the-job experience training, concepts 196–7 future prices xxxiii, 58–9, 104–5, 114, Onega Bay 128–9, 140, 212–18 338–51 onshore resources 3, 127–9, 131–3, 313 gas substitution factors 91–2 OPEC estimates 84 geopolitics 36–7, 58–9, 60, 64–6, 72–9, 105, operational conditions xxx, 1–10, 33, 48–82, 141–2, 297–307 297, 314–31 historical background 99–112 Orion passenger vessel 136–7 QHZÀHOGV² Osaka 49–51 OPEC estimates 84 Ottowa 67–8 producer statistics 94–5, 100–5, 112–29, overview of the book 1–3 308–14 production quotas 84–5 P recovery processes 93–4, 127–8 reliable estimates 86, 92–3, 98–112, 117–29, P&O 133–4 131–3 WKH3DFLÀF2FHDQ[[L[[[[²²² reserves 58, 85–6, 91–3, 98–105, 108, 53–7, 111–12, 115–17, 133, 156–9, 299–307 112–33, 141–2, 162–3, 308–14 SDFNLFHGHÀQLWLRQ shrinking reserves 58, 91–2, 120–1 Painter, J. 47 statistics 36–7, 58–9, 72, 75–6, 88–105, 108, Palva 186–9 112–29, 210–20, 307–14 Panama Canal xxx, 41, 49–50, 52, 53–4, 58–9, technological issues 92–3, 102–5 70, 116–17, 185, 299, 302–7, 310 trade patterns 91–4, 112–29, 141–2, 186–9, Parry Channel 22–30, 139, 189 210–18, 297, 307–14 particulate matter (PM) 151 undiscovered oil/gas resources in the Arctic Pashukanis, E.B. 256 102–5, 112–17, 131–3, 141–2, 158, 162–3, SDVVDJHGHÀQLWLRQ² 280–1, 308–14 passenger ships xxxi, 3, 6–7, 132–42, 150–1, oil spills xxxi, 25–6, 150–1, 155, 158–63, 172, 179–80, 184–5, 187–9, 198–209 178–9, 180–1, 202, 263–4, 287, 316–19, see also cruise activities 351 Pechenga 128–9, 210–18 see also environmental challenges Pechora Sea 55, 99–100, 119–29, 154–9, concepts 159–63, 172, 263–4, 287, 316–19, 203–9, 213–18, 326–51 351 Peel Sound 168–9, 170–1, 189 cruise activities 160–1 Perm 212–13 ÀQGLQJV[[[L²² Perseverance 186–9 316–19, 351 Peru 111 illegal dumping problems 160–1, 263–4, Peschanoozerskoye 213–14 316–19 Peterman, August 12 Index 405 petroleum xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxiii, 3, 6, 20–1, statistics 149–51 28–30, 33, 36–7, 39–40, 47–82, 83–6 types 150–63, 315–19 see also oil resources Pollution Act 1981 251, 332 Petroleum Act 1996 251 polynyas 31–2, 167–72, 317–19 Pevek 16–22, 162, 184–5, 202–9, 217–18, Pond Inlet 28–30, 219–20 220–4, 322–51 Port of Seward 115 Philippines’ crews 197 ports xxix, xxx, xxxii, 1–3, 11–45, 49–50, phosphate fertilizer resources 106–8 117–29, 132–3, 160–3, 171–2, 177, 184–9, PI levels 149 209–20, 227–30, 232–3, 265–8, 281–2, 297, Pierre Radisson icebreaker 207 299–307, 313, 320–31 pingoes 25–6 see also Arctic infrastructure; sailing routes Pioneer of Moldova 187–9 Alaska 218–20 pipeline alternatives to shipping xxxi, 3, 36–7, Canada 49–51, 218–20, 265–8, 326–7 66, 83–6, 113–14, 118–29, 132–3, 212–18, comparisons between the transportation 220, 309–14 passages 297, 313, 320–31 Russia 118–29, 132–3, 212–18, 309–14 concepts xxxii, 20–2, 35–7, 49–50, 160–3, piracy threats 39–40, 58–9, 75–6, 338–40 177, 209–20, 232–3, 297, 320–31 Pirazlomnoye 214 distances between harbors 49–52, 299–307, Plancius passenger vessel 138 338–51 Planet Earth 7 ÀQGLQJV[[[LL²²²² platinum resources 106–8, 280–1 177, 209–20, 297, 313, 320–31 pleasure yachts 8, 179 Northeast Passage xxxii, 20–2, 49–50, Poland 68, 94, 122–9 117–29, 132–3, 184–9, 209–18, 227–9, Polar Code see International Maritime 232–3, 297, 313, 320–31 Organisation (IMO), Guidelines... Northwest Passage 49–51, 218–20, 232–3, polar darkness threats 6–7, 8 265–8, 281–2, 297, 313, 320–31 Polar ice classes of ship 181–2, 320–2 oily sludge disposals 160–1, 316–19 SRODUORZVGHÀQLWLRQ[[[ Russia xxxii, 20–2, 49–50, 117–29, 132–3, Polar Sea icebreaker 34, 42, 208–9 209–18, 227–9, 232–3, 326–7 Polar Star Expeditions 139–40 statistics 209–18 Polar Star passenger vessel 136–7, 139–40 Transpolar