ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR THE PROPOSED
HARBOUR REDEVELOPMENT AT IHAVANDHOO, HAA ALIF
February 2020
Prepared for
Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure
Consultant
CDE Consulting, Maldives
ެގުމުރުކީޤްއަރަތ ްށަރުތިއ ުރަދނަބ ޫދްނަވަހިއ . އ . ހ
ްނިއުޢޫރްޝަމ
ްޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަވްނިމ ެނާރުކުރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ
2020 ީރައުރްބެފ
:ުރާޔިދެއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ
ރަޗްކަރްސާރްފްނިއ ްޑްނެއ ގްނިނޭލްޕ ްލަނަޝެނ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ
:ްޓްނަޓްލަސްނޮކ ޭއ.ިއައ.ީއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ
ސީ.ޑީ.އީ ކޮންސަލްޓިންގް، ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ
EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavadhooo, Haa Alifu Atoll
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...... iii
List of Figures ...... viii
List of Tables ...... ix
List of Abbreviations ...... x
Acknowledgements ...... xi
Lead Consultant’s Declaration ...... xii
Proponent’s Declaration...... xiii
Executive Summary ...... xiv
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
1.1 PURPOSE OF THE EIA ...... 1 1.2 PROJECT PROPONENT ...... 1 1.3 PROJECT SCOPE SUMMARY ...... 2 1.4 PROJECT RATIONALE...... 2 1.5 PROJECT LOCATION...... 3 1.6 CONSULTANTS, CONTRACTORS AND GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS ...... 6 1.7 EIA SCOPE AND TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 6 1.8 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 7 1.8.1 General Approach ...... 7 1.8.2 The Study Area...... 7 1.8.3 Field Observations ...... 8 1.8.4 Coastal Processes ...... 8 1.8.5 Marine Assessments ...... 8 1.8.6 Water Quality ...... 9 1.8.7 Bathymetry Survey ...... 10 1.8.8 Terrestrial Survey ...... 10 1.8.9 Desk Study Review ...... 10 1.8.10 Key Stakeholder Consultation ...... 11 1.8.11 Data Analysis ...... 11 1.8.12 Report Format ...... 11 1.9 STUDY TEAM MEMBERS...... 11 1.10 POTENTIAL GAPS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY...... 12 1.10.1 Gaps in Information...... 12
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1.10.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction ...... 12 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 15
2.1 PROJECT OUTLINE AND KEY FEATURES ...... 15 2.2 DETAILED PROJECT OUTLINE AND WORK METHODOLOGY ...... 18 2.2.1 Mobilization and Equipment and Materials ...... 18 2.2.2 Demolishing existing structures ...... 19 2.2.3 Dredging ...... 19 2.2.4 Shore protection measures installation ...... 21 2.2.5 Construction of quay wall...... 23 2.2.6 Paving and finishing ...... 24 2.2.7 Demobilisation...... 24 2.1 PROJECT SCHEDULE ...... 24 2.1 LABOUR REQUIREMENT ...... 25 2.1.1 Labour Accommodation ...... 25 2.2 UTILITIES ...... 25 2.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT, LOGISTICS AND SAFETY MEASURES ...... 25 2.3.1 Health and Safety Measures ...... 26 2.4 SUMMARY OF PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS ...... 26 3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 29
3.1 RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ...... 29 3.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93) ...... 29 3.1.2 Employment Act (Act no. 2/2008) ...... 30 3.1.3 Immigration Act (Act no. 1/2007) ...... 31 3.2 RELEVANT REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES ...... 31 3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ...... 31 3.2.2 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) ...... 31 3.2.3 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation ...... 32 3.2.4 Waste Management Regulation 2013 ...... 33 3.2.5 Compliance ...... 34 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS REQUIRED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 34 3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note ...... 34 3.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation Permit ...... 34 3.3.3 Ministry of Environment and Energy ...... 34 3.3.4 Atoll Council ...... 35 3.4 GUIDING POLICIES AND DOCUMENTS ...... 35 3.4.1 National Environmental Action Plan II (NEAP II) ...... 35 3.4.2 Waste Management Policy ...... 36 3.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ...... 36
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3.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 36 4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 37
4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 37 4.1.1 Meteorology ...... 37 4.1.2 Hydrology ...... 43 4.1.3 Water Quality Assessment ...... 46 4.1.4 Coastal Assessment...... 49 4.1.5 Bathymetry ...... 51 4.1.6 Existing Harbour Condition ...... 51 4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 52 4.2.1 Terrestrial Environment ...... 52 4.2.2 Marine Environment: Benthic Substrate and Fish Survey ...... 53 4.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING ...... 58 4.3.1 Population Structure...... 58 4.3.2 Education Sector...... 59 4.3.3 Heath Sector ...... 59 4.3.4 Employment ...... 59 4.3.5 Utilities and Infrastructure ...... 60 4.3.6 General Transport ...... 60 5 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ...... 61
5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 61 5.2 BOUNDARIES OF AFFECTED AREAS ...... 61 5.3 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ...... 61 5.4 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 62 6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 70
6.1 IMPACTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION...... 70 6.1.1 Noise Pollution and Vibration Impacts ...... 70 6.1.2 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...... 70 6.1.3 Groundwater and Soil Condition ...... 72 6.1.4 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna ...... 72 6.1.5 Marine Water Quality ...... 72 6.1.6 Coastal Processes ...... 73 6.1.7 Marine Biodiversity ...... 73 6.1.8 Impacts on Tourism Related Activities ...... 74 6.2 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 74 6.2.1 Impacts on accessibility ...... 74 6.2.2 Business and Employment Opportunities ...... 74 6.2.3 Health and safety ...... 74
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6.2.4 Local Culture ...... 75 6.3 IMPACTS ON THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE...... 75 6.3.1 Natural Hazard Risks ...... 75 6.3.2 Coastal Processes ...... 75 6.4 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE IMPACTS ...... 76 6.4.1 Marine Water Turbidity and Sedimentation ...... 76 6.4.2 Noise and Vibration ...... 76 6.4.3 Air Pollution ...... 77 6.4.4 Contamination of Marine Water, Groundwater and Land ...... 77 6.4.5 Marine Habitat Destruction ...... 77 6.4.6 Occupational Health Impacts ...... 78 6.4.7 Increased Demand on Waste Disposal Facilities ...... 78 7 ALTERNATIVES ...... 79
7.1 “NO-PROJECT” ALTERNATIVE ...... 79 7.1 ALTERNATIVE SITE PLAN ...... 79 7.2 ALTERNATIVE BREAKWATER OPTIONS ...... 81 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 85
8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...... 85 8.2 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 86 8.2.1 Project Proponent...... 87 8.2.2 Environmental Consultant ...... 87 8.2.3 Contractors ...... 87 8.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 87 8.3 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS ...... 88 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 91
9.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 91 9.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MONITORING PLAN ...... 91 9.3 MONITORING DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 91 9.4 MONITORING REPORT ...... 96 9.5 COST OF MONITORING ...... 96 9.6 COMMITMENT TO MONITORING ...... 96 10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 97
10.1 IHAVANDHOO ISLAND COUNCIL ...... 97 10.2 IHAVANDHOO PUBLIC CONSULTATION ...... 98 10.3 RESPONSE BY THE PROPONENT FOR KEY CONCERNS OF STAKEHOLDERS ...... 99 11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 101
REFERENCES ...... 103
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APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference ...... 105
APPENDIX B – Concept Plan ...... 106
APPENDIX C - Approvals ...... 107
APPENDIX D – Work Plan ...... 108
APPENDIX E – Survey Location Map ...... 109
APPENDIX F – Bathymetry ...... 110
APPENDIX G – Water Quality Test Report ...... 111
APPENDIX H – CV of Consultants ...... 112
APPENDIX I – Stakeholder participants list ...... 113
APPENDIX J – Proponents Declaration and Commitment Letter ...... 114
APPENDIX K – Acknowledgement of receipt by Ihavandhoo ...... 115
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Location map and sensitive areas near project site ...... 4 Figure 2.1: Site plan ...... 17 Figure 2.2: quay wall design concept ...... 23 Figure 4.1: Year Wind Frequency Recorded at Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center...... 39 Figure 4.2 Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center (1994- 2004) ...... 39 Figure 4-3:Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Centre (1994 – 2004) ...... 40 Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hanimaadhoo (1992-2004) ...... 41 Figure 4.5: Variations in Annual Rainfall – Hanimaadhoo Island ...... 41 Figure 4.6: Maximum temperature by year in Hulhulé, 1975 – 2005 (Hay, 2006) ...... 43 Figure 4.7: Predicted tides, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives ...... 44 Figure 4.8: Estimated wave conditions around Ha. Ihavandhoo ...... 47 Figure 4.9: Currents measurement at Ha. Ihavandhoo on the 13-10-2019 ...... 48 Figure 4.10: Beach towards east of the existing harbour ...... 49 Figure 4.11: Eastern shorline near fibre workshops ...... 49 Figure 4.12: Western end of the existing harbour where quay wall will be extended ...... 50 Figure 4.12: Looking towards east from the existing harbour ...... 50 Figure 4.13: Looking towards west from the eastern section of the existing harbour ...... 50 Figure 4.14: Estimated monsoonal erosion accretion pattern ...... 51 Figure 4.15: Scouring underneath the concrete L-blocks of quay wall ...... 52 Figure 4.16: Transect 1 area...... 53 Figure 4.17: Benthic substrate composition along transect 1 (October 2019) ...... 54 Figure 4.18: Trasect 2 area...... 54 Figure 4.19: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 2 (October 2019) ...... 55 Figure 4.20: Employment by Industry, Ha. Ihavandhoo, Census 2014 ...... 59 Figure 5.1: Estimated affected ares map ...... 63 Figure 6.1: Estimated Vibration and Noise impact zones on the island ...... 71 Figure 7.1: Alternative site plan proposed by the Proponent ...... 83 Figure 7.1: Alternative breakwater option with concrete jetty ...... 84 Figure 8.1: Environmental Management Plan flow diagram ...... 86 Figure 8.2: Environmental Reporting Proccess ...... 88
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List of Tables
Table 1.1: Summary of key information about the proposed Island 3 Table 1.2: Limitations of the study 13 Table 2.1: List of key machinery and equipment 18 Table 2.2: Details of estimated volumes 19 Table 2.3: Details of original reclamation requirements 20 Table 2.4: Details of breakwater and revetment 21 Table 2.4: List of key machinery and equipment 25 Table 2.6: Major project inputs 26 Table 4.1: Key Meteorological information of the Maldives 37 Table 4.2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center 38 Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hanimaadhoo 42 Table 4.4: Tidal Variations at Hulhule International Airport 43 Table 4.5: Water Quality Results for seawater samples, October 2019 46 Table 4.1: Summary of Fish Census along Transect 1 and 2 (October 2019) 57 Table 4.13: Ihavnadhoo population census figures of for 2000, 2006 and 2014 58 Table 5.1: Impact Identification Matrix 64 Table 5.2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment 65 Table 8.1: Preliminary Environmental Management Plan for the project 89 Table 9.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-Construction Stage 92 Table 9.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction Stage 93 Table 9.3: Monitoring Schedule for Operation Stage 95 Table 10.2: Stakeholder concerns and MNPI responses raised during stakeholder meeting 99
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List of Abbreviations
COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Envrionmental Impact Assessment GPS Global Positioning System IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy MHI Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure MSL Mean Sea Level MWSC Maldives Water and Sewerage Company NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NE North East NEAP II National Environmental Action Plan II NW North West SE South East SW South West TDS Total Suspended Solids ToR Term of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
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Acknowledgements
The lead author of this report is Dr. Ahmed Shaig
Additional assessments were undertaken by the following team members.
Mr. Mohamed Faizan Mr. Mohamed Muan
Field surveys and analysis were carried out by the following members
Mr. Ahmed Mahid Mr. Mohamed Ali Mr. Ali MoosaDidi
The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix H of this report.
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Lead Consultant’s Declaration
I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.
Dr Ahmed Shaig (EIA P02/15)
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Proponent’s Declaration
Intentionally left blank.
(Refer to Appendix J)
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Executive Summary
This objective of the report is to assess the environmental impact of the harbour redevelopment project at Haa Alifu Ihavandhoo. The proponent of the project is Ministry of Planning and Infrastructure. The contractor is Maldives Transport and Contracting Company Plc.
The objective of the project is to relieve the space constraints of the existing harbour at Ha. Ihavandhoo, where large number fishing vessels, small boats and cargo vessels operating in the island has led to an overcrowded harbour basin. The economic and social growth of Ihavandhoo – which is fast becoming a regional hub of economic activity in North Thiladhunmathi Atoll – has be severely restricted by the existing harbour conditions. Incoming vessels find it difficult to moor vessels, while large fishing vessels have to anchor offshore- cutting them from crucial supplies such as storage ice and fresh water. Fishing vessels have to be supplied via small boats from which large blocks of ice and other bulk have to loaded on to the larger boats manually. The existing quaywall of the island is considerably higher (~ +1.7mMSL) than the standard elevation for quay walls in the country (+1.4mMSL), which makes unloading of goods difficult and time consuming and disembarkation dangerous, especially in rough weather conditions.
The proposed design aims to alleviate the aforementioned issues with changes to the existing harbour. The existing western quay wall is to be extended by a further 90m from the island. The area west of this new extension is to be reclaimed using the dredged material obtained from basin enlargement. The newly reclaimed area will be protected by a 178 m long armour rock revetment. This will provide additional space for mooring; particularly useful for fishing vessels given that the ice plant is closest to the western quay. Additionally, a T-head rock groyne will be constructed on the eastern side of the harbour to stop the longshore drift of sand into the harbour basin.
The extension on the western quay requires the existing outer revetment to be shifted seawards. This will widen the basin on the west most end by 90m. A new quay wall is proposed to be built behind the outer revetment, inside the widened basin. A paved area will be constructed for unloading goods and easy disembarkation. This new quay will be connected to the western quay wall by a bridge. The project is expected to be completed in 400 days.
It was observed that the concrete blocks used for the quay wall have had the sand under them scoured to considerably. This can present structural weakness if allowed to continue unresolved hence appropriate mitigation measures should be deployed for structural longevity of the landward side quay wall.
The major impacts anticipated from the project are the disturbance to the marine environment due to dredging and reclamation works, and the noise and vibration due to the construction equipment. The increase in turbidity by the sediment introduced into the water column will distress fish and
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Mitigation measures proposed for the dredging component of this project is ensuring that dredging and reclamation works are carried out in calm sea conditions. Mitigation measures proposed to reduce the impacts of construction and demolition waste include reusing demolition waste for project activities where possible, and planning construction activities to minimize the quantity of waste produced.
During the public consultations carried out it was found that a significant number of the public thought that the proposed design might not be able to alleviate the existing problems of the harbour fully. Further expansion along the eastern side was requested by some members of the public while an alternate suggestion to increase the width of the basin was provided by moving the outer revetment further out or straightening the landward side quay wall. Comments from the public and island council was submitted to the proponent was response and these have been included in the report.
Alternatives were evaluated for the project, including the “no-project” option. The preferred option is to go ahead due to the benefits and opportunities lost in the “no project option, given the social and economic benefits of the option. A proposal for alternative site plan recommended by the stakeholders and proponent were also evaluated, it is recommended to consider the alternative proposal by the stakeholders if the variations are feasible. If not, it is recommended to go ahead with the proposed design. Alternative breakwater options were also evaluated and the proposed design for the breakwater is recommended.
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for this project is designed to produce a framework for anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. In addition, provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
Monitoring plan is designed to assess any changes to the physical environment as well as operational aspects. The total cost of environmental monitoring is estimated to be MVR100,000.
This report concludes that moving forward with proposed project will result in inevitable adverse impacts, mainly on the marine life in the project site. These impacts can be reduced with the application of the measures proposed in this report. While the project will have substantial socio-
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economic benefits to the community, the project will need to be implemented in accordance with the final Environmental Decision issued by the Environmental Protection Agency after evaluation of this
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ާސާލުހ ާދާސ
ިއާއުޢޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފާޅަހަށުހ ްށަމުރުކީގްއަރަތ ްށަރުތިއ ުރަދނަބ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުގްނިހ ިއަގޫދްނަވަހިއ .އހ ީކަޓޯޕިރ ާސާރިދ ިމ
ީރްޓްސިނިމ ީކަރާޔިދެއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެއާސާރިދ ާވިއަފިވެރުކ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކްނަޒަވ ުރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނެގިޅުގ
ެގުޓޯޕިރިމ .ެވެއ ީސ ީސ ީޓ ްމެއ ީކަރަޓްކެރްޓްނޮކ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ .ެވެއ ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްނިއ ްޑްނެއ ގްނިނޭލްޕ ްލަނަޝެނ ްފޮއ
ްޓްނެމަރަޔަވްނެއ ްއަތުތާމޫލުއަމ ާވްނުނޭބ ްށައަދްއުހ ެގީށެވާމިތ ާވްނުނޭބ ިއަކަޓްށަމުގްނިހ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ީކަމުނޭބ ުޑނަގިއަމ
.ެވެމުޅެހަށުހ ްށައީސްނެޖޭއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ
މަޝްރޫއުގެ ދަށުން ކުރުމަށް ހަމަޖެހިފައިވާ މަސައްކަތްތަކީ، މިހާރުގެ ބަނދަރު އިތުރަށް ފުންކުރުމާއި، ބަނދަރު ބޮޑުކުރުމުގެ ގޮތުން
އެއްގަމުން ބައެއް ފުންކުރުމާއި، ކޮންކުރީޓު އެލް ބުލޮކު ބޭނުން ކޮށްގެން އެއްގަމު ތޮށި ލުމާއި، ބޭރު ތޮށި (ބްރޭކްވޯޓަރ) ލުމާއި،
ބޭރު ތޮށްޓަށް އެރުމަށް ބްރިޖެއް އެޅުމާއި، ހުޅަނގު ފަރާތުން 21،300 ކޮޑިމީޓަރުގެ ބިންހިއްކުމާއި ގޮނޑުދޮށް ހިމާޔަތް ކުރުމުގެ
ގޮތުން ރިވެޓްމެންޓް އަދި ގްރޮއިން ޖެހުމުގެ އިތުރުން، މި ސަރަޙައްދުގައި ދުވާރަކާއި މުދާ ބޭލުމަށް ރޭންޕެއް ހެދުމެވެ. މި
މަޝްރޫއުއިން ނޭގޭނެ ކަމަށް ލާފާކުރެވޭ ވެލީގެ އަދަދަކީ 21،300 ކޮޑިމީޓަރެވެ. މިލަދޫގައި މިމަޝްރޫއު ހިންގުމަށް ނިންމާފައިވަނީ
ާވިއަފެވާމިދ ްށަކަތްތާރަފ ާރުކްނުނޭބުރަދނަބ ިއާކަތިތަދ ާވިއަފެވާމިދ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުވަޑުކ ަގާޖ ެގުރަދނަބ ާވިއަފިދެހ ުރާހިމ ިއަގުށަރ
.ެވެހަވުދ 400 ީނެވެރުކާފަލ ްށަމަކ ެނާވަދޭހ ްށަމުރުކަމަހިރުފ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ .ެވެމުރުކުލްއަހ ްއަތްނުވުޑޮބްނަކ ިއާކަތިތަދ ުރުތިއ
ެގުތޮގ ާވިއަފިޅެއަޑްނަކ ްށަމުރުކްތަކްއަސަމ ިއަގުކަތުދިއާވަގ ިއާކަތުނޫނާގ ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ީކަތަކްއަސަމ ާރުކ ްނުށަދ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ
ިށެވާމިތ ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ :ީކަކަތުދިއަވަގ ާވުމްނިހުމ ްށައެއޫރްޝަމިމ ްނުތޮގެއ .ެވެކެކަތްތަކްއަސަމ ެނާދްނެގިވެރުކ ްނުށަދ
ރައްކާތެރިކޮށް ދެމެހެއްޓުމާބެހޭ ގާނޫނާއި (93/4) ، ވަޒީފާއާއި ބެހޭ ގާނޫނާއި (2008/2) ، ދިވެހި ރާއްޖޭގެ އިމިގްރޭޝަންގެ ގާނޫނާއި
(2007/1) ، ތިމާވެއްޓަށް އަސަރު ފޯރާނެ މިންވަރު ބަޔާންކުރާ ރިޕޯޓު ހެދުމާއި ބެހޭ ގަވާއިދާއި 2012 ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ރަށްރަށާއި
ފަޅުގެ ސަރަޙައްދު ހިއްކުމާއި ފުންކުރުމުގެ ގަވާއިދާއި، ކުނި މެނޭޖުކުރުމާއިބެހޭ ގަވާއިދާއި، ތިމާވެއްޓަށްދޭ ގެއްލުންތަކަށް ޖޫރިމަނާ
.ެވެދިއާވަގ ެގުމުނިދ ުލަދަބ ިއާމުޅެއ ަޑނަކ
މަޝްރޫޢުއާއި ބެހޭގޮތުން ރަށު ކައުންސިލާއި، މަސްވެރިންނާއި، އޮޑިވެރިންނާއި، ވިޔަފާރިވެރިންނާއި، ބަނދަރު ބޭނުންކުރާ
ުރަދނަބ .ެވެއެވިއަފާޅަހަށުހ ްއެކަތުލަދަބ ްށަމުހެރުކ ްނުކަތްތާރަފ ިރުކުލަދްއަބ .ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފިވެރުކާރަވްޝަމ ިއާންނުތިޔްއަރ
ުރުތިއ ެނާދިވެރުކްނުނޭބ ްށަމުރުކ ީޤްއަރަތ ުރަދނަބ ިއަގުޓޯޕި ރ ިމ ްނުޅެހަށުހިމ ިދައ .ެވެއެވިއަފާޅަހަށުހ ްށަމުރުކުޑޮބ ްށަރުތިއ
.ެވެއެނާވިއަފާނަމިހ ިއަގުތޮގ ްއެނަޝްޕޮއ
.ެވެއެނާވްއެކަތާދިއަފ ީދާޞިތްގިއ ިދައ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ްށަށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ިއަގުތޮގެނުވެރުކަގަހާފ ްނިއާސާރިދިމ
އެހެންނަމަވެސް އަމަލީ މަސައްކަތުގެ މަރުޚަލާގައި ބަނދަރު ތަރައްގީ ކުރުމުގެ ސަބަބުން، ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކުރާ ނޭދެވޭ އަސަރުތަކެއް
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| xvii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
ކުރެއެވެ. އޭގެ ތެރޭގައި ފަޅުގެ ދިރުންތައް އަދި މާހައުލަށް ގެއްލުންވުމާއި، ކަނޑުގެ ލޮނު ތަޣައްޔަރުވުމާއި، ފަޅުތެރެ ކިލަނބުވެ
އޭގެ ސަބަބުން ކަނޑުގެ ދިރުންތަކަށް ގެއްލުން ލިބުމާއި، މަސައްކަތުގެ އަޑުގަދަވުމުގެ ސަބަބުން އުނދަގޫވުން ހިމެނެއެވެ.
.ެވެއެނާވިއަފްށޮކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓޯޕިރިމ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ުމްނިހުމ ްނުޅެއ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ
ާރުކ ްށަޓްށެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފީދާފަލ ިއަގްޓޯޕިރ ްށަމުރުކްތަކްއަސަމ ިއަގުކަތްސަވުދ ުޑަމުޑނަކ ްނުތޮގެއ
ުރަސައ ާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ ެގީނުކ ޭދެފުއ ްނިއެރެތ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގުކަތުޅަވަޔިފ ެނާދިޅެއ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައ
ކުޑަކުރުމަށް އެޅިދާނެ ފިޔަވަޅުތަކުގެ ތެރޭއިން، މޝްރޫއުގެ ތެރެއިން އުފެދޭ ކުނީގެތެރެއިން ބޭނުންކުރެވޭ ކޮންކުރީޓު ފަދަ ތަކެތި
ްށައިރުކ ްނެގްށޮކްނޭލްޕ ްއަތްތަކްއަސަމ ްނެހެނާވުދަމ ުރަވްނިމ ޭދެފުއ ިނުކ ިދައ ްނުރުކްނުނޭބ ްށަކަތްތަކްއަސަމ ެގޫރްޝަމ ްށޮކިކަވ
.ެވެއެނެމިހ ްނުއިދްނެގ
ްތޮގ ަންނެފ ްށަމަކުޅަގނަރ ެމްނެއ ާޔިކާޅައ ްއަތްތޮގ ުރުތިއ ެނާދިވެރުކްނުނޭބ ްށަމުރުކ ީޤްއަރަތ ުރަދނަބ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ިމ
ްނިޢޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފާޔިކާޅައ ްނުލްއެގ ިއާއ ާދިއަފ ެނޭބިލ ަމަނިފްށޮކުނ ީޤްއަރަތ ުރަދނަބ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގީމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފާޅަހަށުހ
ކުރާނެ އިޤްތިސާދީ އަދި އިޖްތިމާޢި ފައިދާތަކަށް ރިޢާޔަތްކޮށް، އެންމެ ރަނގަޅުގޮތެއްކަމުގައި މި ރިޕޯޓުގައި ހުށަހަޅާފައިވާނީ
ްށަކަތާދިއަފ ިއަޔިކާޅައ ްސެވްށަތްތޮގ ްނެހިނެހެއ ިރުހ ްށަމުލ ިށޮތުރޭބ ްނުރުތިއެގީމ .ެވެށަމުޔިދްނެގ ްށަޔިރުކ ްނެގިއާއޫރްޝަމ
ރިޢާޔަތްކޮށް، އެންމެ ރަނގަޅުގޮތެއްކަމުގައި މި ރިޕޯޓުގައި ހުށަހަޅާފައިވާނީ މިހާރު ކުރެހުމާ އެއްގޮތަށް ކުރިއަށް ގެންދިއުމެވެ.
މީގެއިތުރުން ބަނދަރު އިތުރަށް ބޮޑުކުރުމަށް ކައުންސިލުންނާއި އެދިޔާރު ހުށަހަޅާފައިވާ ގޮތްތަށް އަޅާކިޔާ، ބަޖެޓު ތަންދޭ ނަމަ
.ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފާޅަހަށުހ ްށަމުރުކުޑޮބ ުރަދނަބ ްށަތާރަފ ްށަތާރަފ ީތަމުރިއ ްށަތޮގާވ ިއަފާޅާހަށުހ ްނުލިސްނުއަކ ުށަރ
ްޓްނަމްޖޭނެމ ްޓްނަމްނަރަޔަވްނެއ ްށަމުރުކްލޯރްޓްނޮކ ިއަލަބ ްއަތުލަދަބ ާދްނުމަންނައ ްށަޓްއެވ ިއަގުކަތާލަހުރަމ ިކެއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ
ޕްލޭނެއް ހުށަހެޅިފައިވާނެއެވެ. މި ޕްލޭނަގައި ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކޮށްފާނެ އަސަރުތަކާއި، ވެއްޓަށް އަންނަ ބަދަލުތައް ސްކްރީން ކުރުމުގަ އި
ބަލާނެ މިންގަނޑު ތަކާއި، ރިޕޯޓްކުރަންޖެހޭ ހާލަތްތަކާއި، ފަރާތްތަކާއި، އެކި ހާލަތްތަކުގައި އަމަލުކުރަންޖެހޭ ގޮތުގެ ތަފްސީލް
.ެވެއެނާވިއަފްށޮކްނާޔަބ
ރިޕޯޓުގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ކޮށްފާނެ އަސަރުތައް ކުރާމިންވަރު ދެނެގަތުމަށާއި، އެފަދަ ކަމަކުން ލިބިދާނެ ގެއްލުން
ކުޑަކުރުމަށާއި، އަދި މި ރިޕޯޓުގައި ބަޔާންކުރެވިފައިނުވާ ކަމެއް ކުރިމަތިވެއްޖެ ޙާލަތެއްގައި އެކަންކަން ދެނެގަތުމަށްޓަކައި މަޝްރޫޢުގެ
ްށަމަކ ެނާވަދޭހ ިއަކަޓްށަމުރުކ ރަޓިނޮމ ުއޫރްޝަމ .ެވެއެވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުރުކްނީރްކްސ ްނަކްނަކ ަދަފިމ ިއަގުކަތާލަޙުރަމ ިކެއ
.ެވެއާޔިފުރ ަކްއަލްއެއ ީނެވެރުކާފަލ
މި މަޝްރޫޢު ހިނގުމަށް ހަމަޖެހިފައިވަނީ މިހާރުވެސް ބަނދަރު ޤާއިމްކުރެވިފައިވާ ސަރަހައްދުގައި ކަމުން، މަޝްރޫޢު ހިންގާ
ުރުތިއ ެނާދިބިލ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ަމަނިފިއަޅައ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ާވިއަފްށޮކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓޯޕިރިމ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ުރަވްސަވުދ
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ްށައިރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ެވުލާމަސ ްށަމަކްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓޯޕިރިމ .ެވެއެނޭވެރުކުދަމ ްއަތްނުލްއެގ ެނޭވެރުކުނަދާއިއ
.ެވެއެނާދިވެރުކަޑުކ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްށަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުކަތުލަދަބ ަދަފުނުވެންނެދ ިއަގީތަމ ަމަނިފްސޮގްނެގ
ިމ ީނާވްނަދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެއުޢޫރްޝަމ ިރުހ ާދިއަފ ުނަހުނ ްށަންނުތިޔްއަރ ީކައުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ ިއަގްއެތޮގަލްމުޖ
ެގުތޮގ ާވްތޮގްއެއ ިއާޔަފަލ ިއާމުމްނިނ ާމްނިނ ްނިއ ީސްނެޖޭއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްޓްނެމަރަޔަވްނެއ ުހަފްށަމުރުކ ާޖާރުމ ްޓޯޕިރ ޭއިއައީއ
.ެވެންނިތަމ
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the EIA
This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report is an evaluation of the potential environmental, socio-economic and natural impacts of the proposed harbour upgrading project at Ihavandhoo Island, Haa Alif Atoll.
This document is submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), by Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure (project proponent) to fulfil the requirements for an EIA under clause 2 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA) of the Maldives (Act number 4/93). EIA regulation (number: 2012/R-27), and the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the EPA (Number: 203-EIARES/471/2019/108) have been used as a basis for preparing this document.
This report provides the background to the proposed project components as well as an assessment of their likely environmental and social impacts, both beneficial and adverse. The proposed enhancement and mitigation measures are outlined where necessary together with an environment management plan and a monitoring programme.
1.2 Project Proponent
The proponent of this project is Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure. The Ministry is the government agency responsible for planning and development of public infrastructure on islands of the Maldives. The ministry is currently implementing a number of harbour development projects across the Maldives.
The address and contact details of the proponent are as follows:
Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure Ameenee Magu Malé, 20392 Republic of Maldives Phone: +960-3004300 Email: [email protected]
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1.3 Project Scope Summary
The objective of the project is the expansion and redevelopment of the existing harbour on Ihavandhoo Island. The following changes and activities are proposed:
a. Expanding the harbour basin b. Reclaiming west side of the harbour basin using dredged material c. Construction a new quay wall to extend the western side of the harbour d. Construction of breakwater, walkway bridge and concrete walkway e. Construction of revetment to protect the newly dredged area f. Construction of groynes on eastern side of harbour The main components of the projects are:
a. Mobilization b. Demolishing c. Dredging and reclamation d. Shore protection measures e. Quay wall construction f. Finishing and demobilization
1.4 Project Rationale
The existing harbour at Ihavandhoo is roughly 410 metres in length and 100 metres wide. There is currently a 540 m long quay wall on the island side which is used for mooring vessels. Harbour is most frequently used by cargo ships, passenger vessels and fishing vessels. Ihavandhoo being an island of great fisheries and commercial activity, harbour in an integral part of the island’s booming economy.
The existing harbour does not have enough space to cater the vast fleet of fishing vessels belonging to the residents of the island. In addition to the fishing vessels, there are many speedboats, cargo vessels and ferries, which need to be moored inside this harbour for various lengths of time, and unless the harbour is expanded, will lead to a crowded basin. As the western quay wall is planned to be extended out by 90 metres, the area behind the wall is to be reclaimed towards the island. This area will be used for loading/unloading and embarkation.
As part of the project, the new harbour basin will be dredged to -3.0m. Additional areas within the harbour basin and channel are to be dredged as part of maintenance dredging.
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The aim of this project is to remedy the harbour usability issues. The sub-objectives of the proposed harbour quay wall construction are to:
1. Extend areas for mooring of marine vessels 2. Facilitate easy loading and unloading of goods 3. Improve existing harbour facilities.
1.5 Project Location
The proposed project site is Ihavandhoo Island, Haa Alif Atoll. Site location map and satellite image is presented in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2 respectively. The table below summarizes some key information about the island.
Table 1.1: Summary of key information about the proposed Island
Island Name Ihavandhoo Island Status Inhabited Location 73°7'35.34” E; 0°40'17.67"S Length About 1 km Width at the widest point About 900 m Land Area (within vegetation) 60 Ha Distance to nearest airport About 35 km to Hanimaadhoo Airport Population 2468 (Census 2014) Other features -
Existing site conditions
The island is heavily urbanized and the entire island is at present occupied for housing and infrastructure with future plots for housing planned.
There is no vegetation cover within the footprint on the areas proposed, except for a few small bushes.
Environmentally sensitive sites in the vicinity
There are no listed sensitive sites within 3 km of the project site. There is no listed environmentally sensitive site on the island.
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Figure 1.1: Location map and sensitive areas near project site
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Figure 1.2: Satelite Image and Aerial Photo of Ihavandhoo
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1.6 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions
The proponent developed the design criteria, and project specifications.
A team of consultants from CDE Consulting undertook this Environmental Impact Assessment.
The contractor of this project is MTCC.
The government agency relevant to this development is Environmental Protection Agency.
1.7 EIA Scope and Terms of Reference
The scope of this EIA is broadly based on the EIA Regulation 2012 (2015/R-157). The assessment more specifically adheres to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on 08th October 2019 (ToR number: 203-EIARES/471/2019/108). A copy of the ToR is attached in Appendix A.
The EIA report contains the following main aspects:
• A description of the proposed changes including the need for the changes, how the these will be undertaken, full description of the relevant parts of the project, methodology used in the assessment, implementation schedules, site plans and summary of project inputs and outputs (Chapter 1 and 2).
• A description of the pertinent national and international legislation, applicable to the project and a demonstration of how the project conforms to these aspects (Chapter 3).
• Information about the existing baseline environmental conditions of the site. These include coastal and marine environment of the site and natural hazard vulnerability of the site (Chapter 4).
• An assessment of the potential impacts during both construction and operational stages of the project as well as identification and cost of the potential mitigation measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts during both construction and operation stages of the project (Chapter 5 & 6).
• Assessment of alternatives for the proposed project (Chapter 7)
• Environment Management Plan (Chapter 8)
• Details of the environmental monitoring plan (Chapter 9).
• Stakeholder Consultation (Chapter 10)
• Potential gaps in information (Chapter 11)
• Main conclusions (Chapter 12)
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1.8 Assessment Methodology
1.8.1 General Approach
This EIA is broadly guided by the EIA Regulation 2012
This report has been prepared to ensure that the significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project at the preconstruction, construction, operation and demobilising stages have been considered and assessed at the project planning phase.
The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of five parts. These are: literature review; field surveys; stakeholder consultations; analysis of results; and compilation of the assessment in the form of a report.
In order to conduct a broad based and inclusive study, the proponent and the consultant have from the onset ensured the exercise is participatory. As such, discussions have been held with community members in the projects area and relevant stakeholders with the assistance and coordination of the proponent.
1.8.2 The Study Area
The area impacted by projects like these can be quite wide particularly when the socio-economic impacts are considered. The study area of this project considers that the entire island and reef system of the island will be affected by the development, and that Ihavandhoo as a whole will experience the bulk of the socio-economic change.
Based on the results of the initial scoping of potential environmental impacts and the identification of sensitive aspects of the environment we have identified the following geographical areas likely to be affected at the various stages of the project.
- During construction temporary and permanent impacts will occur primarily on Ihavandhoo Island’s coastline areas and its reef system. Direct physical impact will be on-site in the area of actual physical interventions. To ensure the impacts are fully covered the entire Ihavandhoo was studied.
- During operation of harbour most impacts will be confined to the area that will be affected by marine vessel movement and mooring
- There will also be induced development impacts due to the project, mainly in the form of positive socio-economic benefits to Ihavandhoo Island. Study area boundary is presented in figure below, and survey locations map for this project is presented in Appendix E.
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Figure 1.3: Study area boundary
1.8.3 Field Observations
Field assessments were undertaken at Ihavandhoo Island from 12th October 2019. Field visits mainly covered water quality, marine life, and coastal conditions of the proposed project sites. Stakeholder consultations were carried out with local businesses, fishermen, boat owners and the Ihavandhoo Island Council
1.8.4 Coastal Processes
Lagoon currents were measured using drogue method.
Wave patterns have to be estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.
Beach Profiles were taken on the eastern beach side of the island. Beach Profiles are attached to Appendix G
1.8.5 Marine Assessments
The aim of this assessment is to establish the baseline condition at the proposed project location. Marine assessments were carried out on 12th October 2019. The sea was calm and the sky was sunny during the survey. The main objectives of this assessment were:
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1. to determine the general status of the reef associated with the island 2. to assess the condition of the marine environment which will be directly impacted by the project 3. to determine the fish species abundance and composition of the reef system
The following sub-sections provide details site, the methodology adapted for this assessment and the results.
Snorkelling Visual Survey
Visual snorkelling surveys were carried out at select locations of the lagoon. General status of these sites was recorded, special attention was given to types of corals and fishes present at these sites and the environmental conditions that could affect growth such as suspended solids, depth, and other threats to coral life.
Fish census
Fish and invertebrate species assemblages and abundance was surveyed using 50 m line transects, whereby the monitor swam along transect and recorded the number and the different species of fish and invertebrates observed within 2.5 m either side of the transect line.
A category-based methodology was adopted to estimate fish abundance and the mean number of fish per category and observation was extracted to estimate species and family abundance. The categories used to estimate abundance: 1: 1, 2: 2 – 4, 3: 5 – 16, 4: 17 – 64, 5: 65 – 256.
Photo Quadrat Survey
The composition of the substrate was assessed by taking twenty high-resolution images every 5 m (pictures covering 0.5 m2 of the seabed) along the same transect line used for the fish surveys. These were later analysed using CPCe. CPCe, or Coral Point Count with excel extension, developed by the National Coral Reef Institute, is software designed to determine coral community coverage and diversity using transect photographs. Underwater photographic frames are overlaid by a matrix of randomly generated points, and the fauna/flora of species or substrate type lying beneath each point is identified. 25 random points per picture were analysed to characterize the substrate composition (sample size: 275 points)
1.8.6 Water Quality
Water quality samples were taken at different locations selected based on proposed development. All marine water samples were collected from 1 m depth using clean 1.5 L PET bottles. Marine water samples were tested for Total suspended solids, pH, Temperature, Salinity and Turbidity.
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Ground Water was also tested using a 700ml glass bottle which was sterilized beforehand. Parameters tested include Temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon.
All water samples were sent to Malé Water and Sewerage (MWSC) Water Quality Assurance Laboratory for testing.
1.8.7 Bathymetry Survey
Bathymetry survey of the site was undertaken by CDE Consulting. The survey was carried on 12th October 2019. The bathymetric survey was conducted using the Sonarmite Echo-sounder coupled with GPS attached to a survey vessel. Vertical control was established by doing a tide observation on site during the surveyed period. The observation was calculated and reduced to the MSL using the predicted tide table provided by Maldives Metrological Service, (UH SEA LEVEL CENTER Data). Predicted tide data of Hanimadhoo tide station was used for the corrections.
The equipment’s used in the survey were:
a. SonarMite 3 echo sounder b. Trimble geo7x handheld GPS c. Dinghy
1.8.8 Terrestrial Survey
The aim of this assessment is to establish the baseline condition of the terrestrial environment at the proposed project location; South side of Ihavandhoo Harbor, Haa Alif Atoll. Terrestrial assessments were carried out on 12th October 2019, and the weather conditions during this period were; calm seas, clear skies and calm winds although a bout of rainfall was experienced on this morning of 13th of October 2019.
The sub-objectives of the assessments include determination of the present terrestrial flora and fauna at the proposed location. Since the study area was relatively small, the site was studied using ground observation walks, along with remote sensing technology to get an aerial view of the site. A vegetation type along the walk was recorded for their abundance and type of species.
1.8.9 Desk Study Review
A literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations 2012, best practices from similar development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.
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1.8.10 Key Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholders for the project were identified during the scoping meeting by the EPA. A request was made with the Island council to arrange a public meeting including the following stakeholders: wholesale and retail traders, fishermen, ferry and cargo boat operator, general public and Island Council.
At the start of the meeting a presentation was given explaining the project details to the stakeholders. Stakeholders were then requested to express their concerns and recommendations regarding the proposed project. Their concerns and responses to these concerns by the Proponent have been included in the report.
1.8.11 Data Analysis
The EIA experts used their experience and knowledge in their respective fields to analyse the data from the previous studies and field visits in order to determine the potential impacts of the proposed projects, the severity of effects arising from these impacts and how any adverse impacts can be best mitigated and positive impacts enhanced. This analysis provides the framework for the recommendations on corrective actions and remedial measures and provides the basis for the formulation of the environmental management plan which forms part of this EIA report.
