District Survey Report

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT

FOR MINOR MINERAL INCLUDING SAND & STONE

SOLAPUR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA

PREPARED BY

DISTRICT MINING OFFICE, COLLECTOR OFFICE SOLAPUR DATED – 30.8.2018

District Survey Report is prepared in accordance with Para 7 (iii) a of S.O.3611 (E) dated 25th July 2018 and S.O.3977 (E)dt. 14/08/2018 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change 1

1. LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DATA

The district lies between 17°21′N 75°10′E / 17.35°N 75.16°E - 18°19′N 76°09′E 18.32°N 76.15°E . The city of Solapur is the district headquarters. It falls under Survey of India topo sheets 47N, 47 J, 47D, 47K And 56K. About 32% of the population lives in urban areas. The economy of the district is dependent on agriculture, especially in rural areas. Means of transport is both railways and ST Buses by road, important railway stations are- Solapur, Mohol, Kurduwadi, Madha, Akkalkot Road; Local movement is facilitated by SMT (Solapur Municipal Transportation). Solapur is well connected by road with major cities of Maharashtra as well as the adjoining State Capital of Hyderabad and important cities of Karnataka State. There are also numerous state and country routes passing through Solapur

Table 1: Geographical Data

Sr.No. Geographical Data Unit Statistics

17°21′N 75°10′E / 17.35°N 75.16°E

1. Latitude and Longitude Degrees To

18°19′N 76°09′E / 18.32°N 76.15°E

2. Geographical Area Sq.Km 14895

1.2 ADMINISTRATIVE DEVISIONS

Solapur district comes under Pune Administrative Division the district comprises 4

sub divisions and 8 Tahsils. Table 2: Administrative Divisions Sr.No. Name of Subdivision Name of Tahsil

1 Solapur 1 1.N.Solapur

2.Barshi

2 Solapur 2 1. S.Solapur

2. Akkalkot

3 Madha (Kurduwadi) 1. Madha

2.Karmala

4 Pandharpur 1.Pandharpur

2. Mohol

5 Mangalwedha 1. Mangalwedha

2. Sangola

6 Malshiras (Akluj) 1. Malshiras

1.3 POPULATION

In 2011, Solapur district had population of 4,315,527 of which male and female were 2,233,778 and 2,081,749 respectively. Solapur District population constituted 3.84 percent of total Maharashtra population. In 2001 census, this figure for Solapur District was at 3.97 percent of Maharashtra population. The initial provisional data released by census India 2011, shows that density of Solapur district for 2011 is 290 people per sq. km. Average literacy of Solapur in 2011 were 77.72% compared to 71.25% in 2001. The male and female literacy were 86.35% and 68.55% respectively. With regards to Sex Ratio, it stood at 932 per 1000 male compared to 2001 census figure of 935. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 as per Census 2011. In 2011 census, child sex ratio is 872 girls per 1000 boys compared to figure of 895 girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.

Table No. 3-Population data

Sr.No. Particulars 2015-2016

1. Population 4315527 2. Male 2233778 3, Female 2081749 4. No. of Villages 1154

1.4 CONNETIVITY

The Solapur district map provides information about various routes to reach Solapur. The nearest airport is located in the city of Pune. Pune is well accessible from the district by bus and train services. By road, Solapur is linked with places like Akola, Amravati, Nagpur, Mumbai, Kolhapur, Ratnagiri and Nasik. Train services are well developed.

Distance to Solapur

 From Pune - 243 KM  From Hyderabad - 305 KM  From Delhi - 1553 KM  From Bangalore - 589 KM  From Nagpur - 664 KM

Fig.1. Solapur District Connectivity Map

1.5 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Minerals are classified into two groups as Major minerals and Minor minerals. Minor mineral have been defined under section 3 (e) of Mines and Minerals (Regulation and development) Act, 1957. They include building stones, gravel, ordinary sand, limestone lime burning, boulders, kankar, murum, brick earth ordinary clay used for, bentonite, road metal, slate, marble, stones used for making household utensils etc. Therefore, all other minerals not defined as minor minerals in the said Act are treated as major minerals. They include coal, manganese ore, iron ore, bauxite, limestone, kyanite, sillimanite, barites, chromite, silica sand, fluorite, quartz, sand used for stowing purposes in coal mines and many other minerals used for industrial purposes.

1.6 GUIDELINES FOR MINING OF MINOR MINERALS The mining operations for minor minerals were carried out in unscientific manner in Maharashtra since there were no guidelines for extraction of minor mineral.

Identifying this fact In exercise of powers conferred by Section 15 of Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957 (67 of 1957) and of all other powers enabling it in that behalf, the Revenue & Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra framed the Maharashtra Minor Mineral Extraction (Development and Regulation) Rules, 2013.

Since Prior Environmental Clearance has now become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease after the matter of Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others as per Hon‟ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A. No.12-13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (MoEF & CC) had issued Office Memorandum No. L-llOll/47/2011-IA.II (M) dated 18th May 2012; henceforth as per this O.M. all mining projects of minor minerals would require prior environmental clearance irrespective of the lease area.

Mining projects with Lease area less than 5 ha are categorized as category 'B2' and projects with lease area 5 Ha and above and less than 50 ha are categorized as category 'B' whereas projects with lease area of 50 ha and above are categorized as category 'A'.

Policy on Environmental Clearance for mining leases in cluster for minor minerals in the matter of sand mining was directed by the Hon‟ble National Green Tribunal (NGT); vide

5 its order dated the 13th January, 2015 also S.O.3977(E) notification dated 14th Aug 2018 by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

The Central Government had constituted the District Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (D.E.I.A.A.), for grant of Environmental Clearance for Category ‟B2‟ Projects for mining of minor minerals, for all the districts in the country as per the latest amendment S.O. 141 (E) & S.O.190(E) dated 15th January 2016 & 20th January 2016 in exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986) and in pursuance of the notification of the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and Forest number S.O. 1533 (E), dated the 14th September.

Direction for preparation of District Survey Report for Sand Mining or River Bed Mining Mining of other Minor Minerals was made in the Notification dated 15th January 2016 and its amendments dated 25th July 2018 by MoEF & CC along with detailed procedure & format for preparation of District Survey Report.

To make certain identification of areas of aggradations or depositions where mining can be allowed and identifying areas of erosion rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area is the foremost objective of the preparation of District Survey Report.

2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY In Solapur district minerals of economic importance are not found till date. Basaltic rock is used economically for construction purpose. Mud used for making bricks, sand and metal stone used for construction purpose are the only important minerals found in Solapur district.

3. DETAILS OF ROYALTY OR REVENUE RECEIVED IN LAST THREE YEARS

The royalty rates vary on the type of mineral exploited. The rates for royalty for different minor mineral are tabulated below.

Table 4 : The rates for royalty for different minor mineral

Sr. No Type of Mineral Royalty rate per Brass (Rs)

1 Black stone 400/-

2 Murrum 400/-

As per Upset price comes through 3 Sand Auction Process

3.1. Revenue collected for last 3 years

The Revenue & Forest Department, Government of Maharashtra, had set the revenue collection targets for entire Maharashtra State and accordingly it was distributed to every district for every financial year wise. Accordingly every district tries to achieve the targets given by Revenue Department. The details of the target set by Revenue Department and against which revenue collected in Solapur District is tabulated below.

Table 5: Royalty collected for last 3 years

Sr.No. Financial Target given by Revenue Percent Year State Revenue Collected (In Revenue Department (In Lac.) Collected Lac.)

