MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
THE PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE EASTERN PROVINCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT
NOVEMBER 2011
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD
Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Eastern Province
NYAGATARE Rwanda
RWAMAGANA Nkondo2 Primary School Eastern Province KAYONZA Project Base
Kigali RWAMAGANA KIGALI Nyankora Republic RWAMAGANA KAYONZA Mwulire2 Primary School of Rwanda MKM NGOMA KAYONZA KIREHE
Project Target Area NGOMA (Former Kibungo Province) KIBUNGO
Sakara Primary School TARGET SITES Murama KIREHE District Sector Water Supply Scheme HAMS Activities
RWAMAGANA Mwulire, Kigabiro, MKM Mwulire2 Primary School KIREHE Munyaga KAYONZA Rwinkwavu Nyankora Nkondo2 Primary School Gatore2 NGOMA Murama Murama Handpump Sakara Primary School Curazo Primary School KIREHE Gatore Gatore2 Curazo Primary School
TANZANIA
Project Target Area Map ©2009 PURA-SANI Photographs
MININFRA Eastern Province
Rwamagana District Kayonza District
Ngoma District Kirehe District
Umudugudu
MKM: Repairing meter by WSP technician MKM: Sensitization to residents by WSP president
Nyankora: Control panel inspection by pump operator Nyankora: Water fee collection at public tap stand
Murama: Handpump repair by WSP technicians Murama: Community participation in handpump repair
Gatore 2: Disassembling of pump Gatore 2: Selling water by Tap Manager
Mwulire 2: ECOSAN toilet cleaning by student Mwulire 2: HAMS club sanitation education activity
Nkondo 2: ECOSAN toile constructed by project Nkondo 2: HAMS club sensitization activity
Sakara: Project constructed rainwater tank and taps Sakara: HAMS club forestation activity
Curazo: HAMS club sanitation education activity Curazo : Handwashing with Canacla next to toilet TABLE OF CONTENTS
Project Target Area Map Photographs Abbreviations Page Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background ….……………………………………………………..… 1-1 1.2 Project Period …………………………………………………………………… 1-3 1.3 Organization for Project Implementation ………………………………….…. 1-9 1.4 Inputs ……………………………………………………………………………. 1-10 1.5 Reports …………………………………..……………………………...... 1-11
Chapter 2 Project Achievements 2.1 Background of Activities 2.1.1 Transition of PDM and PO …………………….………………….…...... 2-1 2.1.2 Transition of Executing Agency ...... 2-1 2.1.3 Selection of Pilot Sites and Their Transition ……………………………….. 2-2 2.2 Achievements related to Rural Water Supply 2.2.1 Strengthening of District Organization and Capacity (Output1) ……………. 2-4 2.2.2 Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers (Output2) ……………. 2-9 2.3 Achievements related to Sanitation …………………………… 2-12 2.4 Output Materials ...... 2-14 2.5 JCC Meetings ………………………………………………………………… 2-16 2.6 Project Promotion Activities …………………………………………………… 2-17 2.7 Other Related Activities 2.7.1 Mid-Term Review ……………………………………………………….. 2-19 2.7.2 Consultation Survey ………………………………………………………. 2-23 2.7.3 Terminal Evaluation ……………………………………………………… 2-26 2.7.4 End-line Survey ……………………….………….……………………. 2-29 2.8 Improvement and future issues since End-line survey ….………………………… 2-30
Chapter 3 Challenges for Rwandan Side 3.1 Rural Water Supply ...... 3-1 3.2 Sanitation ...... 3-2
ANNEXES Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation 1-1 Project Implementation Organization ………………………………… A-1-1 1-2 Executing Agency and Others ………………………………………… A-1-4 Annex-2 Project Inputs 2-1 Dispatch Schedule of JICA Experts …………………………………… A-2-1 2-2 Transition of Project Counterparts and JCC Members ……………… A-2-2 2-3 Procured Equipment ……………………………………………… A-2-12 2-4 Counterpart Training in Japan ……………………………………… A-2-12 2-5 Rwandan Side Contributions ……………………………………… A-2-13 Annex-3 Project Activities 3-1 Activities for Output 1 …………………………………………… A-3-1 3-2 Activities for Output 2 …………………………………………… A-3-10 3-3 Activities for Output 3 …………………………………………… A-3-31 3-4 End Line Survey …………………………………………… A-3-49 Annex-4 Project Evaluation Missions 4-1 Mid-Term Review …………………………………………………… A-4-1 4-2 Consultation Survey ………………………………………………… A-4-5 4-3 Terminal Evaluation ……………………………………………… A-4-8 Annex-5 R/D and Amended R/D …………………………………………………… A-5-1 Annex-6 Minutes of JCC Meetings ………………………………………………… A-6-1 Annex-7 PDM and PO ………………………………………………………………… A-7-1 Annex-8 Minutes of Monthly Management Meetings ……………………………… A-8-1 Annex-9 List of Collected Information ……………………………………………… A-9-1 ABBREVIATIONS
COVOMEKA : Coopérative Voma Meza Kayonza (Former cooperative in charge of Nyankora water supply scheme in Kayonza district)
COGEPRENA : Coopérative Gestion et Protection de la Resource Naturelle (Cooperative in charge of Nyankora water supply scheme in Kayonza district)
C/P : Counterpart
DDP/PDD : District Development Plan / Plan de Développement du District
ECOSAN Toilet : Ecological Sanitation Toilet
EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
EWSA : Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority
Frw : Rwandan Francs
HAMS : Hygiène et assainissement en milieu scolaire (Hygiene and Sanitation in Schools)
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
IC/R : Inception Report
ICT : Information, Communication and Technology jc : jerrican: 20 liter plastic container for water carriage
JCC : Joint Coordination Committee
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
KAP : Knowledge, Attitude, Practice
KODUMU : Koperative Duharanire Ubuzima bwiza Murama (Cooperative in charge of Murama handpump scheme in Ngoma district)
MDG : Millennium Development Goals
MINALOC : Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs (Ministère de l’administration locale, de la bonne gouvernance, du développement communautaire et des affaires sociales)
MINECOFIN : Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ministère des finances et de la planification économique)
MINEDUC : Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Research (Ministère de l’éducation, de la Science, de la technologie et de la recherche scientifique)
MINELA : Ministry of Lands and Enviroment
MININFRA : Ministry of Infrastructure (Ministère des Infrastructures)
MINIRENA : Ministry of Natural Resources (Ministère des resources naturelles)
MINISANTE : Ministry of Health (Ministère de la santé)
MINITERE : Ministry of Land, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines (Ministère des terres, de l’environnement, des forêts, de l’eau et de resources naturelles)
MKM : Mwulire-Kigabiro-Munyaga: Name given to water scheme constructed by Japanese grant aid project in Rwamagana District using the covered 3 Secteur names
NGO : Non-governmental organization
OJT : On-the-Job Training
PDM : Project Design Matrix
PEAMR : Projet d’alimentation en eau et d’assainissement in milieu rural (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project)
PHAST : Participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation
PNEAR : Programme national d’alimentation en eau potable et d’assainissement en milieu rural (National Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation) PO : Plan of Operation
PPP : Public Private Partnership
SNV : Netherlands’ NGO
R/D : Record of Discussions
RECO-RWASCO : Rwanda Electricity Corporation-Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation
WB/BM : World Bank / Banque Mondiale
WSP : Water and Sanitation Program
WSPs : Water service providers
WUA : Water Users’ Association
Chapter 1 Introduction 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This project is based on the request from the Rwandan government to the Japanese government for technical cooperation as one of the economic assistance schemes to development countries. This report is the Project Completion Report which explains the activities and outputs of the technical cooperation project “THE PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE EASTERN PROVINCE”.
1.1 Project Background
The Project area is 4 Districts of Rwanmagana, Kayonza, Kirehe and Ngoma in the south-eastern part of the Eastern Province, which covered the former Kibungo Province. Until the end of 2005, the former Kibungo Province was composed of 10 districts and 115 secteurs, but according to the administrational boundary change in January 2006, this area became 4 districts and 21 secteurs and was included in the Eastern Province.
This area borders Tanzania to the East and Burundi to the south with a land area of about 3,000 km2. The area is comprised of hilly terrains having altitudes from 1,300 m to 1,900 m. Athough the lands in the eastern side along the Akagera River flowing northward creates lowlands, the average altitude is about 1,500 m with undulating hills having 100 to 200 m height differences. Average temperatures are about 20℃ throughout the year with annual average rainfall of less than 1,000 mm concentrated in 2 rainy seasons (March to May and October to December). The population of this area is about 700,000 persons with 12% living in urban areas and 87% in rural areas, and has the highest rate of immigration after Kigali. Almost 90% of the population live in rural areas and mostly rely on agriculture for their living. The rate of Imidugudu of this area is the highest in the country reaching 91%, but the rate of water coverage is about 31%, much lower than the average for the country of 52%.
The concept of grouped settlement called “Imidugudu” in Kinyarwanda was not one of the customs of Rwanda, but individual housing plots were constructed in villages as emergency support measures for returnees after the civi war, and the government promoted this concept due to effectiveness in infrastructure development. UNDP’s press release briefly explains this program (1999-2000) as, “The Imidugudu program is an initiative of the Government of National Unity to resettle the rural population in villages where vital utilities like water and electricity, and security of person and property, can be provided to them with more ease than in scattered, often isolated rural settlements. The program was also initiated as a measure for more effective land use in view of the fact that Rwanda has the highest population density in Africa and its population is set to double by the year 2020.” The government guidelines for the constructuion of Imidugudu are as follows.
Easy proximity to basic facilities such as drinking water, schools and health care facilities Agricultural fields should be no further that 2 to 3 km from the site Landscape conducive to easy construction of Imidugudu Regulations concerning the minimal size and design of house and plots: Plot size 400-600 m2 Roads: Roads connecting Imidugudu should be 12 m wide, and Imidugudu interior roads should be 8-10 m wide. The surface areas of other facilities should be as follows: Schools 2.5ha, health facilities 1.5ha, and markets 4ha.
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This program is supported by Ministerial directive which declared, in January 1997, that “Building on a plot other than Imidugudu is hereby prohibited.” The Districts, who are the executing bodies, are developing Imidugudu by procuring land through assistance from UNHCR and NGOs.
Since rainfall in the target area is 25% less than other areas and residents had to move from lowlands where drinking water was easily available to higher lands, the actual situation is that not all Imidugudu residents are supplied with safe water. Residents who cannot access safe water must rely on unsanitary surface waters and stored water for their domestic use which can have harmful effects on health.
Formulated for the first time in 1992, then revised in 1997 and 2001, the “Sectorial Policy on Water and Sanitation” of Rwanda was finally validated in 2004 as a guideline for effective use of water resources. Presently an updated version, the “National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services”, was validated in March 2010. This policy defines a coherent, poverty-focused strategy to support PRSP and to achieve the goals, new concepts to Rwanda such as decentralization, participatory approach, privatization and fund allocation through program approach are promoted. Also, considerations are made for regional and international collaborations on water resources management and environment. The policy is also related to MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) and Vision 2020 (aiming for 100% water supply by 2020) with objectives of safe water and sanitation services to all residents.
In order to attain objectives of MDG and Vision 2020, the Rwandan government formulated the National Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (PNEAR: Programme national d’alimentation en eau potable et assainessement) as a government policy. The goals of this program are as follows.
Table 1-1-1 PNEAR Goals Sub-Sector 2006 2010 2015 2020 Rural Water Supply 52%* 66% 85% 100% Rural Sanitation 8% 34% 65% 100% *Accessibility to safe water of Project area is 31%
The approach of PNEAR is based on community demand and governmental decentralization policy, and aims to manage infrastructures through participation of beneficiaries and decentralized organizations.
According to Vision 2020, by the year 2020, the government will make Rwanda a country where, (1) all of the population can access potable water; (2) people master the ways to collect and keep rainwater for both domestic and agricultural uses; (3) mountain forests, the natural water reservoir, will be rehabilitated and carefully managed; (4) water resources will be rationally and comprehensively managed in line with the master plan for national land use; (5) people will secure well-balanced and sustainable measures to manage water; and (6) every water-related infrastructure for production, protection, distribution and sanitation is protected and maintained properly.
As assistance to the Rwandan government to cope with the above issues, the Japanese government dispatched a team for project formulation in 2005 and the following program was prepared.
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Table 1-1-2 Program for Rural Development of Eastern Province Program Assistance Scheme Project title Program 1 Objective: Improvement of community water and sanitation environment Phase 1 Dispatch of Expert Project for Improvement of Capacity for Management of Rural Water Supply Project 1 Grant Aid Project The Project For Rural Water Supply Project 2 Technical Cooperation Project The Project for the Improvement of Phase 2 Water Supply and Sanitation in the Southern Part of the Eastern Province Program 2 Objective: Activation of economic activities in rural areas Technical Cooperation Project Under consideration
As Phase 1 of Program 1 above, a short-term expert for rural water supply project implementation capacity strengthening was dispatched from July to November 2006. In Phase 2, an effective collaboration between the grant aid project “THE PROJECT FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY” (E/N concluded in June 2006) and the present technical cooperation project can assure a highly efficient cooperation. In the grant aid project, construction and rehabilitation of 16 water supply schemes located in 21 Secteurs of 4 Districts are planned, and assistance on formulation of an effective operation and maintenance system for Districts, Secteurs and water management committees is also included.
With objectives to collect information needed to carry out the present technical cooperation project and to create a basic framework for scope of cooperation, a preliminary study was conducted in October 2006 and the components for this project were confirmed. These were agreed in the Record of Discussions signed on 29 January 2007.
Through the request of the Government of Rwanda, this Project aims for technology transfer to counterparts to enable them to properly implement similar projects in other areas. The table below describes the Project Master Plan (Overall Goal and Project Purpose) which was agreed between the Government of Rwanda and Japan.
Table 1-1-3 Project Master Plan Overall An organized system for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes will be Goal established for the healthy and sanitary life of the population of the 4 target Districts Project An organized system for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes will be Purpose established for the healthy and sanitary life of the population in the Project sites
1.2 Project Period
Activities of this project were divided into 2 phases as shown below. Originally, the project was scheduled to end in October 2010, but as a result of the Terminal Evaluation, the project period was
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extended to November 2011 to improve achievements of project goals.
Schedules for activities of the project for each year are shown below.