1.8.12 Report Format
The report format and structure presented here follows the report formatting guidelines issued by the EPA.
1.9 Study Team Members
The team members of this EIA are:
1. Dr. Ahmed Shaig (EIA and coastal environment specialist) 2. Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine environment assessment) 3. Mr. Mohamed Faizan (Marine environment assessment) 4. Mr. Ahmed Mahid (Aerial Imagery and Public Consultation) 5. Mr. Ali Moosa Didi (Bathymetry) 6. Mr. Mohamed Muan (Report Compiling) The curriculum vitae of the EIA consultants is attached in Appendix H of this report.
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1.10 Potential Gaps and Limitations of the Study
1.10.1 Gaps in Information
The environment of Maldives is generally poorly understood. This may be due to the lack of detailed studies in the Maldives. Much of the literature on coral islands is derived from studies done in the Pacific which unfortunately has very different climatic and geologic settings.
Detailed environmental analysis for an EIA is often required to be undertaken in a relatively short period of time. Give the seasonal climatic variations in Maldives and the differences in local geomorphologic and climate settings in individual islands such a short time frame is often too little to assess selected aspects of the environment. This problem is compounded by the absence of long-term studies in other parts of Maldives. Hence, most EIA’s end up being based on an environmental snapshot of specific point in time. However, experienced EIA specialists can deliver a close match to reality based on a number of similar assessments. In this regard, the following gaps could be identified in information.
− Absence of long-term site specific or even regional data (at least 2 years). Most critical data include current, wave and terrestrial modification history. − Absence of historical and long-term records on reef and lagoon environment. − Lack of detailed data on geology and sediments at various layers of borrow site due to time limitation in EIA submission.
These gaps are seriously considered in the assessment and care has been taken to address the issue in designing mitigation measures and the monitoring programme.
1.10.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction
Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As note earlier, there is also no long- term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. It is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.
Project information and planning and background data were not fully prepared or decided during the conduction of this study. However, available documents in connection with data provided particularly the concept plan, experiences of the proponent in other islands, particularly in the numerous harbours developed by MHI, were used as the basis for preparation of this document. Therefore, it will be possible to analyse, implement mitigation and suggest monitoring measures to the most relevant negative impacts.
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Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As noted earlier, there is also no long- term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. However, the level of uncertainty is partially minimised due to the experience of harbour development projects in similar settings in the Maldives. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.
Table 1.2: Limitations of the study
Issue/Item Required Information Current Status / action
Natural Hazard Detailed modelling of future erosion. Data not available at local level; Risks broad level studies undertaken for Maldives was used.
Environmental Historical and long-term records on Baseline snapshots of the site baseline data reef and lagoon environment. taken to design mitigation Detailed data on geology and soil. measures. Estimated based on Long-term site specific or even other similar studies in Maldives. regional data (at least 2 years). Most Snapshot data for currents taken; critical data include current, wave and sediment movement history. Primary data collection will be Socio-economic data of Ihavandhoo island. time consuming; Secondary sources will be used.
Environmental Environmental Standards for Air and USEPA standards followed. Standards Noise Quality.
Wave Modelling Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; data. no facilities in Maldives to undertake high level modelling.
Current Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; Modelling data. no facilities in Maldives to undertake high level modelling.
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Issue/Item Required Information Current Status / action
Sediment plume Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; dispersal data. no facilities in Maldives to modelling undertake high level modelling.
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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Outline and Key Features
The proposed project aims to expand the existing harbour by the extension of western quay wall, construction of new quay wall and breakwater on the seaward side and providing sufficient area for harbour facilities for marine vessels and users of the Ihavandhoo island harbour.
The project components are divided into the following activities:
Preliminary Works
1. Mobilization 2. Worker accommodation and worksite setup 3. Environmental mitigation measures set up and site set out 4. Demolition of existing breakwater
Dredging harbour basin
5. Maintenance dredging within the basin and channel within the shallow areas 6. Dispose dredge waste as land reclamation and for backfilling Breakwater and revetment Construction
7. Construct temporary sand beds 8. Import armour rock 9. Construction of 28m armour rock breakwater structure type 1 10. Construction of 266m armour rock breakwater structure type 2 11. Construction of 25.5m armour rock breakwater structure type 3 12. Construction of revetments of total length 178m 13. Construction of groynes on the eastern side of the harbour
Quay wall Construction
14. Construction of 90 m new quay wall using concrete L-blocks on the western side
15. Construction of 20 m quay wall behind breakwater
16. Construction of 8m bridge
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17. Construction of ramp 18. Constructing pavement (includes installation of settlement tanks, stormwater drainage pipes and streetlights)
19. Construction of navigation light and mooring buoys Demobilization
20. Finishing work 21. Clearing waste 22. Demobilizing equipment and workers 23. Dismantling temporary facilities A reduced version of the project site is shown in figure 2.1. The approved project site plan is attached in Appendix B.
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Figure 2.1: Site plan
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2.2 Detailed Project Outline and Work Methodology
2.2.1 Mobilization and Equipment and Materials
This component involves the mobilization of construction equipment, materials and workforce to the island and providing necessary storage of materials and site access and services for the workforce. This activity has its environmental consequences including transport-related impacts, and workforce related impacts.
All site mobilization and construction related activities would be undertaken in a planned manner in order to avoid excessive cost and environmental implications.
Prior to commencement of site works, an in-survey will be carried out to confirm the existing site levels and extent of any existing services and the condition of the existing environment. Mobilization will be carried out using barges capable of carrying 3500 T and tug boats. All immobile items will be loaded onto barges either my crane or self-driven. It is expected that 2 tug and barge journeys will be required to fully mobilize the site including machineries and other temporary facilities
Mobilization is estimated to take approximately 60 days. Key equipment and machinery that will be mobilized are:
Table 2.1: List of key machinery and equipment
Equipment/Machinery Quantity Excavator 365 / Crane 55 tons 1 Excavator 330 1 Wheel loader 1 Trucks 3 Concrete mixer 2 Welding Genset 20 KVA 1 Survey Equipment 1 Diesel Tank 10,000L 1 Water Tank 5000L 1 Workshop Container 1 Office Container 1
Unloading of barges at the site will be done using cranes and excavators. Backhoe excavator on the anchored barge will dredge an area to construct a sand bund between the barge and the beach. Vehicles on the barge will use this pathway to drive onto the island to drive down vehicles that will be used for the project and deploy the excavators in the lagoon. All the equipment and material setup will be placed in at contractors’ site in secure containers of strategically delivered to the site to be used in construction without the need for storage.
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2.2.2 Demolishing existing structures
The project requires demolishing the existing breakwater. A total of 264 m of breakwater may have to be removed. About 7000 cbm of demolition waste is expected. This material is expected to be used as a breakwater core before putting the armour rock in place to construct the new breakwater. Alternatively, the material may be crushed using and excavator used for backfilling behind the new quay wall.
2.2.3 Dredging
This component involves carrying out maintenance dredging of the existing harbour basin and channel.
Dredging of harbour basin is to be undertaken to -3 m MSL and channel to -4 m MSL. Preliminary analysis of bathymetry data shows that the amount of areas to be dredged within the existing footprint is very limited as most areas in the existing basin already have the minimum required depth of -3 m MSL.
Dredge Area Design Details
Given the existing depths, it is anticipated that the dredge material will be coming from deepening the new harbour basin. Dredge depth will be -3 m MSL.
Details of the existing harbour basin and reef entrance is provided below.
Table 2.2: Details of estimated volumes
Feature Specification Harbour basin maintenance dredging and expansion Design dredge depth -3 to -4 m MSL Area of the extended basin ~13,000 m2 Area of maintenance dredging ~40,300 m2 Estimated volume ~21,300 cbm
The design criteria for dredging are as follows:
− Entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.5 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL).
− Layout shall ensure minimum sediment accumulation at the entrance channel to allow for a maintenance-dredging period of not less than 5 years.
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− The channel should allow two-way traffic for light crafts used in the Maldives for passenger and cargo; a width of 25 m has been specified as currently exists on site.
− Channel profile should be sloped on the sides with a range from 1:2 to 1:3.
Dredge Waste Disposal
The material excavated is expected to be between coarse sand with seagrass debris.
It is proposed to dispose the material for backfilling and reclamation on either of the harbour as shown on Figure 2.1. Any remaining material are to be stockpiled on the newly reclaimed area.
Details of the dredge volume disposal locations are summarised below.
Table 2.3: Details of original reclamation requirements
Site Area (sq. m) Elevation (m) Est. Volume (cbm) Reclamation areas ~5200 +1.5 21,300
There are no plans to undertake additional dredging for reclamation as the reclamation works is tied to dredge waste disposal. Hence, if there is a shortage, the land area reclaimed will be reduced. This aspect is explored in the Alternatives Chapter.
Work Method
Dredging will begin from the south side of the harbour using CAT 330 excavators.
The excavator will dredge and move forward over a sand bed made out of the dredged materials. Excess material on the sand bed will be loaded by another excavator or Loader to dump trucks and taken to the reclamation area where it will be spread and levelled by loader. Initial focus will be on stockpiling material for backfilling. Shaping the reclamation area will be undertaken after sheet piling and backfilling is completed. Backfilling may begin before sheet piling is placed to all for faster construction when piling attachments are placed on land. Alternatively piling may be undertaken using a barge. A final decision is to be made the contractor on site.
Initially, Excavator will move from inner side of the harbour to outer side until the dredge boundary of the outer side is reached.
Maintenance dredging will need to be undertaken with an excavator mounted on a barge. Dredge material will need to be transported to the disposal site on the barge and then on trucks.
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Justifications
Maintenance dredging is required as part of improving useability of the harbour basin. Only the necessary areas (as in the design specifications) will be dredged. Dredging is necessary in the shallow extension area in order to construct the needed harbour extension
The dredging technology proposed is excavator mounted on sand bed due to the small scale of the project.
The proposed harbour basin shape has been determined by MNPI based on the Ministry’s internal design requirements, possibly to reduce the total length of quaywall.
2.2.4 Shore protection measures installation
This component involves constructing breakwater and a quay wall behind it to create calm basin. A bridge to allow access to the breakwater. In addition, 4 groynes will be constructed on eastern side of the harbour to prevent erosion and movement of sand into the harbour basin.
Design Details
Details of the existing breakwater, groynes and revetments are provided below.
Table 2.4: Details of breakwater and revetment
Feature Specification Breakwater No. of breakwater units 3 Length of units 226m 25.5m 28m Total Length 279.5m Elevation +2.0 m, +2.50m MSL Material Armour rock Revetment No of units 1 Total estimated length 178 m Elevation +1.8 m MSL Material Armour rock Groyne No of units 4 Total estimated length 200m Elevation +1.8 m MSL Material Armour rock
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Work Method
For the breakwater construction, rock boulders are transported to harbour site from overseas by tug and barge. Rock will be unloaded to a temporarily reclaimed section.
A setting-out survey will be conducted to mark the location of breakwater by means of GI pipes or iron bars. A temporary sand bed will be constructed parallel to the breakwater unit. Rock boulders will be carried to the breakwater location by dump trucks which will be loaded by excavators. Initially rock boulders will be laid along the breakwater line to make a bed over which dump trucks can move.
Where required the demolition waste from existing breakwater will be used as a base. A geotextile layer might be placed between the demolished material and the armour rock.
Once the far end is reached, breakwater profiling will begin from the far end by following a metal profile template made during the setting out survey. The template will be fixed at the far end so that operators can follow it while profiling. Site supervisor will randomly check the progressing work by using a level meter to ensure that deign profile is met. Dump trucks will supply rock boulders as needed during construction. The excavator will continue profiling until the complete length of the breakwater is reached.
Prior to revetment construction, the area will be reclaimed and levelled. Shoreline in the revetment area will be sloped according to the design profile after which a geotextile layer will be spread over. An excavator will carry out rock boulder installation over the geotextile layer to the design slope and height. Rocks are expected to be reused from the material demolished from the existing revetment. Additional rocks will be imported.
Justifications
The additional breakwater is required to reduce effect of waves as to provide safe berthing for vessels in the basin area.
The revetment has to be installed as a coastal erosion defence in the newly reclaimed area, which will also offer stability for the quay wall as well as the reclaimed land.
The proposed groynes are to be installed as a coastal protection measure for the eastern side and to prevent movement of sediment into the harbour basin.
The proposed use the armour rock material is due to durability and Government policy to standardise breakwater construction material.
Excavators have been preferred as they will be mobilized for dredging activity.
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2.2.5 Construction of quay wall
This component involves construction of a 90 m long quay wall on the western side of the basin and 20m long quay wall behind the breakwater The quay wall will be constructed using precast L-sections.
Design Details
The quay wall design concept is summarized in Figure 2.2 below.
Figure 2.2: quay wall design concept
The proposed design uses L-blocks, anchored using anchor blocks. The anchor blocks will use precast concrete blocks. Tiebacks will be done after backfilling. The basin will be dredged to a depth of the -3 MSL. Toe of the retaining wall will be 750mm below the seabed. Top of the retaining wall is at +1.5 above MSL. Paving will be undertaken on the platform areas behind the retaining wall.
Work Method
Setting out of the quay wall line will be carried out using total station.
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L blocks will be casted at the precast yard established at the site. Before placing the precast L blocks, seabed will be levelled using an excavator and a rotator laser will be used to check the levels. Pre-cast units will be lifted and installed using 45T crawler crane. Prefabricated guide will be installed on the unit and the next unit will be installed with the assistance of the guide. After installation of units, 4-5 days will be given for each unit for initial settlement.
Alternative units will be anchored. Precast concrete anchor blocks measuring 300x800mm will be used
Justification
The quay wall will extend the existing basin area using concrete blocks along the length of the basin. Mooring of vessels and mounting and dismounting is difficult due to limited berthing area in the harbour. Furthermore, the small berthing area in the existing harbour basin area increases likelihood of accidents during harbor use. The proposed quay wall will extend the existing quay wall and will make it easier and safer for more boats to access and use the harbour. Furthermore, as the quay wall will be constructed, it will stabilize the area mitigate any erosion occurring in the area.
2.2.6 Paving and finishing
A pavement will be constructed using concrete blocks adjacent to the new quay wall (165m). The crawler will be used to place the concrete blocks.
Mooring hooks will be installed along the new harbour area and cast within the capping beam.
Additional road lights and stairs were not confirmed but were being negotiated at the time the EIA report was compiled. Navigation beacons will be installed at the reef entrance.
2.2.7 Demobilisation
Demobilisation and site clearance will be the final activity of the construction program. This activity will commence upon completion of all construction activities, and is expected to take 20 days. All debris on site will be cleared before demobilization.
2.1 Project Schedule
Project activities will commence after the EPA issues EIA permit.
The project is expected to completed and handed over within 400 days from the start of the project activities. Appendix D shows the preliminary work plan.
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2.1 Labour Requirement
The project team will comprise of the following members.
Table 2.4: List of key machinery and equipment
Labour requirement No Site Engineer 1 Supervisor 1 Surveyor 2 Skilled workers 10 Foreman 1 Unskilled workers 6 Total 21
2.1.1 Labour Accommodation
The contractor will be responsible for providing adequate accommodation for the project team. Contractor plans to rent houses in the island to arrange accommodation. If required, temporary accommodation may be established on site in purpose designed containers.
2.2 Utilities
Electricity to the project site will be obtained from Generators taken to site. Alternatively, it may be sourced from government electricity provider on the Island. Power requirement is moderately low at the site.
Water and sanitation facilities will be provided for construction workers from the existing facilities on the Island
2.3 Waste management, logistics and safety measures
Major categories of waste that is anticipated to be generated during this project include, demolition waste, dredge waste, waste oil, packaging waste and waste arising from material consumption by construction workers.
It is the responsibility of the contractor to dispose all construction-related waste during demobilization, along with any other waste. The contractor will be required to clear all areas of work.
All construction waste that can be reused will be disposed at a site agreed between the City Council and Contractor (See Alternatives Chapter). If no agreement can be reached due to cost reasons, all remaining waste will be transported to Thilafushi.
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All hazardous and waste oil generated by the project will be disposed as per the approved standards of the Environment Ministry.
2.3.1 Health and Safety Measures
The following health and safety measures will be implemented in execution of the project.
• Proponent and contractor will ensure that Health and Safety procedures are complied with at all times • Construction area will be closed off for any unauthorized entry, with proper barricades, warning signs, and warning devices. • Fire extinguishing equipment will be readily available and employees will be trained in its use prior to commencement of construction works. • Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left free standing. All welding and cutting works will be carried out with all safety measures by experienced personnel. • All construction activities will be carried out under the supervision of suitably experienced person. • All reasonable precautions will be taken for safety of employees, and competent personnel will operate any special equipment • All necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. • First aid kit will be available on site • All underwater works will be carried out by suitably trained, and certified scuba diver with all necessary safety precautions
2.4 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs
The types of materials that will go into the development and from where and how these will be obtained are given in Table 2.6, and the types of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to the outputs are given in table 2.7.
Table 2.6: Major project inputs
Input Resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resource(s) Skilled local and/or foreign Construction workers Contractor staff workers (19 persons) Qualified and experienced Engineers and Site engineers and site supervisors Contractor staff supervisors (2 persons)
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Sand, cement, aggregate, river sand and steel, armour rock geotextile, rebar, Mooring Import and purchase where locally Construction material rings, Sheet Piles, MS available channels, washers, tie rods, navigation lights and paving blocks Import or purchase where locally Navigation lights, harbour Maintenance material available lights and paving blocks
Sand for backfilling and Dredge waste From maintenance dredging reclamation Drinking water (bottled water). Domestic use (workers): well water or piped water Fenanka supplies, groundwater, and Water supply Construction purpose: small bottled water 10-ton water plant or 500 litre water tanks filled with water supplied from service provider Government electricity provider or Electricity/Energy Diesel temporary power plant. Dive gear Scuba dive gear Contractor to provide Surveying equipment Surveying equipment Contractor to provide Excavator CAT 330; Excavator CAT 365; Wheel Construction equipment loader; Trucks; Welding Contractor to provide Geneset; Compactor; Concrete mixer
Table 2.7: Major project outputs
Output Quantity How it will be dealt with Source/Type Reused to backfill behind the quay Dredge waste 21,400 cbm wall and reclamation Used as core material for breakwater or backfilling behind 7000 cbm from breakwaters the new quaywall Demolition waste To be left as it is by demolishing
the top 1 m where possible; else used for backfilling after crushing.
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Barrelled and sent to the nearest Waste oil Small quantities designated waste management site Barrelled and sent to the nearest Hazardous waste Small quantities designated waste management site. Sent to the nearest designated waste Food waste Small quantities management site Plastic and Sent to the nearest designated waste Small quantities packaging waste management site Transported to Thilafushi upon Steel waste Small quantities demobilization
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3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
These legal and policy provisions have to be fully respected in carrying out the proposed development. All contractors and sub-contractors will be informed of these requirements. This project conforms to all relevant laws and regulations of the Maldives.
3.1 Relevant Environmental Legislation
3.1.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)
The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) enacted on 19 March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
Articles 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the law are relevant to the harbour extension project in Ihavandhoo Island.
Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities
The project proponent and contractors shall abide by any guidelines or advice given by the concerned Government authorities for the project.
Article 4 states that the Ministry of Environment shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protections and preservation.
The project developers and contractors shall ensure that there is no negative impact from the proposed project on sensitive environments in the vicinity or protected species.
According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment.
According to Article 5 (b), The Ministry of Environment shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause.
This report is prepared to fulfil this clause.
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According to Article 6, the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation
Project proponent and contractors shall be aware of this provision and contractors shall take all practical measures to ensure there is no irreversible and significant negative impact of the projects on the environment
Article 7 of the EPPA (4/93) states that any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. In cases where the disposal of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.
All project contractors shall comply with the Environmental Management Plan presented in this report, which specifies how the wastes, oil and gases generated by the project will be disposed.
Article 8 of the EPPA (4/93) states that Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Waste that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country.
Any hazardous wastes that may be generated from this project shall be transferred to the designated waste site in Thilafushi for disposal according to Government regulations and standards. It should not be disposed on the Island, as it does not have the necessary facility
3.1.2 Employment Act (Act no. 2/2008)
The Employment Act is the legal framework to govern the rights and responsibilities of the migrant workers in the Maldives is included in the Employment Act (2/2008) that was ratified and signed into law in May 2008. The Employment Act provides for the creation of a Labour Relations Authority, an Employment Tribunal and an Advisory Board on wages.
To date, four amendments have been brought to the Employment Act (2/2008). All contractors shall be required to undertake ethical recruitment and responsible employment of workers during the construction stage of the project.
During the operation stage an ethical recruitment and responsible employment policy and system will be developed and implemented and amendments were made through the following Acts: 14/2008; 12/2010; 3/2014; 14/2015.