1 2014-15 5000 9243 184.86

2 2015-16 10400 16936 162.84

3 2016-17 10400 17296 166.30

4 2017-18 14500 8905 61.41

4. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT

Sediment is naturally occurring material that is broken down by process of weathering & erosion, and is consequently transported by the action of wind, water, tides& force of gravity acting on the particles. The strongest agent for transportationof the sediments is water and degree of sediment transported is depending on strength and velocity of flow. There is a range of different particle size in flow; material of different sizes moves through all areas of 7

the flow for given stream conditions. Sand is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent. The rivers are the most important source for sand. It acts as source of transportation and deposition of sand and Bajri etc. The various aspects leading to the formation and deposition of sand are geological activity,climate, rainfall, and water velocity acting on country rock. The drainage system of the major rivers in the district is mostly of dendritic type.The river systems are young with a small drainage area and westerly seasonal regime. Major rivers forms part of the westerly flowing river system originating from Bhimashankar in Nashik District.

Table No.6 List of Rivers flowing in Solapur District.

S.No. Name of the River Length

1 Bhima River 257

2 Sina River 153

3 Bori River 38

4 Bhogawati River 48

5 Nagzari River 32

6 Man 89

77 Karda 30 Table No.7 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams (in Year 2015-16) *Environmental Clearance issued to bleow listed sand spots by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. in Financial Year 2015-16 Sr. Name Of Taluka Name Location of sand ghat Availability Auction E.C. No. Village of the of Sand for Status river (Gut No.) auction (in Period of brass) Validity

1 Devikavate- Akkalkot Bhima 2,6p,7b,8b,9 Not 30.09.2016 59297 Auctioned

2 Khanapur Akkalkot Bhima 232 to 238 Order 30.09.2016 45879 Issued

3 Ankalage Akkalkot Bhima 2,3,4,5,7,22,23 Order 30.09.2016 43390 Issued

4 Maisalge Akkalkot Bhima 175 to 178 Not 30.09.2016 37473 Auctioned

5 Dharsang Akkalkot Bhima 70,76,69,66,65 Not 30.09.2016 24637 Auctioned

6 Shegaon Akkalkot Bhima 17,20,21,22 Not 30.09.2016 37505 Auctioned

7 Lavangi- South solapur Bhima 3 to 9 ,1,115,160 ,96,158 Not 30.09.2016 51951 ,156,153,152, Auctioned 151,149,142,141,140,139,137 8 Aauja(mai)- South solapur Bhima 25 to 85p Not 30.09.2016 53542 Auctioned

9 Karkal- South solapur Bhima 51,50,49,48,47,45,44,41,40, 38,35, 30.09.2016 Not 34, 33, 32, 31,30,29,28,25, 24,11, 52594 10,9 ,5, 4,2, 1,253, 262, 263, 264, 269 Auctioned to 278 11 Hattarsang- South solapur Bhima 19,22, 158,156, 154, 145, 147, 146 Not 30.09.2016 39455 Auctioned

12 Kurghot- South solapur Bhima 81,82,,80,77,65,76, 58,57, Not 30.09.2016 56,55,54,53,52,51 44619 Auctioned

13 Chinchapur South solapur Bhima 20,21,30,33,24,77,78,79, 81, to Not 30.09.2016 84,92,93 44178 Auctioned

14 Takali South solapur Bhima 623,298,299,308,307,306,302,303,30 Not 30.09.2016 9,312,311,310, 43390 Auctioned

15 Siddhapur South solapur Bhima Sidhapur-187,191,194to196, Order 30.09.2016 khanapur- 204to211 81113 Issued Khanapur-1to6, 199 16 Telgaon Arli- South solapur Bhima Telgaon- Order 30.09.2016 38/1,13to18,34to36,3,4,6to9,348to3 72553 Issued 51,354to358,Arli- 5,8to10,12to15 17 Ajansond- Pandhapur Bhima Ajansond- 30.09.2016 Chale- 193,190,189,187,183,181,180,177,17 5,170,169,156to160, Not 96630 Chale- Auctioned 200,205,207to213,217,218to226,251 ,254 18 Ajansond- Pandhapur Bhima Ajansond- 30.09.2016 Mundhewadi- 235to240,247,248,204,212to214,218 Not ,220,22,32,118p,225to228,230,231,1 82355 Auctioned 94to200,203, Mundhewadi- 13to18,20,61to80 19 Tarapur-chale Pandhapur Bhima Tarapur- 30.09.2016 Not 1,2,3,4,5 1,3,4,6,7,612to614,610,572,585,604, 81008 570,571,564to566 Chale- Auctioned 455to457,469,470,482,486,491/1,49 9

1/2,491/3,510,511,514,515,518,522

20 Kharsole - Pandharpur Bhima Kharsole- 30.09.2016 Chale - Rivar 39,285,42/1,43to45,12,14,34,36to38, Not 5to9,11, Chale- 87530 Auctioned 523p,572,573,576to580,594b,595,59 6,597,600to603,609 21 Kharsole - Pandharpu Bhima Kharsole-266 to 2739,11, 30.09.2016 Ambe- Rivar Ambe- Not 79082 442,435,434,433,430,429,428,426,42 Auctioned 5, 22 Puluj Sarkoli- Pandharpur Bhima Puluj-512/9/1 to 512/9/10, 512/6/11 30.09.2016 to512/6/20,Sarkoli- Not 518,519,521,522,524,525,526,533,53 94283 4,537,538,539,542,543,546,549,550, Auctioned 553,554,557,558,559,560,563,564,56 6 23 Ambechincholi- Pandharpur Bhima Ambechincholi-55,56,58,59,60, 30.09.2016 Not sarkoli Rivar Sarkoli- 105187 664,669,668,671,672,673,699,700,74 Auctioned 4, 24 Degaon- Pandharpur Bhima Degaon- 30.09.2016 Mundewadi 31,32,40,45,46,18,22,23,17,1,506,50 Not 8,509 Mundewadi-208 to 111072 211,213,219 to 221,224,225,229,237 Auctioned to 239,244 to 248,261 to 263,270 to 272,275 to 279, 25 Whole - Pandharpur Bhima Whole-537 to 551, Kauthali-7,26 to Order 30.09.2016 Kauthali 40,48 to 67, 43235 Issued

26 Khedbhalwani- Pandharpur Bhima Khedbhalwani-548 to 559,2,10, 30.09.2016 Order Khedbhose Khedbhose-27,28,516 to 44705 Issued 524,532,510,512, 513

27 Sangvi - Pandharpur- Bhima Sangvi - 6 to 13, 25, 26, 29, 30, Not 30.09.2016 Kondarpatta Malshiras Kondarpatta - 65, 60, 59, 56, 55, 54 27612 Auctioned

28 Badalkot- Pandharpur- Bhima Badalkot-33 Kondarpatta-104 to Not 30.09.2016 Kondarpatta Malshiras 106,117 to 119,155, 29452 Auctioned

28 Kanhapuri - Pandharpur- Bhima Kanhapuri- 1 to 7, 339, 440, 370, 334, 30.09.2016 Wagholi Malshiras Rivar 333, 344, 339, 340, 341, 328, 327, Not Wagholi - 2, 4, 5, 7 to 12, 27 to 33, 35 26739 Auctioned to 54, 499, 501, 502, 585, 508, 531 to 533, 514 to 533, 524, 528, 529 29 Karole- Lavang Pandharpur- Bhima Karole-1,2,7,300, 301,374,393,394, 30.09.2016 Malshiras Rivar Lavang- 1 to 14,499 to 502,523,528 Not 25383 to 530,542,543,552,555 to 557,566 Auctioned to 568,

30 Marapur- Pandharpur- Man Marapur-1,2,3,758 to 801, 30.09.2016 Tavashi Mangalwedha Rivar Tavashi-807 to 810,818,820 to Order 18091 824,826 to 828,15, Issued 16,17,19,29,30,31,38,39,56, 31 Garakole Madha Bhima 47 to 53, 40 to 43, 38, 31 to 35, 25, Not 30.09.2016 23, 18, 1 to 3, 136, 137, 115, 87, 105 19970 Auctioned to 112, 102, 101, 97 to 99, 89 to 93 32 Shevare Madha Bhima 205 to 207,5 to 9,26 to 30, Not 30.09.2016 Rivar 20046 Auctioned