Passage 49–51, 297, 313, 320–31 Polarcus 186–9 power constellations in the Arctic 47–82, Polarcus Alima 186–9, 351 297–307 Polaris passenger vessel 140 see also geopolitics politics xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–3, 6–7, 13, 18–22, practical training, concepts 196–7 38–9, 41–2, 47–82, 269–87, 297–307 precious stones 106–7, 119–29, 310–14 see also geopolitics Presidential Memorandum, USA 61–4 pollock 111 primary oil recovery processes 93 pollution 3, 20–1, 25–6, 31, 52–7, 63–4, 65–6, Primorsk 126–9, 310–14 67, 71–2, 120, 147–75, 178–9, 185–9, Prince Albert II passenger vessel 136–7, 139 204–5, 243–69, 286–7, 297, 314–19, 321–2, Prince Regent Inlet 170–1 351 Prince of Wales Strait 22–30, 168–70, 189, Arctic shipping source 149–51, 178–9, 229–30, 318–51 250–69, 287, 314–19 Prince William Sound 163 circulation patterns 149–50 production quotas, oil resources 84–5 concepts 147–75, 204–5, 243–4, 250–69, Professor Khromov 136–7 286–7, 297, 314–19, 321–2 Professor Molchanov 137–8 ocean law 243–4, 250–69 Professor Mulkanovskly 137–8 sources 149–59, 287, 314–19 SURÀWV 406 Shipping in Arctic Waters

SURVSHFWLYHUHVRXUFHVGHÀQLWLRQ ÀQGLQJV[[[LL²²²² Protection and Indemnity (P&I) 224–30, 297, 331–8 329–31, 338–51 Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules 181–2, SURYHGGHYHORSHG 3' UHVHUYHVGHÀQLWLRQ 188–9, 320–2 SURYHGUHVHUYHVGHÀQLWLRQ² IMO guidelines xxix, xxx, xxxii, 8–9, 70, 130 151, 172, 178–97, 198–209, 232–3, 241–50, SURYHGXQGHYHORSHG 38' UHVHUYHVGHÀQLWLRQ 269, 315–19, 320–2, 323–6, 333–4 85 insurance 224–30, 329–31 Provideniya 35, 38–41, 139, 218 International Civil Aviation Convention Prudhoe Bay 25–30, 99–100, 114–17, 285–7, 1944 199–209 337–51 International Convention on Maritime purpose and conduct of the study 1–3 Search and Rescue 1979 197–209 Putin, Vladimir 261 International Convention on Standards of 7UDLQLQJ&HUWLÀFDWLRQDQG:DWFKNHHSLQJ Q 1978 189–97 national technical requirements 182–5, Quark Expeditions 137–8 252–3, 264–8, 320–2 Quatar 94–5, 130–1 oil spills 158–9, 162–3, 172, 178–9, 180–1, Queen Elizabeth Islands 22–30 185–9, 263–4, 315–19 Queen Maud Gulf 139–40, 189 search and rescue facilities 197–209, 231–3, 253–69, 323–6 R SOLAS Convention of 1974 8, 177–97, 198–209, 244–50, 320–2, 333 R/Ps see reserves-to-production ratios STCW 189–97, 244–50 radar, search and rescue facilities 201–9, 324–6 technical requirements 177–89, 230–3, RADARSAT Canadian satellite 200–9 244–50, 252–3, 264–8, 320–2 radio communications 200–9, 324–6 8QLÀHG5HTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH,$&6² Rae Strait 170–1 245–50, 320–2 railway alternatives to shipping 3, 16–17, 30, reindeer 275–9 36, 83–6, 116–17, 118–29, 132–3, 148–9, Rekjavik 36–7 211–18, 309–14 renewable energy 132–3 RAIPON see Russian Association of repair facilities 36–7 Indigenous Peoples of the North Report on Sustainable EU Policy for the High reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping 53–7 North 69 recovery processes, oil resources 93–4, 127–8 Republic of Sakha 38–41 Red Dog mine harbor 38–41, 115–17, 208–9 reputations 247–50 regional cooperation, indigenous peoples 273–5 see also corporate governance regional informal operational regime, research expedition vessels 6, 20–5, 54–7, 74, geopolitics 76–9 136–42, 208–9, 256–7 regulations xxix, xxx, xxxii, 1–3, 8–9, 31, reserves-to-production ratios (R/Ps), gas 70–1, 151, 158–9, 162–3, 172, 177–97, resources 130 198–209, 232–3, 241–96, 297, 315–19, Resolute Bay 28–30, 139–40, 219–20 320–38 resources xxix, xxx, xxxiii, 1, 2–3, 20–2, see also ocean law 28–31, 33, 36–7, 39–41, 47–82, 83–96, Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System 189 98–145, 297–314, 338–51 Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention see alsoÀVKÀVKHULHVIRUHVWVIRUHVWU\JDV Regulations 1978 185–9, 194–7 geopolitics; iron ore...; mineral...; nickel...; Arctic Water Pollution Prevention Act 1970 oil...; zinc... 26–7, 185–9, 244 comparisons between the transportation Index 407