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All contractors shall be required to undertake ethical recruitment and responsible employment of workers during the construction stage of the project.
3.1.3 Immigration Act (Act no. 1/2007)
The Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007) lays down the rules for entry, departure and deportation of foreign nationals. Article 15 of the Act provides for work visa: the permit to remain in the Maldives for the duration of a work permit granted to a foreign national visiting the Maldives for the purpose of working, where a work permit has been obtained by that foreign national consistent with the regulations of the concerned Government authority.
It is anticipated that skilled foreign migrant workers will be employed during the construction stage of the project. Special emphasis will need to be given to ensure that all workers have the relevant work visas and proper documentation while working in the Maldives.
3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines
3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012
Environmental Impact Assessment regulations were issued by Environment Ministry on 8 May 2012. The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an EIA or not. Based on this decision, the Ministry then decides the scope of the EIA, which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The consultants then undertake the EIA starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. This report follows the principles and procedures for EIA outlined in the EIA regulations.
The EIA report is reviewed by MEE following which an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who will have to implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the Ministry. The project proponent is committed to implement all impact mitigation measures that are specified in this EIA report. Furthermore, the proponent is committed to environmental monitoring and shall fulfil environmental monitoring requirements that may be specified in the EIA decision note as a condition for project approval.
This report complies with the EIA regulations.
3.2.2 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9)
This law is pursuant to Article 22 of national constitution that states that protection, preservation and maintenance of the Maldivian natural environment, the richness of the living species, the natural resources and the beauty of the Maldives for the present generations as well as for the
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This regulation is also pursuant to Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93). The regulation is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the rules and regulations and give guidance to those who are involved in the implementation process of the regulations pursuant to Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93).
One of the key objectives of the environmental liability regulation is also to practice polluter-pay- principles in the Maldives.
All project developer and contractors shall be aware of this provision and contractors shall take all practical measures to ensure that all relevant laws and regulations, and the EMP proposed in this EIA is followed.
3.2.3 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation
The regulation of Dredging and Land Reclamation was published on 2 April 2013 with the aim of minimising environmental impacts associated with dredging activities in islands and reefs across Maldives.
− The regulation defines the rationales acceptable for dredging as those related to approved development activities on inhabited islands and economic islands. It defines that those activities should be if utmost necessity for dredging to be considered.
− All dredging and reclamation activities must be approved by EPA in writing. The process includes the submission of project information to EPA along with a scaled before and after map.
The regulation defines rationales for reclamation as those absolutely necessary for social, economic or safety purpose.
− Dredging is restricted in the following areas: o 500 m from the ocean side reef edge o 50 m from any island vegetation line o An environmentally sensitive site
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− Land reclamation is restricted within 200 m of a sensitive area.
− Land reclamation cannot exceed 30% of the house reef area.
The proposed dredging falls within restricted area identified in the regulation: 50 m from the islands vegetation line. However, as this is already an extension of an existing harbour basin, it is recommended for the proponent to further discuss with the EPA as per section 13 sub-section D of the regulation as this project has important economic and social implications to the island.
3.2.4 Waste Management Regulation 2013
Waste Management Regulation (WMR) was published on August 2013 and came into effect in February 2014. It is implemented by EPA. The aim of WMR is to implement the national waste policy, which contains specific provisions to:
− Implement measures to minimize impacts on human health
− Formulate and implement waste management standards
− Implement an integrated framework for sustainable waste management
− Encourage waste minimisation, reuse and recycling
− Implement Polluter-Pays Principle
− Introduce Extended Producer Responsibility WMR contains four main sections:
− Waste management standards: Defines standards for waste collection, transfer, treatment, storage, waste site management, landfills and managing hazardous waste.
− Waste management Permits: Defines approval procedures for waste sites
− Waster transfer: Standards and permits required for waste transport on land and sea, including trans-boundary movements.
− Reporting requirements: Defines reporting and monitoring requirements and procedures.
− Enforcement: Defines procedures to implement WRM and penalties for non- compliance. The proponent shall use registered vessels under this regulation for transporting waste to nearest designated waste management site.
The proponent should also ensure compliance from the subcontractors in handling and transport of waste from the island to the designated waste site
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3.2.5 Compliance
In general, the proposed developments are in compliance with the laws and regulations described above. Where there is a special requirement to comply, the EMP identifies measures and mechanisms required to comply
3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note
The most important environmental permit to initiate project work would be a decision regarding this EIA. The EIA Decision Note, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in which the project activities must be undertaken. This EIA report assists decision makers in understanding the existing environment and potential impacts of the project. Therefore, the Decision Note may only be given to the Proponent after a review of this document following which the Ministry may request for further information or provide a decision if further information is not required. In some cases, where there are no major environmental impacts associated with the project, the Ministry may provide the Decision Note while at the same time requesting for further information.
3.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation Permit
Prior to any coastal work that requires dredging or reclamation, a special permit has to be taken from the EPA. A specific form published by EPA has to be completed and submitted for the approval. EIA application form will only be accepted when the form is submitted with the costal modification approval given by EPA in writing.
Dredging and Reclamation approval for this project will be issued by EPA at the time of issuing the Decision Note.
3.3.3 Ministry of Environment and Energy
The Ministry of Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to EPA. All aspects related to EIA process are now transferred to Ministry of Tourism. However, implementations of all other relevant environment regulations are within the mandate of Ministry of Environment.
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3.3.4 Atoll Council
Under the Decentralization Act, Haa Alif Atoll has an elected Atoll Council located on Dhihdhoo Island. The Haa Alif Atoll Council Office is the main focal point of Government Ministries and they co-ordinate and liaises with Government Ministries and elected island councils on all issues relating to the Atoll.
A copy of this EIA will have to be submitted to the Ha Alif Atoll Council prior to submission to the Environment Protection Agency. The letter of receipt is attached to Appendix K.
3.4 Guiding Policies and Documents
3.4.1 National Environmental Action Plan II (NEAP II)
The aim of NEAP II is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage the country’s natural resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
Accordingly, the key strategies of the NEAP II are:
− Continuous assessment of the state of the environment in the Maldives, including impacts of human activities on land, atmosphere, freshwater, lagoons, reefs and the ocean; and the effects of these activities on human well-being
− Development and implementation of management methods suitable for the natural and social environment of the Maldives and maintain or enhance environmental quality and protect human health, while at the same time using resources on a sustainable basis
− Ensure stakeholder participation in the decision making process by consultation and collaboration with all relevant sectors of society
− Preparation and implementation of comprehensive national environmental legislation in order to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment
− Adhering to international and regional environmental conventions and agreements and implementation of commitments embodied in such conventions. Furthermore, NEAP II specifies priority actions in the following areas:
− Climate change and sea level rise; coastal zone management; Biological diversity conservation; integrated reef resources management;
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− Integrated water resources management;
− Management of solid waste and sewerage;
− Pollution control and management of hazardous waste;
− Sustainable tourism development;
− Land resources management and sustainable agriculture
− Human settlement and urbanization.
3.4.2 Waste Management Policy
The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:
− Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;
− Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectorial collaboration;
− Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste. The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy
3.5 International Conventions
3.5.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”. The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value. Therefore, it is unlikely there will be a major loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensure that silt screens are used during dredging works, construction of the jetty and breakwaters to minimise any impact on the marine biodiversity.
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4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Physical Environment
4.1.1 Meteorology
4.1.1.1 Climate
The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. The average temperature ranges between 25°C to 30°C and relative humidity varies from 73 percent to 85 percent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1,948 mm. As Maldives lies on the equator, Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Significant variation is observed in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls. On average southern atolls receive 2704 hours of sunshine each year. Table 4.1 provides a summary of key meteorological findings for Maldives.
Table 4.1: Key Meteorological information of the Maldives
Parameter Data Average Rainfall 9.1mm/day in May, November; 1.1mm/day in February Maximum Rainfall 184.5 mm/day in October 1994 Average air 30.0 °C in November 1973; 31.7 °C in April temperature Extreme Air 34.1 °C in April 1973; 17.2 °C in April 1978 Temperature Average wind speed 3.7 m/s in March; 5.7 m/s in January, June Maximum wind speed W 31.9 m/s in November 1978 Average air pressure 1012 mb in December; 1010 mb in April
The climate of Maldives is characterised by the monsoons of the Indian Ocean. Monsoon wind reversal significantly affects weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed in Maldives: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
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4.1.1.2 Winds
The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoon seasons. The two monsoons are considered mild given that Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and line squalls can occur, usually in the period May to July. During stormy conditions gusts of up to 60 knots have been recorded at Male’.
Wind has been uniform in speed and direction over the past twenty-plus monsoon seasons in the Maldives (Naseer, 2003). Wind speed is usually higher in central region of Maldives during both monsoons, with a maximum wind speed recorded at 18 ms-1 for the period 1975 to 2001. Mean wind speed as highest during the months May and October in the central region. Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003).
Winds recorded at Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center indicates that strong winds generally approach from the WNW to NW quadrant (see Figure 4.1). Strong winds generally approach during the SW monsoon with mean wind speed of up to 13 Knots (See Figure 4.2 and 4.3). Direction of wind changes predominantly from north-east in the northeast monsoon to west and north-west in the southwest monsoon and variable direction of wind are experienced in the monsoon transition periods (see Table 4.2).
Table 4.2 Summary of General Wind Conditions from Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center
Season Month Wind NE - Monsoon December Predominantly from E. January High Speeds from N - E February Transition Period 1 March From NW to NE. April High Speeds from NW. SW - Monsoon May Mainly from WNW. June High Speeds from W. July August September Transition Period 2 October Mainly from WNW to NE November High Speeds from W
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Figure 4.1: Year Wind Frequency Recorded at Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center.
Figure 4.2 and 4.3 shows the description of wind speeds and predominant monthly directions for the period between 1994 and 2004.
Figure 4.2 Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Center (1994-2004)
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Figure 4-3:Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Centre (1994 – 2004)
The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives (UNDP, 1006) reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years and only one event over the central Maldives. All of these events were of Category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993. Ihavandhoo Island is located in the zone with the lowest risk from cyclone-related hazards. (UNDP, 2006).
The project site is expected to receive regular annual strong winds during the peak SW monsoon and NE monsoon.
4.1.1.3 Rainfall
The annual average rainfall for Maldives is 2,124mm. Southern atolls on average receive 2299.3 mm while northern atolls receive 1,786mm of rainfall annually. Lowest annual rainfall recorded in the last 30 years is 1346 mm in 2002 at Hanimaadhoo Airport in Haa Dhaalu Atoll and the highest rainfall is 3185 mm in 1978 at Gan Airport in Addu Atoll. The highest rainfall recorded within 24 hours to date is 220 mm on 9 July 2002 at Kaadedhdhoo Airport, in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. (Meteorology, 2006).
Ihavandhoo Island is located in a comparatively lower rainfall region of the Maldives. The mean annual rainfall in Hanimaadhoo Meteorological Station, as noted above, is 1346 mm with a Standard Deviation of 316.4 mm. Rainfall varies throughout the year with mean highest rainfall during May, June and July and lowest between January and March (See Figure 4.4).
Year to year variation in Hanimaadhoo is moderately large and it varies from +23.2% in 1992 to –26% in 2002 as shown in Figure 4.5 below. There have been 3 specific years in the recorded meteorological data where rainfall has deviated over 20% of the mean values. These variations are
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|40 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll often caused by significant rainfall events rather than an equally distributed increase in monthly rainfall. Fluctuation of rainfall in Maldives mostly depends upon general monsoon conditions and movements of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) with embedded disturbances and frequency of thunderstorms (UNDP, 2006).
Mean Monthly Rainfall 350
300
250
200
150
100 Mean Rainfall (mm) Rainfall Mean 50
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Month
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hanimaadhoo (1992-2004)
Variation in Annual Rainfall 2500
2000
1500
1000 Rainfall mm
500
0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year
Figure 4.5: Variations in Annual Rainfall – Hanimaadhoo Island
Probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for 24 a hour period is an important parameter for designing drainage system or development activities that may alter the topography. The Disaster Risk profile of Maldives (UNDP, 2006) gives the PMP values for Hanimaadhoo as provided in Table 4.3, which is the highest for any part of Maldives.
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The Disaster Risk Profile Report calculates the PMP by fitting a theoretical distribution to the extreme daily rainfall for three stations using Gumbel’s type I extreme value distribution (EVD) function. The EVD is then used to estimate the probabilities and the return period of rainfall for 50-, 100-, 200- and 500-years.
Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hanimaadhoo
Station Return Period Name 50 year 100 year 200 year 500 year Gan 141.5 151.8 162.1 175.6 Source (UNDP, 2006) It would be possible to identify threshold levels for heavy rainfall for a 24 hour period in Ihavandhoo, which could cause flooding or disruptions to operations. However, it does require observation of historic, daily rainfall data which at present is unavailable.
4.1.1.4 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28°C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967-1995 was 30.4°C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7°C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1°C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7°C, the next highest being 32.6°C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7°C was recorded in July 1992.
There is considerable inter annual variability in extreme temperatures for Hulhulé as shown in Figure 4.6. A maximum temperature of at least 33.5oC is rare at Hulhulé and has a return period of 20 years (Hay, 2006).
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Figure 4.6: Maximum temperature by year in Hulhulé, 1975 – 2005 (Hay, 2006)
4.1.2 Hydrology
4.1.2.1 Tidal Pattern
Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal. Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tidal variations are referred to the standard station at Hulhulé Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Hulhulé is approximately 1.1 m. There is also a 0.2 m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1 m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1 m during September to November. Table 4.4 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhulé, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site.
Table 4.4: Tidal Variations at Hulhule International Airport
Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.66 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.39 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.24 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.12 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.32 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.81
The predicted tide curve for the period for the month of April 2017 at Hulhule is presented in Figure below.
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Figure 4.7: Predicted tides, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives
4.1.2.2 Wave Conditions
There are two major types of waves observed along the islands of Maldives. The first type is wave generated by local monsoon wind with a period of 3-8 seconds and the second type is swells generated by distance storms with a period of 14-20 seconds [Kench et. al (2006), DHI (1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000), Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b)]. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves, which are typically strongest during April-July in the southwest monsoon period. Wave data for Male and Hulhulé between June 1988 and January 1990 (Lanka Hydraulics 1988a & 1998b) shows that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for June was 1.23 m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. The maximum recorded Hs for July was 1.51 m with a Tm of 7.74s. The mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0s and the peak wave periods were within 8.0 – 13.0s.
Waves studies around Maldives have identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a southerly direction Kench et. al (2006), Young (1999), DHI (1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000) and Naseer (2003). The timing of the long-distance swell waves is associated with the South Indian Ocean storm activity (Young 1999). Waves generated from abnormal events could also travel against the predominant swell propagation patterns (Goda, 1998), causing flooding on the eastern and southern islands of Maldives (UNDP, 2009). The island is exposed to periodic swell waves approaching from the SE. These waves can refract on the reef of the island to directly impact the project site. Swell wave activity may be strongest during the peak SW monsoon. The timing of the project will therefore be crucial and it may be necessary to implement measures to protect the site from these waves.
The proposed site is exposed to swell waves approaching from the SE. The swells are generally present throughout the year but increases in intensity between June and August. The timings of these waves usually coincide with Southwest monsoon and occur between May and November with peak periods between June to October.
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Based on existing wave and wind data, the predicted wave patterns around the island are summarized in Figure 4.8.
Due to the geography of the island, the project site directly is exposed to year-round swells from the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, the isolated nature of the island and the atoll allows a wide fetch for SW and NE monsoon swells. The island is exposed to swell waves throughout the year with intensity increasing between June and October.
Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda 1988). The swell waves of height 3 m that flooded Male’ and Hulhulé’ in 1987 are said to have originated from a low-pressure system off west coast of Australia. In addition, Maldives has recently been subject to an earthquake-generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than 1 occasion, most notable has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Karakatoa (Choi et al., 2003).
In addition to swell waves, islands of the Maldives are also exposed to storm surges associated with localised storms and cyclonic events (UNDP 2009). However, the Disaster Risk Assessment report (UNDP, 2006), reported that Ihavandhoo island is located at a moderate storm surge hazard zone with a maximum probably maximum storm surge of 0.60 m.
4.1.2.3 Currents
In general, currents which affect the sea areas around the islands reef system can be the result of one or more of tidal currents, wind-induced currents and wave-induced currents. It is presumed that generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds. Westward flowing currents are dominant from January to March with the change in current flow pattern taking place in April and December (Kench et. al, 2006). In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent. Hence, currents within the site are very likely to be heavily influenced by the monsoons. However, these measurements will be affected by the tide cycle as well.
Current measurements were undertaken on the island during field visits (SW monsoon) during daytime low tide. Generally, long-term studies are required to establish the prevailing site-specific current patterns. However, due to time limitations of the present study a snapshot assessment was undertaken using drogue technique. Measured current flow at the site is provided in Appendix E.
These measurements should be treated with caution as it represents data for a single day and was observed only in a one-hour window. Prolonged measurements over two seasons are required to provide exact values of current speed.
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4.1.3 Water Quality Assessment
The primary objective of the marine water quality assessment was to determine the present conditions of the marine water around the project site.
The water samples were submitted to the Male’ Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) for analysis on the 05th August 2019
Al the parameters analysed were within the optimum recommended range.
Table 4.5: Water Quality Results for seawater samples, October 2019
Optimal Results Parameter Range SW1 SW2 GW1 (EPA) Clear with Clear with Clear Physical appearance particles particles
Temperature (Celsius)* 23.4 23.9 23.9 pH 8.21 8.13 7.64 Turbidity (NTU) 0.223 0.975 0.147 Salinity (%) 34.38 34.38 0.3 Total Suspended Solids <5 <5 Total Dissolved Solids 314 Dissolved Oxygen 9.38 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon <0.036 *ex-situ reading
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Figure 4.8: Estimated wave conditions around Ha. Ihavandhoo
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Figure 4.9: Currents measurement at Ha. Ihavandhoo on the 13-10-2019
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4.1.4 Coastal Assessment
The only coastal modifications observed on the island were on the southern side. These include the existing harbour and the breakwater. Severe erosion was observed on the north side of the island. Seasonal erosion and accretion patterns are shown Figure 4.15 below. The surveyed low tide and vegetation lines are presented in Appendix F. Survey results have been summarized in survey location map in Appendix E. The vegetation line and low tide line are also identified in this map. A pictorial summary of the coastal conditions in the immediate vicinity are presented below.
Figure 4.10: Beach towards east of the existing harbour
Figure 4.11: Eastern shorline near fibre workshops
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Figure 4.12: Western end of the existing harbour where quay wall will be extended
Figure 4.12: Looking towards east from the existing harbour
Figure 4.13: Looking towards west from the eastern section of the existing harbour
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Figure 4.14: Estimated monsoonal erosion accretion pattern
4.1.5 Bathymetry
A detailed bathymetric survey of the study site was undertaken during the field visit on October 2019. Survey results have been summarized in bathy charts Appendix F. The depth figures presented are in meters below sea level (MSL).
The results show that a large area is shallower than -3.0m MSL. Extremely shallow regions were observed in the south east corner of the basin. Channel and the center of the basin is currently about or deeper than -3.0 MSL. Basin extension area has depths below -2m MSL. Much of the area identified for dredging does not meet the design criteria and maintenance dredging will be carried out in these areas.
4.1.6 Existing Harbour Condition
The harbour is located on the southern shoreline of the island. The harbour has an L-shaped concrete quay wall of approximately 550m along the harbour basin. The harbour basin has two sections. The larger section is towards the west with a width of 95m and 300m in length. The shorter eastern section has a width of 80m and 90m in length. A large area of the existing harbour is unusable as the basin has become shallow.
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The oceanward side of the harbour has an attached breakwater wall constructed using armour rock. The existing channel is approximately 45m wide.
The existing conditions of the harbours are presented in Figure 4.12, Figure 4.13 and Figure 4.14.
In addition to the surface condition of the quay wall, harbour basin seabed was inspected by snorkelling. It was found that considerable scouring has occurred beneath the existing L-Blocks of the quay wall, shown in Figure 4.15.
Figure 4.15: Scouring underneath the concrete L-blocks of quay wall
There is a concern that after further dredging inside the basin has been carried out, more sand will be transported from beneath the L-blocks into the deeper areas of the basin, decreasing the reaction force counteracting against the weight of the wall. When enough sand has been removed from beneath the L-Blocks, this could lead to the collapse of the section of the wall. design
4.2 Biological Environment
4.2.1 Terrestrial Environment
Flora
Terrestrial assessments were carried out at the key project area around Ihavandhoo harbor.
No trees were located within the project footprint
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Fauna
Crustaceans observed along the shorelines of the site include the Stalk-eyed Ghost crab (Ocypode ceratophtalmus), the Little Ghost crab (Ocypode cordimana) and the Variable Land Hermit Crab (Coenobita variabilis). No amphibians were observed during the field visit.