33 Mitakalvadi- Madha- Bhima Mitakalvadi-1 to 3, 5 to 9, 13, 17 to 30.09.2016 Babhulgaon- Malshiras Rivar 19, 94, 97 to 99, 101 to 103, 107 to Not 109, 59, 74,79, 83 to 88, 93 49274 Babhulgaon- 265 to 275, 278 to 280, Auctioned 284 to 286, 289,205, 293, 294, 297 to 303,2 to 12, 16 to 22, 26 to 35, 40, 41 34 Wafegaon Madha- Bhima Bembele - 30.09.2016 Bembele- Malshiras Rivar 516,517,520,23to28,30,32,33, Not Wafegaon- 12.33. 91. 98. 31556 Auctioned 212to215,224to227, 111,198,154,204, 15to20,24to29,40 35 Khalwe Malshiras Nira 2to27,370,360,361,363,364,367 Not 30.09.2016 18041 Auctioned

36 JInti Karmala Bhima 255 to 258,260 Not 30.09.2016 36182 Auctioned

37 Ramwadi Karmala Bhima 24,25, 28 to 32 Not 30.09.2016 57697 Auctioned

38 Taratgaon Karmala Bhima 20,16,15/1,14,5 to 10,136,139, Not 30.09.2016 13381 Auctioned

Aljapur Karmala Bhima 176 to 179,1 to 4,7,12,13,10,9, Not 30.09.2016 3070 Auctioned

Bitargaon Karmala Bhima 106,107,109,111,112,116,117,123,12 Not 30.09.2016 shree 4,1 to 8,11,12,13,16,17, 4524 Auctioned

Balewadi Karmala Bhima 116,119 to 124,93 to 135,10,11,12, Not 30.09.2016 117, 14,19,25,26,30, 31, 3363 Auctioned

39 Borgaon-Nilaj Karmala Bhima Borgaon-133 to 138,140,141,14, Not 30.09.2016 Nilaj-3 to 7,21,22,24,25 to 28, 11763 Auctioned

40 Karanje- Karmala Bhima Karanje- 30.09.2016 Bhalewadi 219,220,1,7,10,12,14,15,26,27,31,32, Not 34 to 40, 7372 Auctioned Bhalewadi-161,162,164 to 167, 8,9,13, 41 Wadegaon Sangola Man 840,843,844,846, 850,851 to 854, 30.09.2016 11997 Not Rivar 858,862,863, 864,890,888,829 to 11

833,837 to 839, Auctioned

42 Navi Lotewadi Sangola Man 264,266,268,270,272,273,278 to 280, Not 30.09.2016 Rivar 255,252, 253,256, 15931 Auctioned

43 Khawaspur Sangola Man 1111 to 1114,1116 to 1118, 1120, 30.09.2016 Not Rivar 1122/1,1123 to 1125,1142 to 1144, 22261 1230, 1231,1238, 1239, 1248,1253, Auctioned 1255,1269 to 1272, 44 Methwade Sangola Man 28,29,31 to 36,371,372,368,436, to Not 30.09.2016 Rivar 439,445,446/4, 34370 Auctioned

45 Save-Bamni Sangola Man Bamani - 3,192 to 30.09.2016 Rivar 195,199to201,1092to195,152to158, Not Save- 530,532 to 534, 537,539,542, 36890 Auctioned 545,2,3,4,5,7 to 11,23,26, 28, 37, 38,40 to 42,45, 48, 46 Dewale Sangola Man 42 to 49,360 to 364,340 to 343, Not 30.09.2016 Rivar 18405 Auctioned

47 Javala Sangola Man 495 to 517,520,525, 703,755,757 to 30.09.2016 Not Rivar 759, 769,770, 787, 903, 904, 13781 927,928,935, 936,938 to 941, Auctioned 1012,1049, 1101, 48 Yalmar Sangola Man 322 to 325,334,335, 337,824 to Not 30.09.2016 10907 Mangewadi Rivar 833,841 to 822, Auctioned

49 Watambre Sangola Man 1083,1084,1024,1025,1231,1232,128 13377 Order 30.09.2016 Rivar 5 to 1287,1058,1047, Issued 50 Ghodeshwar Mohol- Bhima Ghodeshwar- 30.09.2016 Tamdardi Mangalwedha 108,110,105,107,96,99,120 p, Not Machnur Tamdardi-350,351,1,6,7,14 to 116924 Auctioned 20,42,46,47,48,58, 60, Machnur-120,73,77,80 to 88, 51 Gunjaegaon Mangalwedha Man 353 to 356,359,363, Order 30.09.2016 16694 Rivar 3,4,6,7,14,16,18,19,32 to 36,38,40, Issued

52 Malewadi Mangalwedha Man 201 to 206,185 to 192, 183, 67 to 69, Order 30.09.2016 6086 Rivar 73 to 75, 78,79,82, 94,95,97,99, 100, Issued

Dhawalas Mangalwedha Man 368 to 370,375, Order 30.09.2016 8413 Rivar 1,64,110,111,112,132 to 137,140 to Issued 142, 53 Dharmgaon Mangalwedha Man 115 to 119,122 ,123, 1,2, Order 30.09.2016 9982 Rivar Issued

Mundhavi Mangalwedha Man 558,569,581,582,58,60,61,66,67,424, Order 30.09.2016 8627 Rivar 425,436,437,554,555, 556, Issued

Table No.8 Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams (in Year 2016-17) *Environmental Clearance issued to bleow listed sand spots by S.E.A.C. and S.E.I.A.A. in Financial Year 2016-17 Sr. Name Of Village Taluka Name of Location of sand ghat Availability of Auction E.C. No. the river Sand for Status (Gut No.) auction (in Period of brass) Validity

Ajansond-235to240,247, 248,232.231, Ajansond- 118p,230, 224 to 228,220, 218, 212, 213, Not 1 Pandhapur Bhima 30.09.2017 Mundhewadi- 214,204,203,200 to 194, 68629 Auctioned Mundhewadi-13to18, 20,61to80

Pohrgaon-5,6,7,10 to 14,17 to 20,30 to 35,39 to 41,44 to 51,56, Pohargaon- Not 2 Pandharpur Bhima Sarkoli-301 to 323,337 to 348, 350 to 353, 30.09.2017 Sarkoli 61776 Auctioned 365 to 367, 369, 374, 376, 377, 382, 384 to 386,388,399

Kharsole-39,285,41 to 45,12,14,34, 36, 38, Kharsole - Chale Bhima 5 to 9,11, Chale-525,572, Order 3 Pandharpur 30.09.2017 - Rivar 573 , 576 to 580,594 to 597 ,600 to 58353 Issued 603,609

Kharsole-266 to 273, 265/1,264,263 Kharsole - Bhima Order 4 Pandharpur Ambe-442,435, 434, 433, 430,429,428, 30.09.2017 Ambe- Rivar 28243 Issued 426,425, 424, 423,421,420,19, 446,445,

Ambechincholi-55,56, 58, 59,60, Ambechincholi- Bhima Not 5 Pandharpur Sarkoli-664,669,668,671, 672, 30.09.2017 sarkoli Rivar 78890 Auctioned 673,699,700,744,

Degaon-31,32,40,45,46,18, 22,23,17,1,506,508,509 Mundewadi-208 Degaon- Not 6 Pandharpur Bhima to 211, 213,219 to 221,224, 225, 229,237 30.09.2017 Mundewadi 69420 Auctioned to 239,244 to 248,261 to 263,270 to 272, 275 to 279,

Vite-81,82,gavthan 252, 251,250 Sarkoli-348,349,350, 453, 454,458 to Not 7 Vite-Sarkoli Pandharpur Bhima 30.09.2017 457,472 to 478, 480,481,489 to 493, 395 82800 Auctioned to 498, 501,507 to 517,