Table 1-2-1 Activities Schedule for 1st Year Term 1 Activities Apri May June July Aug. Sep. 1-1 Confirmation of national policy for water
supply 1-2 Commencement of activities of "Comité de superviseur" by local administration staff 2-1 Confirmation on policy and execution status of rural water supply projects being promoted under decentralization and privatization 2-2 Identification of responsibilities and powers of
water user committee organizations for rural water supply 2-3 Identification of capacities of private
maintenance contractors (candidates), and preparation of their inventory 2-4 Identification of present state of rural water
supply management system using private contractors, and compilation of candidate contractors 3-1 Compilation of results of survey on present
conditions and management situation of water supply facilities in the target area and other related information; and identification of improvement issues 3-2 Selection of Project sites for technical
cooperation from Japanese grant aid sites 4-1 Survey on present state of sanitation activities
at Project sites JCC Meeting ● ● Incepetion Report ● Phase 2 Plan (Draft) ● Interim Report ●
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Table 1-2-2 Activities Schedule for 1st Year Term 2
Activities Dec. Jan. Feb. March 1-1 Confirmation of national policy for water supply
1-2 Commencement of activities of "Comité de superviseur" by local administration staff 1-3 Improvement of advisory affairs (such as issuing management permits) of local administrations which manage rural water supply services using private contractors 1-4 Establishment of monitoring system for water supply facilities operations (such as activities evaluation and improvement of reporting system) by local administration staff 2-1 Confirmation on policy and execution status of rural water supply projects being promoted under decentralization and privatization 2-2 Identification of responsibilities and powers of water user committee organizations for rural water supply 2-3 Identification of capacities of private maintenance contractors (candidates), and preparation of their inventory 2-4 Identification of present state of rural water supply management system using private contractors, and compilation of candidate contractors 2-5 Continuous management of water sources and water quality for each type of water source 3-1 Compilation of results of survey on present conditions and management situation of water supply facilities in the target area and other related information; and identification of improvement issues 3-3 Establishment of an operation and maintenance system for inspection, repairs and rehabilitation of water supply facilities corresponding to their scale and type 4-1 Survey on present state of sanitation activities at Project sites JCC Meeting ● Phase 2 Plan ● Interim Report ●
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Table 1-2-3 Activities Schedule for 2nd Year
Activities Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
1-1 Confirmation of national policies for water supply
O Compilation of results of survey on present conditions and 1-2 management situation of water supply facilities in the target area and u other related information; and identification of improvement issues t Commencement of activities of "Comité de superviseur" by local p 1-3 administration staff u Improvement of advisory affairs (such as issuing management t 1-4 permits) of local administrations which manage rural water supply services using private operators 1 Establishment of monitoring system for water supply facilities 1-5 operations (such as activities evaluation and improvement of reporting system) by local administration staff Confirmation on policy and execution status of rural water supply 2-1 projects being promoted under decentralization and privatization Identification of responsibilities and powers of operators for rural 2-2 water supply services Identification of capacities of private maintenance contractors 2-3 O (candidates), and preparation of their inventory u Identification of present state of rural water supply management 2-4 system using private operators, and compilation of candidate t operators p Establishment of an operation and maintenance system for u 2-5 inspection, repairs and rehabilitation of water supply faciliites t corresponding to the scheme scale and type 2 Strengthening of scheme operation capacities of technical staff of 2-6 water supply service providers of the pilot sites Continuous management of water sources and water quality for each 2-7 type of water source at the pilot sites Establishment of an operation and maintenance system which can 2-8 further develop rural water supply services Survey on sanitation conditions in the target area, and confirmation 3-1 on national policies and activities related to water/sanitation and regional health Revision of administrative support manual to strengthen capacities of O 3-2 u hygiene and sanitation facilitators in the target area Through sanitation promotion activities (such as HAMS/PHAST to t communual society with activities centered at schools and sanitation p improvement promotion activities to residents) at the pilot sites, 3-3 u promotion of a system for collaboration between local t administration, schools, health centers and target residents under 3 supervision of Districts 3-4 Improvement of sanitation promotion activities in the target area 3-5 Survey on degree of sanitation improvement at the pilot sites JCC Meeting ● ● Mid-Term Review ● Progress Report ● Interim Report ●
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Table 1-2-4 Activities Schedule for 3rd Year Activities Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov dec Jan Feb Mar A system for activities supervision based on periodic reporting 1-1 from water service providers is created. The districts conduct training to strengthen technicians of water 1-2 service providers Training to district staffs on examining appropriateness of 1-3 construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities is conducted. The results of above activities 1-1 to 1-3 are reflected in the 1-4 revision of the administrative support manual. Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated to other water 1-5 service providers in other areas within the districts. The system for reporting and communication with districts through submission and discussions of monthly reports based on 2-1 the operation and maintenance manual (management edition) is strengthened. Using the operation and maintenance manual, capacities of 2-2 technicians of water service providers of pilot sites for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes are strengthened. Capacities for accounting of water service providers of pilot sites 2-3 are strengthened. Capacities of districts and water service providers on water quality 2-4 management at pilot sites are strengthened. Using the spare parts management documents prepared by the 2-5 Japanese grant aid project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts are established. The present situation on sanitation awareness and behaviors of 3-1 residents and school teachers/children of additional pilot sites is analyzed, Sanitation promotion activities program for pilot sites is prepared 3-2 by the districts.
Sanitation facilitators to handle sanitation promotion activities at 3-3 pilot sites are trained. The system for school sanitation education activities using 3-4 educational manuals and tools is improved at the pilot sites. JCC Meeting ● ● Consultation Survey ● Progress Report ● Interim Report ●
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Table 1-2-5 Activities Schedule for 4th Year (including extension period) Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct A system for activities supervision based on 1-1 periodic reporting from water service providers is created. The districts conduct training to strengthen 1-2 technicians of water service providers Training to district staffs on examining appropriateness of construction and 1-3 rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities is conducted. The results of above activities 1-1 to 1-3 are 1-4 reflected in the revision of the administrative support manual. Good model cases at pilot sites are 1-5 disseminated to other water service providers in other areas within the districts. The system for reporting and communication with districts through submission and 2-1 discussions of monthly reports based on the operation and maintenance manual (management edition) is strengthened. Using the operation and maintenance manual, capacities of technicians of water 2-2 service providers of pilot sites for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes are strengthened. Capacities for accounting of water service 2-3 providers of pilot sites are strengthened. Capacities of districts and water service 2-4 providers on water quality management at pilot sites are strengthened. Using the spare parts management documents prepared by the Japanese grant 2-5 aid project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts are established. Tariff collection at public tap stands of pilot 2-6 sites is properly conducted. The present situation on sanitation awareness and behaviors of residents and 3-1 (Activities were completed in 3rd year) school teachers/children of additional pilot sites is analyzed, Sanitation promotion activities program for 3-2 pilot sites is prepared by the districts. Sanitation facilitators to handle sanitation 3-3 promotion activities at pilot sites are trained. The system for school sanitation education 3-4 activities using educational manuals and tools is improved at the pilot sites. The degree of sanitation improvement at the 3-5 pilot sites is surveyed. Support is provided for disseminating sanitation education and sanitation 3-6 promotion activities in the districts and monitoring of its progress. JCC Meeting ● ● ● ● Terminal Evaluation ● Progress Report ● Project Completion Report ●
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1.3 Organization for Project Implementation
The organization for project implementation has changed several times due to changes in district organization, water supply scheme management, water service providers and other factors (the execution organization changes the twice that there is of the ministries and government offices reorganization as the system three times). The following is the present organization as of August 2011. Refer to Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation Project Implementation Organization.
JICA Tokyo Japan Techno Co., Ltd.
JAPAN
JICA Rwanda Office PURA-SANI Experts Team
Project Counterparts
MININFRA Eastern Province
Rwamagana Dist. Kayonza District Ngoma District Kirehe District I/C Infra I/C Infra I/C Infra I/C Infra I/C Health I/C Health I/C Health I/C Health I/C Env&Water I/C Env&Water I/C Env&Water I/C Env&Water
WUA COGEPRENA KODUMU WUA
A Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site
D MKM Nyankora Murama HP Gatore 2
N Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. A Mwuilire 2 PS Nkondo 2 PS Sakara PS Curazo PS W
R JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) Co-Chairmen: MININFRA PS Eastern Province ES Members: Eastern Province Staff MININFRA Staff 4 District Mayors 4 District Officer I/C Infra/Env.&Water 4 District Officer I/C Health JICA Rwanda Office PURA-SANI Experts Water and Sanitation related Donors/NGOs
Figure 1-3-1 Project Organization
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1.4 Inputs
Inputs of the project from the Rwandan side and Japanese side are as follows.
(1) Rwandan Side Allocation of project counterparts: During the project, counterparts from the Rwandan side were allocated, but the members changed many times. Project Director (MININFRA) Project Manager (Eastern Province) Project coodnatora(MININFRA) In charge of Operation & Maintanace (4 districts) In charge of Sanitaion (4 districts)
Provision of office space for Japanese experts: An office space was provided for the Japanese experts in the premise of the Rwamagana District office.
(2) Japanese Side ・ Dispatch of Japanese experts: During the project period, a total of 8 experts were dispatch for this project. ・ Procurement of project equipment: Equipment mainly consisting of office machines were procured to support project activities and training. ・ Counterpart training in Japan: From the Rwandan side project counterparts, a total of 4 officers received training in Japan.
* Refer to Annex-2 Project Inputs 2-2 Transition of Project Counterparts and JCC Members
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1.5 Reports
The project experts’ team has prepared and submitted the following reports to project concerns.
Table 1-5-1 Reports Submission Date Phase Year Report Title English French Inception Report April 2007 － １ 1st Year Term 1 Report on Phase 2 Activities Plan Jan. 2008 Jan. 2008 1st Year Term 2 Interim Report for 1st Fiscal Year Term 2 Mar. 2008 Mar. 2008 Project Activities Progress Report No. 1 Oct. 2008 Oct. 2008 2nd Year Interim Report for 2nd Fiscal Year Mar. 2009 Mar. 2009 2 Project Activities Progress Report No. 2 Nov. 2009 Nov. 2009 3rd Year Interim Report for 3rd Fiscal Year Mar. 2010 Mar. 2010 4th Year Project Activities Progress Report No. 3 Oct. 2010 Oct. 2010 4th Year Extension Project Completion Report Nov. 2011 Nov. 2011
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CHAPTER 2 PROJECT ACHEIVEMENTS
2.1 Background of Activities
2.1.1 Transition of PDM and PO
The Project Design Matrix (PDM) for this project was revised 5 times as shown below. In accordance with the changes in the PDM, the Plan of Operation (PO) was also revised.
Table 2-1-1 Revisions of PDM and Their Main Reasons PDM version Prepared Date Revised Period Main Reason for Revision During Preliminary Study Version 1.0 Noveber 2006 Original PDM (before project commencement) During Consultation Mission As a result of 1st year activities, wording Version 2.0 August 2007 (1st Year Term 1) needed to be revised. As a result of R/D amendment due to change in executing agency as part of the After change of executing government reorganization and substantial Version 3.0 June 2008 agency (2nd Year) delays in tender process for phase 2 of grant aid project, indicators needed resetting and pilot sites needed changing. To clarify the direction of the project, After Mid-Term Review (after Version 4.0 March 2009 expressions and indicators needed to be end of 2nd Year) revised in accordance with current situation. During Consultation Mission Indicators for project goal needed to be Version 5.0 February 2010 (3rd Year) clearer for the end-line survey. According to the level of achievement of the After Terminal Evaluation project during the extention period, Version 6.0 August 2010 (4th Year) indicators and means of verification needed revision.
2.1.2 Transition of Executing Agency
During the project, in Rwanda, restructuring of ministries and district organization restructuring due to decentralization were frequently observed. Due to the repeated changes in district organization, almost all staffs in charge of this project have changed.
(1) MININFRA When the project started, the executing agency was MINITERE (Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines). However, due to the ministerial restructuring of 7 March 2008, MINITERE was restructured as MINIRENA (Ministry of Natural Resources). Then, as of 9 June 2008, the water supply and sanitation responsibilities of this ministry were allotted to PNEAR, and PNEAR was transferred to MININFRA (Ministry of Infrastructure). As a result of this transfer, the water and sanitation engineer, who is a project counterpart, was transferred from MINITERE to MINIRENA and now to MININFRA , and became a member of PNEAR.
Also, under the supervison of MININFRA, as the executing body for policy implementation, planning and monitoring of the energy, water supply and sanitation sector, EWSA (Energy, Water and Sanitation
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Authority) was established in December 2011. It became an organization responsible for rural water supply as well as a result of the integration of RWASCO (Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation), former Electro Gaz, and RECO (Rwanda Electric Corporation). The water supply and sanitation department of MININFRA and staffs of PNEAR were allocated to EWSA in 2011.
(2) Eastern Province The other important stakeholder of this project is the Eastern Province. In the process of decentralization, being placed between the ministry and districts, the province provides supervision and liaison coordination of national policies, but policy implementation is not a responsibility of the province. The staff of Eastern Province consists of 13 members including the governor, and all infrastructures in the province including water and sanitation facilities is under the responsibility of just one person, the Coordinator of District Development Programs. During the project, the governor and executive secretary who acts as the project director (the permanent secretary of MININFRA and the executive secretary of Eastern Province are the mutual project directors) were transfered to other positions.
(3) District Activities of this project are targeted in 4 districts of Eastern Province. Due to the decentralization policy, administrative services became focused at the district level since 2006. The organization recommended by the ministry in charge of local administration, MINALOC (Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs), which formed units, was used by district until the end of 2009.
However, in November 2009, according to the organizational reform carried out under the 3rd phase of decentralization, units of project counterparts (infrastructure unit) were restructured and staff transfers were made. 7 units were combined into 3 posts and staffs in charge were allocated under these posts to reduce the district organization.
Though staffs working in the former organization were very busy due to responsibilities for a wide range of sectors, the new structure created even further difficulties in their work. Therefore, some districts have countered the situation by increasing the staff. Examples of changes in staffs in charge of infrastructure are, in Ngoma District, a person in charge of water users association was added to work exclusively for water services and in Kayonza District, in addition to the one person in charge of infrastructure, 2 more were employed to create a strengthened 3 person organization. This setup is still continuing as of August 2011.
Furthermore, after June 2010, due to another organizational reform, the organization was again changed. As part of this reform, in most of the districts, a staff in charge of environment and water has been allocated to support water supply activities.
2.1.3 Selection of Pilot Sites and Their Transition
The original plan for this project was to select 8 pilot sites from 16 sites of the Japanese grant aid project “Rural Water Supply Project in the Republic of Rwanda” scheduled to be implemented in 3 phases. Under the grant aid project, water users associations (WUAs ) organized by communities
2-2 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report were planned to be formed or reorganized to function as water service providers for operation and maintenance of the facilities. Also, they were supposed to support the activities such as organization strengthening by the soft component and capacity building of the water committees. Based on these activities, during the 1st year of this project, the following 5 sites were selected as pilot sites from 6 sites under construction by Phase 1 of the grant aid project. The remaining 3 sites were planned to be selected during this project’s 2nd year from Phase 2 grant aid project sites.
Table 2-1-2 Pilot Sites Selected during 1st Year Scheme Scheme Water Water Service Design District Name Type Source Provider Population Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring New WUA 20,060 Kayonza Mukarange Piped Groundwater Existing WUA 9,639 Kayonza Kabarondo Handpump Groundwater New WUA 922 Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater Existing WUA 6,632 Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater New WUA 2,718
However, Government of Rwanda decided to promote the utilization of the private sector based on public and private partnership (PPP), and in September 2007, management of all water supply schemes in Kayonza district were entrusted to private operators. Since WUAs of sites formed by the grant aid project were dissolved, those sites were excluded from the project pilot sites. Also, due to the delay in grant aid project Phase 2, sites in Kirehe district could not be selected. As a result, pilot sites for the 2nd year were reduced to the following 2 sites.
Under the privatization, the water facility is owned by the district authority and its operation and maintenance is entrusted to private companies under the supervision of the district authority. In general, each Water Service Provider which take the form of association is active, because the payments are guaranteed to the members.
Table 2-1-3 Pilot Sites for 2nd Year District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater WUA
Results of the mid-term review in February 2009 showed that, in order to achieve the project overall goal, pilot sites should be added to Kayonza and Kirehe districts where pilot sites not available, and this was agreed in the 5th JCC meeting. The added pilot sites are shown below. As a result, each target district had one pilot site each for a total of 4 pilot sites.
Table 2-1-4 Pilot Sites for 3rd Year District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater COVOMEKA (Cooperative) Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater WUA Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Spring WUA
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Thereafter, as a result of auditing by Kayonza district, the cooperative COVEMEKA was dissolved due to financial problems that the WUA could not pay the fee to district water fund because of the failure relating to water fee collection and then, another cooperative COGEPRENA has taken over. Ngoma district also started privatization and so, the pilot site in Ngoma is to be managed by a cooperative KODUMU. The situation of water service providers as of August 2011 is shown below.