4.2.2 Marine Environment: Benthic Substrate and Fish Survey
Transect 1
The Transect line was laid at designated area, the depth recorded during the time of the survey was 5m in dept. The area is mainly made of rocks and sand. A relatively high coral cover has been noted in the area by (13.8±4.4SE). The most abundantly found fish was the Yellow-back Fusilier (Caesio xanthomata)
Figure 4.16: Transect 1 area
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Transect 1 30.0
25.0 SE
± 20.0
15.0
10.0 MEAN COVER COVER MEAN 5.0
0.0
Figure 4.17: Benthic substrate composition along transect 1 (October 2019)
Transect 2
The depth during the time of the survey was 5m. Rock was the most common benthic substrate in the area making about (36%±7.90SE) of the transect area. Live corals in the area were relatively high with (13.9%±2.0SE)
Figure 4.18: Trasect 2 area
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Transect 2 45.0 40.0 35.0 SE
± 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0
MEAN COVER COVER MEAN 10.0 5.0 0.0
Figure 4.19: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 2 (October 2019)
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Abundance Family Species Coon Name T1 T2 Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rod 2 2 Serranidae Aethaloperca rogaa Red-flushed Grouper 2 2 Pseudanthias squamipinnis Orange Basslet - 5 Lethrinidae Lethrinus absoletus Orange-stripe Emperor 2 2 Lutjanus monostigma One-spot Snapper - 2 Lutjanidae Lutjanus biguttatus Two-spot Snapper 4 4 Macolor macularis Midnight Snapper 2 2 Caesionidae Caesio xanthonota Yellow-back Fusilier 7 7 Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle Goatfish 2 2 Mullidae Parupeneus macronema Long-barbel Goatfish 2 2 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Yellow-stripe Goatfish 5 5 Chaetodon trifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 2 2 Chaetodon meyeri Meyer's Butterflyfish 2 2 Chaetondontidae Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 2 2 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 2 2 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus imperator Emperor Angelfish 2 2 Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot Humbug 2 2 Chromis ternatensis Swallow-tail Puller 4 4 Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 4 4 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 2 Pomacentridae Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 2 Pomacentrus philippinus Philipine Damsel 2 2 Amblyglyphlyphidon batunai Green Sergeant 2 2 Plectroglyphidodon lacrymatus Jewel Damsel 2 2 Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 2 2 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 2 2 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 2 2 Labridae Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 2 Thalassoma lunare Moon Wrasse 2 2 Cheilinus undulatus Napoleonfish - 1 Hemigymnus melapterus Half-and-half Wrasse 2 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 2 2 Scaridae Scarus scaber Five-saddle Parrotfish 2 2 Scarus tricolor Three-color Parrotfish - 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2 2 Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 2 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 2 2 Acanthuridae Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 2 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 4 4
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Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin Surgeonfish 2 2 Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 2 2 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 2 Naso hexacanthus Sleek Unicornfish 2 2 Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 2 Balistidae Odonus niger Blue Triggerfish - 7 Sufflamen bursa Boomerang Triggerfish 2 2 Tetraodontidae Canthigaster valentini Saddled Pufferfish 2 2 Table 4.1: Summary of Fish Census along Transect 1 and 2 (October 2019)
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4.3 Socio-economic setting
4.3.1 Population Structure
Total Population
According to the preliminary registered population as of 31st December 2018, the total registered population of Ihavandhoo is 3,394 people with 1,745 males and 1,649 females.
Ihavandhoo has the second largest population in the Haa Alif Atoll, sharing 19% of the total population.
Sex Ratio
According to the registered population in 2018, there are more males than females in Ihavandhoo with a sex ratio of 106 males for every 100 females.
Annual Growth Rate
According to census 2000, 2006, and 2014 the population of Haa Alif atoll had a negative annual growth with a rate of -0.28. Ihavandhoo observed a positive annual growth with a growth rate of 0.10 from 2006 to 2014 reflecting the in-migration of residents.
Table 4.13 below shows the population figures for census 2000, 2006 and 2014 of Ihavandhoo
Table 4.13: Ihavnadhoo population census figures of for 2000, 2006 and 2014
Census Census Census 2014 2006 2000
Total 2468 2447 2062 Population Male 1187 1209 965 Female 1281 1238 1097
Migration
Ihavandhoo had the second highest migrant population from the administrative islands in Haa Alif Atoll. The migrant population of Ihavandhoo was documented at 977 residents which included
Population density
Ihavandhoo is a comparatively large island in Haa Alif atoll with a size of 61Ha in area. It is also the most populous island in the atoll with a population density of 40.1 residents per hectare.
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4.3.2 Education Sector
According to School statistics 2015 (Ministry of Education 2015), there is one education institute established in Ihavandhoo which is known as Ihavandhoo School. The school teaches students from grade 1 to grade 12.
4.3.3 Heath Sector
The main health service facility in Ihavandhooo is Health Center in the island. The health centre provides curative and preventative healthcare services to the people of the region. Tertiary healthcare service facility closest to the island is Kulhudhuffushi Regional Hospital in HDh. Kulhudhuffushi.
4.3.4 Employment
Employment and Unemployment Rates
According to the census of 2014, there are 820 employed citizens in Ihavandhoo, while there are 45 citizens who are unemployed and seeking for jobs. 579 citizens are unemployed and not seeking jobs.
Main Employment Sectors
Most of the working citizens in the island are working in the fishing sector with a total of 221 involved. 103 people are in the education sector while 97 workers are involved in the construction sector and 71 people in trade sector.
Figure 4.20: Employment by Industry, Ha. Ihavandhoo, Census 2014
Employment by Industry for Ha.Ihavandhoo 250 221 200 150 97 103 100 80 71 79 36 35 50 20 20 19 11 3 7 1 0
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There is no wholesale trader in the island. Island has 46 retail trading shops and 8 cafes’/restaurants.
4.3.5 Utilities and Infrastructure
Since there are no published reports of utilities of Ihavandhoo, all utility related information about the island has been provided on request by Ihavandhoo Council Office.
Electricity, waste, water and sewerage system services is provided by FENAKA Corporation.
4.3.6 General Transport
The nearest airport to Ihavandhoo is Hanimaadhoo airport 35 km away.
Since there are no recent published reports on the general transport and fleet of vessels used in Ihavandhoo, all transport related information about the island has been provided by the island council.
For public sea transport, Ihavandhoo has 8 passenger ferries of which 4 operating 6 days a week and 4 upon request of the passenger. There are 3 cargo boats that operate twice a month loading good from Male’. Island has 24 large vessels and a large number of smaller vessels consisting of small dinghies, speed boats and small dhoanis.
For land transport, motorcycles, bicycles, lorry and cars are most commonly used vehicles within the island.
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5 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION
5.1 Introduction
Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of construction and operation stage of the project are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies environmental and socio-economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.
5.2 Boundaries of affected areas
The estimated boundaries of affected areas are summarised in Figure 5.1. These boundaries are based on physical conditions and work methods proposed in the project without any mitigation measures. The extents shown are not absolute and should be treated as the best-guess scenario based on past projects.
It has to be noted that these extents do not represent figures derived from sediment dispersal modelling. It is based purely on past experience from similar projects.
5.3 Identification of significant impacts
Environmental and socio-economic aspects that may be impacted by the changes to the project as identified in Table 5.1 are further evaluated to identify significant impacts. Where impacts are not applicable to different components, this is indicated as ‘X’. Some aspects may be affected both adversely (indicated as [-]) and beneficially (indicated as [+]) from the project.
Assessments of the impacts are conducted using the four criteria of Magnitude, Reversibility, Duration and Distribution as described below. Evaluation of key impacts is provided in Table 5.2.
1. Magnitude: Refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact.
2. Reversibility: Refers to the degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. ease of reversing the conditions).
3. Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects.
4. Distribution: Refers to the spatial scale of the area impacted (e.g. a small portion of a reef or an entire lagoon)
Estimates for negative impacts represent a ‘worst case scenario’ based on the assumption that the project will undergo full-scale development with no consideration for its environmental and social
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5.4 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts
While direct primary impacts are relatively easy to identify and evaluate, special consideration needs to be afforded to evaluating cumulative impacts. While it is relatively simple to identify and evaluate direct primary impacts, the complex nature of natural systems makes it difficult to accurately predict synergistic and interactive impacts of a particular development project. On the other hand, it is relatively simple to identify potential additive impacts.
The following sources of cumulative impacts were considered in evaluating the potential impacts of harbour redevelopment project.
- Time crowding: overall impacts of many similar concurrent developments. E.g. while many marine species and birds are relatively versatile and can relocate to other similar habitats following disturbances, concurrent developments in nearby habitats will reduce their chances of relocation and survival.
- Space crowding: high density of impacts on a single environmental medium. E.g. release of effluent from different sources into the same area.
- Indirect impacts: secondary and tertiary impacts resulting from an activity. E.g. groundwater contamination can affect the growth of terrestrial plants, which result in loss of habitat for terrestrial fauna.
- Triggers and thresholds: ecological systems can undergo fundamental changes beyond certain thresholds. Standards and guidelines have been developed based on anticipated threshold levels, for instance, in determining water quality. Such standards have been considered, where available.
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Figure 5.1: Estimated affected ares map
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Table 5.1: Impact Identification Matrix
Project Activity
Economy and Services and Demand for Resources for Resources Demand Local Local Cohesion Social Ambient noise level Ambient air quality GHG emissions Groundwater Coastal Processes water Marine Flora and Terrestrial Fauna Soil Condition and Flora Marine Fauna Landscape Integrity/ Scenery Risk Hazard Natural Health and Safety
Mobilization - - - X X - X - X - X - X + + Worker accommodation and activities - X X X X X X X X - X + - + +/- Equipment and material storage X X X - X X - - X - X - X X X Dredging - - - X +/- - X X - - X - X + X - Reclamation - - - X - - X X - - X X + X Construction of revetment - - - X +/- - X X - - + - X + X Construction of breakwater - - - X +/- - X X - - + - X + X Construction of quay wall - - - X +/- - X X - - + - X + X Pavement - - - X X X +/- +/- X - +/- - X + X Construction stage waste management X - - - X - - - - - X + X X X Demobilization - - - X X - X X X - X - X + + X (no impact), - (negative impact), + (positive impact)
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Table 5.2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural and socio-economic environment
Indirect/ Cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Impacts and Impact Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance Interactions Noise pollution due to Indirect adverse impact operation of vehicles, heavy of noise pollution machineries during site includes increase preparation, demolition, medical expenses, Minor Easily Short Vicinity of Moderately Ambient noise level dredging, piling and reduction in negative reversible term project location significant breakwater construction. productivity of However these will not be workers, and those operated on a continuously for exposed. long period of time.
Indirect impacts include adverse health impact to those Degradation of ambient air exposed to high levels quality due to emissions from of dust, and toxic Minor Easily Short Vicinity of Ambient air quality vehicles, and dust during gases, increase in Insignificant negative reversible term project location demolition, transportation, and medical expenses, and construction activities. reduction in productivity of workers, and those exposed.
Cumulative increase Increase in GHGs emission; in GHG level of from the boat vessels, vehicles, Global atmosphere from Negligible Not applicable Short term Insignificant GHG emissions and operation of machineries various GHG level that emit GHGs. emission sources in the country
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Indirect/ Cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Impacts and Impact Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance Interactions
Vegetation and soil of Groundwater pollution: due the island will be to accidental spillage of fuel, adversely affected. lubricants, and seepage of high Moderate Groundwater Irreversible Long term Island level Major saline water into freshwater negative Groundwater used for lens from dredge material used non-potable uses can for backfilling. be affected Changes to hydrodynamics Insignificant as due to the construction of Coastal Processes Safer harbour Positive Not applicable Long term Island level there is no beach breakwater, reclaimed area, in the vicinity. revetment and basin
Indirect impact on Increased turbidity level of physiological fitness water: Dredging is expected to of marine organisms Short to Marine Water Major negative Reversible Site level Significant generate large sediment plumes, and community Medium term increasing the overall turbidity composition of the level of the seawater marine ecosystem.
Disturbance of avifauna Terrestrial Flora and associated with noise, and air Reversible in the - Minor negative Short term Site level Insignificant Fauna pollutants generated from long term construction activities; About three trees to be removed Indirect impacts include potential groundwater Soil contamination; accidental contamination, and plants in the area make Moderate Reversible in the Soil Condition spillage/leakage of fuel, Long term Site level Moderate lubricants or other chemicals take up contaminants negative long term used for construction. leading to accumulation of contaminants in the food chain.
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Indirect/ Cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Impacts and Impact Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance Interactions
Benthic marine organisms Indirect impact on marine inhabiting the new dredging, biodiversity includes breakwater, revetment and stress on the marine reclamation footprint will be ecosystem caused by lost. sediment plumes, and turbidity generated by Major Negative these works. Reversible. Long term Island level Major
Marine Flora and Fauna Direct physical damage to Cumulative adverse fishes, and other marine species impact on marine such as turtles within the ecosystem – on going, vicinity of these works. periodic warming of seas, and stressors to reefs are exposed.
Loss of visual amenity due to Landscape mobilization of large Minor negative Reversible Short term Site level Minor Integrity/Scenery construction vehicles and equipment
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Indirect/ Cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Impacts and Impact Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance Interactions
Increase in health and safety risk of those involved in the, construction, piling, rock works and dredging works. Potential traffic accidents with vehicle crossings Possibly - Moderate Long term Island level Significant Health and Safety Accidents related locals irreversible entering the work site Safer access to island and improved safety in loading and unloading due to better quay wall and more protected basin.
As workers will require food and other goods for their daily uses from the island, the demand for resources is expected to increase slightly. Possibly Demand for Resources - Moderate Long term Island level Significant irreversible If staff are accommodated in existing guest houses, there may be a shortage of guest house beds on the island.
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Indirect/ Cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Impacts and Impact Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance Interactions Trade of food and beverages and other daily necessities would temporarily improve Local Economy - Minor positive Not applicable Short term Island level Insignificant with incoming construction workers.
During mobilization and demobilization the effects of social cohesion will likely If the requests for increase in order to facilitate the harbor changes have an contractors. organized backing from the civil society, the There may be some members of Social Cohesion contractors may face Minor positive Not applicable Short term Island level Minor the community who would like delays due to to introduce additional works disruptions when trying into the contract, like deepening to address new the basin, or allowing access to community concerns the breakwater side, or changing the layout of the harbour.
The harbours will be well protected using breakwater and is unlikely to be directly affected by swells or flooding incidents, unless with a tsunami Flooding on link road Natural Hazard Risks or an abnormal swell event. Minor negative Reversible Short term Site level Moderate and difficulties driving Rainfall flooding can occur on the new reclamation meets the existing shoreline.
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6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 Impacts on Natural Environment during Construction
6.1.1 Noise Pollution and Vibration Impacts
During the mobilisation of equipment and operation of heavy machinery, it is anticipated that significant noise will be generated. The following activities are expected to generate noise pollution.
a. Quay wall construction b. Breakwater construction c. Dredging and reclamation d. General construction
The noise impact zones have been identified in Figure 6.1. The strongest impact will be felt within the 40 metres of the sheet piling work with noise levels approaching 90 dBA. This has been classified as the Acute Impact Zone where unmitigated exposure for more than 1/4th of an hour could be hazardous to human health and any sensitive receptors in the area. The Chronic Impact Zone is a buffer zone of 80m from the source, where unmitigated exposure for more than 6 hours could be hazardous to hearing and sensitive receptors in the area. No public use buildings or facilities fall into the regions identified apart from the ice plant, which already generates considerable noise along with the adjacent powerhouse. Workers are expected to use noise- reduction equipment while in the vicinity.
With proper mitigation measures, it is unlikely that noise pollution impacts will cause long term effects such as human health risks leading to increased public and private health costs.
6.1.2 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
While emitted greenhouse gases can persist in the atmosphere in the long term, the level of emission from the construction phase of this project is expected to be negligible.
6.1.3 Impact on vessels using harbour
The harbour will not be fully closed during constructions. Harbour will be closed based on the working areas. The health and safety risk for those using the harbour will be higher. Potential accidents may occur during construction. The area closed for construction shall be clearly marked using buoys and communicated with boat captains through the Island Council.
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Figure 6.1: Estimated Vibration and Noise impact zones on the island
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6.1.4 Groundwater and Soil Condition
Mishandling of fuel/chemicals and construction waste (e.g. waste oil) has led to serious pollution of soil and groundwater aquifer in other construction projects. This type of pollution may sometimes have long-term irreversible effects, since such contamination does not degrade itself and is expensive to clean up. The clean-up itself may require extensive groundwater extraction, which may result in salt-water intrusion in the groundwater lens. Hence, special attention needs to be given to properly store and handle fuel/chemical and construction waste material.
Backfilling using dredge material (highly alkaline soil) will contribute to the salinization of the islands freshwater lens. This effect is expected to be low, given the small area and volume that will be used for backfilling.
6.1.5 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna
Project is undertaken at an urban setting, and the project site is bordering an existing harbour where much of vegetation has been cleared. The occurrence of flora and fauna was found to be minimal in the area
Increase in noise and air pollutants may adversely impact flora and fauna (especially avifauna) within close proximity to the project area. But these impacts are expected to be short term, as high noise generating activities will not be carried out continuously for long periods.
6.1.6 Marine Water Quality
Maintenance dredging works within the harbor basin will significantly disturb the bottom, generating sediment plumes, and reduce overall water quality during and a few days after completion of works. In addition placement of quay wall, breakwater and revetment units are also likely to disturb the seabed, and generate sediment plumes.
Turbidity levels may reach 40 – 80 NTU at 1 – 5 m depth within a 100 m radius and 10 – 15 NTU within a 500 m radius when dredging using excavator. Sediment dispersal modeling is usually required to understand the exact vertical and horizontal extent of the sediment plume. Moreover, geotechnical assessments are required to determine the extent of fines in the dredged area, so that the information can be used in sediment dispersal modeling. Both of these studies are not required in the EIA ToR. In the absence of this data, experience from past projects is necessary to mitigate high levels of turbidity and sedimentation.
Dredging also exposes anaerobic layers of sediment, which also elevate the nutrient content in water. Increase in quantity of nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrate increases the rate of growth of aquatic plants and algae.
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Construction activities require the use of chemical substances such as fuel, oil and paints. Accidental spillage of such substances will lead to contamination of marine water. Hence strict measures must be taken to prevent spillage of any material into the sea.
6.1.7 Coastal Processes
The following activities of this project are likely to have some impacts on hydrodynamics and coastal environment.
1. Dredging of the harbor basin and entrance channel 2. Reclamation and revetment installation 3. Levelling of seabed for revetment installation 4. Levelling the seabed for placement of quay wall 5. Breakwater installation 6. Groyne installation Nonetheless, an area is proposed to be reclaimed on either side of the harbour. As 100% of the newly reclaimed area is to be protected by a revetment, no erosion is expected after reclamation.
6.1.8 Marine Biodiversity
This project involves maintenance dredging and dredging of the new harbor basin, which is estimated to yield 21,000 cbm of dredged material. The new harbor basin and reclamation area contains turtle seagrass bed sand associated organisms that dwell within were observed. The overall foot print is estimated to contain 60% sand and rubble, 30% seagrass, 1% live corals, 9% dead coral (See Figure 6.2).
Sedimentation is also likely to cause major shifts in invertebrate populations as sediment is deposited at the crevices/crannies blocking their habitat. This favours domination of invertebrate populations that are more tolerant of the condition. The overall population diversity, size and quality of reef ecosystem are likely to decline due to increased and prolonged sedimentation arising from the proposed activities. A 100 m radius from each of the dredging site is expected to be affected by sedimentation.
Elevated levels of suspended solids, and turbidity will adversely impact the coral reef ecosystem at the area. Hence measures should be undertaken to minimize and control the spread of sediment plume.
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6.1.9 Impacts on Tourism Related Activities
The proposed activity is being carried out away from the major tourist activity zones and properties. However, the project is likely to impact potential dive activities within a 500 m radius of the dredging site. Site affected include a dive site located 200 m SE of the entrance channel and any snorkelling activity along the Ihavandhoo reef (See Figure 6.2). The probability of significant impacts on nearby Environmentally Sensitive Areas and Protected Areas are minimal.
6.2 Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment
6.2.1 Impacts on accessibility
As determined from the community consultation, the project will significantly improve accessibility to the island and capacity of the harbour. At present the space for mooring of vessels is very limited. Construction of the quay wall will facilitate usage of additional 100m of the harbor for boat mooring and provide safe berthing areas for smaller vessels. The project will increase the overall mooring capacity of the harbour. The increase in accessibility would have significant positive impacts on existing economic sectors such as fisheries, agriculture, and trade and other social sectors such as health.
6.2.2 Business and Employment Opportunities
The proposed project will have beneficial socio-economic impacts on the island community in the form of business and employment opportunities.