Shirdhon-271 to 273,307 to Shirdhon- 311,313,315,318,319, 321p, Order 8 Pandharpur Bhima 30.09.2017 Chincholibhose 323,324,325,330 Chincholibhose-33p,81 to 56640 Issued 84,86 to 90,93 to 99,101 to 115,

Ghodeshwar Mohol- Ghodeshwar- 112,111,108, Not 9 Bhima 30.09.2017 Tamdardi Mangalwedha 107,105,104,102,101,96 to 99, Tamdardi- 74175 Auctioned 344 to 351,1,6,7,15 to 20, 42,46 to

52,55,56, 58,60 to 64,66,67,68,

Ardhnari-38p,29,28,26, Bathan-102/1 to Ardhnari- Mangalwedha- Order 10 Bhima 106,108 to 111,114 to 119,122 to 124,129 30.09.2017 Bathan- Mohol 104256 Issued to 132,135,139 to 174,

Ardhnari- Mangalwedha- Ardhnari-25,19p,17, 16,11,9,8,7p,3p, Not 11 Bhima 30.09.2017 Bramhpuri Mohol Bramhpuri-812 to 848,850 to 869, 105684 Auctioned

Order 12 Devikavate- Akkalkot Bhima 7b,8b,9 30.09.2017 51331 Issued

Order 13 Maisalge Akkalkot Bhima 175 to 178 30.09.2017 30767 Issued

Order 14 Dharsang Akkalkot Bhima 70,76,69,66,65 30.09.2017 23667 Issued

Order 15 Shegaon Akkalkot Bhima 17,20,21,22 30.09.2017 18400 Issued

Not 16 Lavangi- South solapur Bhima 1 to 9, 115,157,148, 30.09.2017 22828 Auctioned

1 to 4,7,8,16,24, 25, 29, 30, 34,25,29,40, Not 17 Aauja(m)- South solapur Bhima 41, 48,52,53,57,59,60,61,62,68/1,68b, 69 30.09.2017 41493 Auctioned to 75, 85a,85b, 211b, to 342, 291 to 295

Order 18 Kurghot- South solapur Bhima 65,76, 59, 164, 58,57, 56,55 ,54, 53,52,51 30.09.2017 23796 Issued

1 to 25,105,111 to 120,123 to Not 19 Balgi South solapur Bhima 30.09.2017 125,129,132, 36514 Auctioned

Kusur-241 to 243,1,8, 23, 118, Siddhapur- South solapur- Order 20 Kusur-Siddhapur Bhima 49,50,91,93 to 97,105 107,112 to 115, 143, 30.09.2017 Mangalwedha 64309 Issued 145, 146, 149, 150,151,154 to 156

Not 21 Kondarchoncholi Karmala Bhima 1 to 5,8,9,11 to 19,21,26, Gavthan 28,29, 30.09.2017 45629 Auctioned

12 to 17,1,2,Gavthan,215, Not 22 Khatgaon Karmala Bhima 202,200,196,192 to 195, 185 to 188,179 to 30.09.2017 52128 Auctioned 181,173 to 176,161 to 163,153 to 155,

5. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT

As the largest private enterprise in India, agriculture contributes one forth of the national GDP. Agriculture has been and will continue to be the life line of India economy. However, agriculture productivity and development differ very much from region to region, which needs a detail investigation. The temperature and pedagogical conditions are favorable for growing valuable crops like jawar, sugarcane, oil seeds, bajara, wheat, etc. By contrast, very low level of agriculture productivity is confined to the tahsils belonging to drought prone areas having irregular rainfall, rugged topography and poor irrigation facilities. Inadequacy of water is main hurdle in agriculture productivity. Hence, in present paper an attempt has been made to assess the regional disparities in levels of agriculture productivity in Solapur District of Maharashtra.

5.1 Agro-ecological situation & it characters

Table No.9 Agro-ecological situation & it characters

Sr.No. Agro-Ecological Characteristics Situation

1. Rainfall Zone-I  This zone includes Karmala, Pandharpur, Sangola, Mangalwedha, Madha & Malsiras tahsils.

 Getting less than 5 cm of rains from February to May, mostly in May, while remaining three months are almost dry.

 During July receives 10-20 cm of rains.

 In post mansoon season i.e. October to January, only one month i.e. October receives 5-10 cm of rains, whereas remaining three months get less than 5 cm of rainfall.

 The amount and the extent of distribution of rains in Zone-I is adequate, erratic and irregular.

 Soils under this zone is shallow, black with low rainfall & medium elevation, Bajra is mainly grown in kharif and Jawar is grown in Rabi season, other crops like Groundnut, Safflower, Wheat are also grown.

2 Rainfall Zone-IV  This zone include Akkalkot, North & South Solapur, Mohol and Barshi tahsil’s.

 In this zone getting rains of 5 cm in pre-mansoon season mostly in May, where as remaining months are dry.

 In rainy season only 10-20 cm of rains occurs in June to September, while past rainy season only 5 cm of rains obtain mostly in October and remaining three months are observed to be dry.

 Soils are shallow black soils did not differ significantly in properties as that of shallow soils in scarcity area.

 Besides, Cereals, Pulses are equally grown over large area either as sole or intercropping.

 Amongst the pulses, Tur, Mung and Udid are cultivated over large area, oilseeds also form an important component of cropping system.

5.2 Soil types of ahsils district

The geographical foundation of soils prevailing in Solapur district is mainly from Deccan trap of volcanic origin viz. “Basalt”. The soil is underlain by partially decomposed basaltic rock locally known as “Murum” which overlies parent material. On account of more or less complete absence of leaching the soil are base saturated the exchangeable calcium being the predominant cation. The free lime content is fairly high (5 to 10 per cent). The soils exhibit varying degree of erosion and truncated profile. Generally soils are clay in texture with predominant montmorillenite clay mineral. Because of the clay minerals, the soils exhibit swelling and shrinkage property on wetting and drying develop cracks after rainy season. The soils are generally low in total nitrogen, low to medium in available phosphorous and high in available potash. The soils in the district can be classified maily on the basis of depth i.e medium deep soils (22.5 to 90 cm) dominate the soil profile with 45 percent of area followed with 25 percent of deep soils of more than 90 cms of depth. About 30 percent of the area is under shallow soils.

Table No.10 The details of the soil types of Solapur District

Sr. Soil type Characteristics Area inha. No.

1 Deep soils  Soil depth is more than 90 cms. 3,72,000

 Water availability period exceeding 130 days.

 25% area of the district having deep soils ( ahsils : Akklkot, north Solapur and south Solapur)

2 Medium deep  Soil depth is between 22.5 to 90 cms. 6,69,600 soils  Water availability period exceeding between 100-130 days.

 45% area of the district having medium deep soils (Tahsils: Mohol, Barshi, Pandharpur, Madha and Mangalwedha).

3 Shallow soils  Soil depth is less than 22.5 cms. 4,46,400

 Water availability period less than 100 days.

