Acronyms

3D three-dimensional BMI body mass index A&E accident and emergency (department) BOO bladder outlet obstruction AAS Association for Academic Surgery BP blood pressure ABL allowable blood loss BPS bronchopulmonary sequestration ABR auditory brainstem response BPSU British Paediatric Surveillance Unit ACE antegrade continent enema BRRI Building and Roads Research Institute ACS American College of Surgeons (Ghana) ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone BSA body surface area ADA adenosine deaminase BSO bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy ADH antidiuretic hormone BWS Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome ADL African degenerative leiomyopathy BXO balanitis xerotica obliterans ADPKD autosomal dominant polycystic kidney CA condylomata acuminatum; choanal disease atresia AER air enema reduction CAEBV chronic active Epstein-Barr virus AF anal fissure (fissure-in-ano) CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia AFB acid-fast bacilli CAIS complete androgen insensitivity AFP alpha-foetoprotein syndrome AFS American Fertility Society CBF cerebral blood flow AGA average for gestational age CCAM congenital cystic adenomatous AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome malformation (lung) AIN anterior interosseous nerve CD cluster of differentiation; Crohn’s AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale disease; compact disc AJOL African Journals Online CDH congenital diaphragmatic ALL acute lymphocytic leukaemia CDLT cadaveric donor transplantation ALT aspartate transaminase; akternative CECT contrast-enhanced computed lengthening of telomeres tomography ALTE acute life-threatening events CESP Confederation of European Specialists AML acute myelogenous leukaemia in Paediatrics AMREF African Medical and Research Foundation CF cystic fibrosis AP anteroposterior; Anatomical Profile CFP 10 culture filtrate protein 10 APC adenomatous polyposis coli (gene) CFS congenital fibrosarcoma APSA American Paediatric Surgical Association CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane AR androgen receptor; allergic rhinitis (conductance) regulator ARM anorectal malformation CHARGE Coloboma, Heart defect, Atresia ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney choanae, Retarded growth and disease development, Genital hypoplasia, Ear ART antiretroviral treatment anomalies/deafness (syndrome) ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists CHD congenital heart disease ASCOT A Severity Characterization Of Trauma CHEOPS Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario ASSC acute splenic sequestration crisis Pain Scale AST alanine transaminase CHL conductive hearing loss ATLS Advanced Trauma Life Support CIC clean intermittent catheterisation ATRD African Trauma Registry Database CIE counterimmunoelectrophoresis ATT antitubercular treatment CIF common intermediate format AVM arteriovenous malformation CIIP chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo- AVPU alert, verbal, painful, unresponsive obstruction (method to assess level of consciousness) CIRM International Radio Medical Centre AXR abdominal x-ray; abdominal radiograph CLD chronic liver disease BA biliary atresia CLE congenital lobar emphysema BAC bronchioloalveolar carcinoma CLO congenital lobar overinflation BAHA bone-anchored hearing aid CMT congenital muscular torticollis BAPS British Association of Paediatric Surgeons CMV conventional mechanical ventilation; BCG bacille Calmette-Guérin cytomegalovirus b.d. twice daily CNI calcineurin inhibitors β-hCG β-human chorionic gonadotropin CNS central nervous system CO cardiac output eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate COPUM congenital obstructive posterior urethral EHBS extra hepatic biliary system membrane EIA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay CORA centre of rotational deformity EIS endoscopic injection sclerotherapy COSECSA College of Surgeons of East, Central ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Southern Africa EMG electromyography CPA conditioned play audiometry EMLA eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics CPAM cystic pulmonary adenomatous EMR electronic medical record malformation (lung) ENT ear, nose, and throat CPAP continuous positive airway pressure ERCP endoscopic retrograde CPC cauterisation of the choroid plexus cholangiopancreatography CPP cerebral perfusion pressure ERP endorectal pull-through CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation ESAT6 early secretory antigenic target-6 CR capillary refill ESFT Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumours CRP C-reactive protein ESLD end-stage liver disease CSF cerebrospinal fluid ESPE European Society for Paediatric CT computed tomography (scan) Endocrinology CTEV congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate CVA central venous access ESRD end-stage renal disease CVP central venous pressure ESRF end-stage renal failure CXR chest x-ray ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave DA duodenal atresia ET empyema thoracis DALYs disability-adjusted life years ETF enteral tube feeding DCS dynamic compression system ETRS embryonic testicular