Socioeconomic benefits of the construction stage include:
− Employment opportunities during construction works
− Business opportunity for local suppliers
− Opportunity for local contract workers
− Opportunity for locals to rent out property, equipment, machinery, vehicles and vessels. Once the harbour becomes operational after redevelopment it is expected to bring significant improvements to the existing economic sectors of the island, most notably in trade and fisheries sector due to improved usage of the harbour and access to the island.
6.2.3 Health and safety
Health and safety risks arising from construction work is high, especially due to the use of specialised equipment and machinery. Accidents related to equipment use can lead to injury, and
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fatalities. Materials used in construction, in addition to the equipment and machinery, also involve risks to health and safety. Accidental spills/leakage of hazardous substances can contaminate the site and pose risks to human health, including workers on the site and the local population.
There is potential for road accidents during construction if construction site vehicles have a need to cross the outer most road frequently.
There is potential for accidents if members of the public can access the construction site easily.
6.2.4 Local Culture
Influx of expatriate workers for construction projects can lead to conflicts between the local population and the workers. Such problems are expected to be minimal for this project due to the relatively small workforce involved.
6.3 Impacts on the Natural Environment during Operational Phase
Impacts during the operational phase of the project would arise from activities associated with harbor usage. Oil spillage and waste disposal into the harbor basin would be the most notable impacts, with repercussions on the limited benthic flora and fauna found on the seabed.
6.3.1 Natural Hazard Risks
There is potential for rainfall flooding after reclamation at the point where the previous shoreline meets the new reclamation areas. The existing shoreline is a revetment and will be dismantled. If care is not taken level the newly reclaimed island to match the elevation at the site at present, the chances of water logging between the newly reclaimed site and existing shoreline are very high. Ihavandhoo is known to have flooding issues due to high rainfall and existing topography.
6.3.2 Coastal Processes
Construction of the groynes on the eastern side of the harbour is likely to have some impacts on hydrodynamics and coastal environment. The effectiveness of the groynes will need to be monitored and necessary corrective changes needs to be made based on monitoring results.
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6.4 Mitigation Measures for Significant Adverse Impacts
6.4.1 Marine Water Turbidity and Sedimentation
1. It is advised to restrict dredging during mass coral spawning periods. Predictions and visual observation should be undertaken by a qualified marine biologist to identify spawning events which usually takes place between April and May spring tides. Many species of corals reproduce during one night of the year and different species may have different spawning periods. However, given the recent stress on the coral reef due to bleaching events, it is possible that corals may not spawn immediately after the event. The marine biologist or the environmental consultant should determine if spawning is going take place, and where it is taking place within the foot print of the project and advice the contractors. It is advised to stop dredging and reclamation works at least for 12 days – 5 days before and 7 days after spawning. In case the date is missed, dredging can be ceased for 7 days after spawning event is detected. Daily monitoring by marine biologist is recommended during this period. 2. Excavator movement should stick to predefined routes for travel along the reef. 3. All staff involved in dredging and reclamation works must be briefed on the sensitivity of the reef and the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA report. 4. Monitor the level of Turbidity and Sedimentation Rate on select locations to verify that the sediment containment measures are effective (see Monitoring section). 5. Supervise all construction activities to ensure that large vehicles do not move outside the project boundary, and ensure the reef flat levelling is restricted to the required area only. 6. All dredging works should be completed within the defined timeframe including removal of bunds and temporary sand beds. Contingency measures for damaged equipment should be in place to avoid delays due to mechanical failure of equipment.
No additional costs
6.4.2 Noise and Vibration
1. Use vibro-hammers for piling works 2. Use equipment with low noise emissions as stated by manufactures. Key equipment to consider noise emissions include, excavators, vibro-hammer, power plants, concrete mixers and general construction tools. 3. Properly tune and maintain all vehicles and machinery
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4. Conduct construction activities during daytime to minimize nuisance to humans and fauna. Limit works hours to 7 am – 7 pm when working in high noise activities such as demolition works, breakwater construction and sheet piling. Exceptions can be made based on discussions with City Council or island management. 5. Monitor all occupational areas to ensure noise levels do not exceed WHO standards 6. Inform the community via the ward office of the work plan and changes to work plan, so schools and other public facilities can plan their activities accordingly. 7. Establish a mechanism to receive and hear public complaints on noise and vibration and attend in participation with the island administration. 8. Cease piling activity if a complaint relating to structural damage from a nearby house or building is report. Assess and attend to the issue before commencing piling work.
No additional costs.
6.4.3 Air Pollution
1. Keep ground damp to minimize dust/ topsoil erosion by wind, particularly between December and April.
6.4.4 Contamination of Marine Water, Groundwater and Land
1. Oil, solid waste and hazardous waste handled carefully and transported in sealed containers. 2. All paint, lubricants, and other chemicals used, will be stored in secure and bunded location. 3. Train workers in spill prevention and clean-up, and designate responsible individual(s) 4. Properly tune and maintain all machinery 5. Carryout construction activities under the supervision of a suitably experienced person. 6. All waste material will be collected at one central location, and disposed to the nearest designated waste disposal site regularly. 7. Fuel will be handled at sealed or bunded areas only 8. Fuel will be transported in securely sealed containers. 9. Care will be taken to avoid spillage during refuelling process.
Costs are to be included in the contract value and are mainly the responsibility of the contractor.
6.4.5 Marine Habitat Destruction
1. Clearly mark the dredging and reclamation boundaries, and ensure no dredging, reclamation or shore protection works are conducted outside these boundaries.
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2. Instruct all construction workers to strictly restrict all construction activities within the marked boundaries.
6.4.6 Occupational Health Impacts
1. All health and safety precautions described in Chapter 2 will be implemented. They include the following: a. Construction workers operating equipment that generates noise should be equipped with noise protection. As a guide, workers operating equipment generating noise of > 80 dBA should wear ear mufflers and workers experiencing prolonged noise levels > 70 dBA must wear ear plugs. b. Health checks will be administered before work commences. c. Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. d. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. These include safety gloves, construction boots, facemasks, earmuffs, etc. e. Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. f. Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left freestanding. g. First aid kits will be made available on site. h. The construction site will be properly closed to unauthorised personnel. 2. If the site vehicles require frequent Addu Link Road crossing, install signs on the road to ward incoming traffic of turning vehicles.
The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices.
6.4.7 Increased Demand on Waste Disposal Facilities
1. Plan construction activities to minimize quantity of waste generated from the project. 2. Dispose all domestic waste with the assistance of Fenaka. 3. All steel, empty fuel cans and chemical packaging must be transported to Thilafushi upon demobilisation.
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7 ALTERNATIVES
7.1 “No-Project” Alternative
The No Project option takes the following into account.
- No harbour extension will be constructed and there is no change to the existing harbour of the island
The no alternative option for harbour repair is not practical as the existing harbour does not have the capacity to accommodate the vessels in the island. In addition, the existing basin has become too shallow and difficulties are in manoeuvring large vessels inside the harbour.
The main advantage of avoiding harbour expansion would be the costs and environmental impacts avoided. The disadvantages would be public dissatisfaction and stagnated growth in the transport, trade and fisheries sector.
Given the high opportunity cost of the No Project option to the local community, the preferred option is to go ahead with the proposed components of project.
7.1 Alternative Site Plan
Two alternative site plans have been proposed by the Proponent and the Island Council. Alternative design proposed by the Proponent includes extending 90m of quay wall towards the east and construction of breakwater and revetments on the eastern side of the harbour as shown in Figure 7.2. Alternative site plan proposed by the island council includes an addition to the proposed design to shift the harbour further east. Evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages are presented in the table below.
Option Advantages Disadvantages
Proposed Site Plan Width of the harbour basin Comparatively higher cost for will be increased on the quay wall construction and western side. backfilling
Breakwater will accessible on Vessels moored to the the island-ward side. breakwater quay wall may cause difficulties in using the Allows passenger access onto entrance channel the breakwater structure
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Better local acceptance of breakwater design
Shifting the harbour further Comparatively lower cost Width of harbour basin stays east (Proposed by Proponent) the same. No demolition works will be required Dissatisfaction from locals who prefer proposed site plan and alternative site plan proposed by Island Council.
Coastal impacts and changes to the hydrodynamics may be higher as sediment movement on the eastern side of the harbour is relatively high.
Include an additional area on Better acceptance by the Comparatively higher cost for the eastern side for small locals quay wall, dredging and shore vessels (Proposed by Island protection. Council) Will allow more space for larger vessels as the eastern A larger area will be dredged side will be used by small which could increase the vessels impact of marine water and marine habitats
Proponent has noted potential delays as additional funds needs to be approved and contracts amended. There may also not be enough fund in the budget.
Changing the harbour site plan will involve further changes to the design and approval which could further prolong the project. The proposed alternative option will be costlier than the proposed site plan.
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We recommend the Proponent to consider the alternative proposed by the council, if the variations are feasible and if it could be implemented without delay. If not, it is recommended to go ahead with the proposed concept.
7.2 Alternative Breakwater Options
Two alternative breakwater options are evaluated below.
The proposed alternative breakwater will be a rock filled breakwater with a concrete jetty rather than the sand filled structure with a quay wall as in the proposed design. This is shown in Figure 7.2.
Option Advantages Disadvantages
Proposed breakwater Allows passenger access onto Comparatively higher cost for the breakwater structure quay wall construction and backfilling. Allows additional mooring options Difficulties in manoeuvring vessels coming in from the Better local acceptance of channel due to vessels moored breakwater design compared near breakwater. to the proposed alternatives
Breakwater with concrete Allows passenger access onto Usable basin space becomes jetty the breakwater structure low.
Dissatisfaction from some of the locals who prefer the breakwater to have a quay wall towards the island side.
Only Armour rock breakwater Lower cost No passenger access to the breakwater More usable space in the harbour basin
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Dissatisfaction from some of the locals who prefer the proposed design option
Based on the above comparison the proposed breakwater is recommended.
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Figure 7.1: Alternative site plan proposed by the Proponent
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Figure 7.1: Alternative breakwater option with concrete jetty
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8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
This section presents management measures that are required to mitigate adverse environmental and social impacts during the execution of the project. The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:
• Produce a framework for anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions • Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
8.1 Environmental Management System
The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on the standards and policies set out by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Maldives.
• Environmental Management Planning and establishment of key performance indicators: The EMP specifies environmental management measures and required performance standards • Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions • Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.
The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the following figure.
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Figure 8.1: Environmental Management Plan flow diagram
8.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities
The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project:
• Project Proponent: Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure • Project Contractor: MTCC Plc. • Environmental Consultant: CDE Consulting • Government Regulator: Environmental Protection Agency • Environmental Regulator: Environmental Protection Agency
The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are described below.
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8.2.1 Project Proponent
• Responsible for the execution of all project activities.
• Preparation of the EMP
• Concept Design of Harbour and overall project • Monitoring and recording of project activities, incidences, environmental mishaps and health and safety incidences. • Submission of annual environmental monitoring report as required by the government and environmental regulators.
• Report to the Environmental Protection Agency on any incidents beyond regular monitoring.
8.2.2 Environmental Consultant
• Preparation of the Environmental Management Plan. • Monitoring performance of project activities. • Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved. • Amend and update the EMP as per findings of the audits. • Preparation of environmental monitoring reports as required by the government and environmental regulators.
8.2.3 Contractors
• Detailed designs of the habrour • Execution of all project activities. • Implementation of mitigation measures • Report to the proponent and environmental consultant • Carryout all works as specified in the EIA, laws and regulations
8.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency
• Approval of Environmental Impact Assessment Report • Review of environmental monitoring reports • Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions • Site visit and inspection before during construction, and upon completion of project.
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8.3 Reporting Requirements
Reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover any training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non- conformances, incidents, complaints, and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the Project Proponent and the Environmental Consultant.
The environmental reporting process is summarized in figure 8.2 below. All non- compliances and complaints during the execution of the project are to be reported to EPA. The environmental management plan for execution of the project is provided below.
Figure 8.2: Environmental Reporting Proccess
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Table 8.1: Preliminary Environmental Management Plan for the project
Activity Management Measure Responsible Party Timing
All construction workers and project management staff will be provided information on general environmental Training of project staff and issues, compliance with environmental permits and Project Proponent and Prior to the commencement of contractors on, proper behaviour measures prescribed in EIA. Contractor the project in a marine environment All project staff will be trained in monitoring, and maintenance of equipment and vehicles.
All non-conformances to the environmental permit conditions observed during monitoring will be documented. Documenting non-conformances Project Proponent, Contractor Continuous during project and corrective actions Necessary corrective actions and preventative actions will and Environmental Consultant implementation phase be identified. Corrective actions will be implemented with systematic follow ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures
All staff will be required to wear personnel safety equipment and take all necessary safety measures at all times during the implementation of project. Project Proponent and Continuous during project Health and Safety Contractor implementation phase All works will be carried out under the supervision of an experienced person, who will be responsible for ensuring that the staffs comply with the safety requirements.
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Activity Management Measure Responsible Party Timing
All underwater works will be carried out in calm sea and weather condition under the supervision of a suitable qualified, experienced person.
Assign suitably experienced and qualified personnel to supervise the entire project and ensure that all activities Before commencement of the Supervision of project activities Project Proponent are carried out with minimal adverse impact on the project environment and personnel involved in the project
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
Environmental monitoring is essential because, although with proper mitigation measures, the overall environmental damage can be significantly minimized, an unforeseen impact may still occur. Furthermore, some of the impacts predicted may turn out to be far greater than predicted, making mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, in order to avoid or reduce the chances of such events, regular and frequent environmental monitoring is vital.
9.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan
The main objectives of the monitoring plan are same as the original monitoring plan:
1) To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective.
2) To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest.
3) To identify and resolve any issues of social unrest at the earliest. 4) To eliminate or reduce environmental costs.
9.3 Monitoring during Construction Phase
Table 9.2 shows the details of the different monitoring attributes and parameters must be monitored during the construction stage.
Additionally, the following aspects will be monitored during the construction stage to ensure that environmental impacts are minimized.
1) Daily monitoring to ensure that the cleared areas and other construction processes are not creating any significant dust nuisance for the local environment.
2) Daily monitoring of vehicle refuelling and repair should be undertaken to ensure that these exercises are carried out on hardstands and to ensure that they are done properly. This is to reduce the potential of soil contamination from spills. Spot checks will be conducted by the site supervisor.
3) Daily inspection of site clearance activities to ensure that the proposed building plans are followed.
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Table 9.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-Construction Stage
Applicable Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Indicator Methodology Frequency standard Costs Attribute samples MVR* Maldivian EPA Marine Physical appearance, pH, Laboratory SW1, SW2, Once before commencement marine water 4000 Water Temperature, Salinity and analysis/ Onsite SW3 of construction works Quality Turbidity testing guideline
D-GPS Shoreline Vegetation line, High tide line, mapping Once before commencement - Island 10,600 changes and low tide line of the island of construction works Aerial Imagery New and Bathymetry Maldives Land and existing harbor of proposed Depth Sonarmite and Once before commencement Survey Authority basin and 5000 dredging D-GPS of dredging works entrance (MLSA Standard) areas channel Line transact Maldives EPA Percent of live coral cover, and survey, Fish Coral reef Once before commencement marine surveying fish species abundance and census and T1, T2 7000 health of dredging works composition Manta tow guidelines survey Visual Snorkeling Sea grass Sea grass beds Once before commencement - Area of the sea grass beds Survey and/or 4000 bed near the site of construction works Aerial Imagery *does not include logistics and professional fees
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Table 9.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction Stage
Applicable Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Indicator Methodology Frequency standard Costs Attribute samples MVR* SW1, SW2, Maldivian EPA 2000 SW3 marine water (Frequency: Laboratory Weekly during dredging, and guideline 7 times over Turbidity analysis/onsite excavation works testing period of 45 Marine days) Water Quality SW1, SW2, 3000 SW3 (Frequency: Laboratory Monthly during dredging, Temperature, pH 2 times over analysis and excavation works period of 45 days) Oil spills All area where NA Included in Visual Daily for the duration of the Marine and (Surface layer of groundwater, oil is handled contractor observation project Ground and sea) fees Water Maintenance All area where NA Included in Contaminati Oil leakage from machinery or and tuning of oil is handled Daily during the construction contractor on vessels all machinery phase fees & vessels Line transact Maldives EPA Percent of live coral cover, and survey, Fish Coral reef Once every three months marine surveying fish species abundance and census and T1, T2 15,000 health from the start of the project composition Manta tow guidelines survey Dredged areas Maldives Land and Included in Bathymetry Sonarmite and Once after completion of Survey Authority contractor of dredged Water depth D-GPS construction fees areas (MLSA Standard)
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Applicable Est. Total Monitoring Locations & Indicator Methodology Frequency standard Costs Attribute samples MVR* Island Maldives Land and 10,600 Aerial Imagery Once one month after Shoreline Vegetation line, High tide line, Survey Authority / D-GPS completion of construction changes and low tide line of the island mapping works (MLSA Standard)
To determine the land size and Reclaimed Maldives Land and Included in shape of the islands after Area and areas Once one month after contractor Topographic Survey Authority reclamation and check if they Total Station where island completion of construction fees Survey conform to the original concept existing island works (MLSA Standard) designs. connects To quantify labour force and Project site Daily logs NA Number of identity their accommodation to workers by monitor rent levels and impacts nationality and on housing site of
accommodatio
n
To prevent and manage Number of occupational health and safety Labour Logs accidents and
Force injuries
To ensure the workforce conform Valid work to the relevant laws and visa regulations
A register of To ensure conflicts among complaints and workers and other external grievances groups are avoided maintained
*does not include logistics and professional fees
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Table 9.3: Monitoring Schedule for Operation Stage
Monitoring Locations & Applicable Est. Total Indicator Methodology Frequency Attribute samples standard Costs MVR* Maldivian EPA Marine Laboratory SW1, SW2, Bi-Annually for the first year marine water 700 Water Turbidity analysis/ SW3 of operations Quality Onsite tests guideline
Aerial Imagery Bi annually for one year after Shoreline High tide line, and low tide line of Reclamation - 8,000 / D-GPS reclamation (for any exposed changes the reclaimed area site mapping beach areas) Line transact Percent of live coral cover, and survey, Fish Coral reef - fish species abundance and census and T1, T2 Bi-annually for one year 15000 health composition Manta tow survey *does not include logistics and professional fees
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9.4 Monitoring Report
A detailed environmental monitoring report is required to be compiled and submitted to the EPA upon completion of the project based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan given in the EIA. This report may be submitted to the relevant Government agencies in order to demonstrate compliance. If required, however, a monitoring report for the proposed work phase may be prepared and submitted to the Ministry of Environment. The report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed. In addition to this more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, project proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project.
9.5 Cost of Monitoring
The cost of monitoring is estimated to be MVR100,000. Professional consultants will be hired to undertake the monitoring and the necessary equipment for monitoring will be procured.
For pre-construction and construction stage monitoring, individual parameter costs are provided in the relevant tables above.
9.6 Commitment to Monitoring
The proponent is fully committed to undertake the monitoring programme given in this chapter (see Appendix J).
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10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Stakeholder consultations were carried out with Ihavandhoo Island Council and the general public including fisherman, traders, cargo and ferry operators and boat owners. Maldives Marine Research Institute was also consulted regarding the project. In addition, standard list of aspects to be covered, recommended by the National Disaster Management Authority has been considered in the report. List of stakeholder participants is attached under Appendix I
10.1 Ihavandhoo Island Council
A meeting was held at the Secretariat of Ihavandhoo Island Council on the 12th of October 2019 (1330 pm) regarding the project. A brief information of the project was given by the team from CDE at the start of the meeting and the outcomes of this meeting is given below.
Summary of findings
The existing harbour remains as an unfinished project given some components from the project were incomplete such as paving and fixing the mooring blocks in the basin. The proposed harbour is essential given the large number of fishing vessels and speedboats that use the harbour. Space constraints have presented many difficulties for the public in recent years. Council has requested further expansion of the harbour towards the eastern side to be included in the current concept.
Current Situation
• The existing harbour has many unfinished components from the project, such as paving.
• Maintenance dredging has not been carried out since the project was finished in 2013.
• Harbour has space constraints; all vessels of the islands are unable to moor inside the basin.
• Basin is too rough for safe mooring.
• Sea-ambulance under emergencies have faced difficulty in accessing the harbour due to the space limitations. Mooring ropes of large vessels inhibit access for smaller vessels.
• Tourism opportunities in the island have been stifled by the conditions of the harbour.
Concerns and Recommendations
• Council has requested the Ministry to include the expansion of basin towards the eastern
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side in the approved concept.
• The expected service life of 10 years for the redeveloped harbour is too long- given the number of large fishing vessels under construction in the island –the harbour will be overcrowded in a shorter period of time.
• The existing quay wall is too high for easy disembarking and unloading of goods. The proposed quay wall needs to be lower.