 30% area of the district having shallow soils (Tahsils: Malsiras, Karmala and Sangola)

Table No.11- Tahsilwise major crops productivity (2015/16)

5.3 Area, Production and Productivity of major crops cultivated in the solapur district

Sr. No. Crop Area (ha) Production (Qtl) Productivity(Qtl /ha)

A) Cereals:

1 K. Jawar 500 8500 17.00

2 R. Jawar 6,01,700 44,31,000 6.50

3 Bajra 63,400 7,61,000 12.00

4 Wheat 60,900 5,54,000 9.10

5 Sugarcane 35,400 1,69,92,000 480.00

B) Oilseeds:

1 K. Sunflower 19,900 1,25,000 6.28

2 Safflower 14,000 23,000 1.65

3 Rabi Sunflower 19,900 1,25,000 6.28

4 Summer Groundnut 3,200 83,000 26.00

5 Soybean 4,900 58,000 11.60

C) Pulses:

1 Redgram 39,100 2,57,000 6.28

2 Green gram 6,000 50,000 8.25

3 Black gram 9,100 37,000 4.08

4 Chickpea 33,000 1,49,000 4.50

D) Fruits:

1 Pomegranate 21,433 10,65,600 50

2 Ber 7,461 37,10,000 50

3 Grape 5,231 35,980 272

4 K. lime 3,718 18,56,000 50

5 Mango 2,180 21,700 10

6 Sapota 1,902 95,100 50

7 Tamarind 1,139 11390 10

8 Custard apple 791 7910 10

9 Banana 700 5,417 773

E) Vegetables:

1 Onion 7,938 9,59,200 120

2 Chilli 2,753 2,20,240 80

3 Brinjal 877 1,75,000 200

4 Tomato 877 1,75,400 200

5 Okra 69 10,350 150

6 Garlic 245 2,455 10

*Data collected from Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Solapur District, Solapur.

6. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT The study of the contour and morphology suggest that maximum area under water body is resulted to Karmala, Pandharpur, Sangola, Barshi and Akkalkot Talukas because of river and lake availability, whereas Karmala, Madha, Mohol, and Malshiras are beneficiary Talukas of Ujjani dam. Maximum settlements are found in North Solapur, South Solapur & Pandharpur Talukas which can be attributed to industrial and educational development. There is shrub land and fallow land noteworthy in whole Solapur district which may be due to the lack of water availability and lack of adaption of advance techniques in agriculture. Shrub land covered maximum area lies in Sangola and Malshiras Talukas due to the hilly region exibited by contour diferences and slope along which shallow soil cover is found. Maximum area occupied by agriculture in Pandharpur and Mangalwedha may be because of soil

19 suitability as well as water availability in these Talukas. Madha, Karmala and Mohol are most beneficiaries of Ujjani dam due to rejuanation of Sina River by canal which pramoted maximum area under agriculture. Major noteworthy changes between study periods are exhibited by agriculture and shrub land because the shrub land is converted into agriculture day by day due to the addaption of advance technique in agriculture. The area under settlement is increased due to population growth influenced by workers in agricultureal and allied industry. Solapur is a drought prone area so there is no major change in water body in study period of twenty year.

Table No.12 Talukawise Land Use/Land Cover (Area in Hec.)of Solapur District.

Taluka Agriculture Shrub Fallow Settelment Water Total Land Land Body

Akkalkot 594 392 354 35 32 1407

Barshi 643 503 331 22 46 1545

Karmala 525 501 389 24 156 1595

Madha 641 461 349 19 35 1505

Malshiras 731 717 84 31 41 1604

Mohol 574 544 158 20 24 1320

N.Solapur 242 218 122 81 21 684

Pandharpur 843 279 78 49 42 1291

S.Solapur 414 349 365 38 25 1191

7. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE REGION

On the basis of relief and structure, the physiographic divisions of the region are formed. The relief and structure influence the climate, soil types, vegetation pattern and economy of the study region. It is, therefore, necessary to demarcate, the district of Solapur into its physiographic regions, in order to have a precise geographical understanding. Most of the area of the district belongs to the Deccan plateau region. On the basis of physical setup, the region is divided into three major physiographic divisions:

7.1 The Hilly Region:

The hilly region, in the western and south western region occupies its sizable area by having average height more than 600 meters. At the same time, the region also includes the plateau in the Malsiras, Sangola, Pandharpur and Mangalweda tahsils of the district. In the north eastern part of the Solapur district along the border of Osmanabad district, there is an important Balaghat range particularly in the Barshi tahsil. The small range of Balaghat range namely Ramling hill lies from North West to south east of Barshi Tahsil which form the border line between Solapur and Osmanabad districts, which have an altitude between 600 meter to 750 meter Most of the small rivers and streams like river Man, Korda, Warai, Bhogawati, Nagzeri and Sina, are originate from the Balaghat and Mahadeo ranges. Some isolated ranges are also found in the various tahsil notably in the central part of Karmala and Madha tahsils locally, these are known as Waghoba and Bodaki respectively. These hilly regions as expected are very poor agriculturally and hence, human settlements are very few and far. These ranges occupy about 10 percent geographical area of the Solapur district.

Table No.13 Relief Divisions of Solapur District

Sr. Relief Division Area in Percentage to Total No. Sq.Km. Geographical Area of the Region 1. The Hilly Region 497 3.34 2. The Plateau Region 11916 80.00 3. The Lowland Region 2482 16.66 Total district 14895 100.00

7.2 The Plateau Region:

The contour line of 550 meter above mean sea level is parting the south central and south eastern part. This infact, demarcates the district into plateau and plain region of Bhima basin. Almost 70 percent of total geographical area of the district is occupied by the plateau region. The average height of the plateau region is in between 450 meter to 600 meter, this region also includes some individual separate hills in different parts of the plateau.This comprises the areas of the Karmala, Madha, Barshi and Akkalkot in the left hand of the river Bhīma and parts of Malshiras, Pandharpur, Sangola and Mangalweda tahsils are in right hand of river Bhima. Most of the plateau region in the Solapur district is drained by the river Bhima and its tributaries. Therefore, the soils of plateau region are suitable and fertile for the production of various kinds of crops.

7.3 The Plain (lowland) Region:

The plain region in the district of Solapur is occupied by Bhīma River and its tributaries. The central part of the district lies in the plain region. The plain region naturally is found along both sides of the river Bhima and its tributaries such as river Sina and river Man. The soil of the plain region is most fertile due to the deposition of eroded material transported by the river Bhima and its tributaries. The Solapur city, the Head quarters of district is located at the border of plateau and plain region. The plain area in the district covers about 20 percent of the geographical area of the district. Surprisingly, there are few hills and uplands isolated found in the plain region, which have the height of more than 550 meters, above mean sea level. On an average, the plain region has an altitude which is ranging between 200 to 450 meters.

7.4 Drainage Pattern:

The river Bhīma originates from the Bhima shankar plateau of Ambegaon tahsil in Pune district. After leaving the Solapur district, it enter into Karnataka state and meets with the Krishna river. The right bank tributaries of Bhīma are Nira and Man, while left bank tributary is the Sina. Besides, a good number of lesser streams in the Solapur district which form the tributaries of the Bhīma and Sina are the local feeders. The Bhīma and the Sina flow, roughly south easterly direction, while the Nira east and the Man north east direction. Most of these rivers are non perennial in nature and flow only during the rainy season. In order to understand, their detail characteristics, it is most appropriate to discuss them one by one in to consideration. 23

A. The River Bhima

The river Bhīma drains in the central part of the district, comprises the greater part of Karmala, Madha, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Mangalweda, Mohol and south Solapur tahsils. The river Bhīma is one of the main feeders of river Krishna. The river Bhīma rises from the Bhimashankar plateau in Pune district and runs south east direction and enters into Solapur district near Jinti village of Karmala tahsil and flows through the district of Pune, Ahamadnagar and Solapur in Maharashtra and Bijapur district in Karnataka and it falls into Krishna River about 25 kilomiter North of Raichur in Karnataka State. The Bhīma has an overall length of 289 kilometer within the limit of the district of Solapur. The 110 kilometer length of the river Bhima, acts as winding since the river separate Karmala on the left from Indapur in Pune district on the right. For about 10 kilometer, it separates Madha on the left and Malshiras on the right. Further, for about 34 kilometer it separates Pandharpur in the left and Malshiras on the right. Again for about 65 kilometer, it passes through the central part of the Pandharpur tahsil. The Mohol tahsil in the left for about 20 kilometer, it has separated Mangalweda tahsil on the right they it turns towards south for about 10 kilometer forming the boundary between south Solapur tahsil on the left and Mangalweda tahsil on the right. After this, the river Bhīma acts as a boundary between Maharashtra and Karnataka states, for about seventy kilometer, the south Solapur and Akkalkot tahsil on the left hand of the region under study and the districts of Bijapur and Gulburga on the right hand. One more point worth mentioning is that, the river Bhīma is making a shape of crescent near Pandharpur. Due to such appearance of the river near Pandharpur locally, it is called as a Chandrabhaga, which is regarded as a holiest place in Maharashtra.