Table 2-1-5 Pilot Sites for 4th Year District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater COGEPRENA (Cooperative) Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater KODUMU (Cooperative) Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Spring WUA
The piped water schemes selected for this project are all pumped typed schemes. However, a gravity water scheme to be constructed or rehabilitated in Kirehe district by the Japanese grant aid project was scheduled to be selected to carry out detailed demonstrations and analyses on operation and maintenance. But, due to delays in implementation of grant aid project Phase 2, sites in Kirehe district could not be selected. Since gravity schemes do not require fuel for water supply, water fee collection is thought to be difficult, and as it was not a target site of the grant aid program, it was not selected as a pilot site. Also, in the survey of existing water schemes carried out during the 1st year, cases of difficulties in collecting fees for gravity schemes were observed. One probable reason for this is that, since fuel and power costs for supplying water is not needed, in the gravity scheme where water is constantly running from the tap, the impression that supplying water costs money is very weak, and willingness to pay water fees by residents is very low. However, there actually are some facilities being maintained based on the fees collected by residents. Judging from the natural condition of Rwanda, this type of facility is necessary and some of which are being operated properly. Therefore, selecting a gravity water scheme as a pilot site in future projects is recommended.
2.2 Achievements related to Rural Water Supply
2.2.1 Strengthening of District Organization and Capacity
(1) Situation before Project Commencement In Rwanda, districts have ownership of water facilities and they are responsible for the supervision of water committees. Although many of water supply units are secteur in the rural water supply sector, supply coverage of each water facility and administrative boundaries are not necessarily corresponding. The scale of water facilities varies, and large ones cover more than one secteurs. The table below shows administrative levels of Rwanda.
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Table 2-2-1 Administrative Levels of Rwanda Administrative Level Comment English Kinyarwandan Province Intara 5 provinces: Kigali, Eastern, Northern, Western, Southern District Akarere 30 districts Secteur1 Umurenge 416 secteurs Cell2 Akagari 2,050 Cells (as of Feb. 2010, but often fluctuates) Village Umudugudu3 Over 14,000 (changes as resettlement progresses)
Before the project started, supervision by districts had not been functioning in spite of their responsibilities set by the policy (National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services February 2010). Also, the support system for WSPs was weak and concern for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes was low. Detail conditions were as below.
Communication between districts and water service providers ・ Since periodic meetings were not held, management situations of water service providers could not be properly identified. ・ Site visits by district staffs were not made even for sites with problems. ・ Districts did not give feedbacks to problems and questions from water service providers.
Training by districts ・ If donor projects were not implemented, training programs for capacity strengthening were not planned and not budgeted.
Priority of provincial and district level
・ Involvement in rural water supply services of high level officers and managers of districts (mayors, vice-mayors, executive secretaries) as well as district managers of Eastern Province was limited. ・ Although persons in charge of infrastructure sector at district level are responsible for many construction projects, the priority on water supply schemes were low.
(2) Project Achievements To counter the above situation, through activities of this project, a system for district supervision and guidance of water service providers was established, training programs for capacity strengthening of water service providers were formulated, and they were budgeted and implemented.
Creation of System for Water Supply Service Supervision (Reporting and Feedbacking) 1) Submission of monthly reports from water service providers to district using standardized format was obligated. 2) Periodic meetings based on monthly reports are being held and the process to reflect into budget allocation and districts’ action plans was established. 3) Districts are giving feedbacks to requests and issues reported by water service providers.
1 To distinguish between sector as in water and sanitation sector, the French word “secteur” will be used to mean the administrative level below the district. 2 “Cell” is the administrative level below the secteur, where the French word for cell is cellule, but the English word will be used. 3 Under the cell, the local Kinyarwandan word for village is used.
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Performance Management Feedback, Periodic Meetings, Monthly Secteur Reporting Cell
Service Leve Management Umudugudu Monthly Meetings
High Level Service Provision
Figure 2-2-1 System for Rural Water Supply Service
Training and Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers There are four types of water supply scheme management organizations including EWSA (former RWASCO) in the four target districts.
The tables below are organizational charts of water users’ associations and private operators.
Figure 2-2-2 Organizational Chart of Water Users’ Association
President/Vice President (unpaid) employed Staff (paid) District and - Accountant Secteur level - Pipe and Pump Technicians selected - Meter inspectors, guards, others
Water Point Water Point Cell, Umudugudu, Manager (paid) Manager (paid) Water Point level selected Beneficiaries Beneficiaries
Table 2-2-2 Summary of Rural Water Supply Scheme Management in the target sites (including non - pilot sites) Management Type District Summary of Situation Seven WUAs are conducting operation and maintenance activities for 7water supply Ngoma schemes and changeover to management by private operators is under consideration. Water Users’ Previously, a district WUA managed all the water supply facilities in the district. Associations Kirehe However, decentralization of the WUA was decided in March 2008 and operation and maintenance activities are now conducted by 9 secteur level WUAs.
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Management Type District Summary of Situation Privatization started from November 2007 through a tendering process and now 4 private operators are managing water supply schemes with supervision by a district Private Kayonza water board. (Until May 2009, 5 private operators were managing water schemes, Operators but thereafter, after one of them abandoned its work, EWSA (ex-RWASCO) is supplying water.) Water Users’ Four private operators and two WUAs are conducting operation and maintenance Associations activities for one each of 6 water supply schemes. Privatization started from 2007 to (WUAs)/ Rwamagana 2008 for some water schemes, but a district water board is not yet established. Some Private WUAs still exist; and therefore the district is planning to privatize them after financial Operators and economical evaluations. Kayonza Water is supplied to Kabarondo secteur. Water is supplied to Munyiginya, Gishari and Muhazi secteurs as well as a part of EWSA Rwamagana Kigabiro secteur. Ngoma Water is supplied to Remera secteur as well as a part of Kibungo secteur.
As explained above, water supply schemes in the target area are being managed by various types of organizations according to the situation of water supply and background of each area.
Figure 2-2-3 Organization and Management Characteristics of Private Operators
Cooperative Enterprise
Council Director, Vice Director
Advisors President Auditors Advisors Auditors Vice President
Staffs: Staffs: - Accountant - Accountant - Technicians
Structure - Technicians - Water meter inspectors - Water meter inspectors
Tap Managers Tap Managers
The Council formed by members is the The director has the right to make decisions
highest decision-making group which and staffs are employed by the director. Some decides on the selection of the president and Enterprises have also employed advisors and employment of the staff. A staff has the auditors for confirmation and auditing of their right to become a member when he/she pays work. Remarks a share which varies between 10,000Frw and 200,000Frw.
・ Training programs for water service provider technicians are being formulated, budgeted and reflected into district action plans. Through periodic meetings and site visits by district officers, districts are able to identify management situations and problems of water supply schemes, and districts are actively handling the problems through such measures as budgeting rehabilitation works. Through periodic meetings, needs and issues of water service providers are being confirmed and trainings based on these conditions are being conducted.
Before the commencement of the project, no trainings to water service providers were held without
2-7 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report donor support, but action plan was designed and budgeted. The following were achieved.
Preparation of training tools Identification of training needs of water service providers through periodic meetings Understanding on importance and effects of trainings through presentations of good practices at pilot sites
As shown in Figure 2-2-4, outputs for training and capacity improvement of water service providers were achieved in stages. The achievements are explained below.
Preparation of Operation and Maintenance Guideline ・Preparation and revision of guideline ・Guidance using guideline at pilot sites
Dissemination of Pilot Site Good Practices ・Compilation of good practices at pilot sites ・Sharing with district and dissemination to other WSPs
Fixation and development of the achievement by the execution of the training by the district budget ・Support to preparation of training program ・Support to budgeting of training and execution of activities
Figure 2-2-4 Stages of WSP Improvement
The Operation and Maintenance Guideline is being used regularly as training tools at the pilot sites. Using the Operation and Maintenance Guideline, staffs of water service providers at pilot sites can now give explanations and guidance to other water service providers. Good practices at pilot sites are being introduced to other water service providers through their own initiative and comments are being exchanged. From 2011/2012, each district will execute trainings through its own budget for the first time. Each district staff in charge have formulated detailed training programs and reflected them into district action plans. The trainings are scheduled to start after October 2011.
Organizational Strengthening of Service Supervision In the organization chart shown in Figure 2-2-5, if communications are properly made through reports and meetings, supervision can become thorough. However, due to insufficient demarcation of roles and responsibilities of district officers, strengthening of the system was difficult through guidance only to district staffs in charge (In charge of infrastructure as well as in charge of water and environment). Therefore, the project approached higher level officers and managers of districts (mayors, vice-mayors and executive secretaries). Also the project proposed to hold the “Eastern Province Water Sector Management Meeting” to manage the entire water supply services in the province through guidance, monitoring and evaluation of each district action plan. ・ The responsibilities explained previously, 1) monthly reports from water service providers, 2) holding periodic meetings, 3) feedbacks from district, will be included in the action plans as
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official duties of all district staffs for 2011/2012 (from July 2011 to June 2012). ・ Eastern Province, as the administration at a higher level than districts, along with holding the water sector management meetings and periodic monitoring on progress of district action plans, has created a system to evaluate the achievements at the end of the fiscal year. ・ After the next fiscal year (after July 2012), under the guidance of the province, a system to continue the above activities will be established.
Eastern Province Water Sector Management Meeting Supervision of duties Evaluation of duties
District High Officers Creation of District Structure Supervision of roles Demarcation of roles
District I/C From District to WSP Periodic management meetings Giving feedbacks From WSP to District Submit monthly reports Water Service Providers (WSP) Use standardized format
Figure 2-2-5 Management System under Decentralization
(3) Further Issues In the Eastern Province, progress of the action plans are evaluated in water sector management meetings. In response to this, districts must continue to carry out district action plans every year. Therefore, prioritization on management of human resorces and water sector projects is necessary. Also, the system for supervision and support to districts by Eastern Province must be active on a continuous basis.
2.2.2 Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers (Output 2)
(1) Situation before Project Actvities and Issues Due to decrease in flow rate of water sources (boreholes and springs) and deterioration of facilities as well as insufficient maintenance, water supply facilities in the four target districts had some kind of problems. Therefore, as the water supply service level declines, unsatisfaction levels of residents rise to cause difficulties in proper collection of water fees. In this situation, incomes of water service providers are always in defict and repair costs cannot be budgeted. Water service provider staffs (president, accountant, repair staffs, pump operators) are inexperienced and their capacities are low. Consequently, even if problems are acknowledged, they are neglected.
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Table 2-2-3 List of Issues Parameter Situation Reduction in flow rates of water sources (springs) Condition of Pipe leakages due to deterioration of facilities 1 Facilities Damages to valves and meters due to deterioration of facilities Breakdown of pumps, generators and engines due to deterioration of facilities 1) Water fee collection / accounting Improper water tariff setting Non-payment of water fees Low collection rate from tap managers Lack of basic accounting skills Non-payment of salaries due to poor management 2) Operation Non-existence of operational records Manaagment Misunderstanding of basic valve operations Structure of 2 Long periods of water suspensions Water Service 3) Maintenance Providers Non-execution of facilities inspections Neglection of problems due to insufficient capacity for repairs Non-repairing due to shortage of repair costs Malfunctioning of public tap stands 4) Water quality analysis Possibilties of supplying contaminated water 5) Monthly reporting Weak relationship between supervisor and water service providers Weak spare parts distribution network Vandalism 3 Others Insufficient sensitization activities Non-handling of problems due to insufficient management capacity of president Shortage of personnel in relation to scale of scheme
Within the issues listed above, the following problems in the management structure of water service providers, 1) water fee collection/accounting, 2) operation, 3) maintenance, 4) water quality analysis and 5) monthly reporting, were improved by the project through support to collaboration between administration and residents, and use of private operators for management of water services.
(2) Project Achievements Through the activities conducted in this project, capacities for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes by water service providers were strengthened. At the 4 pilot sites, the following factors significant for sound operation and maintenance of water schemes were improved and became established. The improvements at the pilot sites are shown in the following tables.
Table 2-2-4 Improvements in Operation and Maintenance at Pilot Sites Fee Collection/ Water Quality Monthly Operation Maintenance District Scheme Accounting Analysis Reporting Rwamagana MKM Piped Scheme △→○ △→○ △→○ ×→○ ×→○ Kayonza Nyankora Piped Scheme ○→○ △→○ ×→△ ×→△ △→△ Ngoma Murama Handpump Scheme ×→△ ○→○ ×→○ ×→○ ×→○ Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Scheme ○→○ ○→×→○ ×→△ ×→○ ×→○ Legend: ○: Good, △: Problems remain, ×: Not executed by WSP
The table 2-2-5 shows description of improvements at pilot sites. Though problems at each pilot sites
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varied at the beginning, the situation was improved after the project implementation. But most of these achievements relied on individual capacity of persons in charge, and lack of human resource management of government side still remains. However, it is inevitable since this kind of problem occurs because of personnel changes in the organizations. Transfer kits (manuals and guaidelines) and experts supported it during a project period.
Table 2-2-5 Description of Improvements at Pilot Sites Improvements Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe*1 ・Improvements in water ・Improvements in ・Resumption of water ・Improvements in fee colletion rate accounting fee collection and rise accounting: ledger, Water Fee ・Improvements in in collection rate*2 cash flow Collection/ accounting: ledger, cash ・Improvements in management, etc. Accounting flow management, etc. accounting: ledger, cash flow management, etc. ・Acquisition of effective ・Acquisition of pump operation method recovery method Operation ・Regular chlorination against scheduled blackouts ・Improvements in ・Establishment of ・Stocking spare parts in ・Improvements in functional rates of small scale preparation for future functional rates of public atp stands maintenance system breakdowns public atp stands ・Inspections and cleaning by outsourcing ・Rise in repair skills ・Establishment of small based on annual plan ・Improvement in scale maintenance Maintenance ・Establishment of small functional rate system by outsourcing scale maintenance ・Shortening suspension system: routine period from inspections and repairs breakdown to recovery Water Quality ・Quarterly analyses ・*3 ・Quarterly analyses ・Quarterly analyses Analysis ・Preparation and submission ・*3 ・Preparation and ・Preparation and of monthly report using submission of submission of format monthly report using monthly report using Monthly ・Record management: water format format Reporting source capacity, ・Record management: ・Record management: non-supply days, leakage fee collection rate fee collection rate rate, fee collection rate ・Electrification of pump ・Execution of sanitation station (power extension) promotion activities ・Execution of sanitation ・Introduction of good promotion activities practices Others ・Compilation of contract documents ・Introduction of good practices *1 Gatore 2, which is the pilot site in Kirehe district, was not constructed by the Japanese grant aid project,but by an NGO in 2009 and second hand pump and engine were installed. Repair of the pump was attempted several times in the attendance of Japanese experts, but the scheme was suspended from February 2010 to June 2011 due to pump failure. *2 Further improvements needed for water fee collection rate: collection method is 500 Frw/household
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quarterly. Just after resumption, 30% (July 2011) → 40% (August 2011) →48% (September 2011) *3 Due to weak supervision and guidance of district, continuous execution of water quality analyses remains as an issue. There is also an issue on human resource management in the government side.
(3) Further Issues An issue for further consideration is the necessity to prepare medium to long term management plans to handle medium and large scale repairs. Also, the following issues need to be considered. ・ Difficulties of securing funds for medium/large repairs ・ Though districts must organize water fund to prepare for large and medium scale repairs using paid money by privatization, the progress has not made yet ・ Weak spare parts distribution network for medium/ large repairs ・ In Rwanda, the spare parts distribution network is a big issue. Spare parts are manufactured in the country as well as procured from neighboring countries. Moreover, there are few shops due to small domestic demand and complicated distribution routes ・ Difficulties of finding skilled technicians in rural areas ・ It is difficult to find skilled technicians for routine maintenance and check up in rural areas. Even the technicians trained by grant aid projects seldom take root in the areas.