• The current design has a walkway to the outer quay wall and revetment, which is too narrow, limiting access. The walkway needs to have a width of 30 feet.
• L-blocks need to be used on the seaward side of the proposed outer quay wall and then armoured by rock boulders. A revetment made of rock alone will not be able to hold the fill material in place, given the height of westerly waves.
10.2 Ihavandhoo Public Consultation
Public consultation was held at the Secretariat of Island Council on the 12th of October 2019. One on one meetings were carried out on the 13th of October 2019. A brief information of the project was given by the team from CDE at the start of the meeting and the outcomes of this meeting is given below.
Summary of findings
The general concern expressed at the meeting was that the current proposed design does not mitigate the existing problems of the harbour. Extensive changes to the existing design was proposed including a completely new harbour on the northern side of the island. Most of these concerns were related to the insufficient width obtained by the new outer revetment. Some members of public expressed the concern that basin will not be calm enough for safe mooring.
Current Situation
• Existing quay wall too high; difficult to disembark and unload goods at the harbour; goods have to be unloaded based on the tide which is time consuming • The harbour basin is too narrow hence basin is crowded when large vessels are moored • Eastern monsoon makes it particularly difficult to keep vessels docked safely • Loaded cargo vessels beach inside the basin due to shallowness • The entrance channel is also too shallow
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Recommendations for current concept
• Basin needs to be wider along the whole length
• Basin needs to be longer; extension towards east was proposed
• Eastern quaywall needs to allow docking on both sides
• Overall space inside the basin has to be increased; straightening the quaywall on the landward side was proposed
10.3 Maldives Marine Research Institute
Meeting was carried out with MMRI via phone on 17th March 2020. Project brief was emailed to Hana Amir, Marine Biologist from MMRI and further explained on the phone at the start of the meeting.
Concerns and Recommendations
• Undertaking dredging and reclamation works during April and May is a major concern for MMRI, as April and May are the hottest months of the year during which coral bleaching is usually observed.
• If dredging and reclamation works are to be undertaken during April and May, special attention needs to be given to the Coral Bleaching Watch and Alerts.
• MMRI also raised concerns as a lot of unknown impacts occur by dredging deep areas that are not accessible easily for monitoring.
10.4 Response by the Proponent for key Concerns of Stakeholders
Table 10.1: Stakeholder concerns and MNPI responses raised during stakeholder meeting
Stakeholder
# Survey findings/Recommendations Comments/endorsement by MHI
1 Island Council Council has requested the Ministry To be included as Alternative to include the expansion of basin
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towards the eastern side in the approved concept.
The current design has a walkway Increasing the outer width will to the outer quay wall and move the revetment closer to reef revetment, which is too narrow, which is technically not safe limiting access. The walkway needs to have a width of 30 feet.
L-blocks need to be used on the L-blocks will only be used on seaward side of the proposed outer landward side and revetment quay wall and then armoured by blocks on seaward side. rock boulders. A revetment made of rock alone will not be able to hold the fill material in place, given the height of westerly waves.
Concept will be designed with Arrival Jetty required jetty for small vessels
2 Public Existing quay wall too high; Current scope does not include difficult to disembark and unload. this, therefore, cannot be Needs to be lowered entertained
Whole basin needs to be widened No space to move the revetment by moving the outer revetment (BW) further out, since depth further out increase than 2.0 +
Expansion towards to the eastern To be included as an alternative side, as much as possible
Not an option as this requires Landward side needs to be existing QW to be demolished. straightened to widen the basin, if Cannot be addressed through moving the outer revetment is not current project possible
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11 CONCLUSIONS
This EIA was prepared to identify and address key environmental and socio-economic impacts of the proposed harbour re-development project at Ihavandhoo Island, Haa Alif Atoll. The proponent of this project is the Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure, a contractor for this project is MTCC.
Over the years, the existing harbour basin has become shallow, the harbour does not have the capacity to cater to all boats, as there are limited facilities mooring areas. To remedy this situation, the proponent plans to expand the harbour by increasing the size of the harbour basin and carrying out maintenance dredging in the existing harbour basin. Proposed design is to increase the size of the existing basin toward south and to include new quay wall, harbour lights, mooring options and construct necessary shore protection measures to protect the harbour including outer breakwater, revetments and groynes.
Stakeholder consultation revealed that both the public and the Island Council of Ihavandhoo is generally favour of the harbour expansion project. Some changes to the proposed design were recommended by the stakeholders and some of these changes have been evaluated in the report as alternative options for the harbour. This includes further expanding the harbour basin towards east.
The existing shoreline has undergone minimal coastal modification apart from the existing harbour. Coastal terrestrial impacts are expected to be heavy from this project. Construction works are expected to cause potential vibration and noise nuisances to nearby buildings. Measures have been proposed to mitigate these and other adverse impacts of this project.
A “No project” alternative was also considered for this project. The “No project” alternative was dismissed in favour of potential socio-economic benefits of undertaking this project. The proponent has proposed a design, where the eastern harbor area is developed, while the island council has proposed a design where the eastern region is developed along with the existing region. It is highlighted that going along with the Island Council’s design will prove beneficial to the island community as it meets their needs, however there are budget complications and environmental issues with using this design.
Monitoring programme proposed has focussed on water quality, marine environment.
This report concludes that moving forward with proposed project will result in inevitable adverse impacts, mainly on the marine life in the project site. These impacts can be reduced with the application of the measures proposed in this report. However, it possible that an unforeseen impact may still occur and in extreme circumstances the impacts predicted may turn out to be far greater than predicted. Hence it is essential to undertake environmental monitoring as per the Monitoring
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Plan recommended in this report to avoid or reduce the chance of such events from occurring. The project will have substantial socio-economic benefits to the community. The project will need to be implemented in accordance with the final Environmental Decision issued by the Environmental Protection Agency after evaluation of this EIA report.
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REFERENCES
Binnie Black & Veatch. (2000). Environmental / Technical study for dredging / reclamation works under Hulhumale' Project - Final Report. Male': Ministry of Construction and Public Works.
Chesire, A.C., Miller, D.J., Murray-Jones, S., Scriven, L., Sandercock, R. (2002). The Section Bank: ecological communities and strategies for the minimization of dredging impacts. A report to the Office for Coast and Marine National Parks and Wildlife, South Australia, Department for Environment and Heritage. SARDI Aquatic Sciences, West Beach.
DHI. (1999). Physical modelling on wave disturbance and breakwater stability, Fuvahmulah Port Project. Denmark: Port Consult.
Erftemeijer, P., & Robin Lewis, R. (2006). Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52(12), 1553-1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.09.006
Green, E.P., Short, F.T. (2003). World Atlas of Seagrasses. Prepared by the UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of California Press, Berkeley, USA, 298 pp.
GODA, Y. 1988. Causes of high waves at Maldives in April 1987. Male': Asia Development Bank.
HAY, J. E. (2006). Climate Risk Profile for the Maldives. Male', Maldives: Ministry of Environment Energy and Water.
Kench, P. S., K. E. Parnell, and R. W. Brander (2003), A process based assessment of engineered structures on reef islands of the Maldives, in Proceedings of the Coasts and Ports Australasian Conference, 2003, edited by P. S. Kench and T. M. Hume, Paper 74, 10 pp., Coastal and Ports Australasian Conf. Organ. Comm., Auckland, New Zealand.
Kench, P. S., Brander, R. W., Parnell, K. E. & Mclean, R. F. (2006). Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology, 81, 1-17.
MEC. (2004). Maldives: State of the Environment 2004, Male', Ministry of Environment and Construction.
Naseer, A. (2003). The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. PhD, Dalhousie University.
Pennekamp, J.G.S., Epskamp, R.J.C., Rosenbrand, W.F., Mullie, A. Wessel, G.L., Arts, T., Deibel, I.K. (1996). Turbidity caused by dredging viewed in perspective. Terra et Aqua 64, 10-17
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Peralta, G., Perez-Lorens, J.L., Hernandez, I., Vergara, J.J. (2002). Effects of light availability on growth, architecture and nutrient content of the seagrass Zostera noltii Hornem. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 269, 9–26.
UNDP. (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives, Male', United Nations Development Programme and Government of Maldives.
UNDP. (2009). Detailed Island Risk Assessment of Maldives. Male': UNDP, Maldives.
Young, I. R. (1999). Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. International Journal of Climatology, 19, 931–950.
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APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference
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APPENDIX B – Concept Plan
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Meters 45 0 45 90
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APPENDIX C - Beach Profiles
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P3 2
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0 Height [m] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 -0.5
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-1.5 Distance [m]
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APPENDIX D – Work Plan
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Mobilization & Construction schedule
TOTAL PROJECT DURATION 400.00 days
Sno. Description Duration/ Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Month 13 Month 14 Days 1.00 prerequisites 30.00
2.00 Preliminaries 60.00 3.00 Dredging and Reclamation 90.00 4.00 Construction of breakwater 60.00 5.00 Construction of revetment 60.00 6.00 Construction of quaywall 150.00 7.00 Construction of Ramp 10.00 8.00 Construction of bridge 75.00 9.00 Installation of navigation lights 15.00 10.00 Lamp post for quaywall lighting 30.00 11.00 Construction of pavement 60.00 12.00 Handing over 15.00 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX E – Survey Location Map
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N Legend " N 0 " 2 0 ' 2 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 °
6 Currents
Vegetation Line 2019
Low Tide Line 2019 N
" Reef Line N 5 " 1 5 ' 1 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° 6
0 . 0 7m /s N " N 0 " 1 0 ' 1 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° 6 Project Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu
N Harbour Development Project " N 5 " ' 7 5 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° Map Title 6 Currents
s
/
m
1 Client : .
0 N " N 0 " ' 7 0 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° 6 Scale and Projection: 1:5,440 N " N 5 " 5 5 ' 5 6 µ ' 5 6 °
s 5 6 / ° m 6 Meters 1 .1 0 0 50 100 200 300 400 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); N " N 0
" HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; 5 0 ' 0 5 6 ' . 5 6
° 0 VERTICAL DATUM: Hanimaadhoo Station 5 6
7 °
0 6 .31m m All features based on GPS surveys (October 2019) / / s s Map No: Map version: 29/10/2019; Prepared By: Ali
CDE Consulting N "
N 4th Floor, Orchidmaage 5 " 4 5 ' 4 6 ' Ameer Ahmed Magu 5 6 ° 5 6 °
6 Male' Maldives (+960)3312514; [email protected] 72°55'10"E 72°55'15"E 72°55'20"E 72°55'25"E 72°55'30"E 72°55'35"E 72°55'40"E 72°55'45"E 72°55'50"E 72°55'55"E 72°56'0"E 72°55'10"E 72°55'15"E 72°55'20"E 72°55'25"E 72°55'30"E 72°55'35"E 72°55'40"E 72°55'45"E 72°55'50"E 72°55'55"E 72°56'0"E N " N 0 " 3 0 ' 3 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° 6
9
P N "
N Legend 5 " 2 5 ' 2 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 P8 ° 6 Vegetation Line 2019
Low Tide Line 2019
Reef Line P7 N "
N ! 0 Currents "
2 A 0 ' 7 2 ' 5 7 ° 5 6
° #0
6 Ground Water Samples
P6 .! Marine Water Samples
Beach Profiles N
" Marine Transects N 5 " 1 5 ' 1 7 5 ' 5
P 7 ° 5 6 ° 6
C1 ! P4 A N " N 0 " 1 0 ' 7 1 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° 6 P3 Project Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Harbour Development Project N " N 5 " ' 5 7
P2 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° Map Title 6 Survey Locations C2 W1 P1 #0 A! Client : N " N 0 " ' 0 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° W2 6 Scale and Projection: 1:5,440 .! 2 W3 T .! Currents N "
Code X Y N 5 " 5 5 ' 6 5 µ ' 5
C1 72.9306 6.95335 6 ° 5 6 ° C2 72.9313 6.95043 C3 6 Meters C3 72.9293 6.94821 A! C4 72.9262 6.94710 C5 72.9237 6.94690 0 50 100 200 300 400 Profiles T1 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); N
" W1 N
0 HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; "
5 Code X Y 0 ' C4 5 6 .! ' 5 6
° VERTICAL DATUM: Hanimaadhoo Station 5
6 P1 72.9299 6.950556 C5 ! ° A 6 P2 72.9302 6.951345 ! All features based on GPS surveys (October 2019) P3 72.9299 6.952224 A Map No: P4 72.9295 6.953048 Map version: 29/10/2019; Prepared By: Ali P5 72.9292 6.954009 Marine Water Samples Transects P6 72.9292 6.954916 Code X Y Ground Water Samples CDE Consulting N
" 4th Floor, Orchidmaage P7 72.9289 6.955796 N 5 Code X Start Y Start X Finish Y Finish Id Shape * W1 72.9236 6.94724 " 4 5 ' 6 4
Code X Y Island ' Ameer Ahmed Magu
5 P8 72.9285 6.956628 W2 72.9314 6.94969 T1 72.923 6.94754 72.924 6.9475 0 Polyline 6 ° 5 6 ° P9 72.9274 6.957238 T2 72.930 6.94915 72.931 6.9498 0 Polyline W3 72.9271 6.94914 W1 72.92649 6.950409
APPENDIX F – Bathymetry
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Legend
Contour 1m N " N 0 " 1 0 ' 7 1 ' 5 7 ° Vegetation Line 2019 5 6 ° 6 Low Tide Line 2019
Reef Line
M mls
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-1.9 -1
-2.9-2
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N -4.9-4 " N 5 " ' 5 7 ' 5 7 ° 5 6 ° -9.9-5 6
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- 3 Map Title 2 -
-3 Bathymetry Client : -1 -1 -17 -14 N " N 5 " 5 5 ' Scale and Projection: 1:2,601 5 6 ' 5 6 ° 5 6 °
-20 6
1 - µ -2 Meters -4 -7 -5 0 25 50 100 150 200 -12 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hanimaadhoo Station N
" All features based on GPS surveys (October 2019) N 0 " 5 0 ' 5 6 ' 5
6 Map No: ° 5 6 ° 6 Map version: 29/10/2019; Prepared By: Ali
CDE Consulting 4th Floor, Orchidmaage Ameer Ahmed Magu Male' Maldives (+960)3312514; [email protected] 72°55'30"E 72°55'35"E 72°55'40"E 72°55'45"E 72°55'50"E EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX G – Water Quality Test Report
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APPENDIX H – CV of Consultants
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ID #: A 094918 Nationality: Maldivian Languages: English, Sinhalese, Dhivehi Date of Birth: 13/09/1983 Telephone: 960-790-6007 Email: [email protected]
Experience Marine Environmental Specialist June 2011- Present CDE Consulting
Marine Environment Officer July 2008 – May 2011 Banyan Tree Vabbinfaru
Freelance Lobster Hunter, Shark Fisherman Jan 2007 - July 2008 Laamu Atoll
Dock Assistant Sep 2006 - Jan 2007 Tourist Submarine Maldives
Education and Certifications PADI Rescue Diver June 2011 PADI Enriched Air Diver June 2011 Emergency First Responder May 2011
Basic Computer Science 2001 - 2006 Singapore Informatics, Colombo Sri Lanka
Profile I am very passionate about protecting the marine environment. After having worked as both a fisherman and a marine environment officer I am aware of the impact that human activity has on our fragile marine environment. My favorite activities are reef monitoring and planting coral gardens. With my undying passion for the underwater world and also with my vast experience diving all over the Maldives, educating people on the marine environment is my greatest mission, to ensure the preservation and protection of our most valuable treasure. Furthermore, I have got the opportunity to work besides the greatest marine experts in the world namely Prof. J.E.N. Veron,Dr. Norman Queen and Dr. Daphne G. Fautin.
References
N.D. Abdul Azeez Abdul Hakeem Former Director of Conservation Mobile: + 960 7784263 Banyan Tree Maldives
Dr. Steve Newman Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree [email protected]
Robert James Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name in Full : Ali Moosa Didi Date of Birth : 18.06.1985 Gender : Male Nationality : Maldivian Address: Permanent : Saraasaruge Aage, S.Hithadhoo Neelonfaru Magu
Present : Ma. Rose Villa SE, 4th Floor Dhevina Magu Male’
Telephone : +960 9912001
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Madharasthul Islamiya School
Certification, University of Cambridge General Certification of Education O/L
Subject English Mathematics Business Account Commerce Economics
Secondary School Certificate Islamic Studies Dhivehi Language
WORK PLACE DETAILS
Commerce Development and Environment Pvt. H. Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Ameeru Ahmed Magu, Male’, Republic of Maldives Telephone: + 960 3312514 Fax: + 960 3315926 E-mail: [email protected]
Page 1 of 3
EMPLOYMENT RECORD
January 2004 – December 2008 Commerce Development & Environment Pvt
Assistant Surveyor January 2009 – December 2009 Ryco Investment Pvt HR. Officer
January 2010 – To Current Date Commerce Development & Environment Pvt Surveyor
WORK EXPERIENCE
Assistant Surveying Officer (Sep 2008 – To Current Date) -Survey proposed areas for the new projects under the instruction of survey officer.
-Determine precise location and measurements of points, elevations, lines, areas, contours for the construction studying the morphology of the seabed mapmaking and for construction staking, defining and managing parcels data, as‐built and profiling.
-Utilize recourses to the optimum level.
-Use company civil/ survey software for contouring, setting alignments, setting points construction, land division.
‐Edits and troubleshoot incoming data collector files in accordance with company procedures.
Processing Survey Data’s Using Topcon Tools, Surfer, Sonar XP, etc
-Reviews and utilize survey crew field notes. -Imports verified data into the appropriate CAD drawing file, using company standards point layer management and description keys.
-Prepares survey drawings and documents using company standards, prototypes, templates and blocks.
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-Operate digital cameras and download photo files into database and/ or CAD drawings.
‐Utilize company scanners to transfer reference maps into CAD files to facilitate utility mapping and property line.
-To perform bathymetric and topographical survey before start of the Projects
-Plotting survey data using AutoCAD 2006‐2009
-Processing Survey Data’s Using Topcon Tools, Surfer, Sonar XP, etc.
-Modeling accurate contours
-Advanced at ESRI ArcGIS (ArcMap, Arc Catalogue)
-GPS, wetland vegetation species identification, extensive geological identification skills
-Preparation of survey maps
-Make sure all the survey instruments are working in good condition.
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MOHAMED MUAN CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)
______
2. FULL NAME: Mohamed Muan
3. ADDRESS: H.Roshan Lane/Male’ City /Maldives
4. E-MAIL: [email protected]
5. DATE OF BIRTH: 23/06/1992
6. NATIONALITY: Maldivian
______
7. EDUCATION
Bachelor of Engineering - Civil (Honors)
2013-2019
University of Malaya, Malaysia
______
8. EMPLOYMENT RECORD
Date: November 2017 - Present Location Maldives Company CDE Pvt Ltd Position Engineering Consultant Description Responsible for management of engineering team. Design and consultancy services for engineering projects.
Date: July 2017 - September 2017 Location Maldives Company Gedor Consulting; Position Intern Description Perform laboratory tests for concrete, steel and aggregates. Modelling of structure using STAAD Pro. Design of concrete, steel and timber structures as per the British Standard Formulation of design sheets for Euro Code.
1
9. EXPERIENCE – DESIGN AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Date: 2019 Client: MesaRF Pvt Ltd Position: Assistant Project Manager Description: Harbor Re-Engineering at Rahfalhu Huraa Islands 1, 3 and 4
Date: 2019 Client: KASA Holdings Pvt Ltd Position: Project Manager and Assistant Design Engineer Description: Harbor Design at Meeru Island Resort
Date: 2018 Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Position: Project Manager Description: Architectural and Engineering design of Male’ Industrial Village
Date: 2018 Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Position: Project Manager Description: Architectural and Engineering design of Male’ Industrial Village
Date: 2018 Client: State Trading Organization Plc. Position: Project Manager Description: Operational Survey and Design Consultancy Services for Setting up a Multi-Purpose Warehouse Distribution Center Project.
Date: 2018 Client: MWSC Position: Design Expert Description: Re-Design of Existing Recreation Facility
2 10. MEMBERSHIP OF ASSOCIATIONS AND COMMITTEES:
Member, Board of Engineers Malaysia
Registered Graduate Civil Engineer, Ministry of Housing, Government of the Maldives.