passages 297–314 Northern Sea Route 16–22, 39–40, 66, 124, concepts xxix, xxx, 20–2, 28–30, 36–7, 154–9, 202–9, 211–18 58–9, 62–4, 69–72, 75–9, 83–96, 98–145, Northwest Passage 28–30, 310–14 297–314 Russia 16–22, 118–29, 149–51, 154–9, data and information 84–6, 98–105 202–9, 211–18 GHÀQLWLRQV² road alternatives to shipping 3, 83–6, 116–17, economic trends xxix, xxxiii, 1–3, 39–41, 118–29, 309–14 47–82, 83–4, 86–96, 98–112, 130–3, 297, Roche Bay 28–30, 219–20 307–14 Rosneft 212–13, 215–18 energy consumption 72–6, 86, 88–105, Rossiya icebreaker 203–4 307–14, 340–51 Rotterdam 49–51, 213–14 estimates 84–6, 92–3, 98–112, 117–29, RPK terminals 211–12 131–3 Russia xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, 9, 12–22, EU policies 69–72, 76–7 28, 32–7, 48–51, 56–60, 64–6, 69–73, 76–9, historical background 99–112 84–6, 88, 91–2, 98–133, 135–9, 148–9, indigenous peoples 271–87, 334–8 153–6, 161–72, 182–5, 193–209, 224–9, Northeast Passage 117–29, 210–18, 276–9, 245–63, 275–9, 285, 287, 299–351 297, 307–14 see also Northern Maritime Corridor; Northwest Passage 112–17, 297, 307–14 Northern Sea Route prospects 311–14 Alaskan origins 285 reliable estimates 86, 92–3, 98–112, 117–29, Barents Sea delimination Norwegian 131–3 negotiations 262–3 reserves 58, 85–6, 91–4, 98–105, 108, Canada 28, 29, 66, 210, 219–20, 261–2, 112–33, 141–2, 162–3, 308–14 332–8 Russia xxix, xxx, xxxi, 20–2, 36–7, 39–40, China 73, 122–9, 132–3, 310–14 58–9, 64–6, 76–9, 84–6, 93–4, 96, 98–133, Cold War tensions 27–8, 49, 56–66, 255–6, 142, 210–18, 278–9, 301–51 303–6 statistics xxix, xxx, 20–2, 28–30, 36–7, costs and bureaucratic procedures 220–9, 58–9, 72, 75–6, 88–96, 98–117, 210–20, 232–3, 327–9, 338–51 307–14 crew training/competence requirements types 98–112, 222–3 193–7, 231–3, 322–3 unconventional resources 85, 93–4, 113, cruise activities 135–40 118, 130–1, 338–51 economic trends 88, 92, 307–14 USA policies 62–4, 76–9, 84–6 environmental protection policies 64–6, Revolution, Russia 18–19, 277, 335 77–9, 149–51, 161–3, 251–63, 351 Reydarfjordur 36–7 estimated resources 85–6, 98–112, 117–29 Reykjavik 75, 209 ÀVKÀVKHULHV²²² Reynfrost 187–9 ÁDJSODQWLQJFRQWURYHUV\² RFE see Russian Far East forests/forestry 107–9, 128–9, 142, 212–18, rights of indigenous peoples 241, 247–50, 309–14 267–8, 269–87, 333–8 gas resources 93–4, 96, 98–105, 112–33, risk assessments 55–6, 231–3, 329–31 142, 210–18, 278–9, 301–51 risk management 177, 224–30, 329–31 GDP statistics 88, 119–29, 309 see also insurance geopolitics xxxii, xxxiii, 15–17, 18, 48, Riska, Kaj 55–6 49–51, 56–60, 64–6, 69–73, 76–9, 141–2, RITEK Company 215 182–5, 193–7, 243–63, 269–79, 285, 287, river systems 16–22, 28–30, 39–40, 66, 83–6, 299–307, 331–8 118–29, 149–51, 154–9, 202–9, 211–18, JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP² 310–14 307–8, 311–12 408 Shipping in Arctic Waters

global warming 148–9 261–2, 303–6 historical jurisdictional controversies taxes on gas resources 119 253–63, 303–6 technical requirements 182–5, 231–3, icebreakers 202–9, 212–18, 220–4, 226–9, 252–3, 320–2 232–3, 252–63, 324–6, 328–9, 350–1 trade patterns 118–29, 132–3, 182–5, indigenous peoples 36–7, 269–79, 287, 210–18, 224–9, 307–14 334–8 transportation/shipping policies 16–22, 66, insurance 224–9, 231–3, 329–31 77–9, 118–29 international cooperation policies 65–6, USA jurisdictional controversies xxxii, 69–70, 77–9, 141–2, 248–50, 331–8 xxxiii, 