2.3 Achievements related to Sanitation
For the third output of this project, in aiming for synergistic effects of water and sanitation, sanitation promotion activities to change the behavior of basic living customs related to water and sanitation, such as hand washing practices, improvements in water storage and promotion of using toilets, is the objective. These activities were referred to as the JICA PURA-SANI Model. Also, by establishing an execution system adapted to the regional society of Eastern Province, support was given to create possibilities for supervision by local administrations.
Especially, for proper sanitation education to children, HAMS (Hygiène et assainissement en milieu scolaire) activities being promoted in areas other than Eastern Province were introduced for the first time to Eastern Province in order to disseminate sanitation promotion activities by the target four districts.
(1) Situation before Project Commencement In relation to sanitation, before the project started, the situation was as follows. ・ Periodic and planned sanitation promotion activities were not carried out due to low capacities of districts and secteurs for community sensitization activities ・ Sanitary behaviors were not taken due to low concern for sanitation by residents ・ Sanitation education activities were not conducted at schools due to insufficient capacities
(2) Project Achievements The water supply service areas of pilot site water service providers were the target areas for sanitation promotion activities to residents. Also, the target areas for school sanitation education were the primary schools of the 4 target districts.
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Table 2-3-1 Target Area for Community Sanitation Promotion Activities Health Health Center District Scheme Water Service Provider Committee in charge Rwamagana MKM MKM WUA Mwurile Rwamagana Kigabiro Munyaga Munyaga Kayonza Nyankhora COVOMEKA Rwinkwavu Rwinkwavu (Presently, COGEPRENA) Ngoma Murama Murama WUA Murama Rukira (Presently, KODUMU) Kirehe Gatore 2 Gatore WUA Gatore Kirehe
Table 2-3-2 Target Area for School Sanitation Education District Secteur Primary School Rwamagana Mwurile Mwurile 2 Kayonza Nkondo Nkondo 2 Ngoma Sakara Sakara Kirehe Curazo Curazo
Due to project activities, the following outputs were achieved.
Support to Preparation of District Plans ・ Training tools necessary for trainings and sensitization activities were developed. ・ Annual plans for sanitation promotion activities of districts were formulated, budgeted and are being periodically executed.
Capacity Strengthening of Sanitation Promotion Activities at Secteur Level ・ Sanitation facilitators of health centers and sanitation staffs of WSPs were trained and sanitation promotion activities have commenced. ・ Sanitation promotion activities at secteur level are continuously being carried out.
Creation of School Sanitation Education System ・ HAMS clubs were established, trainings were conducted and sanitation promotion activities at schools are being held at least once a month.
(3) Further Issues Further issues for consideration are the following. ・ An important issue is to secure budget and allocate personnels for continuous execution of annual plans by districts. ・ Sanitation promotion activities are conducted periodically. One of the issues is to disseminate the achievements to other schools and sectors in the district effectively. Activities in the schools pupils and teachers continue once they are started, but those in districts and secteur are affected by budget and personnels.
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2.4 Output Materials
(1) Administrative Support Manual No. Title Language Size User 1 Administrative Support Manual English A4 District
(2) Water Supply Scheme Operation and Maintenance Manual Series No. Title Language Size User For Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Schemes 1 Operation and Maintenance Manual English A4 District/WSP 2 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP (Above in local language) 3 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Rwakibogo English A3, half WSP (Water Source Pump Station of MKM Scheme) folded 5 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Mwulire English A3, half WSP (Booster Pump Station of MKM Scheme) folded 6 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Mwulire Kinyarwanda A3, half WSP (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi) (Above in local language) folded 7 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Munyaga English A3, half WSP (Booster Pump Station of MKM Scheme) folded 8 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Munyaga Kinyarwanda A3, half WSP (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi) (Above in local language) folded 9 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Nyankora English A3, half WSP (Submersible Pump House) folded 10 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Nyankora Kinyarwanda A3, half WSP (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi yo numsi y’ ubutaka) (Above in folded local language) 11 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Murama English A3, half WSP (Handpump Scheme) folded 12 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Nyankora Kinyarwanda A3, half WSP (pompe z’ intoki z’ i) (Above in local language) folded 13 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Gatore 2 English A3, half WSP (Transmission Pump House) folded 14 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Gatore 2 Kinyarwanda A3, half WSP (Above in local language) folded 15 Solution of Malfunction English A4 WSP 16 Igisubizo ku mitorere mibi (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP 17 Warning –Hatari– English A4 WSP 18 Ikitonderwa (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP 19 Chlorination Guide English A4 WSP 20 Mfashanyigisho yo gushiyira umuti mu mazi Kinyarwanda A4 WSP (chlorination) (Above in local language) 21 Pump Control Panel Operation Manual for MKM/Nyankora English A4 WSP 22 Imfashanyigisho y’ imikorere y’ agasanduku k’ igenzura Kinyarwanda A4 WSP (Control Panel) ka MKM/Nyankora (Above in local language) 23 Generator Daily Operation Manual English A4 WSP 24 Imfashanyigisho y’ imikorere ya buri munsi ya generator Kinyarwanda A4 WSP (Above in local language) 25 Generator Maintenance Manual English A4 WSP 26 Mfashanyigisho yo gufuta neza generator Kinyarwanda A4 WSP (Above in local language) 27 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Public Water Stand English A4 WSP Manager 28 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ibikorwa, Remezo Kinyarwanda A4 WSP by’ amazi igenewe abajera b’ amavomo rusange (Above in local language)
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For Spare Parts Management 29 Spare Parts Management Guideline English A4 District/WSP 30 Imfashanyigisho yo gucunga neza ibikoresho byo gusimbura Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP (Above in local language) 31 Spare Parts Procurement Diagram English A4 WSP 32 Uburyo bwo kugura ibikoresho byo gusimbura muri (Above in Kinyarwanda A4 WSP local language) 33 Afridev Handpump Spare Parts List English A4 WSP 34 Handpump Parts Price List 2010 English A4 WSP For Water Quality Analysis 35 Water Quality Analysis Manual English A4 District/WSP 36 Imfashanyigisho ku gupima imiterere y’ amazi (Above in local Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP language) 37 Quick Reference Manual for Water Quality Analysis English A4 WSP 38 Imfashanyigisho yihuse k’ ugupima imiterere y’ amazi (Above in Kinyarwanda A4 WSP local language) For Financial Management 39 Accounting Manual for WSP English A4 District/WSP 40 Imfashanyigisho y’icungamutungo ku batanga serivise z’amazi Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP (Above in local language)
(3) Sanitation Education and Sensitization Manual Series No. Title Language Size User 1 Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion Manual Series, Vol. 1 Guide English A4 District for Manuals 2 Imfashanyigisho yo Guteza Imbere Isuku n’isukura Vol.1 Kinyarwanda Ditto Ditto Inyoboranyigisho (Above in local language) Community Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion Series 3 Vol. 2 Training Guide for Trainers on Water, Hygiene and English A4 District Sanitation- Trainers’ book- CS 4 Vol. 2 Inyoboranyigisho y’Amahugurwa y’ Abajyanama b’Isuku Kinyarwanda Ditto Ditto n’Inisukura - Igitabo cy’ Uhugura - (Above in local language) 5 Vol.3 Training Guide for Trainers on Water, Hygiene and English Power District Sanitation- Trainers’ Presentation Materials - Point CS 6 Vol. 3 Inyoboranyigisho y’Amahugurwa y’ Abajyanama b’Isuku Kinyarwanda Ditto Ditto n’Inisukura - Ibiganiro Byatanzwe n’ Uhugura - (Above in local language) 7 Vol. 4 A Guidebook for Hygiene Promotion in Community English A5 Distinct, CS ASC/Facilitators 8 Vol. 4 Agatabo k’Inyoboranyigisho ku Uguteza Imbere Isuku Kinyarwanda A5 Ditto Mu Baturage (Above in local language) 9 Vol. 5 PHAST Animation Tools Images (French) A5 District ・ Affiches à Séance livre／Photo Parade CS ・ Fenêtre de JOHARI’s ／Exercice des tassés ・ Tableau pochet: Source／Utilisation A4 ・ Voies／Barrière de transmission de maladie A5 10 Vol. 5 Ibikoresho bya PHAST Ditto Ditto ASC/Facilitators Tableau pochet: Source／Utilisation (Kinyarwanda) Voies／Barrier transmission de maladie (Above in local language) Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion in School Series 11 Vol. 6 Guide de l’Enseignent sur l’Hygiène et l’Assainissement French A4 District en Milieu Scolaire School 12 Vol. 6 Imafashanyigisho y’ Umwarimu ku Isuku n’Isukura mu Kinyarwanda Ditto Ditto Mashuri (Above in local language) 13 Vo l. 6 Teacher’s guide for Hygiene and Sanitation in School English Ditto Ditto
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14 Vol. 7 Manual de formation sur l’approche “Enfant Formateur” French A4 District School and CS 15 Vol. 7 Imfashanyigisho yo Guhugura ku Buryo bwa “Umwana Kinyarwanda ditto ditto Mufashamyumvire” (Above in local language) 16 Vol. 7 Manual for “Child Facilitator” Approach English ditto ditto 17 Vol. 8 Pura-Sani HAMS Visual Materials Kinyarwanda/ A1 1) Igishushanyo cyerekana uko ibyorezo byandura nuko English District/School Nyakwirindwa/ The F-diagram of disease transmission and control 2) Guhagarika kwa mbere/ The Primary Barriers School 3) School’s Environment map School 18 Vol. 9 CANACLA - A4 District/School
2.5 JCC Meetings
The decision making and consultation related to project activities were conducted through periodic JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) meetings held twice a year. The members included project counterparts and mayors of target districts from the Rwandan side, and JICA Rwanda office resident representative and project staffs as well as Japanese experts.
Table 2-5-1 Summary of JCC Meetings No. of JCC Date Venue Participants Main Topic Eastern Province Explanation and agreement on Inception 14 1st 17 April 2007 Office, Rwamagana Report AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on Phase 2 13 2nd 28 August 2007 Room, Rwamagana Activities Plan and PDM version 2.0 AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on Interim 18 3rd 4 March 2008 Room, Rwamagana Report No. 1 Dereva Hotel Explanation and agreement on R/D 16 4th 8 August 2008 Conference Room, Amendment, Pilot Site Change, PDM Rwamagana version 3.0 Dereva Hotel Explanation and agreement on 2nd year 26 5th 11 February 2009 Conference Room, activities, results of Mid-Term Review, Rwamagana next year activities AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on 3rd year 50 6th 15 July 2009 Room, Rwamagana activities, PDM version 4.0 AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on Interim 29 7th 23 February 2010 Room, Rwamagana Report No. 2, PDM version 5.0 AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on Terminal 30 8th 14 May 2010 Room, Rwamagana Evaluation AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on Progress 28 9th 27 October 2010 Room, Rwamagana Report 3, project extension AVEGA Conference Explanation and agreement on extension 27 10th 21 March 2011 Room, Rwamagana period progress, validation of outputs September 2011 Rwamagana Explanation and agreement on Project － 11th (scheduled) (scheduled) Completion Report Minutes of each JCC meeting were sigen by project stakeholders.
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2.6 Project Promotion Activities
(1) Project Nickname and Characters used for Promotion The project nickname “PURA-SANI” and characters shown below were agreed at the Kick-off meeting and were used on T-shirts, posters and other materials for promotional effects.
PURA SANI
SENSI L’EAU KLEEN HYGI
SOGGY NETTO LAVAT FRECKLE FECAL Figure 2-6-1 PURA-SANI Characters
T-shirts were prepared almost every year and distributed to seminar participants, and were worn during sanitation eduction activities at schools. “PURA-SANI” became well known locally and promotion using individual characters along with words had high visual and promotional effects. Local consulstants were directed to use this nickname and theses characters on their reports and teaching materials. The promotional T-shirts were worn during activities in the village, and when the Japanese experts were not there, the villagers can easily recognize that it was the same project.
The promotional poster was prepared in Kinyarwandan and posted in the project base office, MININFRA office, Eastern Province office and district offices.
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Promotional T-Shirt T-Shirts distributed during Seminar Promotional Poster Figure 2-6-2 T-Shirt and Poster
(2) Sanitation Education Promotion signboard Promotion signboards indicating the access locations to sanitation education activities at 4 target primary schools were erected. They were set at the points easily seen by passerbys and cars driving along access roads to enter the primary schools from the national road. The character designs were also used on the signboards.
(3) Project Leaflet and News Letter In the first and second years of the project, the project leaflet that showed the activity progress was prepared and distributed during JCC meetings every half year. Also, since September 2009, news letters were issued periodically and distributed to counterparts and parties concerned to inform the current project activity situation. Moreover, news letters were posted at the entrance of project office to widely promote the project to nearby residents. The news letters are written in both Kinyarwandan and English.
Sanitation Education Signboard (Kirehe District)
Leaflet News Letter Figure 2-6-3 Promotional Signboard, Leaflet and News Letter
(4) Project Homepage Through the arrangements of JICA headquarters, a project homepage was opened. (URL：http://www.jica.go.jp/project/rwanda/0605427/index.html) The homepage introduces the project outline, activities schedule and activities news.
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2.7 Other Related Activities
2.7.1 Mid-Term Review
(1) Objectives At the time when about half of the technical cooperation project period elapsed, a Mid-Term Review was conducted to assess the project inputs, progress of activities and degree of achievement. Also, evaluation using the 5 criteria (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability) was carried out and recommendations were made on measures to be taken until completion of the project.
(2) Composition and Schedule of Mid-Term Review Team The JICA Mid-Term Review Team was composed of the members listed below.
Table 2-7-1 Members of Mid-Term Review Team Position Name Affiliation Team Leader SUDO Kazuo Senior Advisor Global Environment Department, JICA Rural Water Supply JIGAMI Hiroshi Regional Project Formulation Advisor Regional Support Office for Africa, JICA Cooperation Planning MATSUZAKI Terumasa Program Officer, Water Resources Management Division 2 Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA Evaluation and Analysis OHASHI Yuki Consultant, Human and Social Development Partnership INTERWORKS Co., Ltd.
The JICA Mid-Term Review for this project was conducted from 25 January to 12 February 2009 following the itinerary shown below.
Table 2-7-2 Itinerary for Mid-Term Review Mon. Date Itinerary Jan. 25 Sun Mid-Term Review Team (Consultant Member) arrive in Kigali 26 Mon Courtesy call to JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with PURA-SANI Experts, Interviews with MININFRA/ PNEAR 27 Tue Interviews with Rwamagana District counterparts, Field survey of pilot site, Interviews with target secteur office/MKM water scheme WUA concerns, Field survey of Mwulire 2 Primary School and interview with head master, Interviews with PURA-SANI experts 28 Wed Interviews with Kayonza District counterparts/District Water Board/District Water Fund/cooperative, Field survey of Japanese grant aid constructed water supply system, Interview with Executive Secretary of Eastern Province 29 Thu Interviews with Eastern Province counterpart/Ngoma District counterpart/Murama handpump WUA concerns/ PURA-SANI experts 30 Fri Interviews with Kirehe counterpart/Kirehe District WUA concerns/PURA-SANI experts 31 Sat Data compilation
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Mon. Date Itinerary Feb. 1 Sun Data compilation 2 Mon Meeting with PNEAR/ELECTROGAZ, Mid-Term Review Team (2 JICA members) arrive in Kigali 3 Tue Courtesy call to and meeting with JICA Rwanda Office, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts, Mid-Term review Team (1 JICA Member) arrive in Kigali 4 Wed Meeting with World Bank, Courtesy call to Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Meeting with PNEAR, Field survey and interviews at MKM water scheme 5 Thu Courtesy call to Executive Secretary of Eastern Province/Mayor of Rwamagana District, Field survey and interviews at Kayonza District (cooperative and water schemes) 6 Fri Courtesy call to Governor of Eastern Province/Mayor of Ngoma District, Field survey and interviews at Murama handpump scheme/Kirehe water scheme, Meeting with Kirehe District counterpart 7 Sat Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 8 Sun Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 9 Mon Finalization of report, Meeting with Eastern Province Executive Secretary/Kayonza District Mayor 10 Tue Meeting with Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Report to JICA Rwanda Office 11 Wed 5th JCC Meeting, Signing of Minutes of Meeting 12 Thu Mid-Term Review Team leave Kigali
(2) Results of Evaluation
1) Project Inputs Table 2-7-3 Input Achievements Item Input Japanese Side Dispatch of Experts 4 experts dispatched Cost for Activities in Rwanda A total of US$2, 600,000 by March 2009 Procurement of Equipment Procured equipment worth US$12,900 as of December 2008 Rwandan Side Allocation of counterparts (CPs) 12 CPs currently allocated Provision of Office Space for Japanese Container house located at Temporary Office of Experts Rwamagana District Maintenance Cost for Project Office Electricity, water, etc.