Member, Association of Civil Engineers, Maldives
Member, Institution of Civil Engineers, UK
11. TRAINING, CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS
FIDIC Accredited workshop on FIDIC Contracts, by Mendis Cobain, 2018
Training on Pile Driving Analysis (PDA), ACE, Maldives, 2019
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12. LANGUAGES
Language Reading Spoken Written
English Excellent Excellent Excellent
Dhivehi Excellent Excellent Excellent
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13. REFEREES
Dr. Simad Saeed Dr. Ahmed Shaig Mohamed Shareef Managing Director Director, Environmental Director, Civil and Structural Services Engineering CDE Pvt Ltd CDE Pvt Ltd Gedor Consulting 4F Orchidmaage 4F Orchidmaage 6F Sakeenaa Manzil Male’ Male’ Male’ Maldives Maldives Maldives + 960 3312514 + 960 3312514 +960 3318452 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
3 Mohamed Faizan
WORK ADDRESS
Address: H. Orchidmaage, 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, 20095, Malé, Maldives Email: [email protected] Tel: +960-3312514
EDUCATION
University of Malaya (Malaysia) Master of Technology (Environmental Management) August 2012 – October 2014
International Islamic University Malaysia (Malaysia) Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honors) July 2006 – June 2010
Centre for Higher Secondary Education (Maldives) GCE Advanced Level Certificate June 2002 – June 2004 Subjects: Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics Higher Secondary Education Certificate Subjects: Dhivehi, Islam
EMPLOYMENT RECORD
CDE Consulting (Maldives) Senior Environmental Consultant July 2014 – Present Key Roles & Plan, organize and undertake Responsibilities: environmental baseline assessments, environmental impact assessments and environmental monitoring programs Supervisors: Dr. Ahmed Shaig, Director, Environmental Services Email: [email protected]
Mohamed Faizan Page 1 of 9 CDE Consulting (Maldives) Environmental Consultant June 2010– July 2012 Key Roles & Assist in preparation of Responsibilities: Environmental Impact Assessment reports; undertake environmental baseline surveys and monitoring. Supervisors: Dr. Ahmed Shaig, Director, Environmental Services Email: [email protected]
Integrated Climate Change Strategy (Project funded by UNDP/GEF, and implemented by the Ministry of Environment and Energy, Maldives) Project Assistant February 2005– April 2006 Key Roles & Assist project manager in organizing Responsibilities: workshops and field visits related to the projects. Assist in financial management and reporting for the project. Prepare monthly newsletter to update all stakeholders on project activities. Helped in development of climate change awareness materials. Supervisors: - Dr. Mizna Mohamed, Former ICCS Project Manager Email: [email protected] - Ms. Lubna Moosa, Former ICCS Project Manager Email: [email protected]
CONSULTANCY EXPERIENCE
Client: Vita Heights Company Limited Title: Environmental Monitoring for the dredging and resort May 2017 - ongoing development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate environmental monitoring surveys
- Seawater quality, sedimentation, and coral reef assessments
- Prepare environmental monitoring reports
Mohamed Faizan Page 2 of 9 Client: Vita Heights Company Limited Title: EIA for the proposed dredging component of the resort April 2017 development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey
- Baseline environment, and impact assessment
Client: Fushifaru Investments Private Limited Title: First Addendum to the EIA prepared for the proposed March 2017 resort development in Fushifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Contributions: - Marine baseline environment assessment, and impact assessment
Client: Ministry of Environment and Energy Title: EIA for the proposed Water Supply System in Rasdhoo March 2017 Alif Alif Atoll Contributions: - Marine baseline environment assessment
Client: Nakachaa Huraa Development Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort March 2017 development project at Nakachaa Huraa, North Male’ Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey
- Baseline environment, and impact assessment
Client: Ithaafushi Investments Private Limited Title: Second Addendum to the EIA prepared for the proposed February 2017 land reclamation and resort development in Ithaafushi Reef, South Malé Atoll Contributions: - Assessment of the marine environment and environmental impacts of the project.
Mohamed Faizan Page 3 of 9 Client: KASA Holdings Pvt Ltd Title: Meeru Island Resort and Spa, Coral Gardening Project January 2017 - Ongoing Contributions: - Design coral gardening project. - Preparation of Environmental Management Plan for the project - Monitoring and reporting
Client: Dredging International Services (Cyprus) Ltd Title: Construction phase environmental monitoring for the January 2017 - Ongoing Emboodoofinolhu Falhu Resort Development Project Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate Environmental monitoring schedule, and activities. - Seawater quality, sedimentation, and coral reef assessments - Prepare environmental monitoring reports
Client: Mesa RF Private Limited Title: First Addendum to the EIA for the proposed January 2017 Rahfalhuhuraa Resort Development Project At Mai Falhu, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey
- Baseline environment, and impact assessment and compile EIA report
Client: Vita Heights Company Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort October 2016 development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate environmental baseline surveys. - Undertake coral reef assessment - Impacts assessment for of EIA report.
Mohamed Faizan Page 4 of 9 Title: Construction phase environmental monitoring for the May 2016 - Ongoing China-Maldives Friendship Bridge Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate Environmental monitoring schedule, and activities. - Undertake coral reef monitoring - Prepare environmental monitoring reports
Client: Ooredoo Maldives Title: EIA for the proposed Nationwide Submarine Cable by May 2016 Ooredoo Maldives Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report and impacts section of EIA report.
Client: MESA RF Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed Rahfalhuhuraa Resort April 2016 Development Project, at Maifalhu, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.
Client: Big Stone Investment Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort April 2016 development project in Maagaa North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.
Client: Ocean Islands Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort April 2016 development project in Maagaa North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.
Client: Champalars Holdings Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed tourist resort development at December 2015 Kudadhoo Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.
Mohamed Faizan Page 5 of 9
Client: Maldives Inflight Catering Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed tourist resort development at December 2015 Madifushi Island, Meemu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.
Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Title: EIA for the proposed Malé – Hulhulé Bridge July 2015 Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.
Client: Nasandhura Palace Hotel Investments Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed redevelopment of Nasandhura June 2015 Palace Hotel Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.
Client: Shuaz Investment Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed resort development in Madivaru, May 2015 Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report.
Client: Velaa Private Island Title: EIA for the proposed coral rejuvenation project at Velaa March 2015 Private Island Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessment surveys, including stakeholder consultations. Prepared and complied the EIA report.
Client: Shangri-La’s Villingili Resort and Spa Title: Coral gardening project Shangri-la’s Villingili Resort and February 2015 Spa Contributions: Undertook baseline coral reef assessment of Shangri-La’s reef. Designed the coral gardening programme. Undertook the EIA for the coral gardening programme.
Mohamed Faizan Page 6 of 9
Client: Malé Water and Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed sewerage system project at April 2014 Kanditheem, Shaviyani Atoll Contributions: Marine environment assessment and section for EIA report
Client: Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives Title: EIA for the proposed beach replenishment project in April 2014 Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma, South Malé Atoll Contributions: Marine environment assessment and section for EIA report
Client: Mr. Ibrahim Shazyl, Venture Maldives Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed sewerage system Maduvvari, Raa February 2012 Atoll Contributions: Undertook the baseline assessment surveys, including stakeholder consultations. Prepared and complied the EIA report
Client: Mr. Ismail Shafeeu, Static Company Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed installation and operation of January 2012 desalination plant at Hithaadhoo, Baa Atoll Contributions: Preparation and compilation of EIA report
Client: Tatva Global Renewable Energy (Maldives) Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed Solid Waste Management facility at December 2011 Thilafushi Contributions: Undertook marine baseline surveys, and prepared the marine assessment section for the EIA report. Complied the overall EIA report
Client: Bonnavvista (Maldives) Private Limited Singapore Title: EIA for the development of a domestic airport on October 2011 Koodoo, GA Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the Existing Environment chapter for the EIA report.
Mohamed Faizan Page 7 of 9 Client: Ministry of Housing and Environment Title: EIA for the proposed harbor entrance channel dredging August 2011 project in Bodufolhudhoo Island, North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the Existing Environment chapter for the EIA report and complied the overall EIA report
Client: Mr. Hussain Afeef Title: EIA for the proposed redevelopment Phase I of July 2011 Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the marine environment section for the EIA report
Client: Ministry of Housing and Environment Title: EIA for the proposed reconstruction of Shaviyani March 2011 Foakaidhoo Harbour Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the marine environment section for the EIA report
Client: Department of National Planning Title: Household Income and Expenditure Survey for March 2011 Foreigners Contributions: Lead and organized the survey for 82 households in Malé
Client: Works Corporation Limited Title: EIA for the sewerage system development in N. September 2010 Miladhoo Contributions: Undertook baseline surveys, and prepared the marine environment section
Mohamed Faizan Page 8 of 9 KEY WORKSHOPS, AND TRAININGS ATTENDED
Coral Database Training, organized by Lim Geomatics, Malé, Maldives November 2013
Workshop on Training and Capacity Building in Coral Reef Monitoring May 2012 Identifying Indicators for Regional Adaptation and Resilience, Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka
PADI Open Water Dive Certification, Malé, Maldives July 2009
South Asia MCPA Managers Training Course June 2008
Regional Workshop on Climate Change Negotiations in South and October 2005 South Asia, Bangladesh, Dhaka
REFERENCES
Dr. Simad Saeed Dr. A. Sasekumar Managing Director Senior Research Fellow (Retired) CDE Consulting University of Malaya Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Dr. Ahmed Shaig Director, Environmental Services CDE Consulting Email: [email protected]
Mohamed Faizan Page 9 of 9 Ahmed Shaig Phone: (+960) 77 88 758 [email protected]
Personal Details Date of Birth: 19/02/1976 Nationality: Maldivian Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Permanent Address: Maldives Present Address: M. Muleege, Orchid Magu, Male’, Maldives.
Education PhD, Environmental Science, 2009 James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Research degree on ‘Settlement Planning for Natural Hazard Resilience in Small Island States: The Population and Development Consolidation Approach’
BSc Land and Spatial Information Studies/Information Science. (double major), 1999-2001 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Diploma in project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, 1995 ILO training Centre, Turin, Italy
Employment History
Chief Executive Officer, 2008 to present Environmental Services CDE Supervisor: Dr. Simad Saeed Consulting Phone: +(960) 7777445 Republic of Maldives Head of environmental wing Assistant Under-secretary, Spatial Planning 2002-2004 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 Head of Spatial Planning Unit. Relevant Tasks include: ♦ Oversee environment related projects and application of environmental guidelines for planned projects. ♦ Plan, implement and oversee the development of a National GIS; ♦ Aid/facilitate/oversee urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects; Provide assistance in project planning (includes urban and regional planning, natural resources planning)
Project Manager, National Digital Mapping Project 2005 (8 months) Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 ♦ Project involved aerial photography and satellite imagery of entire Maldives, ground surveying of key settlements, digital conversion of data and setting up a Mapping Unit.
Assistant Planning Officer/Planning Officer 1994-1999 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Hunaif Republic of Maldives Phone +(960) 331-3040 Relevant tasks involved: ♦ Assisting in the National GIS Development Programme (Junior GIS developer) ♦ Facilitate urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects.
Ahmed Shaig page 1
Experience in Consultancy
. September 2002: Member of the team appointed for environmental surveying and carrying capacity assessment of islands for tourism development in the southern atolls of Maldives for Ministry of Tourism Maldives. . October 2002: Developed the Census GIS for United National Population Fund . December 2002: Developed the Maldives Protected Areas Systems GIS for Maldives Home Affairs Housing and Environment. . February 2003: Participated in the preparation of Royal Island and Spa Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report for Royal Island and Spa. . April 2003: Member of the team selected for developing town plans for urban centres in Northern and Southern Regional Development Zones, looking specifically into environmental control measures, for Ministry of Planning and National Development. . April 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for Coastal Modifications on Rihiveli, South Malé Atoll, Maldives. . April 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed coastal improvements to address coastal erosion concerns on Royal Island Spa Resort, Baa Atoll, Maldives. . May 2003: Participated in the bathymetry survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Deepening of Existing Entrance Channel to Service Jetty, Soneva Gili Resort and Spa, North Malé Atoll, Maldives . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for development of an access channel into the natural inner lagoon (Vilu) of Mayafushi resort, North Ari Atoll. . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment for Landaa Giraavaru Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a Four Season’s Tourist Resort on the island of Landaa Giraavaru in Baa Atoll, Maldives. . June 2003: Participated in survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for the Development of a Mooring Area and Associated Beach Replenishment in, Boduhithi Club, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Short- term and Long-term Shore Protection Measures at Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Conducted shoreline and vegetation line of Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying for Initial Environmental Examination for Short-term and Long- term Shore Protection Measures at Dhiggiri Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Fun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Sun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Holiday Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . August 2003: Developed the Initial Environmental Examination for the construction of Sun Decks along the southern beach of Kudarah Island Resort. . September 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Fonaddoo Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the development of fisheries complex, Fonaddoo, Maldives. . October 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Kuda Rah Erosion Study and recommendations for shore protection and erosion prevention . November 2003: Conducted vegetation and shoreline survey of Dhonveli Beach and Spa and Four Seasons Report for the Boundary Delineation between the two islands. . December 2003: Contributed to the Landuse Planning Guidelines of Maldives (environmental aspects) for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . December 2003: Contributed to the Development of a Building Code of Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . January 2004: Co-author to the Environmental Guidelines for the Development of Resort Islands in Maldives, Ministry of Tourism. . February 2004: Developed the Baa Atoll Spatial Development Plan for Ministry of Planning and National Development.
Ahmed Shaig page 2
. April-July 2004: Participated in the preparation of the Environmental aspects of the 8 bid proposals for resort Development for various proponents. . November 2005: Participated in the preparation of EIA for L.Gan Resettlement Project for Ministry of Housing. . December 2005: Participated in the surveying and preparation of EIA for Gn Fuvahmulaku Tourist Hotel Development . November 2005: Developed a GIS for strategic planning to select islands for tourism development for Ministry of Tourism. . January 2006: Local consultant for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Maldives Regional Development Plan, for AGRIFOR Consult Consortium, Belgium. . June 2006: Developed the Baa Atoll Resource Management GIS for Ministry of Environment and Energy. . August 2006: Consultant to the Integrated Climate Change System (ICCS) project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Islands and Beaches to climate change . September 2006: Consultant to the ICCS project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Infrastructure to climate change . November 2006: Consultant to the preparation of National Adaptation Programme of Action in Maldives for Ministry of Environment. . December 2006: Environmental Consultant to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected nine Safe Islands in Maldives. . April 2007: Prepared the Coastal Erosion Assessment and Management Report for Ga.Meradhoo Island. . May 2007: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Randheli Resort Development Project, I&T Management group. . June 2007: Participated in the preparation of Millennium Development Goals, Maldives Country Report. . October 2007: Natural Hazard Assessment consultant to the UNDP Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . November 2007: Prepared the EIA for proposed coastal protection, beach replenishment and access improvement of Elaa, Thaa Atoll, for Mr Abbas Mohamed, H. Merry Rose. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sand sourcing and beach replenishment project of Viligilli Island, Addu Atoll, for Shangri-La at Viligilli.. . April 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Maafaru Airport Development Project for Noonu Hotels Pvt Ltd. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for resort development in Huvandhumaavattaru, Noonu Atoll . June 2009: Prepared a status of the environment report Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . July 2009: Prepared the Environmental EIA for harbour development in Fiyoari, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. . July 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for Jetty and arrival lounge development project in Gan, Addu Atoll, for Island Aviation Services Private Limited. . July 2009: Team Leader for the socio-economic risk assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . August 2009: Coastal erosion data synthesis for selected islands of Maldives, for World Bank Maldives Environmental Management Project. . September 2009: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Reethibeach Island Resort, Baa Atoll. . September 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for agricultural island development in Felivaru, Noonu Atoll, for Fantasy Private Limited. . September 2009: Consultant to review the safer islands programme and cost benefit study of mitigation measures in three islands in the Maldives for UNDP. . October 2009: Consultant to the Maldives Environmental Management Project for waste management technical assistance for World Bank. . December 2009: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . January 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Shangri-La Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . January 2010: Consultant to the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project conservation component defining conservation areas and development controls. . February 2010: Prepared the environmental audit of Thunbafushi Island, Kaafu Atoll, for Champa Brothers Private Limited.
Ahmed Shaig page 3
. March 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control for Herathera Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . March 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for power plant upgrading project in Palm Beach Island in Lhaviyani Atoll. . April 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . April 2010: Prepared an EIA addendum for resort development in Gaakoshibee Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . May 2010: Consultant to undertake island environmental scoping studies in 30 islands in North Maldives to determine islands with resort development potential for GMR Group of India. . May 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for harbour development project in Madidhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . June 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for deep piling project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for the development of an aquaculture site in Kanduoigiri, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant for Shangri-La at Viligilli Maldives, Addu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant to the Addu Land Use Planning project (including defining development controls) in Addu Atoll Maldives for South Province Office. . August 2010: Environmental Consultant for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project to declare Baa Atoll as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Herathera Island, Addu Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for resort redevelopment in Vilamendhoo Island Resort, Ari Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Gulhifalhu land reclamation project in Gulhifalhu, Male’ Atoll, for Capital Investment and Finance Limited, UK. . September 2010: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sewerage system development project in Miladhoo, Noonu Atoll. . October 2010: Consultant to undertake the coastal adaptation survey of 40 islands in Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Environment. . November 2010: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Maamigili Island, Raa Atoll . January 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Hithadhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . March 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . April 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo-Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . May 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Six Senses Laamu, Laamu Atoll . January 2012: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Fuvahmulah Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Fushivelavaru Island . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Conrad Rangali Island for Champa and Crown Resorts . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Champa and Crown Resorts . May 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Gasfinolhu Island, Male’ Atoll . June 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Nakachchaa Huraa Island, Male’ Atoll . April 2012: Member of the consultant team that prepared the Tourism Opinion and Profile Survey 2011, Ministry of Tourism. . October 2012: Environmental consultant to the preparation of 4th Tourism Master plan for Ministry of Tourism, Maldives. . November 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on land reclamation, resort development and development control measures in Dhiffushi Island Reef, Male’ Atoll.
Ahmed Shaig page 4 . January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll . January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll June 2013: Local Environment consultant to the WCCM project, HIDRIA and Aquatica, Spain. . June 2015: Environmental consultant for Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA, 15-storey building, Male'City . June 2015: Environmental consultant for Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA, Male' City . July 2015: Environmental consultant for Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA, Male' City . September 2015: Environmental consultant for Development of Tertiary Hospital in Hulhumale . July 2015: Environmental consultant for Development of 9-Storey Building for ADK, Male'City
Ahmed Shaig page 5
Membership of Professional Bodies . Member of Building Code Committee, Maldives . Member of Commission on Sustainable development . Member of the Technical Committee for Developing Spatial Plans for conducting tourism related activities in Ari Atoll. . Member of Climate Advisory Council to the President of Maldives 2009- to present. . Registered EIA Consultant in Maldives Environment Protection Agency roster.
Major Publications
SHAIG, A. (2001) "An Overview of Web Based Geographic Information Systems". In Proceedings: Thirteenth Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre. P.A. Whigham (ed). 2 - 5 Dec, Dunedin, New Zealand. University of Otago, pp.255-264.
SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Coastal Infrastructure of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.
SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Land and Beaches of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.
SHAIG, A. (2007) Land Study of Maldives, 2006. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Male’ Maldives.
SHAIG, A. and Aslam, M (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Natural Hazard Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives
SHAIG, A. (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Environmental Vulnerability Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives.
Academic Achievements
2001 Critchlow Associates Prize in Surveying, New Zealand. Prize awarded annually by University council for the highest standard of Achievement in Spatial Information Studies in University of Otago. 1994 Certificate for best results in General Certificate of Examinations, Advanced Level. Science Education Centre, Male’, Maldives
References
Hamdun Hameed David King, Dr. Member of Parliament Associate Proffessor Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: (+960) 3323414 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected] Simad Saeed, Dr Managing Director, Peter Valentine CDE Consulting Head of School, TESAG Department Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: +960 777 7445 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 Email: [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected]
Ahmed Shaig page 6
Clarification
I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications and my experience. I understand that any willful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.
Signature Date: 15 July 2013
Ahmed Shaig page 7 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX I – Stakeholder participants list
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 113
STAKEHOLDER LIST FOR IHAVANADHOO HARBOUR PROJECT
Name Occupation One-on-One interviews at Ihavanadhoo Adam Naseer Boat Owner Abdullah Haleem Trader Ali Inaayath Boat Owner Abdullah Moosa Boat Captain Abdul Samad Abdul Sattar Hassan Mohamed Boat Owner Over the phone interview Hana Amir Marine Biologist, Maldives Marine Research Institute EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX J – Proponents Declaration and Commitment Letter
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 114
EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Ihavandhoo, Haa Alifu Atoll
APPENDIX K – Acknowledgement of receipt by Ihavandhoo
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 115 Mohamed Muan
HA. Ihavandhoo Harbour EIA 1 message
Mohamed Muan
Dear Sir,
Please find attached the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Harbor Redevelopment Project to be commenced at HA. Ihavandhoo. Please fill the acknowledgement slip attached with the letter we have attached to the email and send it to us at your earliest convenience.
Thank you.
-- Mohamed Muan, BEng Engineering Consultant
CDE Design and Engineering 4F, Orchidmaage, Ameer Ahmed Magu Male', Maldives, 20095 [email protected] Office: +(960) 3312514
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