regression syndrome DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip ETV endoscopic third ventriculostomy DEC diethylcarbamazine EUS endoscopic ultrasonography DES diethylstilbesterol EUSOL Edinburgh University solution of lime DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation EVD external ventricular drainage DGE delayed gastric emptying EWS/ETS Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region/ DHT dihydrotestosterone erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene DJ duodenojejunal transcription factor fusion gene DMSA dimercaptosuccinic acid EXIT ex-utero intrapartum treatment DNA deoxyribonucleic acid FAC familial adenomatosis coli DOA dead on arrival FAO foot-ankle orthosis DOT directly observed therapy FAP familial adenomatosis polyposis DPG diphosphsglycerate FAST focused abdominal sonography for trauma DPL diagnostic peritoneal lavage FBC full blood count DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline FDA Food and Drug Administration (US) DRE digital FEF forced expiratory flow DSA digital substraction angiography FETO fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion DSD disorders of sex differentiation; detrusor FEV forced expiratory volume sphincter dyssynergia FFP fresh frozen plasma DSL digital subscriber line FGC female genital cutting DTPA diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid FIA fistula-in-ano DVD digital video disc FLACS Faces, Legs, Activity and Consolability DYG double-Y glanuloplasty Scale EBV Epstein-Barr virus fMRI functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ECG electrocardiogram FNA fine needle aspiration ECM extracellular matrix FNAB fine-needle aspiration ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation FNH focal nodular hyperplasia ECW extracellular water FRC functional residual capacity ED Emergency Department (of a hospital) FSH follicle-stimulating hormone EDNRB endothelin B receptor gene FVC forced vital capacity EF examining finger GA general anaesthesia EFD estimated (preoperative) fluid deficit GABHS group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal EFR estimated fluid requirement GCRG giant cell reparative granuloma (maintenance fluids) GCS Glasgow Coma Scale EGD oesophagogastroduodenoscopy GDNF glial (cell line) derived neurotrophic factor EGF epidermal growth factor GDP gross domestic product GF growth factor ID immunodiffusion GFR glomerular filtration rate IDA iminodiacetic acid GGT gamma-glutaml transpeptidase IF intestinal failure GI gastrointestinal IFN-g interferon gamma release protein GID gastrointestinal duplication IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM immunoglobulin A, E, G, M GIEESC Global Initiative for Emergency and IGF insulin growth factor Essential Surgical Care IH inguinal hernia GIT IHA indirect haemogglutination antibody GOR gastro-oesophageal reflux IHPS infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis GORD gastro-oesophageal reflux disease IJV internal jugular vein GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale IL insensible losses (fluids) GRWR graft weight-to-recipient’s body weight ratio IM intramuscular (transplantation) INR international normalization ratio GVHD graft versus host disease INSS International Neuroblastoma Staging GWD guinea worm disease System Gy gray (radiation dose) IO intraosseous H&E haematoxylin and eosin () IOM Institute of Medicine HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy IP Internet protocol HAEC Hirschsprung’s-associated enterocolitis IPAA ileal-pouch anal anastomosis HB hepatoblastoma IQR interquartile range HbAS sickle cell trait IRA ileorectal anastomosis HbS/β thal sickle cell thalassemia disease IRIS immune reconstitution inflammatory HbSC sickle cell haemoglobin C disease syndrome HbSS homozygous sickle cell anaemia IRS Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study HC hydrocephalus Group HCC hepatocellular carcinoma INH isoniazid hCG human chorionic gonadotropin ISDN Integrated Services Digital Networks HCMV human cytomegalovirus ISfTeH International Society for Telemedicine HCW health care worker and ehealth HD Hirschsprung’s disease ISP Internet service provider HHML hemihyperplasia-multiple lipomatosis ISS Injury Severity Score syndrome ITP idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura HIDA hepato-iminodiacetic acid ITU International Telecommunication Union HINARI Health InterNetwork Access to Research ITx intestinal transplantation Initiative IV intravenous HIT hydrodistention-implantation technique IVA ifosfamide, vincristine, and actinomycin HIV human immunodeficiency virus D HLA human leukocyte antigen IVC inferior vena cavography; inferior vena HMS hyperactive malarial splenomegaly cava HO hematogenous osteomyelitis IVF in vitro fertilisation HPF high-power fields IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin HPN home parenteral nutrition IVU intravenous urography HPZ high pressure zone JCV John Cunningham virus (but just say JC HR heart rate virus) HSCR Hirschsprung’s disease JNA juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma HSP Henoch-Schönlein purpura KS Kaposi sarcoma H-TOF H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula KSHV Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes HVA homovallinic acid virus IBCA isobutyl cyanoacrylate KTS Kampala Trauma Score IBD inflammatory bowel disease LAD leukocyte adhesion deficiency IBI intralesional bleomycin injection LATS long-acting thyroid stimulating ICCS International Children’s Continence (hormones) Society LB flap lateral-based flap ICP intracranial pressure LDH lactate dehydrogenase ICT information and communication LDITx living-donor intestinal transplantation technologies LF lymphatic filariasis ICU intensive care unit LFT liver function test ICV ileocaecal valve LGA large for gestational age ICW intracellular water LHR lung-head ratio (foetal) LLS left lateral segment (liver) NGO nongovernmental organisation LMA laryngeal mask airway NGT nasogastric tube LMIC low- and middle-income country NHL non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma LOH loss of heterozygosity NICU neonatal intensive care unit LOS length of (hospital) stay; lower NIO neonatal intestinal obstruction oesophageal sphincter NJT nasojejunal tube LPD lymphoproliferative disorder NK natural killer (cell) LPP leak point pressure NMDA N-methyl-d-aspartate LPU lower pole ureter NNBSD nonneurogenic bladder sphincter LRLT living-related dysfunction L/S lecithin/spingomyelin (ratio) NNIS National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance LTB laryngotracheobronchitis (index) LWAT location without advanced technology NOR nonoperative reduction LWPES Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma Society NPO nothing by mouth, literally nil per os MACE Malone antegrade continence enema NPWT negative pressure wound therapy MAG3 mercaptoacetyltriglycine NR nephrogenic rests; nutritional rickets MAGPI meatal advancement and glanuloplasty NRC National Research Council (US) incorporated NRSTS nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue MAP mean airway pressure; mean arterial sarcome pressure; mutYH-associated-polyposis NS normal saline (gene) NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs MC&S microscopy, culture, and sensitivities NSS normal saline solution MCDK multicystic dysplastic kidney; multicystic NTD neural tube defect diseased kidney NTSC National Television Standards Committee MCUG micturating cystourethrogram; NVB neurovascular bundle micturating cystourethrography NWTSG National Wilms’ Tumour Study Group MD Meckel’s diverticulum OA oesophageal atresia MDGs Millennium Development Goals OAE otoacoustic emission MDR multidrug-resistant OGD oesophago-gastric-duodenoscopy MEN2 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 ONS oral nutritional supplements MFH malignant fibrous histiocytoma OPG orthopantomogram MIBG metiodobenzylgaunidine (scan) OPSI overwhelming postsplenectomy infection MIP mega-meatus intact prepuce OR operating room MIR minimally invasive repair ORIF open reduction, internal fixation MIS Mϋllerian-inhibiting substance; minimally ORL otorhinolaryngology invasive surgery ORS ovarian remnant syndrome MMF mycophenolate mofetil PA pulmonary artery MMP matrix metalloproteinases PAA perianal abscess MMR measles-mumps-rubella (vaccine) PACU postanaesthetic care unit MSP manual separation with prophylaxis PADUA progressive augmentation by dilating the MRA magnetic resonance angiography urethra anterior MRCP magnetic resonance PAIR percutaneous aspiration, instillation, and cholangiopancreatography reaspiration MRI magnetic resonance imaging PAIS partial androgen insensitivity syndrome MRKH Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser PAL phase alternating line (syndrome) PAPSA Pan African Paediatric Surgical MSK musculoskeletal Association MSP manual separation with prophylaxis PAS para-aminosalicylic acid; pyriform aperture MTC medullary thyroid carcinoma stenosis mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin PAX/FKHR Paxillin [Drosophila melanogaster])/ MTOS Major Trauma Outcome Study (forkhead box O1 [Homo sapiens]) fusion NASA National Aeronautics and Space gene Administration (USA) PBM pancreaticobiliary malunion NBCA n-butyl cyanoacrylate PC phosphatidyl choline (lecithin) Nd:YAG neodymium:yttrium aluminium garnet PCA patient-controlled analgesia (laser) PCEA patient-controlled epidural analgesia NEC necrotizing enterocolitis PCR polymerase chain reaction NF necrotising fasciitis PDS polydioxanone PE pleural effusion; pectus excavatum REAL Revised Euro-American Lymphoma PEB cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin RET REarranged during Transfection (gene) PEEP positive end expiratory pressure RL Ringer’s lactate PEG percutaneous endoscopic RMS rhabdomyosarcoma PELD Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease RPC recurrent parotitis in children PEP post exposure prophylaxis RPL recurrent pregnancy loss PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS RR respiratory rate Relief RRP recurrent respiratory papillamatosis PET positron emission tomography (scan) RSV respiratory syncytial virus PFC persistent foetal circulation RTS Revised Trauma Score PFIC progressive familial intrahepatic RUT rapid test cholestasis RVF rectovaginal fistulae PHT SARS sacral anterior root stimulation PIC percutaneously(or