2) Output Achievement Status Table 2-7-4 Output Achievements Output No. Current Outputs Output Achievements Output 1 Surveys related to water supply services have Output related to supervision capacities been carried out. can be evaluated in parts Local administration manual for water supply Output 2 services was reviewed. Current outputs are only related to Operation/maintenance manual and surveys. Main activities in this project management manual were reviewed. dose not start yet, and improvement dose Preparing for the OJT activities in the 3rd not began to appear. year of the Project. Ouput 3 Surveys related to hygiene/sanitation Current outputs are only related to promotion activities were carried out. surveys. Main activities in this project Installing hygiene/sanitation facilities in 2 dose not start yet, and improvement dose schools in the pilot sites. not began to appear. Preparing for the hygiene promotion activities in the 3rd year of the Project.
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3) State of Activities Revisions in Scope of Project Due to changes surrounding the Project, such as suspension of the Japanese grant aid project and progress of privatization and decentralization, the design and activities of the Project were reviewed before commencing the 2nd fiscal year activities, and the PDM was revised as version 3.0. The Plan of Operation (PO) was also changed according to PDM version 3.0.
Project Monitoring The progress of the Project has been managed by the Japanese experts and reported to the Rwandan side through the JCC meetings. The Japanese experts have also reported monthly to JICA on the results of the project activities.
Communication between Japanese Experts and Rwandan Counterparts In regards to communication with technical counterparts, since they are quite occupied with many responsibilities and cannot spare sufficient time for the Project, the Japanese experts had difficulties working together with them.
Project Awareness and Ownership Although the project nickname “PURA-SANI” has been recognized among stakeholders, some cases were witnessed where the objectives and activities of the Project were not understood by the counterparts and other stakeholders. Responsibilities and roles related to the project activities were not clearly defined between actors, such as districts, secteurs and water service providers, due to uncertainties in demarcation of responsibilities related to rural water supply management. Since technical transfer through OJT activities were scheduled to start from the 3rd fiscal year, enhancement of each actor on their responsibilities and ownership toward water supply management through the Project was anticipated.
Participation of Techincal Counterparts The technical counterparts for this Project who were unit directors had difficulties in participating with the project activities because they were normally quite occupied with their various other roles. Although persons in charge of infrastructure or hygiene were placed under the unit directors and they might have been available to join the project activities, they also did not have sufficient time due to various concurrent tasks. Therefore, whether they can sufficiently participate in the OJT activities scheduled for the 3rd fiscal year was of concern.
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4) Five Evaluation Criteria
Table 2-7-5 Evaluation Results Criteria Description Result Relevance An overall assessment of whether the Project The Project is relevant in the following points Purpose and the Overall Goal are in line with Low water supply rate in the target areas the policies of the counterpart country and Needs in capacity development in donors and with the counterpart’s needs and operation/maintenance and management priorities. Relevant to the National Policy of Rwanda Relevant to the Japanese aid policy Effectiveness A measure of whether the Project Purpose will Depending on the technical transfer activities be achieved. This is then a question of the scheduled to start from the 3rd year of the Project degree to which the Project Outputs Concerning issues: contributes to the achievement of the intended Participation of the technical CPs Project Purpose. No pilot sites in Kayonza and Kirehe districts Efficiency A measure of the extent to which the Project Outputs are expected to be achieved through the has generated Project Outputs in relation to the activities of the 3rd year of the Project total resource inputs. Issues in timing, quality, quantity of inputs: Participation of CPs Utilization of knowledge of Japanese experts Impact The positive and negative changes, produced Achievement of the Overall Goal cannot be predicted directly and indirectly as a result of the so far. Project. No unexpected impact was identified Sustainability An overall assessment of the extent to which Sustainability should be considered, especially in the the positive changes achieved by the Project following aspects: can be expected to last after the completion of Policy and institutional aspects the Project. Organizational and financial aspects Technical aspects, etc.
5) Conculsion The project has conducted various surveys to identify the situation related to water supply management and hygiene/sanitation promotion, and review of manuals prepared by the Japanese grant aid project. Also, some training to technicians of water supply service providers in maintenance of facilities have started.
However, a lack of close collaboration between the technical CPs and Japanese experts is restraining a few tangible achievements. Also, regular meetings to share information are needed to achieve more effective and efficient implementation of the project. These efforts are anticipated to provide success to the project at the end of the project.
6) Recommendations The mid-term review recommended the following.
1. Closer Communication and Collaboration between Japanese Experts and Rwandan Counterparts Technical cooperation is a collaborative work between counterparts and other relevant personnel and the Japanese experts, through which the capacities of counterparts can be enhanced. Information concerning the Project should always be shared between them, and problems and issues related to the Project should be discussed and solved in a timely manner to ensure the effective and efficient implementation of the Project. Therefore, regular meetings to plan activities of the Project as well as to discuss and solve problems should be conducted. Technical counterparts and other relevant personnel and the experts should work together closely and share knowledge and skills on water
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2. Addition of 2 More Pilot Sites The Project targets the 4 districts of Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma and Kirehe. However, pilot sites, where main technical transfer activities are conducted with technical counterparts and other relevant personnel, and the achievements of the activities are intended to be disseminated to other sites in each district, are available only in the 2 districts of Rwamagana and Ngoma. Taking into account the overall goal of the Project and the significance of the Project, pilot sites should be assigned for Kayonza and Kirehe districts as well.
3. Proposed Revision of PDM Some indicators, activities and other parameters in the PDM version 3.0 had inappropriate wordings which were not adequate to the actual situation of the Project. Therefore, in order to clarify the direction of the Project for the counterparts and other stakeholders concerned, review and revision of the PDM is important. The indicators, activities and other parameters of the PDM were recommended to be reexamined to make necessary modifications.
2.7.2 Consultation Survey
(1) Objectives of Consultation Survey Since the technical cooperation project is near completion, a terminal evaluation was scheduled and to collect information necessary for the terminal evaluation, a consultation survey was carried out before the terminal evaluation. Also, schedule organization as well as issues identification and improvement proposals were conducted.
(2) Composistion and Schedule of Consultation Survey Mission The JICA Consultation Survey Team was composed of the following members.
Table 2-7-6 Members of Consulation Survey Mission Position Name Affiliation Team Leader MURAKAMI Hiroshi Resident Representative, JICA Rwanda Office Cooperation Planning KIKUCHI Shingo Program Formulation Advisor, JICA Rwanda Office Survey Analysis ICHIKAWA Tomoshi VSOC Co., Ltd.
The JICA Consultation Survey was carried out from 19 January to 5 February 2010 (18 days) according to the following itinerary.
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Table 2-7-7 Itinerary for Consulation Survey Mon. Date Itinerary Jan. 19 Tue Haneda－Kanku＞Dubai 20 Wed Dubai＞Nairobi＞Kigali 21 Thu Courtesy Call to JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with Project Chief Advisor, Visit to World Bank 22 Fri Visit to MININFRA（PNEAR staff）, Move to Rwamagana, Interview with subcontracted NGO (COFORWA) 23 Sat Data organization, Compilation, analysis and verification of inquiry responses, Meeting with experts 24 Sun Data organization, Analyses and verifications, Meeting with experts 25 Mon Interview with district development program coordinator of Eastern Province, Interview with president of MKM WUA of Rwamagana, Visit to MKM pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Mwuilire 2 Primary School in Rwamagana 26 Tue Interview with In charge of health of Rwamagana district, Interview with president of COVOMEKA of Kayonza, Visit to Nyankora pilot site, Interview with In charge of infrastructure of Kayonza district, Interview with headmaster of Nkondo 2 Primary School in Kayonza 27 Wed Interview with In charge of infrastructure and In charge of health of Kirehe district, Interview with president of Gatore 2 WUA of Kirehe, Visit to Gatore 2 pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Curazo Primary School in Kirehe 28 Thu Interview with president of Murama WUA of Ngoma, Visit to Murama pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Sakara Primary School in Ngoma 29 Fri Interview with In charge of infrastructure of Rwamagana district, Interview with Executive Secretary of Eastern Province, Interview with coordinator of economic development of Ngoma district, Interview with Permanent Secretary of MININFRA 30 Sat Data organization, Compilation, analysis and verification of inquiry responses, Meeting with experts (sharing results of field surveys) 31 Sun Data organization, Meeting with experts (sharing results of analyses and verifications) Feb. 1 Mon (Holiday) Meeting with experts (sharing results of analyses and verifications) 2 Tue Preparation of evaluation report, Meeting with experts (sharing results of field surveys) 3 Wed Report to JICA Rwanda office, Interview with PNEAR principal engineer 4 Thu Kigali＞Nairobi＞Dubai 5 Fri Dubai＞Narita
(3) Assistance to Consultation Mission
1) Support to Consultation Mission on Interviews with Stakeholders To confirm the present progress in activities and achievements of indicators listed in the PDM for this project, the executing agency, project counterparts, pilot sites, sanitation education target schools and other related organizations were visited to carry out interviews. Information was collected in preparation for the terminal evaluation scheduled for the following fiscal year.
Also, the project gave support to the consultation survey by distributing the questionnaires prepared by the consultant to stakeholders, and requesting them to provide answers and then collecting the responses. The questionnaires were prepared for inquiries to MININFRA, Eastern Province, counterparts of target 4 districts and water service providers of pilot sites. The results of these questionnaires were used as information for the consultation survey.
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Interview with Cooperative of pilot site Interview of target school headmaster
Interview with pilot site WUA Interview with pilot site water scheme users Figure 2-7-1 Interviews at Pilot Sites
2) Preparation for Terminal Evaluation The terminal evaluation for this project was scheduled in April 2010, and the consultation survey was conducted in preparation for this evaluation.
【Household Survey】 a） Sample Household Survey for Indicator Achievement as PDM Monitoring With objectives to survey the present conditions in sanitary behaviors and awareness in the project target area, an interview survey was carried out by project assistants based on questionnaires to sampled households at the below listed sites.
Table 2-7-8 Survey Target Sites and Number of Samples Target District Water Scheme Sample Household Number Rwamagana MKM 40 Ngoma Murama 20 Kayonza Nyankora 20 Kirehe Gatore II 20 Total 100
The results of the above survey were compiled by the survey team and were used for project monitoring purposes by the consultation consultant. b）Inquiry Survey to District Staffs, Water Service Providers and School Headmasters for Indicator
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Verification in PDM Monitoring With purposes to confirm the level of achievement of project outputs through indicators of the PDM, an inquiry survey was conducted to project stakeholders. Targets for inquiries were district staffs responsible for the pilot sites (In charge of infrastructure and In charge of health); presidents, accountants and other members of water service providers managing the pilot sites; and headmasters of primary schools targeted for HAMS activities. Inquiry items were as follows.
District Staff 1. Are you aware of the financial conditions of water service providers in your district? If you are aware, what are the deficits of water service providers of pilot sites for 2008 and 2009? 2. Do you know the number of residents with (or without) improved sanitary behaviours? If you do, what are the numbers for 2008 and 2009? 3. After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of residents in the district? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 4. Do you know the number of sanitation promotion activities carried out in your district? If you do, what are the numbers for 2007, 2008 and 2009? 5. Does a distribution and procurement system for spare parts exist in your district? If it exists, is the system functioning smoothly and properly?
Water Service Provider 1. (To the president and accountant): How were the financial conditions for 2007, 2008 and 2009? What were the debts and profits for the same years? 2. (To the sanitation facilitator): After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of residents in pilot site? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 3. (To the president): Do you know the number of beneficiary residents? If you do, has the number increased after commencement of the technical cooperation project? If detailed beneficiary numbers are known, what are they for 2007, 2008 and 2009? 4. (To the technician): During your operation and maintenance work on facilities, are you making use of the operation and maintenance guideline prepared by the project? 5. (To the accountant): Are you using the operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition)? Do you think you are carrying out proper daily accounting? 6. (To members): Do you think a distribution and procurement system for spare parts exists in your district? If you think it exists, do you think the system is functioning smoothly and properly? Also, have you made use of this system before?
School Headmaster 1. After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of pupils? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 2. Do you know the number of sanitation promotion activities carried out at your school? If you do, what are the numbers for 2007, 2008 and 2009?
2.7.3 Terminal Evaluation
(1) Objectives of Terminal Evaluation Since this project was originally scheduled to be completed in October 2010, a Terminal Evaluation was carried out in April and May. Through (a) information collection from counterpart organizations and discussions with them, (b) information collection from project experts and discussions with them, (c) identification of present conditions by field surveys and information collection from target area concerns, and other activities, the project was evaluated from the viewpoint of the five evaluation criteria.
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(2) Composition and Schedule of Terminal Evaluation Team The Terminal Evaluation Mission was conducted by the following members.
Table 2-7-9 Members of Terminal Evaluation Team Function Name Affiliation Mr. SAKATA Shokichi Group Leader, Water Resources and Disaster Team Leader Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA Rural Water Mr. UNE Yuji Visiting Senior Advisor, JICA Supply Planning Mr. SATO Hayato Program Officer, Water Resources Management Division 2 Cooperation Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Planning Global Environment Department, JICA Evaluation and Ms. SHIMAOKA Kazumi Consultant: Global Link Management Co., Ltd. Analysis
The Terminal Evaluation was carried out for 20 days from 26 April to 15 May 2010 as follows, with the first 9 days being conducted by the consultant only, and the JICA mission members joining thereafter.
Table 2-7-10 Itinerary for Terminal Evaluation Date Day JICA Consultant April 26 Mon Leave Tokyo April 27 Tue Arrive in Kigali Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with MININFRA/PNEAR, April 28 Wed Meeting with Japanese experts April 29 Thu Meeting with Eastern Province/ MKM WUA/ Mwulire 2 primary school Meeting with Rwamagana District (Health)/ Ngoma District/ Sakara April 30 Fri primary school/ Gatore 2 WUA/Murama WUA May 1 Sat Meeting with Curazo primary school, Documentation May 2 Sun Documentation, Meeting with Japanese experts Meeting with Rwamagana District (Infra)/ Nkondo 2 primary school/ May 3 Mon Kirehe District (Infra) May 4 Tue Meeting with Kayonza District (Infra, Water, Health), Documentation May 5 Wed Leave Tokyo Additional survey, Documentation May 6 Thu Arrive in Kigali Meetinge with AfDB・WB, Documentation May 7 Fri Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office/ Embassy of Japan/ Japanese experts May 8 Sat Survey of pilot sites (Kirehe, Ngoma, Kayonza), Documentation May 8 Sun Survey of pilot sites (Rwamagana), Documentation May 10 Mon Documentation, Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office/ Japanese experts May 11 Tue Meeting with World Bank/ MININFRA/ Japanese experts May 12 Wed Explanation of report to 4 districts May 13 Thu JCC Meeting May 14 Fri Report to MININFRA/ JICA Rwanda Office/ Embassy of Japan, Meeting with Japanese experts May 15 Sat Leave Kigali
(3) Preparation for Terminal Evaluation As preparation for the terminal evaluation, a consultation survey was conducted from January to February 2010. The project assisted the consultation survey by confirming activities up to the present and achievements of PDM indicators of this project, and carriying out interviews with the executing agencies, project counterparts as well as project concerns of pilot sites, sanitation education targeted schools and others to compile information. Also, using questionnaires prepared by the consultant for the consultation survey, information was collected from MININFRA, Eastern Province, counterparts of the target 4 districts and water service providers of the pilot sites.