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 248–9, 253–63, international governance policies 65–6, 302, 303–6, 332–8 77–9 Russian Arctic xxix, xxx, xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, jurisdictional controversies xxxii, xxxiii, 13–22, 29–30, 32–7, 39–40, 58–9, 64–6, 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 245–63, 302, 303–6 76–9, 85, 98–112, 117–29, 245–63, 301–51 legal state behavior in the Arctic 258–63 advantages xxxi, 49–51, 117–29, 307–14, Lenin era 256 338–51 Marxist–Leninist theory of the class struggle jurisdictional controversies xxxii, xxxiii, 256 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 245–63, 302, 303–6, military affairs 27–8, 49, 56–66, 254–63, 332–8 303–6 population movements 128, 309–10 mineral resources 106–7, 119–29, 141–2, Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of 210–18, 301–51 the North (RAIPON) 270, 274–5, 277–9 national security policies 64–6, 78–9 Russian Decree of 1926 xxxii, xxxiii New Forest Code 129, 309 Russian Far East (RFE) 38–41, 202–9 ocean law xxxii, xxxiii, 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 245–63, 331–8 S oil/gas consumption trends 91–6, 100–5 oil/gas production 94–5, 98–105, 112–30, S/Y Ceylon pleasure cruiser 133–4 142, 161–3, 210–18, 224–9, 278–9, 301–51 Sabanin, A. 256 pipeline alternatives to shipping 118–29, Saether, Rolf 54, 59 132–3, 212–18, 309–14 safety issues xxxii, 3, 8, 22, 28–30, 54–7, 62–6, policies 56–7, 64–6, 69–73, 76–9, 118–29, 161–3, 177–209, 223–4, 231–3, 244–69, 149–51, 161–3, 182–5, 251–63, 275–9 320–31, 351 pollution 149–51, 161–3, 251–63, 287 crew training/competence requirements population movements 128, 309–10 xxxii, 3, 177, 180–1, 189–97, 231–3, 264–8, ports xxxii, 20–2, 49–50, 117–29, 132–3, 322–3 209–18, 227–9, 232–3, 326–7 search and rescue facilities xxxii, 3, 22, R/Ps 130 29–30, 63–4, 65–6, 161–3, 177, 180–1, resources xxix, xxx, xxxi, 20–2, 36–7, 195–209, 223–4, 231–3, 253–69, 323–6 39–40, 58–9, 64–6, 76–9, 84–6, 93–4, 96, SOLAS Convention of 1974 8, 177–97, 98–133, 142, 210–18, 278–9, 301–51 198–209, 244–50, 320–2, 333 Revolution 18–19, 277, 335 Said, E.W. 47 search and rescue facilities 198–209, 231–3, sailing fees xxxii, xxxiii, 220–4, 327–9, 350 253–63, 323–6 see also costs...; icebreakers Sector principle xxxii, xxxiii, 254–63, 269, ÀQGLQJV[[[LL[[[LLL²² 332–8 statistics xxxii, xxxiii, 220–4, 350 South Korea 76, 214–15, 221–2, 228–9 sailing routes xxix, 1–3, 11–12, 18–22, 27–30, State Pilots 193–4, 222–3, 252–63 33–5, 61–6, 129–35, 154–9, 163–72, submarines xxx, xxxi, 42, 49, 58–60, 64–6, 242–50, 297, 338–51 Index 409

see also Arctic transportation passages; see also ice-edge migration Destination-Arctic...; Intra-Arctic...; ports; sea ice thickness xxx, 7–8, 14–22, 23–4, 31–3, Transit... 58–9, 148–9, 158–9, 164–72 cruise activities 133–5 sea ice volumes, statistics 32–3, 58–9, 148–9, GHÀQLWLRQ[[L[²²²² 158–9, 164–72, 179–89, 298 33–5 VHDODQHVGHÀQLWLRQ²²² Northeast Passage 18–22, 49–52, 132–3, sea levels, global warming effects 163–4 149, 154–9, 164–72, 182–5, 193–7, 209–18, Sea of Okhotsk 119–29 250–63, 297–351 sea spray threats 6–7, 8, 191–2 Northern Sea Route 18–22, 49–52, 132–3, sealers 41 149, 154–9, 182–5, 193–7, 209–18, 222–3, Search and Rescue Convention (SAR) 250–63, 297–351 197–209, 224, 231–3, 324–6 Northwest Passage 27–30, 156–9, 163–4, see also International Convention on 168–72, 185–9, 194–7, 218–20, 223–4, Maritime Search and Rescue 1979 263–8, 297–351 search and rescue facilities xxxii, 3, 22, 29–30, Transpolar Passage 33, 158–9, 172, 195–7, 63–4, 65–6, 161–3, 177, 180–1, 195–209, 207–8, 287, 297–351 223–4, 231–3, 253–69, 323–6 St John’s, Newfoundland 196–7 aeronautical and maritime search and rescue St