B. The River Nira

The river Nira rises in the Bhor tahsil of the Pune district. The river Nira is the chief right bank feeder of the Bhīma River. It runs to south east and east, along the borders of Pune, Satara and Solapur districts before joining the main flow of Bhīma River, out of its total length of about 180 kilometer, only 48 kilometer lies on the borders of the Pune and the Solapur district. The banks of the river Nira are steep and rocky.

C. The River Man

The river Man rises in the Phaltan ranges which are the parts of Mahadeo ranges in Satara district. It flows, in the west side of Dahiwadi. It is a right bank feeder of river Bhīma and run through eastern parts of Satara district and turns towards Sangola, Pandharpur and Mangalweda tahsil. It forms entire boundary between Pandharpur and Mangalweda tahsil. 25

The total lengths of river Man is about 160 kilometer, out of which 80 kilometer, lies within the limits of Solapur district. The Belvan the Khurd, the Sanganga and the Vankadi are the main feeder streams of the river Man within the district of Solapur, which are seasonal in its nature.

D.The River Sina

The river Sina rises twenty two kilometer west of Torana in Ahamadnagar district of Maharashtra state and enters the Solapur district near Alijapur village of the Karmala tahsil. It is largest left bank feeder of the river Bhima. It runs south-east through Ahamadnagar and Solapur district and meets with the river Bhīma near Kudal about 25 kilometers south of Solapur city. It has a total length of 180 kilometer within the district of Solapur. The river Sina receives, river Bhogawati on its half bank near Mohol about a distance of 7 kilometer. The channel of river Sina is about 100 to 200 meters; broad in Solapur district and it has very steep banks throughout its flow in the Solapur district.

E. The River Bhogavati

It is the fifth important river of Solapur district. It rises in the south facing scarps of Balaghat in the North east part of Barshi tahsil. It flows initially to south west direction for a distance of about 65 kilometer in the Barshi and Madha tahsils of Solapur district. The Bhogawati joins Sina about seven kilometers north of Mohol tahsil. It is the largest tributary of river Sina. The major sources of streams of the Bhogawati are Bodaki, Nagzari and Sira which also rise in Balaghat hill and run to south west direction.

F. The River Bori

The river Bori rises on the south facing scarp land of Osmanabad plateau near Tuljapur. It is a small left bank feeder of river Bhīma. It flows to southwards direction in the eastern parts of Akkalkot tahsil. Its tributary is river Harni, which flows about 50 kilometers through the Akkalkot tahsil in Solapur district.

7.5 Natural Vegetation:

The natural vegetation is commonly used to describe the natural plant's growth as distinct from the cultivated plants growth. The natural vegetation is consisting three fold divisions of study the forest, grassland and desert. In the region under study, the forest cover is very poor. The forest of Solapur district occupies 357.9 square kilometer area in which 345

26 square kilometer forest area and 12.9 square kilometer is unclassified forest. In other words, 157 square kilometer is area under revenue department; 188 square kilometer is under of forest department and 12.9 square kilometer unclassified reserved and unclaimed forests. Surprisingly, these scattered poor forests constitute only 2.14 percent of the total area of the district. In the past, the forests were comparatively dense of predominant of scrubs forest on the hill and with growth of Babul and Neem, lower down in the plains, however, at present most of these forests have disappeared. What remains today, are poor stunted and malformed trees of scrubs in scattered patches. Before the independence of our country, the forest areas were under the administration of forest division in Solapur district. But due to the growing pressure of population, some forest lands were converted in to agricultural land and some were denuded of vegetation and soil. At present, forests are mainly observed in patches in Malshiras, Sangola and Barshi tahsils on hill slopes and low lying areas. Most of the forest product of the district is consumed by the local people. In fact, the forest produce falls short of the total demand and the requirements have to be imported from other places of Maharashtra and India. The important collections of forest produce in the district are Barshi and Solapur. Despite, other tahsil Head Quarters such as Pandharpur, Mangalwedha, Sangola and Akkalkot are important centre's for the collection of forest products. 7.5. Climate

Broadly, the climate of the Solapur district is monsoonal in nature. The year can be divided in to four seasons:

1) The cold weather season : (December to February ) 2) The hot weather season : ( March to May) 3) The southwest Monsoon season : ( June to August) 4) The post Monsoon season : (September to November)

In order to understand, the chief characteristics of climatic conditions, it is necessary to discuss in detail each season of the Solapur district.

Table No.14 Temprature Distribution in Solapur District

Sr. Months Solapur Jeur

No. Mean daily Mean Daily Mean daily Mean Daily Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Temp 0C Temp 0C Temp 0C Temp 0C 1 Jan 30.4 15.3 30.6 13.4

2 Feb 33.2 17.1 33.6 14.7

3 March 36.8 20.8 36.9 18.4

4 April 39.3 24.2 38.9 22.8

5 May 39.9 25.1 39.7 24.2

6 June 34.7 23.3 34.9 23.0

7 July 31.3 22.3 31.3 21.8

8 Aug 31.2 21.8 30.7 21.0

9 Sept 31.1 21.6 31.4 20.9

10 Oct 32.1 20.4 31.8 19.6

11 Nov 30.4 17.2 30.9 15.1

12 Dec 29.9 14.8 30.1 12.9

District Annual 33.3 20.3 33.4 19.0

7.6 Rainfall:

The normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 584.3 mm. The rainfall in the district varies from 448.8 mm. (17.67") at Akluj near the western border to 689.2 mm. (27.14") at Akkalkot near the south-eastern border of the district some rainfall in the form of thunder-showers occurs during the months of April and May. The rainfall during the southwest monsoon in the months of June to September amounts to about 74 per cent of the annual rainfall. September is the rainiest month. About 17 per cent of the normal annual rainfall in the district is received in the post-monsoon months of October and November. The rainfall analysis also indicates drought area in the eastern, southern, south eastern, central and north western parts around Akkalkot, S. Solapur, Karmala, Madha, some part of Mangalvedha, Sangola covering around 60-80% area of the district. 28

Table No. 15 Normal Rainfall from Various Stations in the Solapur Districts

Sr.No. Tahsil Avg. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

1 North Solapur 542.2 756.2 610.2 472.8 534.7 393.9 272.98 547.94 410.68

2 South Solapur 542.2 756.2 610.2 472.8 502.4 387.6 228.17 534.86 454.13

3 Akkalkot 538.5 717.2 618.0 556.3 601.4 433.3 246.86 456.67 379.62

4 Barshi 601.8 1030.3 505.6 551.6 540.1 392.2 238.58 593.68 769.47

5 Pandharpur 496.5 672.1 395.8 361.8 566.2 371.3 278.33 375.01 511.36

6 Mangalwedha 447.9 604.9 309.0 287.5 437.9 373.0 227.93 310.04 446.68

7 Sangola 386.6 615.9 330.1 393.8 463.5 492.9 272.46 448.09 568.43

8 Malshiras 465.6 719.2 436.8 350.0 589.5 326.0 215.29 436.70 530.52

9 Madha 508.3 1118.7 389.5 434.5 591.3 340.4 289.97 535.47 613.40

10 Mohol 478.5 948.8 508.6 318.1 527.0 335.0 230.16 318.28 518.93

11 Karmala 369.0 963.4 538.9 258.7 510.0 384.6 262.26 419.62 567.45

Total 5377.1 8902.9 5252.7 4457.8 5863.8 4230.1 2762.99 4976.36 5770.67

Average 488.8 809.4 477.5 405.3 533.1 384.6 251.18 452.40 524.61

(Source- https://solapur.gov.in/en/rainfall/)

8. GEOLOGY

The region under study is relatively a small in area; hence, the prominent features associated with the geology are not expected. The region is remarkably free from structural complexity. There are no evidences of any structural disturbances like folding and faulting. The basaltic lava flow traps, which are covered by thin mental of soil almost everywhere in the district.These lava flows, on account of differential weathering give rise to undulating relief. There are no prominent mountains and hill ranges in the district, hence, the region is characterized by typical Deccan trap topography. The fine materials constitute the high country side while, weathered vesicular and geologic basalts generally constitute the river valleys in the region. The traps in the district most probably represent the middle trap in three fold classifications, the lower trap and the upper trap being the other two classes. The geological sequence in the district of Solapur is divided into two main categories:

1. Recent alluvium and soil causing horizons of calcareous pebble (KANKAR) gravels, pebbles and silt lime materials; are of the recent origin.