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Furthermore, with objectives of collecting information for the Terminal Evaluation, the following household survey was conducted.
Sample Household Survey to collect PDM Monitoring Indicators Aiming to survey the situation of sanitation behaviors and awareness in the project target area, an interview survey was carried out by the project assistant based on questionnaires to sampled households at the 4 pilot sites. Results of this survey were compiled by the experts to be used as project monitoring information for the evaluation consultant.
Interview Survey to district staffs, water service providers and school headmasters to collect PDM Monitoring Indicators Inquiries were made to project concerns on PDM indicators to confirm the degree of project achievements. District staffs (in charge of infrastructure and in charge of health) who are responsible for the pilot sites and water service providers (president, accountant, members) who are managing the pilot sites as well as headmasters of HAMS target primary school were interviewed.
The above information was used by the evaluation consultant for the terminal evaluation. Also, the Terminal Evaluation Mission carried out further interviews with project concerns and made visits to pilot sites as reference for the evaluation.
Interview with Pilot Site Water Service Provider Pilot Site Survey by Terminal Evaluation Mission Figure 2-7-2 Terminal Evaluation Mission Activities
(4) Results of Terminal Evaluation Evaulation results are as follows.
Project Purpose At the time of terminal evaluation, the project purpose has been achieved partially.
Outputs Output 1 : This output is likely to be mostly achieved by the end of the project period. Output 2 : This output is likely to be achieved partially by the end of the project period. Output 3 : This output is likely to be mostly achieved by the end of the project period.
Overall Goal If sustainability is heightened by the end of the project period, the Overall Goal is likely to be mostly achieved.
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5 Evaluation Criteria 1) Relevance: Highly relevant 2) Effectiveness: Moderately effective 3) Efficiency: Moderately efficient 4) Impact: Positive impact 5) Sustainability : Needs to be strengthened
The above results were presented by the Terminal Evaluation Mission during the 8th JCC meeting held in Rwamagana on 13 May 2010 attended by the Rwandan side. Thereafter, a Minutes of Meeting was signed.
Based on the results of the terminal evaluation, aiming to improve the degree of achievement of project indicators by the end of the project, promotion of the following issues were considered to be necessary. Therefore, extension of the period for further activities was proposed. Improvement of the spare parts procurement system Improvement of the water quality analysis system Strengthening of operation and maintenance capacities of water service providers Strengthening of supervision capacities of district staffs in charge of infrastructures (who is in charge of water services)
2.7.4 End-line Survey
(1) Survey Background and Objectives “The Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Eastern Province” started in 2007 and is scheduled to be completed in September 2011. This endline survey aims to measure the achievements of the project spanning 4 years.
(2) Household Surveys On 6 June 2011, a pretest was carried out in Rwamagana at the MKM water supply scheme service area. As a result of this pretest, survey members and household survey questionnaires were revised as necessary. Also, before the interview surveys to households in the pilot sites, courtesy calls were made to secteur offices responsible for the pilot sites and commencement of the survey was informed, and requested support as needed. Furthermore, before survey at pilot sites, survey facilitators were briefed on the water supply schemes and extent of service areas.
Household surveys were conducted at the pilot sites according to the following schedule.
Table 2-7-11 List of Household Surveys District Pilot Site Dates Rwamagana MKM Scheme Service Area 7 June to 13 June 2011 Kayonza Nyankora Scheme Service Area 14 June to 16 June 2011 Ngoma Murama Scheme Service Area 17 June to 21 June 2011 Kirehe Gatore 2 Scheme Service Area 22 June to 24 June 2011
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(3) Survey of Districts, Water Service Providers and Schools Interview surveys to stakeholders were carried out following the schedule shown below.
Table 2-7-12 List of Interviews Date Affiliation Interviewer Position 8 June Mwulire 2 Primary Mr. MWUMBANEZA Jean Claude Head Master School 8 June MKM WUA Mr. UWIRINGIYIMANA Emmanuel President Mr. HAVUNABAKUNDA Alone Technician Ms. NYIRAHABINEZA Jovian Accountant 10 June Same as above Mr. NKUNZURWANDA John Fee Collector/ Sanitation Facilitator 9 June Kayonza District Ms. MUTESI Francine I/C Water Mr. MBONYUMUKIZA Emmanuel I/C Infrastructure Mr. GATETE John I/C Health 9 June COGEPRENA Mr. NZIYOROSHYA J. Marie President Ms. UMUTONIWASE Zaituna Accountant Mr. BIKORIMANA Emmanuel Technician Mr. KAREGE Thadé Technician 10 June Rwamagana Mr. NGABONEZA Deodatus I/C Infrastructure District Mr. RWAKAYIGAMBA Emmanuel I/C Environment/ Water/ Forestry 16 June Same as above Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal I/C Health 13 June Sakara Primary Mr. MURWANASHYAKA Antoine Head Master School 14 June Curazo Primary Ms. MUKANGANGO Louise Head Master School 15 June Gatore 2 WUA Mr. MUHUNDE Narcisse President Mr. NKURUNZIZA Valerian Accountant Mr. RWAHAMA Ildephonse Technician 16 June Nkondo 2 Primary Mr. NYANDWI Aphrodis Head Master School 21 June Ngoma District Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique I/C Health 22 June Same as above Mr. RUDASINGWA Edigard I/C WSP Mr. MUTABARUKA Mubuecky I/C Environment/ Water Mr. KAYIGIRE Fidèl I/C Infrastructure 4 July Same as above Mr. TUYISABE Augustin I/C CDF 23 June Murama Mr. HAKIZAMUNG Elias President Cooperative Ms. TUYISHIMIRE Yvonne Accountant CODAMU Ms. MUKANKUNZURWANDA Marceline Sanitation Facilitator Mr. NYAMPETA Celestin Technician Mr. KARUHIJE Jean Bosco Technician 6 July Kirehe District Mr. MUTABARUKA Silvain I/C Environment/ Water/ Forestry Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascene I/C Health
The results of this endline survey are reported in the attached report. (Refer to attachment)
2.8 Improvement and future issues since Terminal Evaluation survey
The Tables below (2-8-1～2-8-6) show the comments from the survey team and improvement and future issues in response to them.
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Table 2-8-1 OUTPUT 1 Output 1：Capacity for supervision related to management of water supply services of the 4 target Districts is strengthened. 1． The contents (items) and procedures for supervision by the districts are documented. 2． Operational and financial status of water supply schemes in the pilot sites are monitored by districts through monthly reports and proper supervisory guidance to water service providers is Verifiable conducted. The district governments prepare training programs for technicians of water service Indicators providers. 3． The district governments examine the appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities. Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated by the districts to other areas within the districts. Improvement achieved and/or future Items Comments from the Survey Team issues found in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Administrative Support ・ The survey team recommended that ・ Workshops were held for Manual Districts and MININFRA should take finalization of each manual. District more part in preparing manuals officers participated in the including administrative support finalizing process by confirming the manual. activities implemented in the ・ It’s inevitable that there have been project. discussions about the Amount of ・ The manuals were submitted to Charge in monthly meeting as the MININFRA after finalized by the problems have been actually taking districts as MININFRA could make place. Recommendation on comments only on approved ones demarcation of responsibilities by district authorities from the point between districts and water service of decentralization. providers for repair was stated in the ・ The scale of repair was identified survey report. and divided into three levels, large, medium, and small scale, and roles and responsibilities of each actor in each level were defined. 2. Training Plan ・ Since it was not realistic for district ・ Budget for the workshops were officers to be facilitators of workshops assured and the plan was designed due to a manpower shortage, the by district officers. survey team recommended designing consolidation plan for training system. 3. Educational Material for ・ Examinations of construction were ・ Check list in each step of Examination of executed by district officers. implementation of water supply and Construction sanitation project (request, survey and design, tendering, construction, and hand over) was made. 4. Dissemination of Good ・ Good practices were shared among ・ Good model cases were Model Cases other districts officers although the disseminated to four target districts. number of them was limited. (Source: Annex 3, Output 1 “3-1-5 Dissemination of Good Practices at Pilot Sites”) 5. Administrative Support ・ As the executing agency is responsible ・ N/A Manual and Handover for handover of job contents to new Manual officers when personnel change takes place, the current manual for handover will not be revised by the project team. 6. System to Establish the ・ As C/P of Rwanda side is limited, ・ N/A Output of the Project establishment of new systems should be avoided.
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Table 2-8-2 OUTPUT 2 Output 2：Operation and maintenance system for water supply services in the project area is improved through collaboration between local administration and residents as well as use of the private sector. 1． Water service providers continuously submit monthly reports to local administration. 2． Based on the operation and maintenance guideline to be prepared according to the type of water supply scheme, technicians handle and maintain water supply facilities (pumps, pipelines, hand pumps, etc.) Verifiable 3． Based on the revised operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition), water service Indicator providers properly conduct daily accounting. 4． Based on the water quality testing manual, water quality analysis of water sources and public taps in the pilot sites are carried out continuously once every 3 months. 5． A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established. Improvement achieved and/or future issues Items Comments from the Survey Team found in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Monthly Report ・ Format of report was simplified and being ・The water service providers at pilot sites used from the beginning of the project. strengthened its management system, Further change might cause more burdens to submitted reports regularly to district water service providers. authorities by using designated format. Since submission of monthly report was obligated in the districts where privatization has been promoted, it has been fulfilled. 2. Operation and ・ The manual is useful for basic understanding ・ All the manuals except administrative Maintenance of operation and maintenance although there manual and accounting manual were fully Guideline/ are many general descriptions in it. revised to have more detailed information. Manual ・ It is expected to have more detailed ・ The instructions of the manual were information corresponding to the reality of demonstrated to district officers so that they each district and water service providers. could understand through their own Further involvement of district authorities experience. Then the manual was finalized and MININFRA is recommended. based on their feedback. 3. Support for ・ Most contracts stipulated that district ・ The scale of breakdown and responsible Breakdown and authorities were responsible for responding organizations (water service providers, Activities for to large scale breakdown. district authorities, central government) to Repair ・ Since the definition of “large scale respond to it were defined and described in breakdown” was not clear, demarcation of the spare parts management manual. responsibilities between districts and water service providers should be determined. 4. Water Quality ・ Water quality testing has not been conducted ・ It was described in the manual that water Testing sufficiently. quality such as pH, EC, residual chlorine, ・ It was not realistic that district officers color, and taste should be measured conduct water quality testing due to a quarterly and reported to district manpower shortage. The survey team authorities. And, it has been conducted provided district authorities with since then. recommendations on water quality testing ・ When remarkable change of water quality plan. is found or users feel changes, district ・ There is a plan that RWASCO will conduct authorities are supposed to request detailed water quality testing in the future. water examination from EWSA ( former RWASCO). 5. Spare Parts ・ Spare parts management by water service ・ There is no problem about management of providers was good. consumable spare parts. ・ There was a lack of know-how on purchase ・ Regarding some parts that cannot be of spare parts. Therefore, technical supports purchased in Rwanda, the whole material have been given individually by experts. (valve) shall be replaced. ・ Establishment of supply chain of spare parts ・ One of the reasons for lack of spare parts is was recommended. an ineffective market circulation in the country.
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Table 2-8-3 OUTPUT 3 Output 3： Sanitation education and awareness activities to project site residents by the 4 target Districts and water supply service providers are strengthened. 1． The district governments prepare plans for awareness raising and execute them. 2． At the pilot sites, number of residents who participated in awareness raising has increased. Verifiable ． Indicators 3 Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted 1 time/month. Improvement achieved and/or future Items Comments from the Survey Team issues found in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Impact Survey ・ The implementation period of ・ Despite its high cost, it is difficult the sanitation promotion to indicate behavior change, which activities were too short after is hard to measure, accurately by the base line survey. impact survey. Therefore It was ・ Survey items differed decided that the impact survey according to target sites. would not be conducted base on an agreement with JICA. ・ Instead, questionnaire and interview surveys were conducted as the end line survey. 2. Sanitation Promotion ・ N/A ・ N/A Activities by District Authorities 3. Ecosan Toilet ・ Six ecosan toilets were ・ Operation and maintenance plans provided to each school. approved and signed by school ・ ・Due to the limited budget, directors on the constructed toilets those toilets were relatively were submitted. cheap but they were portable ones which cannot reuse excrement. So, when the pit becomes full, another pit needs to be dug and the top to be replaced. 4. Activity Plan of ・ Result was good. ・ N/A Sanitation Facilitators of Water Service Providers
Table 2-8-4．Project Purpose
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Table 2-8-4 PURPOSE Purpose： The operation and maintenance system for water supply and execution system for sanitation promotion activities will be improved at the project sites. Verifiable 1. Non-operational periods of water supply facilities in the pilot sites do not last more than a Indicators week. 2. The number of residents in the pilot sites with improved sanitary behaviors (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) is increased. 3. The number of users of water supply facilities at the pilot sites increases. 4. The number of sanitation promotion activities by the districts increases in the project area. Improvement achieved and/or future issues Items Comments from the Survey Team found in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Large Scale ・ The reason for the delay of repair ・ Although the request was sent from Repair is that demarcation of water service providers (Breakdown of responsibilities between district →secteur→district → MININFRA as it Gatore2) authorities and water service was defined in the manual, the providers is unclear. government could not solve the ・ The demarcation should be clearly problem because MININFRA did not defined. have fund for it. ・ The survey team requested ・ In addition to the demarcation problem, MININFRA that WUA shall send there were problems of budget and request letter for repair to district procurement. authority, then the district shall ・ Red Cross, which was constructing secure budget for the repair. refugee camp, provided water service providers with new pump. As a result of it, the water service providers established new personnel and management system. ・ Consequently, the water service providers succeeded in re-operating the water facility, but the government could not deal with an issue of large scale repair. 2. Impact Survey ・ The result of the base line survey ・ Impact survey was cancelled. can be considered as a reflection of high level of awareness and knowledge of the communities. Supported by the result of the KAP survey, the question items which can indicate increase of behavior change should be included in impact survey.
Table 2-8-5．Overall Goal
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Table 2-8-5 GOAL Goal：The operation and maintenance system for water supply and execution system for sanitation promotion activities will be improved in the 4 target Districts Verifiable Indicators: 1． The number of financially sound (such as not in the red) water supply service providers in the 4 target Districts is increased. 2． The percentage of residents in the 4 target Districts without improved sanitary behaviors (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) decreases by 15%. Improvement achieved and/or future issues Items Comments from the Survey Team found in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Collection of The way to collect base line data should be End line survey was conducted. Baseline Data confirmed.
Table 2-8-6 THE OTHERS Improvement achieved and/or future issues found Items Comments from the Survey Team in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 1. Extension of the ・ Although a request for the following ・ Considering the situation described in the Project project targeting all seven districts in left column, the project was extended. Eastern Province was submitted, ・ Although there has been a sign of there was a possibility that this improvement owing to patient efforts by project would be extended according experts, the issue of the C/P depends heavily to the result of this project evaluation. on individual capacity of person in charge. ・ Participation in this project from C/P was limited and its water management system was fluid. In order to continue the support, these issues should be addressed. 2. Decentralization ・ Two officers will be transferred from ・ Transfer and separation of officers from the Kayonza district to the sector. Further service take place frequently in the transfer of officers from other provincial level as well as the district level. districts to the sector is anticipated. The project manager of this project was ・ ・New system will be introduced in replaced during the extension period as well. July, the new fiscal year. Also, it may ・ Although the personnel transfer took place be affected by the presidential in the district level, there was no election to be held in August. organizational reform which affected the water sector. Local election was held in February 2011, and new district director and vice director were elected. 3. RUWASCO ・ RUWASCO is in charge of urban ・ RUWASCO was reformed into EWSA and water supply. In regard to rural water became responsible for rural water supply supply, it started taking responsibility programs. However, even until now for some large scale schemes whose (October 2011), personnel and management management was in good shape. system has been fluid and persons in charge ・ ・In the new system to be approved by have not assigned. Basic rule regarding the the cabinet, RUWASCO is rural water supply that districts are in charge anticipated to be in charge of water of supervision and EWSA functions as supply sector as a whole. adviser has remained. 4. Energy, Water ・ Although it was known that so-called ・ The organization mentioned in the left and Sanitation water and sanitation organization column refers to EWSA. Authority would be established from the beginning of the project, the plan has changed many times and nothing has been done until now. The progress of the plan should be monitored.