Lawrence 181–2, 220 in the Arctic agreement 199–209 St Petersburg 197 communications’ facilities 199–209, 323–6 Sakha republic 277–9 concepts xxxii, 29–30, 161–2, 197–209, Sakhalin Oblast 38–41, 161–2, 181–2 223–4, 231–3, 253–69, 323–6 salinity levels, global warming effects 163–4 ÀQGLQJV[[[LL²²² salmon 111, 157–9 323–6 salvage response failings 35 icebreakers 201–9, 323–6 Sami people 269–79, 334–8 insurance 231–3 see also indigenous peoples; Norway; limitations xxxii, 161–2 Russia navigation aids 201–6 San Francisco 49 Northeast Passage 200–9, 231–3, 253–62, Sanko Odyssey 187–9 323–6 Sannikov Strait 165–6, 251–63, 318–19 Northern Maritime Corridor 208–9 SAR see Search and Rescue Convention 1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU² Sarnesfjord 125–9, 212–13 Northwest Passage 198–209, 223–4, 231–3, satellite communications 22, 200–9, 229, 323–6 324–6, 328–9 regulations 197–209, 231–3, 323–6 Saudi Arabia 84, 91, 94–6, 112 service-providing states 198–200, 232–3, scallops 42 323–6 SCF Baltica 55–6, 184–5 southern water connecting corridors 208–9 VHDÁRRUWKH$UFWLF2FHDQ² Transpolar Passage 206–8, 231–3, 323–6 sea ice, types 31–2, 258, 317–19 vessel types 202–4 sea ice concentration 8–9, 147–8, 158–9, VHDVRQDOFRQWLQXXP$UFWLFGHÀQLWLRQV² 164–72, 179–89, 246–50, 298 secondary oil recovery processes 93 sea ice extent, statistics 32–3, 58–9, 148–9, 6HFWRUSULQFLSOHÀQGLQJV[[[LL[[[LLL² 158–9, 164–72, 179–89, 246–50, 298 269, 332–8 sea ice melting xxix, xxx, xxxi, 1–8, 14–15, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 23–4, 28, 31–2, 34–5, 41–2, 47, 51–2, 57, 84–5 58–9, 60, 67, 72–4, 116–17, 131–3, 142, seismic vessels 186–9, 351 147–9, 157–9, 163–72, 229–30, 298–9, self-insurance provisions 224 301–7, 349–51 semi-precious stones 106–7 410 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Severnaya Zemlja 13–14, 18–22, 50–2, 137–9, social responsibilities xxxi, 1, 192–7, 246–50, 164–5, 222–3 269, 331–8 Severny Port 210–18 see also corporate governance Severodvinsk 212–18 cruise activities xxxi Severomelsky 164–5 GHÀQLWLRQ² Sevmorput icebreaker 203–4 VRFLRELRGLYHUVLW\GHÀQLWLRQ Sevneft 210–18 ‘soft law’ 3, 246–50, 331–8 shale deposits 85, 93–4, 113, 118, 130–1 see also corporate governance; social Shanghai xxxiii, 49–51, 52, 184–9, 341–51 responsibilities shelf areas 14–22, 41–2, 54–6, 58–9, 65–6, 75, solar radiation 3–4 102–5, 118–29, 131–2, 164–72, 244–69 SOLAS Convention of 1974 8, 177–97, Shell 84, 286–7 198–209, 244–50, 320–2, 333 Ship Maneuvring Simulator Center (SMSC) Solovetsky Islands 140 197 sonar xxxi, 25 Ship and Ocean Foundation (SOP) 75 South America, R/Ps 130, 131 Ship Repair Factory 211–18 South Atlantic 7 Ship Research Institute in Tokyo 54–5 South Korea 39–41, 48, 49–52, 74, 75–6, shipping see Arctic shipping 96, 107, 115, 133, 186–9, 214–15, 221–2, Shipping Safety Act 2007 250–1, 332 228–9, 299–307 VKLSVGHÀQLWLRQ² geopolitics 48, 49–52, 74, 75–6, 299–307 Shokalskiy Strait 165, 251–63 policies 75–6 shrimp 111 Russia 76, 214–15, 221–2, 228–9 6KWRNPDQJDVDQGFRQGHQVDWHÀHOG² south-East Asia 39–41 308–9 Southampton Island 171–2 Siberia 5–6, 16–22, 36–7, 49, 60, 108–9, southern water connecting corridors 2, 11–12, 117–29, 141–2, 149–51, 165–6, 203–9, 35–42, 53, 208–9, 298, 306–7 212–18, 251–63, 274–5, 279, 301–51 see also Fram Corridor; Northern Maritime Siberian rivers 16–22, 124–9, 203–9 &RUULGRU1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF&RUULGRU Sibir icebreaker 34, 203–4 communications’ facilities 208–9 silver resources 106–7, 113 concepts 2, 11–12, 35–42, 208–9, 298, Silversea Cruises 136, 139 306–7 Simpson Strait 170–1 navigation 208–9, 306–7 simulator training, concepts 196–7 search and rescue facilities 208–9 Singapore 