2. Volcanic flows are resulting in fissure eruptions of lava. These lava flows belong to Deccan trap are in fact, of volcanic episode of the cretaceous Eocene period.

3. The geological survey carried out in the past clearly reveals that the fragments of basalt do not show any sign of volcanic activity in historical past. However, there are structural variations within the same flow both laterally and vertically. 8.1 Geological Structures:- In massive unit of Deccan Trap Basalt, ground water occurs in soil cum weathered jointed cracked and other weaker zones. The upper portion of the massive traps show persistent spheroidal weathering and exfoliation which helps in retaining more ground water in these rocks in comparison to compact massive unit. The storage of ground water in compact massive unit totally depends upon the presence of joints and their nature, distribution and interconnection. The average depth range of dug wells is 12.00 m to 15.00 m and that of bore wells is 50.00 to 60.00 m in hard rock areas, whereas the yields range from 0.60 to 3.10 lps.

8.2 Economic Minerals:- In Solapur district minerals of economic importance are not found. Basaltic rock is used economically for construction purpose. Mud used for making bricks, sand and metal stone used for construction purpose are the only important minerals found in Solapur district.

9. GROUNDWATER INFORMATION OF SOLAPUR DISTRICT.

Solapur district is one of the four districts that form the region of Western Maharashtra. It is the fourth largest district in Maharashtra in terms of land area and seventh largest in terms of population. It is an important junction on the Central railway line. Solapur is a city with an array of small and medium scale industries. The district is well known for its textile industries and Solapur chadars and towels are famous around the globe. The district has the largest industry in Maharashtra for Beedi production. Solapur is also known for its oilseed-market. Solapur is situated on Deccan plateau. It has an average elevation of 458 metres. The district is spread over an area of around 14,895 square kilometers. It is located on the south east edge of the state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seena basins. The entire district is drained by the Bhima River. Revenue Sub-divisions are Solapur, Madha (Kurduwadi), Pandharpur. The district is divided into 11 talukas viz Akkalkot, Barshi, Karmala, Madha, Malshiras, Mangalwedhe, Mohol, Pandharpur, Solapur North and Solapu South. A location map taluka boundaries, taluka head quarters, ground water monitoring stations and physical features is shown in fig 2.

Figure 2: Administrative Divisions Table No. 16 . Salient Features of Rainfall Analysis in Solapur District

9.1 Ground Water Scenario

9.1.1 Hydrogeology

The entire Solapur district is occupied by lava flows of the Deccan Basalt formation, which constitute the main rock formation of the district. The important water bearing formations of the district are discussed below.

9.1.2 Deccan Trap Basalt

Ground water in Deccan Traps mostly occurs in the weathered and fractured parts down to 10-15m depth. At places potential zones are encountered at deeper levels in the form of fractures and inter-flow zones which are generally confined down to 60-80m in the district. The weathered portions of both vesicular and massive units have better porosity and permeability. Intensity of weathering is less in hilly region of the district while it is higher in plain area. The yield of dug wells tapping phreatic aquifer ranges between 18 to 152cum/day, which have 5-12m depth range. The bore wells are generally drilled down to 40 to 60m tapping weathered and fracture/vesicular zones, these wells have a discharge of 2 to 4lps. It is 33 noticed and reported that the yields of the wells drastically get reduced in summer months beginning form March up June end.

9.1.2 Alluvium

Ground water in this formation occurs under water table condition in the district as it is very shallow in depth and spreads over a very limited area. It is observed that the saturated thickness of alluvial material comprises of silt, clay, sand and gravel. The detrital material consisting of sand and gravel occurring as lenses in the alluvial piles sometimes form good aquifer but on other hand these deposit do not constitute potential aquifer in the district as compared to hard rock due to its limited area extent.

The yield of dug wells developed closer to river course ranges between 122 to 172cum/day, which have 8-16m depth range. The bore wells are generally drilled down to 20 tapping alluvium and part of weathered and fracture/vesicular zones, these wells have a discharge of 4 to 6lps.

9.2 Water Level Scenario

Central Ground Water Board monitors ground water level 53 National Hydrograph Network monitoring Stations (NHNS) established in the district four times a year ie during January, May (Pre-monsoon), August and November (Post-monsoon).

9.2.1 Pre monsoon Depth to Water Level (May-2011)

The pre-monsoon depth to water level ranges from ground level to 12.80. It is observed that most of the stations were dry during pre-monsoon season indicating roughly the water level has gone below 9 mbgl as majority of the wells are having a depth range between 8 and 16 mbgl except at few observation wells where it is more than 16 mbgl. Depth to water level range of 5-10 mbgl are observed in major part of the district. Water level in the range of 2-5 mbgl are observed in northern part of the district and also in isolated pached spread over the district.

9.2.2 Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (Nov- 2011)

The post monsoon water level ranges from 1.00 to 19.60 m bgl. Major part of the district shows water level in the range of 5-10 mbgl. The water level within 3 mbgl have been recorded only in few patches in western part of Solapur district particularly in the area ground Jeur and Kanhar in Karmala Taluka, area around Mahlshiras town and Salmukh in Malshiras Taluka and area around Sangola in Sangola Taluka. The area around Pandharpur and 34

Mangalvedha in west central part of the district has recorded water level below 9 mbgl. Similarly the area around Nagaj village in Sangola Taluka in the extreme south west part and village Chincholi in eastern part in South Solapur Taluka and village Shole in Mohol Taluka have also shown water level below 9 mbgl in post monsoon season. Spatial variation in post monsoon depth to water level has been shown in Figure 4.

9.2.3 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation (May-Nov 2011)

The seasonal water level fluctuation (May-Nov 2011) ranges from -7.95 to 7.20 m and the mean fluctuation is1.67m. The highest negative fluctuation is at Chale NHS and positive fluctuation is observed at Shelgoan. The fluctuation range of 0-2 m and 2-4 m have been observed in major part of the area. The higher fluctuation ranges of 4-6 m and 6-8 m are observed in the recharge area. Negative fluctuation is observed in six few wells in isolated patches.

9.2.4 Long Term Water Level Trend (2001-2010)

The long term water level trend for pre and post monsoon period for the last 10 years have been computed. The decadal water level trend is showing raise in majority of wells (47) and fall in few wells (12) varying from +4.05 to -0.780m/yr. In general pre-monsoon water levels are stable with mean rising trend of 0.4m/yr. Decadal mean post-monsoon depth to water level varies between 0.32 and 5.25 m bgl. In major part of the district mean water level is in the range of less than 2 m bgl. The decadal water level trend varies from +3.53 to - 1.50m/yr. In post-monsoon 12 wells out of 53 monitored show fall in water levels indicating draining of aquifer due to steep gradient and natural base flow. In general the water levels are showing rising trend over long period. the maximum area of central part and eastern and south eastern part of Solapur district is showing declining trend of ground water level which is more prominent at the maximum rate in the area around Pandharpur. Also decline of 0.1 to 0.2 m/year is observed in the small patches in northern part of the district around Varkute and Karmala. Similarly in southern portion around Shivani, Pout and Nagaj in also showing decline in water level.