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Improvement achieved and/or future issues found Items Comments from the Survey Team in the period of the end-line survey to completion of the project 5. Allocation of ・ MINISANTE (Ministry of Health) is ・ It has not been realized yet (September Sanitation considering to allocate sanitation 2011). Facilitators facilitators to each district. 6. Following ・ Interviews will be conducted to build ・ Lack of distribution system affects heavily Projects images of implementation system of on provision of spare parts in Rwanda. The the following projects. larger the scale of repair becomes, the more ・ Establishment of spare parts supply the procurement becomes difficult. There are chain was often requested during few shops keeping constant stock of spare interviews to district officers and parts even for hand pumps. water service providers.
2-36 Chapter 3 Challenges for Rwandan Side 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
CHAPTER 3 CHALLENGES FOR RWANDAN SIDE
3.1 Rural Water Supply
Making use of the outputs achieved through this project, after completion of the project, the Rwandan side is recommended to tackele challenges through the following 3 steps. STEP 1: Continuation and Expansion of Projet Outputs (District Level) STEP 2: Expansion and Development of Project Outputs (Provinical Level) STEP 3: Standardization of Trainings and Guidelines (National Level)
(1) STEP 1: Continuation and Expansion of Projet Outputs (District Level) Periodice meetings and trainings in the districts need to be continued and expanded to the provincial level in the next stage.
Continuation of Periodic Meetings ・ Through continuous periodic meetings between district and WSPs, districts can supervise improvements in operation and maintenance at the 4 pilot sites. ・ Periodic meetings can be used to disseminate good practices at the pilot sites.
Continuation and Expansion of Trainings ・ Capacity strengthening of water service providers of the 4 target districts according to training programs and district action plans need to be carried out continuously. ・ Monitoring on execution of trainings and evaluation of training effects through water sector management meetings of Eastern Province ・ Collecting knowledge and lessons on the basis of evaluation
(2) STEP 2: Expansion and Development of Project Outputs (Provincial Level) At this stage, guidelines which will become basis for improvement of rural water supply services need to be prepared, trainings must be carried out and the outputs need to be developed.
Guideline Preparation ・ For proper setting of water fees, a Water Fee Guideline must be prepared by MININFRA. ・ For safe water provision, a Water Quality Guideline must be prepared and reliable official analysis laboratories must be established under MININFRA supervision. ・ For stable water supply, a Guideline for Water Supply Scheme Design must be prepared by MININFRA.
3-1 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Execution of Trainings Planned by MININFRA ・ Making use of the Eastern Province water sector management meetings, trainings for capacity strengthening of water service providers need to be expanded to all districts of Eastern Province. ・ Achievements of training modules including training tools and programs must be compiled in preparation for their standardization. ・ The training modules need to be demonstrated in Eastern Province.
(3) STEP 3: Standardization of Training Tools and Guidelines (National Level) District officers in charge must received intensive training on use of the guidelines prepared in the previous stage. Then, the officers who received training must train water service providers. Also, the guidelines and training modules must be standardized to be adopted and disseminated on a national level.
3.2 Sanitation
The project outputs need to be continued, expanded and disseminated to other areas.
Continuation and Expansion of Outputs ・ Community health workers of health centers and sanitation staffs of water service providers must continue to monitor sanitation activities.
Dissemination of Sanitation Promotion Activities in Schools ・ Experiences in good practices at the 4 pilot schools need to be disseminated to other schools in the district through the guidance of districts and secteurs.
The sanitation propmotion activities and sanitation practices must be expanded to a broader area and eventually disseminated on a national scale.
3-2
ANNEXES
ANNEXES
Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation
Annex-2 Project Inputs
Annex-3 Project Activities
Annex-4 Project Evaluation Missions
Annex-5 R/D and Amended R/D
Annex-6 Minutes of JCC Meetings
Annex-7 PDM and PO
Annex-8 Minutes of Monthly Management Meetings
Annex-9 List of Collected Information
Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation
1-1 Project Implementation Organization
During Phase 1, 5 pilot sites were selected, but due to privatization in Kayonza District, the pilot sites were reduced to 2, and this organization is shown below.
nd 2008（2 year）
JICA Tokyo Japan Techno Co., Ltd.
JAPAN PURA-SANI Experts Team JICA Rwanda Counterpart Team
Office
Eastern Province MININFRA
PNEAR
A
D
Kirehe District Kirehe Ngoma District Ngoma Kayonza District Kayonza N
District Rwamagana A JCC W
R (Joint Coordination Committee) MKM Water Murama Supply Scheme Handpump Co-Chairmen: WUA Scheme WUA Permanent Secretary of MININFRA Executive Secretary of Eastern Province Mwuilire 2 Primary Sakara Primary School School
Water & Sanitation related Donors/NGOs MINEDUC MINISANTE
A-1-1 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
The implementation organization from the 3rd year on is shown below. Since project counterparts were too busy to handle wide responsibilities, most of them could not participate in project activities. Therefore, water service providers of pilot sites were added to the organization to anticipate more active participation in project activities.
2009（3rd year）
JICA Tokyo Japan Techno Co., Ltd.
JAPAN
PURA-SANI Experts Team JICA Rwanda Office
Project Counterparts
MININFRA Eastern Province
Rwamagana Dist. Kayonza District Ngoma District Kirehe District
Infra Unit Health Unit Infra Unit Health Unit Infra Unit Health Unit Infra Unit Health Unit
WUA COVOMEKA WUA WUA
A
Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site
D Murama HP MKM Nyankora Gatore 2 N Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. A Mwuilire 2 PS Nkondo 2 PS Sakara PS Curazo PS W
R JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) Co-Chairmen: MININFRA PS Eastern Province ES Members: Eastern Province Staff MININFRA Staff 4 District Mayors 4 Officers I/C of Infrastructure 4 Officers I/C of Health JICA Rwanda Office PURA-SANI Experts Water and Sanitation related Donors/NGOs
Thereafter, due to changes in district organization, changes in water supply scheme management methods and changes in water service providers, the organization until project completion was as follows.
A-1-2 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
2010（4th year）
JICA Tokyo Japan Techno Co., Ltd. JAPAN
JICA Rwanda Office PURA-SANI Experts Team
Project Counterparts
MININFRA Eastern Province
Rwamagana Dist. Kayonza District Ngoma District Kirehe District I/C Infra I/C Infra I/C Infra I/CInfra I/C Health I/C Env&Wat I/C Health I/C Env&Wat I/C Health I/C Env&Wat I/C Health I/C Env&Wat
WUA COGEPRENA KODUMU WUA
A
Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site Pilot Site
D Murama HP MKM Nyankora Gatore 2 N Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. Sanitation Educ. A Mwuilire 2 PS Nkondo 2 PS Sakara PS Curazo PS W
R JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) Co-Chairmen: MININFRA PS Eastern Province ES Members: Eastern Province Staff MININFRA Staff 4 District Mayors 4 Districts, I/C of Infra, I/C Env&Water 4 Districts, I/C of Health JICA Rwanda Office PURA-SANI Experts Water and Sanitation related Donors/NGOs
A-1-3 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
1-2 Executing Agency and Others
During the project period, changes in ministries and district restructurings under decentralization were frequent. Due to the many district restructurings, all the project counterparts went through changes.
(1) Ministry When this project started, the executing agency was MINITERE (Ministry of Land, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines). However, as a result of the restructuring of the administration on 7 March 2008, MINITERE was changed to MINIRENA.
Thereafter, on 9 June 2008, the responsibilities for water supply infrastructures and sanitation by PNEAR were placed under MININFRA. The role of MININFRA is the formulation of national policies, guidelines and strategies for the water supply and sanitation sector of Rwanda. Also, this ministry is responsible for resources mobilization, enhancement of institutional and human resource capacities of local governments and monitoring on implementation of government policies, as well as overall coordination of water supply and sanitation sector stakeholders.
However, responsibilities for water policy and water resources management continued with MINIRENA. The organization chart of MININFRA, as of June 2009, is shown in below.
Minister
Minister of State
Permanent Secretary ・ Transport Board ・ Energy and Water Board ・ Housing Board Special Unit ・ RCAA ・ ONATRACOM ・ FER Planning, Monitoring and Finances and Evaluation Unit Administration Figure A1-2-1 Organization Chart of MININFRA
MINRENA, which continued to have responsibilities for water resources management, was changed to MINELA (Ministry of Environment and Lands) in December 2009. Furthermore, as executing agency for policy implementation, planning and monitoring of the energy, water supply and sanitation sector under MININFRA, the Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority (EWSA) was established in December 2010. PNEAR which handled water supply and sanitation under MININFRA was transferred to EWSA in 2011.
(2) Province The other important actor for this project is the Eastern Province. In the process of decentralization, being placed between the ministry and districts, the province provides supervision and liaison coordination of national policies, but policy implementation is not a responsibility of the province. The staff of Eastern Province consists of 13 members including the governor, and all infrastructures in the province including water and sanitation facilities is under the responsibility of just one person, the Coordinator of District
A-1-4 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Development Programs. During the project, the governor and executive secretary who was also project director as well as other staffs changed many times. The organization chart of Eastern Province is shown below.
Cabinet of Governor
Province Coordination Committee Security Committee
Executive Secretary Public Relations and Communications
Budget and Human Resources Development ICT Accounting Coordination of District Development Programs Coordination of Governance and Social Affairs Coordination of Specific Programs
Districts - Nyagatare - Gatsibo - Kayonza - Rwamagana - Ngoma - Kirehe - Bugesera
Figure A1-2-2 Organization Chart of Eastern Province
(3) Districts Activities of this project were carried out in 4 districts of Eastern Province. Under decentralization from 2006, districts became the focal center of administrative services. The basic organization chart recommended by MINALOC (Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs) until the end of 2009 was as shown below.
District Council
Mayor
Vice Mayor in charge of Social Vice Mayor in charge of Finance and Affairs Economic Development Executive Secretary
Human Tax Land, Urbanism, Planning, Economic Health, Gender, Education, Administration Resources and Habitat and Development and Family Promotion, Youth, Sports and Good Collection Employment Protection of Children and Culture Administration Unit Infrastructure Unit Promotion Unit Rights Unit Unit Governance Unit Unit
Figure A1-2-3 Organization Chart of Districts until end of 2009
A-1-5 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
However, in November 2009, according to the organizational reform carried out under the 3rd phase of decentralization, units of project counterparts were restructured and staff transfers were made. As shown below, units were combined into 3 posts and staffs in charge were allocated under these posts to reduce the district organization.
However, though staffs working in the former organization were very busy due to responsibilities for a wide range of sectors, the new structure created even further difficulties in their work. Therefore, some districts have countered the situation by increasing the staff. Examples of changes in staffs in charge of infrastructure are, in Ngoma District, a person in charge of water users association was added to work exclusively for water services and in Kayonza District, in addition to the one person in charge of infrastructure, 2 more were employed to create a strengthened 3 person organization.
Mayor
Vice Mayor in charge of Finance Executive Secretary Vice Mayor in charge of Social and Economic Development Affairs
Economic Development Social Development and Finance and Administration - Coordinator - Director - Agriculture Territorial Administration - Budget - Livestock - Coordinator - Revenue Officer - Cooperatives and Investment - Territorial Administration & - HR & Logistics - ICT/EMIS Promotion Decentralized Governance - Infrastructures, Forest & - Accountant Environment - Education - Teachers and Health Staff - Land Bureau - Health & Hygiene Salaries Management - Local Rapid Development - Customer Care Programs - Central Secretariat, Archives, Documentation
Figure A1-2-4 Organization Chart of Districts until May 2010
Furthermore, in June 2010, due to an organizational reform, the organization changed as follows. As part of this reform, a staff in charge of environment, water and forestry has been allocated to support water supply activities.
A-1-6 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Mayor
Vice-Mayor in charge of Social Vice-Mayor in charge of Economic Executive Secretary Development Affairs
Planning, Monitoring and Finance Unit Evaluation Unit Administration Unit
-
Water
&
& Business nagement Health Forests Gender
Education Promotion Social Welfare Social
Land Ma Family Promotion & ment & Maintenance Environment Youth, Sports &Sports Culture Youth, Infrastructures Develop Agriculture & Livestock Cooperatives
Figure A1-2-5 Organization Chart of Districts after June 2010
A-1-7 Annex-2 Project Inputs 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Annex-2 Project Inputs
2-1 Dispatch Schedule of JICA Experts
Dispatch of Experts (1/2) The Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Southern Part of Eastern Province in the Republic of Rwanda
1st Year Term 1 1st Year Term 2 2nd Year
Function Expert 2007 2008 2009 M/M Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar M/M Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar M/M RW JP Plan 1.0 0.5 1.5 3.0 1 Chief Advisor/ Capacity Building 1 Shoji Fujii Actual 1.0 0.17 1.5 3.0
Deputy Chief Advisor/Water Supply Plan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 Ryotaro Miyauchi Facilities 2/Capacity Building 2 Actual 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Deputy Chief Advisor/Water Supply Plan 3.0 0.0 2.0 3.0 3 Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Jun Yoshikawa (4th Year: Water Supply Facilities) Actual 3.0 0.33 2.0 3.0
Plan 2.7 0.0 2.5 3.5 4 Operation and Maintenance Toshiaki Hosoda Actual 2.7 0.0 2.5 3.5
Plan 2.5 0.5 2.5 3.5 5 Sanitation Education/IEC Chieko Yoshikawa Actual 2.5 0.5 2.5 3.5
Organzational Management Plan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Actual 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sanitation Education 2 / Project 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Coordination Plan 7 (4th Year: Community Sensitization/ Shunsuke Tachibana Operation and Maintenance 2) Actual 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Water Facility Management/ Water Plan 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8 Kazuyoshi Honda Quality Management Actual 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Plan 9.2 1.0 8.5 13.0 Total Actual 9.2 1.0 8.5 13.0
Dispatch of Experts (2/2) The Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Southern Part of Eastern Province in the Republic of Rwanda
3rd Year 4th Year Total Function Expert 2009 2010 2011 M/M M/M Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct RW JP RW JP RW Total Plan 1.5 0.0 2.0 0.5 9.0 10.0 1 Chief Advisor/ Capacity Building 1 Shoji Fujii Non Paid Actual Non Paid 1.5 0.0 2.0 0.5 9.0 9.7
Deputy Chief Advisor/Water Supply Plan 0.0 0.0 4.4 0.5 4.4 4.9 2 Ryotaro Miyauchi Facilities 2/Capacity Building 2 Actual 0.7 0.0 4.4 0.5 5.1 5.6
Deputy Chief Advisor/Water Supply Plan 3.5 0.0 0.9 0.0 12.4 12.4 3 Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Jun Yoshikawa (4th Year: Water Supply Facilities) Actual 2.5 0.3 0.9 0.0 11.4 12.0 Non Paid Plan 4.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 18.2 18.2 4 Operation and Maintenance Toshiaki Hosoda Actual 4.5 0.0 5.0 0.0 18.2 18.2
Plan 3.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 13.5 14.0 5 Sanitation Education/IEC Chieko Yoshikawa Actual 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.0 13.0 14.0
Organzational Management Plan 2.8 0.0 2.57 0.0 5.4 5.4 6 Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Actual 2.8 0.0 2.57 0.0 5.4 5.4 Sanitation Education 2 / Project 2.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 9.8 9.8 Coordination Plan Non Paid Non Paid 7 (4th Year: Community Sensitization/ Shunsuke Tachibana Operation and Maintenance 2) Actual 2.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 9.8 9.8
Water Facility Management/ Water Plan 0.0 0.0 Non Paid 6.5 0.0 6.5 6.5 8 Kazuyoshi Honda Quality Management Actual 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.0 6.5 6.5
Plan 17.3 0.0 31.2 1.0 79.2 81.2 Total Actual 16.5 0.8 31.2 1.0 78.4 81.2
A-2-1 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
2-2 Transition of Project Counterparts and JCC Members
Changes in project counterparts and JCC members were frequent. Transitions of members are shown below. Also, further changes in the future are expected.