49–51, 72 6RYFRPÁRW²²²² Sir Wilfrid Laurier icebreaker 207 214–18 Skarphedinsson, Ossur 67–8 sovereignty issues 242–50, 254–63, 267–8, 6NUXJDUGÀHOG² 273–5, 332–8 skylights 31–2 see also ocean law small Arctic insider states 48, 66–8, 77, 99, indigenous peoples 273–5, 334–8 248–50, 331–8 Sovetskiy Soyuz icebreaker 203–4 see also Canada; Denmark; Finland; former Soviet Union 96, 254–60, 335–8 Iceland; Norway; Sweden see also Russia FRRSHUDWLRQEHQHÀWV²² jurisdictional controversies 254–60 331–8 oil/gas consumption trends 96 GHÀQLWLRQ² Spain 68 power uses 66–7 Spirit of Enderby 139 Smith, Gordon W. 258 Spitsbergen 21, 136–42, 262–3, 301–7 smuggling 64 stakeholder concepts, EU policies 72 6QRYLWÀHOG² Stalin era 255–6 Index 411

State Pilots, Russia 193–4, 222–3, 252–63 Talagi 212–13 state-of-the-art analyses xxix, 1–3 Talakanskoye 216–17 Statoil 118–19, 125 tankers 6–7, 20–1, 25–6, 36–7, 55–6, 97–9, STCW see International Convention on 116–17, 125–9, 132–3, 150–1, 184–9, 6WDQGDUGVRI7UDLQLQJ&HUWLÀFDWLRQDQG 194–7, 209–20, 224–30 Watchkeeping 1978 taxes on gas resources, Russia 119 steamship icebreakers 35 Taymyr icebreaker 203–4 steel 52, 97 Taymyr Peninsula 120–9, 164–5, 168–9, 301–7, Steensby Inlet 219–20 309–51 Stena Poseidon 186–9 Tayshet 216–17 ¶VWHZDUGVKLS·GHÀQLWLRQ² Tazovskoye Field 99–100 STI Heritage Shipping Company 186–9 technical requirements Stolberg, Niels 52 Arctic infrastructure 177–89, 231–3, Store, Jonas Gahr 245 244–50, 252–3, 264–8, 313, 320–2 VWUDWHJLFSHWUROHXPUHVHUYHVGHÀQLWLRQ insurance 230–1 6XE$UFWLFERXQGDULHVGHÀQLWLRQ² technological issues xxxii, 1–3, 35, 49–50, 53, Sub-Committee on Ship Design and Equipment 54–6, 66, 93, 102–5, 151, 167–8, 180–1, (DE) 179–80 195–7, 199–209 submarines xxx, xxxi, 42, 49, 58–60, 64–6, 75, crew training 195–7 261–2, 303–6 emission controls 151, 172 see also military affairs gas resources 93–4, 102–5 Suez Canal xxx, xxxiii, 39–40, 49–50, 52, oil recovery processes 92–3, 102–5, 127–8 53–4, 58–9, 70, 185, 220, 225, 228, 297–8, reasons for relatively low Arctic shipping 299–307, 310, 329–30, 338–51 54–6 sulphur dioxide, exhaust fume pollutants 150–1 search and rescue facilities 199–209, 323–6 sulphur oxides (SOx) 151 Teriberka 128 surveillance operations, military affairs 304–5 terminals xxix, xxx, xxxii, 1–3, 11–45, 49–50, survival equipment, crew training/competence 117–29, 132–3, 160–3, 171–2, 177, 209–20, requirements 191–7, 246, 322–3 326–7 ¶VXVWDLQDEOHGHYHORSPHQW·GHÀQLWLRQ² see also ports Svalbard xxix, 11–12, 21–2, 34–5, 41–2, 52, terrorism 58, 61–4 65, 74, 75, 107, 128, 133–6, 138–40, 154–9, Terry-Fox icebreaker 207 208–9, 248–63, 301–7, 314, 332–8 tertiary oil recovery processes 93 see also Fram Corridor Thailand 186–9 cruise activities 133–6, 138–40, 314 theoretical training, concepts 196–7 jurisdiction 248–63, 332–8 Thorne, Robert 12–13 ocean law 248–63, 332–8 Tiksi 19–20, 128–9, 162, 216–17 Treaty 248–9, 250–1 Timan-Pechora Basin 99–100, 125–9 Sweden 14, 18, 34, 48, 58–9, 67–72, 128–9, time-savings, distances between harbors 49–52, 142, 196–7, 249, 262, 274–5 299–307, 338–51 geopolitics 48, 58–9, 67–72, 249, 262, Timtchenko, Leonid 257 274–5 tin resources 108 indigenous peoples 274–5 titanium resources 106–7, 119–29 Switzerland 107, 118 Tokyo 54–5 Total 118–19 T TPP see Transpolar Passage trade destinations, statistics 90–4, 108–9, Taimyr 216 118–29, 158, 184–9, 310–14 Taiwan 49–51, 74 trade patterns, statistics 89–98, 106–9, 112–29, 412 Shipping in Arctic Waters