Figure 3 : Premonsoon Depth to Water Level (May 2011)

Figure 4: Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level (May 2011)

9.3. Yield of Bore Wells

A wide variation in yield of bore wells has been recorded in the district. The Ground Water Surveys and Development Agency (GSDA) and Zilla Parishad had drilled 19,936 borewells in the district for rural water supply till the ends of March 2004 out of which17439 borewells are successful. Out of these 17439 successful wells, 15914 have been fitted with hand pumps and 938 borewells, where the discharge was recorded more than 5000 liters/hour, have been fitted with power pumps.

9.4 Findings of Sina-Man Project

Hydrogeological studies under Sina-Man project of the CGWB covering 6826 sq km of the district revealed variation in the well performance and aquifer characteristics. Area was

explored up to depth of 205 mbgl and three distinct aquifer systems were observed as shown below.

Table No.17 Aquifer characteristics in the Area Covering parts of Sina and Man River basin.

Sr.No Aquifer Thick Depth DTW Fluctua Trans- Specific Yield . Type ness Range Rang tion missivit Yield (lps) (m) (mbgl) e (m) y (%) (mbg (m2/ l) day) 1 Water 5 to 20 Up to 2 to 8 0.5 to 12 30 to 1.6 to 5 13 to 36 table 20 207 2. Semi 2.5 to 21 to 40 NR NR 1.25 to - 1 to 5 (DCB) Confined 30 210 4 to 16 (B/W)

3 Confined Varia Below Few NR 6 to 90 - 0.25 to 2 ble 40 to 24

9.5. Ground Water Resource Estimation (2009)

Ground water resource estimation has been done jointly be CGWB and GSDA, Government of Maharashtra based on GEC-1997 methodology. The total number of watersheds in the Solapur district is 64, which has been again sub-divided into 86 sub units (23 command and 63 non command), which form the assessment unit for the estimation of ground water resources.

Resources were estimated as on 2009. The estimated Net annual ground water availability of the district is 150784.49 ham. Existing ground water draft for domestic and industrial purpose is 4936.63 ham. The stage of ground water development is 78.23 % and out of 64 watersheds, 51 watersheds fall in Safe category, 6 in Semi-Critical and remaining 7 in Over-exploited category. Malshiras taluka has been categorized as OE and rest of the talukas are in Safe category. The same are presented below

Table No.18. Dynamic ground water resources of the solapur district, maharashtra

No. Administrative Comman Net Existing Existing Existing Provision Net Stage of Category Unit d / Non- Annual Gross Gross Gross for Ground Ground Comman Ground Ground Ground Ground Domestic Water Water d / Total Water Water Water Water and Availabili Developm Availabili Draft for Draft for Draft for Industrial ty for ent (% ) ty Irrigation Domestic All uses water Future and Supply to Irrigation Industrial 2025 Developm water ent Supply 1 Akkalkot Total 14783.17 7496.74 499.89 7996.63 999.78 6286.65 54.09 SAFE 2 Barshi Total 11600.15 8684.92 497.83 9182.74 919.31 1995.93 79.16 SAFE

3 Karmala Total 12653.18 9421.39 397.70 9819.09 705.08 2703.97 77.60 SAFE 4 Madha Total 17294.39 13056.60 524.17 13580.76 887.71 4166.65 78.53 SAFE 5 Malshiras Total 21141.50 20851.03 613.74 21464.77 890.63 2452.44 101.53 OE 6 Mangalwedha Total 9449.14 7628.17 344.12 7972.29 654.35 1166.63 84.37 SAFE 7 Mohol Total 13362.63 11243.48 474.11 11717.58 763.93 2227.92 87.69 SAFE 8 N.Solapur Total 7067.28 4324.25 210.91 4535.16 418.39 2338.10 64.17 SAFE 9 Pandharpur Total 14899.90 11075.76 382.99 11458.76 707.31 3441.74 76.90 SAFE 10 S.Solapur Total 12481.59 7351.55 365.73 7717.27 718.33 4480.43 61.83 SAFE 11 Sangola Total 16051.53 11891.79 625.44 12517.23 1266.13 2897.93 77.98 SAFE

Total 150784.4 113025.66 4936.63 117962.29 8930.95 34158.39 78.23 SAFE 9

9.6 Status of Ground Water Development

The prominent hill ranges, isolated hillocks, undulation etc. in the district give rise to higher run off conditions. The predominance of hard rock formation in the form of basaltic lava flows facilitates the run off rather than natural recharge due to the poor ground water storage and transmission capabilities. The rainfall in the district is 524 to 707 mm with average 2 0 rainy days of 40 which flows out as surface runoff and the heavy rainfall leads to flash flood. As such ground water development in the region is low to moderate. Most of the dug wells become dry during peak summer. The bore wells range in depth from 45 to 90 m bgl and have been drilled in most of the difficult village.

The district has a stage of ground water development of 78.23 %. All talukas are in safe category where as Malshira is Over Exploited. Out of 64 watersheds, 51 watersheds fall in Safe category as per the ground water resource assessment (2009) thus there is scope for further ground water development at feasible locations so as to bring more cultivable land under irrigation. The prime objective should be to achieve the development in scientific manner and multi-sectoral approach by adopting latest ground water management techniques. However even today in many part of the district where the water level is deep during post monsoon season and the long term trend is also showing declining trend, the ground water augmentation measures should be immediately taken up by artificial recharge methods.

The major part of the area constitutes hilly and rugged terrain where ground water conditions are highly localized, any further ground water development to meet drinking water requirement can be implemented on village to village basis. There exists scope for tapping the deep aquifer through bore well in the depth range of 45-100 m bgl for drinking water supply. Dug wells may be constructed down to the depth of 15 m, so as to tap the weathered, 39 vesicular/ fractured and jointed basalt, normally available down the depth of 15 m bgl. The diameter of the well can be 3.5 to 6.5 m, so that the storage in the well can also be made use of in addition to the ground water seeping in. Dry dug wells existing in the trap area are shallow and these can be revitalized by converting them to dug-cum-bore wells.

9.6.1 Rural Water Supply

Under rural water supply schemes all the 1134 villages and 3263 wadis are covered and all the villages and wadis are having bore wells. Out of 17439 successful bore wells 15914 are fitted with hand pumps and 938 are provided with electric motors.

9.6.2. Water Conservation Practices

The entire area of Solapur district is occupied by hard rocks of Deccan basaltic group and receives rainfall varying from 524 to 707 mm/year. The availability of surface water is limited to monsoon period. The state government has taken small schemes of water conservation in the district to conserve monsoon water and run off generated thereof.

Total 278 percolation tanks have been constructed in the district with storage capacity of 82.9 MCM with irrigation potential of 4256 ha. Kolhapur types (KT Weirs) are constructed at 93 locations in the district having storage capacity of 246.68 MCM with irrigation potential of 78843.5 ha. Apart from this there are 40 village tanks constructed in the district, which have 59.91 MCM of gross storage.

Ground Water Surveys and Development agency (GSDA) Government of Maharashtra has under taken ground water conservation effort by adopting unconventional techniques in the district. Fracture Seal Cementation (FSC), 23 jacket well, 223 hydro fracturing and 1 bore blasting technique schemes have been completed till the end of 2001 in 154 villages of the district.

The work of soil, land and water conservation in the state is done by the department like Agriculture and Soil etc. The State Agriculture department has constructed 2495-brush wood dams, 26896 loose boulder structures, 38136 Earthen structures, 329 Gabian structures, 7223 Farm ponds, 22884 Earthen nala bandh, 1173 Cement nala bandhs, 462 Under ground bandharas, and 197 Gulley plugging. Apart from this 99.78 km of continuous contour trenching and 50.24 km of line trenching has also been done.