peripherally) inserted SB spina bifida; small bowel central (venous) SBO small bowel obstruction PICU paediatric intensive care unit SBP systolic blood pressure PLP pathological lead point SC sickle cell hemoglobin in sickle cell PN parenteral nutrition disease PNET primitive neuroectodermal tumour SCD sickle cell disease PO per os (by mouth, orally) SCF supracondylar fracture PPD purified protein derivative SCIWORA spinal cord injury without radiographic PPF periportal fibrosis abnormality PPHN persistent pulmonary hypertension of the SCT sacrococcygeal teratoma newborn SCV subclavian vein PPI proton pump nhibitor SEER Surveillance, Epidemiology and End PPS post-polio syndrome Results (U.S. program) PPV patent processus vaginalis SENIC Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial P(s) probability of survival Infection Control (CDC) PSARP posterior sagittal anorectoplasty SGA small for gestational age PSE passive stretching exercise SHML sinus histiocytosis with massive PSI pleural space infection lymphadenopathy PSS postsplenectomy sepsis SIDS sudden infant death syndrome PSTN public switched telephone network SIOP Société Internationale d’Oncologie PSVT Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Pédiatrique (International Society of PT prothrombin time Pediatric Oncology) PTEN phosphatase/tensin SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene SIS small intestinal submucosa PTH parathormone SLE systemic lupus erythematosus PTLD posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder SM streptomycin PTS Paediatric Trauma Score SMA superior mesenteric artery PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder SMT sternomastoid tumour PTT partial thromboplastin time SMV superior mesenteric vein PUD SNHL sensorineural hearing loss PUJ pelviuretic junction. (see also UPJ) SNS sympathetic nervous system PUV posterior urethral valve SOMI sterno-occipito-mandibular immobilization PV processus vaginalis SPE streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins PVO portal vein occlusion SS sickle cell hemoglobin in sickle cell PVR post-void residual disease PVT portal vein thrombosis SSI surgical site infection PZA pyrazinamide STD sexually transmitted disease QOL quality of life StAR steroidogenic acute regulatory (protein RA regional anaesthesia function) RAFT Réseau en Afrique Francophone pour la STEP serial transverse enteroplasty procedure Télémédecine STING subureteric Teflon injection Rb retinoblastoma (gene) StrepTSS streptococcal NF associated with toxic RBC red blood cells; red blood count shock syndrome RBF renal blood flow STS soft tissue sarcoma RCT randomised controlled trial SVT supraventricular tachycardia rDNA ribosomal DNA TAP tunica albuginea plication RDS respiratory distress syndrome TB tuberculosis TBA traditional birth attendants ULE unilateral limb enlargement TCA total colonic aganglionosis UNFPA United Nations Population Fund TEV talipes equinovarus UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund TFL tensor fascia lata UPJ ureteropelvic junction (see also PUJ) TGD total gastric dissociation UPU upper pole ureter TGF transforming growth factor URTI upper respiratory tract infection TIP typhoid intestinal perforation; tubularised US United States; ultrasound, ultrasonography incised plate UVJ ureterovesical junction; see also VUJ TIPSS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic UTI urinary tract infection stent shunt VAC vacuum-assisted closure; vincristin, TLOSR transient lower oesophageal sphincter actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide relaxation VACTERL Vertebral and spinal cord, Anorectal, TMJ temporomandibular joint Cardiac, TracheoEsophageal, Renal and TNF tumour necrosis factor other urinary tract, Limb TNM tumour, nodes, metastases (staging VAPP vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis system) VATER Vertebrae, Anus, Trachea, , TOF tracheo-oesophageal fistula; tetralogy of and Renal (association) Fallot VATS video-assisted thoracic surgery TORCH Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, VCUG voiding cystourethrogram Herpes VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory TPA tissue plasminogen activator VEPTR vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib TPPPS Toddler-Preschooler Postoperative Pain VCUG voiding cystourethogram Scale VLBW very low birth weight TPN total parenteral nutrition VMA vanillylmandelic acid TR trauma registry VP ventriculoperitoneal (shunt) TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone VPI velopharyngeal incompetence TRISS Trauma and Injury Severity Score VSD ventricular septal defect T-RTS Triage RTS VUJ vesicoureteric junction; see also UVJ TS Trauma Score VUR vesicoureteric reflux; vesicouretal reflux TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone WAGR an acronym for WT, Aniridia, Genito- TSPY testis-specific protein Y-encoded urinary malformations, mental Retardation TSS toxic shock syndrome WBC white blood cells TST tuberculin skin test WHO World Health Organisation TV tunica vaginalis WT Wilms’ tumour UC ulcerative colitis WWW worldwide web UDT undescended testis XRT x-ray therapy UGI upper gastrointestinal YTP inverted-Y tubularised plate