132–3, 141–2, 182–9, 210–20, 224–9, 297, passages 297–307 307–14 indigenous peoples 287, 297, 333–8 WUDIÀFVHUYLFHV\VWHPV[[[LL insurance xxxii, 230, 231–3, 330–1, 339–51 see also navigation jurisdiction 268–9, 297, 302, 333–8 TRANSAS equipment 197 marine ecosystems 158–9, 297, 314–19 Transit sailing routes xxix, 1–3, 11–12, 18–22, military affairs 305–6 26–30, 33–5, 61–6, 70, 112–17, 132–3, natural shipping conditions 147–9, 172, 171–2, 185–9, 204, 266–8, 297–8, 312–14 317–19 see also$WODQWLF2FHDQKDUERUV3DFLÀF navigation requirements 206–8 Ocean; ports ocean law 268–9, 297, 333–8 commercial comparisons 297, 338–51 ports 49–51, 297, 313, 320–31 GHÀQLWLRQ[[L[²²²² prospects 78–9, 159, 172, 297–351 33–5, 112–17, 267, 297–8 sailing routes 33–5, 158–9, 172, 195–7, Northern Sea Route 18–22, 61–4, 132–3, 207–8, 297–351 185–9, 204, 312–14 search and rescue facilities 206–8, 231–3, Northwest passage 26–30, 61–4, 112–17, 323–6 171–2, 266–7 Transport Canada 194–7, 311–14 Transneft pipeline 121–2, 125–9 transportation modes xxix, 62–4, 118–29 Transpolar Passage (TPP) xxix, xxx, xxxi, WUHHOLQHGHÀQLWLRQ² xxxii, xxxiii, 1–3, 11–13, 15, 16, 30–5, Trenton 205–6 37–41, 49–51, 55–6, 60, 78–9, 133, 147–9, Tromso 21, 49, 71, 139, 299–307 158–9, 172, 195–7, 206–9, 230–3, 268–9, Tropic of Cancer 48 287, 297–351 tugs 6, 28–9, 150–1, 202–9, 218, 232–3 see also)UDP&RUULGRU1RUWKHUQ3DFLÀF Tuktoyaktuk 28–9, 284–7 Corridor tungsten resources 108 advantages xxx, xxxii, xxxiii, 49–51, 55–6, Turama passenger vessel 136–7 60, 299–307, 338–51 Turkey 122–9 Arctic infrastructure 147–9, 172, 177, Tuvaq 189 195–7, 230, 268–9, 297, 313, 320–31 commercial prospects 297, 344–51 U communications’ facilities 206–8, 324–6 comparisons with the other two passages Uikku tanker 227–8 297–351 UK 36, 49–51, 64, 66–7, 68, 88, 198, 260, 305 cost-savings xxxiii, 338–51 Ukraine 39, 118, 121–9 crew training/competence requirements Ulsan 51–2, 186–9, 228–9 195–7, 231–3, 322–3 UNCLOSS III laws xxxii, 16, 31, 48, 62–3, cruise activities 140, 313–14 65, 70–1, 75, 78–9, 182–5, 221–3, 241–50, GHÀQLWLRQ[[[[[[L[[[LL[[[LLL² 252–69, 299, 321–2, 331–8 30–3, 158–9, 172, 298, 299–300 see also ocean law disadvantages 312–14, 319 concepts 70–1, 78–9, 182–3, 221–3, distances between ports 49–51, 299–307, 241–50, 252–69, 299, 321–2, 331–8 338–51 GHÀQLWLRQV²² ecosystems 158–9, 297, 314–19 fees 221–2 environmental challenges 147–9, 158–9, high regard 248–9 172, 297, 314–19 predictions 78–9 ÀQGLQJV[[[[[[L[[[LL[[[LLL² unconventional resources 85, 93–4, 113, 118, 49–51, 78–9, 158–9, 172, 195–7, 206–8, 130–1, 338–51 230, 268–9, 287, 297–351 underwriters 224–30, 233, 329–31 geopolitical comparisons with the other two see also insurance Index 413 undiscovered oil/gas resources in the Arctic geopolitics xxxii, xxxiii, 18, 26–7, 48, 102–5, 112–17, 119–29, 131–3, 141–2, 158, 49–51, 56, 60, 61–4, 66–7, 68, 74, 76–9, 162–3, 244–50, 280–1, 308–14 91–4, 141–2, 248–9, 263–8, 269–75, 285–7, UNFCCC see United Nations Framework 332–8 Convention on Climate Change JOREDOÀQDQFLDOFULVLVIURP² 8QLÀHG5HTXLUHPHQWVRIWKH,$&6² 307–8, 311–12 245–50, 320–2 homeland security policies 61–4 Unimak Pass 157–9 icebreakers 267–8 United Arab Emirates (UAE) 84, 94–5 indigenous peoples 269–75, 285–7, 334–8 United Nations Commission on the international governance policies 62–4, 68, Delimitation of the Outer Continental Shelf 77–9 41–2 jurisdictional controversies xxxii, xxxiii, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of 18, 26–7, 65–6, 79, 162–3, 248–9, 253–63, Indigenous Peoples 271–5, 334–8 266–8, 302, 303–6, 332–8 United Nations Framework Convention on Marxist–Leninist theory of the class struggle Climate Change (UNFCCC) 274–5 256 United Nations Framework Convention for the military affairs 27–8, 49, 56–66, 303–6 Protection of National Minorities of 1995 mineral resources 106–7, 113–17 272–5 national security policies 61–4, 78–9 United Nations (UN) xxxii, 16, 31, 41–2, 48, oil reserves 91–5, 100–5, 112–17, 131–2, 62–3, 65, 70–1, 257, 271–5, 334–8 311–12 see also UNCLOSS III laws oil/gas consumption trends 91–6, 100–5, United States Air Force 27–8 112–17 XQSURYHGUHVHUYHVGHÀQLWLRQ oil/gas production 94–5, 100–5, 112–17, 158 Urals 212–13 policies 61–4, 66–7, 68, 76–9 uranium 115–17, 280–1, 310–14 pollution 150–1, 161–3, 286–7 US Department of Energy 86 Presidential Memorandum 61–4 US Geological Survey (USGS) xxx, 58, 92, resource policies 62–4, 76–7, 84–5, 91–4 102–8, 112, 119, 141, 308–14 Russian jurisdictional controversies xxxii, U.S. Navy Arctic Road Map 61–4 xxxiii, 15–17, 18, 65–6, 79, 248–9, 253–63, USA xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, 11–12, 15–18, 26–8, 302, 303–6, 332–8 34–41, 48–51, 56, 60–8, 74, 76–9, 84–5, search and rescue facilities 198–209 89–98, 100–7, 112–17, 130–3, 150–1, 158, shale deposits 93–4, 118, 130–1 198–209, 248–9, 263–8, 269–75, 285–7, trade patterns 89–98, 106–7, 112–17, 141–2, 323, 332–8 307–14 see also Alaska; North America transportation/shipping policies 62–4, 77–9 Canadian jurisdictional controversies xxxii, USA east coast xxix, 11–12, 35–7 26–7, 66–7, 79, 162–3, 249, 263–8, 332–8 see also Northern Maritime Corridor Cold War tensions 27–8, 49, 56–66, 255–6, 303–6 V economic trends 86–98, 104–5, 130–1 environmental protection policies 63–4, Valdez 114–17 77–9, 161–2 Vancouver 49–51, 299–307 estimated resources 84–5, 92–3 Varandey 55, 121–9, 154–9, 161–2, 203–9, ÀVKÀVKHULHV² 210–11, 213–14, 316–51 forests/forestry 107–8, 113, 129, 287 Varzuga 184–5 gas resources 93–4, 96, 100–5, 112–17, Vaygach icebreaker 203–4 131–2 Vaygach Island 164–5 GDP statistics 86–98, 130–1 Venezuela 94–5, 112 414 Shipping in Arctic Waters

Very High Frequency radio (VHF) 22, 200–9 World Ocean, pollution circulation effects 150 vessel activity statistics 5–6, 19–22, 25, 27–30, World Oil 86 33–4, 90–4, 113–17, 121–9, 157–9, 184–9, World Wildlife Foundation (WWF) 70–1, 248, 205–9, 308–14, 350–1 331–2 9HVVHO7UDIÀF0DQDJHPHQWDQG,QIRUPDWLRQ Wrangel Island 137–9, 166–7 Systems (VTMIS) 200–9, 324–6 9HVVHO7UDIÀF6HUYLFH² Y Vestmannaeyjar 112 Victoria Island 22–30, 138, 170–1 Yakovlev, Anatoliy 59 Vilkitskii Strait 14–22, 33–4, 165, 251–63, Yakutsk 16–22, 148–9, 217 318–19 Yamal icebreaker 203–4 Viscount Melville Sound 169–70, 189 Yamal Peninsula 14–22, 117–30, 214–18, Vitim 216–17 277–9, 308–51 Vitino 55–6, 124–9, 186–9, 210–11, 212–13 Yamburg 215, 228–9 Vladimir Thikonov 186–9 Yaroslavl 212–13 Vladivostok 17–22, 112, 184–5, 202–9, 324–51 Yellow River Station 74 Volgotanker Company 212–13 Yenisei river 16–22, 124–9, 154–9, 215–16, VTMIS see9HVVHO7UDIÀF0DQDJHPHQWDQG 326–7 Information Systems Yokohama xxxiii, 36, 49–51, 75, 227–9, Vyborg Shipbuilding Plant 119 299–307, 339–51 \RXQJLFHGHÀQLWLRQ²² W Yugorskiy Shar Strait 164–5 Yukon Territory 114–15, 117, 274–5, 282–7, Wallace, Henry A. 62 310–14 warships 59–60, 64–6 Yupik people 269–75, 334–8 Washington, USA 36–7 weather information/forecasts 35, 198–209, Z 222, 229, 233, 323–6 West Finnmark 125–9, 275–6, 335–8 zinc resources 28–30, 107, 113, 115–17, 156, Western Arctic Waterway 170–1 208–9, 219–20, 280–1, 311–14 Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) zodiacs, cruise activities xxxi, 137–40 112–13 Zone System, Canada 188–9, 265–8 Western Siberia 36–7, 99–100, 117–29, 132–3, Zone/Date System 171 149–51, 215–18, 301–51 zooplankton 152–9 WestGreenland-East Canada 103–4 WGIP see Working Group for Indigenous Peoples whaling 21, 41 wheat 28 White Sea xxix, xxx, 3, 8, 10, 17–22, 36–7, 124–9, 149–51, 154–9, 211–18, 253–63, 298–351 Whitehorse 28–30 Wild Earth Travel 139 wolfram resources 106–7 wooden ships 8, 179 Working Group for Indigenous Peoples (WGIP) 274–5 World Bank Group 88, 119