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of April 2007) Function Affliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member MININFRA Secretary General Mr. NSANZUMUGANWA Project Chairmen Emmanuel Directors Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. GASANA Charles Project Eastern Province Coordinator for District Development Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Manager Programmes Marie Vianney Project MINITERE National Water Resources Policy Mr. MUSHINZIMANA Coordinator Jean Marie Vianney Project MINITERE Water and Sanitation Engineer Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit Counterpart Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens KayonzaDistrict Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas Ngoma District Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA － François Kirehe District Mayor Mr. MKUNZUMWAMI Patrick Rwamagana Dis. Director of Land, Urbanization, Mr. KIMPAYE NKUSI Rwandan Habitat and Infrastructure Unit Technical Innocent Side Director of Land, Urbanization, Counterpart KayonzaDistrict Mr. SEBAREME Members Habitat and Infrastructure Unit related to Emmanuel Ngoma District Director of Land, Urbanization, Dr. HABIMANA Cyuprien operation and Habitat and Infrastructure Unit maintenance Kirehe District Director of Land, Urbanization, Mr. SEBUDANDI Habitat and Infrastructure Unit Alphonse Rwamagana Dis. Director of Health, Family Mr. GASORE Emile Promotion and Protection of Children’s Right Unit Technical KayonzaDistrict Director of Health, Family Mr. RUBYUTSA Eric Counterpart Promotion and Protection of related to Children’s Right Unit sanitation Ngoma District Director of Health, Family Promotion Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal promotion and Protection of Children’s Right Unit Kirehe District Director of Health, Family Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Promotion and Protection of Children’s Damascène Right Unit JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. TATSUMI Iwao － Office Rural Development Advisor Ms. SHIMAOKA Kazumi Project Team PURA-SANI Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Japanese Expert Team Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Side Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Members Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Maintenance Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko
A-2-2 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of February 2008) Function Affliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Mr. NSANZUMUGANWA Project MININFRA Secretary General Chairmen Emmanuel Directors Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. GASANA Charles Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project National Water Resources Mr. MUSHINZIMANA Jean Marie MINITERE Coordinator Policy Vianney Projecr Water and Sanitation Engineer Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MINITERE Counterpart Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens KayonzaDistrict Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas － Ngoma District Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe District Mayor Mr. MKUNZUMWAMI Patrick Director of Land, Urbanization, Rwamagana Dis. Mr. KIMPAYE NKUSI Innocent Technical Habitat and Infrastructure Unit Counterpart Rwandan Director of Land, Urbanization, Mr. SEBAREME Emmanuel KayonzaDistrict Habitat and Infrastructure Unit related to Side Director of Land, Urbanization, Mr. NTAGERUKA Charles operation and Members Ngoma District Habitat and Infrastructure Unit maintenance Director of Land, Urbanization, Mr. SEBUDANDI Alphonse Kirehe District Habitat and Infrastructure Unit Director of Health, Family Mr. GASORE Emile Rwamagana Dis. Promotion and Protection of Children’s Right Unit Technical Director of Health, Family Ms. NYIRANDOREYAHO Counterpart KayonzaDistrict Promotion and Protection of Francine Children’s Right Unit related to Director of Health, Family Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal sanitation Ngoma District Promotion and Protection of promotion Children’s Right Unit Director of Health, Family Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe District Promotion and Protection of Damascène Children’s Right Unit JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. TATSUMI Iwao － Office Rural Development Advisor Ms. SHIMAOKA Kazumi Chief Advisor/Capacity Mr. FUJII Shoji Building 1 Japanese Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Side PURA-SANI Supply Facilities/Capacity Project Team Members Expert Team Building 2 Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Maintenance Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko
A-2-3 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of July 2008) Function Affliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Secretary General Mr. GATWABUYEGE Vincent Chairmen Directors Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. GASANA Charles Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator PNEAR Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens KayonzaDistrict Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas － Ngoma District Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe District Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais Rwamagana Dis. Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. KIMPAYE NKUSI Innocent KayonzaDistrict Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. SEBAREME Emmanuel Technical Director of Planning, Economic Mr. NTAGERUKA Charles Counterpart Development, Promotion of related to Rwandan Side Ngoma District Employment, Infrastructures, operation Members Protection of Environment and and Forestry Unit maintenance Director of Infrastructures, Lands, Mr. SEBUDANDI Alphonse Kirehe District Habitat and Urban Planning Unit Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. GASORE Emile Rwamagana Dis. Promotion and Child Protection Unit Technical Director of Education and Health Ms. NYIRANDOREYAHO Counterpart KayonzaDistrict Unit Francine related to Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. NDAYISABA Jonas sanitation Ngoma District Promotion and Child Protection Unit promotion Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe District Promotion and Child Protection Unit Damascène JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi － Office Program Formulation Advisor Mr. KIKUCHI Shingo Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Japanese Side Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Members PURA-SANI Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Project Team Expert Team Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Maintenance Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko
A-2-4 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of January 2009) Function Affliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairmen Directors Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. GASANA Charles Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator PNEAR Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens － KayonzaDistrict Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas Ngoma District Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe District Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais Rwamagana Dis. Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. KIMPAYE NKUSI Innocent Technical KayonzaDistrict Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. SEBAREME Emmanuel Acting Director of Planning, Ir. TUYISABE Augustin Counterpart Rwandan related to Economic Development, Promotion Side Ngoma District of Employment, Infrastructures, operation Members Protection of Environment and and Forestry Unit maintenance Director of Infrastructures, Lands, Mr. SEBUDANDI Alphonse Kirehe District Habitat and Urban Planning Unit Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. GASORE Emile Rwamagana Dis. Promotion and Child Protection Unit Technical Director of Health Unit Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Counterpart KayonzaDistrict Denise related to Director of Health, Gender, Family Vacant sanitation Ngoma District Promotion and Child Protection Unit promotion Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascène Kirehe District Promotion and Child Protection Unit JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi － Office Program Formulation Advisor Mr. KIKUCHI Shingo Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Japanese Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Side PURA-SANI Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Project Team Members Expert Team Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Maintenance Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko
A-2-5 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of July 2009) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairperson Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. MUGIRANEZA Yussuf Project Coordinator for District Development Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of PNEAR Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit Coordinator MININFRA Rwamagana Dist. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens － Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais Rwamagana Dist. Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. KIMPAYE NKUSI Innocent Technical Kayonza Dist. Acting Director of Infrastructure Unit Mr. NDAYISHIMIYE Nicoles Counterpart Rwandan Director of Planning, Economic Mr. NTIRENGANYA Boniface related to Development, Promotion of Employment, Side Ngoma Dist. Operation Member Infrastructures, Protection of Environment and and Forestry Unit Maintenance Director of Infrastructures, Lands, Habitat Mr. SEBUDANDI Alphonse Kirehe Dist. and Urban Planning Unit Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. GASORE Emile Rwamagana Dist. Promotion and Child Protection Unit Technical Director of Health Unit Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Counterpart Kayonza Dist. Denise related to Acting Director of Health, Gender, Family Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Sanitation Ngoma Dist. Promotion and Child Protection Unit Promotion Director of Health, Gender, Family Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe Dist. Promotion and Child Protection Unit Damascène JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi － Office Program Formulation Advisor Mr. KIKUCHI Shingo Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Japanese Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Side Management/Operation and Maintenance Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Project PURA-SANI Member Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko Team Experts Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Sanitation Education 2/Project Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana Coordination
A-2-6 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of November 2009) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairperson Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. MUGIRANEZA Yussuf Project District Development Programs Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Coordinator Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator PNEAR Rwamagana Dist. Acting Mayor Mr. MUSHAIJA Geofrey Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas － Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais Rwamagana Dist. In Charge Infrastructure Mr. NGABONZIZA Deodatus Technical Rwandan In Charge Infrastructure Mr. MUBARUSHIMANA Jean Kayonza Dist. Counterpart Side Paul related to Member Coordinator of Economic Ngoma Dist. Mr. NTIRENGANYA Boniface Operation Development and In Charge Infrastructure Mr. TUYISABE Augustin Maintenance In Charge of WUAs Mr. RUDASINGWA Edgard Kirehe Dist. In Charge Infrastructuret Mr. GAKUNZI Emmanuel Technical Rwamagana Dist. In Charge of Health Mr. GASORE Emile In Charge of Health Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Counterpart Kayonza Dist. related to Denise Sanitation Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Health Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Promotion Kirehe Dist. In Charge of Health Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascène Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi JICA Rwanda Program Formulation Advisor Mr. KIKUCHI Shingo － Office Program Manager Mr. TAKIMOTO Kohei (Water/Sanitation) Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Japanese Facilities/Capacity Building 2 Side Mr. MIYUAUCHI Ryotaro Member Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Project PURA-SANI Maintenance Team Experts Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Sanitation Education 2/Project Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana Coordination
A-2-7 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of January 2010) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairperson Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. MUGIRANEZA Yussuf Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator PNEAR Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. NTEZIREMBO Valens Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas － Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais In Charge of Infrastructure, Forest Mr. NGABONZIZA Deodatus Rwamagana Dis. and Environment) In Charge of Infrastructure, Forest Mr. MUBARUSHIMANA Jean Kayonza Dist. and Environment Paul Technical Coordinator of Economic Mr. NTIRENGANYA Boniface Counterpart Rwandan Development related to Side Member In Charge of Planning, Economic Mr TUYISABE Augustin Operation and Ngoma Dist. Development, Promotion of Maintenance Employment, Infrastructures, Protection of Environment and Forestry In Charge of Infrastructure, Forest Mr. GAKUNZI Emmanuel Kirehe Dist and Environment Acting Coordinator of Social Mr. GASORE Emile Rwamagana Dis. Development and Territorial Technical Administration Counterpart In Charge of Health and Hygeine Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Kayonza Dist. related to Denise Sanitation Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Health and Hygeine Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Promotion In Charge of Health and Hygeine Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe Dist. Damascène JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi － Office Program Formulation Advisor Mr. TAKIMOTO Kohei Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Water Supply Facilities Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Japanese Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Side Maintenance PURA-SANI Project Team Member Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko Experts Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Community Sensitization/Operation Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana and Maintenance 2
A-2-8 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of September 2010) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairperson Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. MUGIRANEZA Yussuf Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator of PNEAR Rwamagana Dist. Mayor Mr. UWIMANA Nehemie － Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUHORORO Damas Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais Rwandan Rwamagana Dist. In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. NGABONEZA Deodatus Technical Side In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. MBONYUMUKIZA Counterpart Member Kayonza Dist. related to Emmanuel Coordinator of Economic Operation and Ngoma Dist. Mr. NTIRENGANYA Boniface Maintenance Development Kirehe Dist. In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. GAKUNZI Emmanuel Technical Rwamagana Dist. In Charge of Health Ms. UMUHOZA Chantal In Charge of Health Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Counterpart Kayonza Dist. related to Denise Sanitation Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Health Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Promotion Kirehe Dist. In Charge of Health Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascène JICA Rwanda Resident Representative Mr. MURAKAMI Hiroshi － Office Program Formulation Advisor Mr. TAKIMOTO Kohei Chief Advisor/Capacity Mr. FUJII Shoji Building 1 Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Mr. MIYAUCHI Ryotaro Supply Facilities 2/Capacity Building 2 Water Supply Facilities Mr. YOSHIKAWA Jun Japanese Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Side Maintenance PURA-SANI Project Team Member Sanitation Education/IEC Ms. YOSHIKAWA Chieko Experts Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Strengthening Community Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana Sensitization/Operation and Maintenance 2 Water Supply Facilities Mr. HONDA Kazuyoshi Management/Water Quality Management
A-2-9 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of April 2011) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member Project MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Chairperson Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Mr. MUGIRANEZA Yussuf Project Coordinator for District Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Vianney Project Water and Sanitation Engineer of Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator PNEAR Rwamagana Dis Mayor Mr. UWIMANA Nehemie Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUGABO John － Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. NGABONZIZA Deodatus Rwamagana Dis In Charge of Environment & Water Mr. RWAKAYIGAMBA Emmanuel Technical Rwandan In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. MURAGWA Espoir Counterpart Kayonza Dist. Side Member In Charge of Water Services Ms. MUTESI Francine related to In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. KAYIGIRE Fidele Operation and Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Environment & Water Mr. MUTABARUKA Mbuecky Maintenance In Charge of Water Services Mr. RUDASINGWA Edgard In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. GAKUNZI Emmanuel Kirehe Dist. In Charge of Environment & Water Mr. MUTABARUKA Sylvain Rwamagana Dis In Charge of Health Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal Technical In Charge of Health Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Kayonza Dist. Counterpart Denise related to Sanitation Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Health Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Promotion In Charge of Health Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe Dist. Damascène Resident Representative Mr. KOBAYASHI Hiroyuki JICA Rwanda Program Manager Mr. TAKIMOTO Kohei － Office (Water/Sanitation) Program Coordinator Mr. HABINCUTI Norbert Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Mr. FUJII Shoji Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Supply Mr. MIYAUCHI Ryotaro Facilities 2/Capacity Building 2 Japanese Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Side Maintenance Member PURA-SANI Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Project Team Experts Strengthening Community Sensitization/Operation Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana and Maintenance 2 Water Supply Facilities Mr. HONDA Kazuyoshi Management/Water Quality Management
A-2-10 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Project Counterparts and JCC Members (as of June 2011) Function Affiliation Position Name Counterpart JCC Member MININFRA Permanent Secretary Ms. MUKASINE Marie Claire Project Chairperson Mr. MAKOMBE Jean Marie Director Eastern Province Executive Secretary Vianney Project Coordinator for District Mr. NTIRENGANYA Boniface Eastern Province Manager Development Programmes Project Water and Sanitation Engineer Mr. NYIRIGIRA Benoit MININFRA Coordinator of PNEAR Rwamagana Dis. Mayor Mr. UWIMANA Nehemie Kayonza Dist. Mayor Mr. MUGABO John － Ngoma Dist. Mayor Mr. NIYOTWAGIRA François Kirehe Dist. Mayor Mr. MURAYIRE Protais In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. NGABONZIZA Deodatus Rwamagana Dis In Charge of Environment & Mr. RWAKAYIGAMBA Water Emmanuel In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. MURAGWA Espoir Technical Kayonza Dist. Rwandan Side In Charge of Water Services Ms. MUTESI Francine Counterpart Member In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. KAYIGIRE Fidele related to In Charge of Environment & Mr. MUTABARUKA Mbuecky Operation and Ngoma Dist. Water Maintenance In Charge of Water Services Mr. RUDASINGWA Edgard In Charge of Infrastructure Mr. GAKUNZI Emmanuel Kirehe Dist. In Charge of Environment & Mr. MUTABARUKA Sylvain Water Rwamagana Dis In Charge of Health Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal Technical In Charge of Health Ms. RUDASINGWA UWERA Kayonza Dist. Counterpart Denise related to Sanitation Ngoma Dist. In Charge of Health Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique Promotion In Charge of Health Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Kirehe Dist. Damascène Resident Representative Mr. KOBAYASHI Hiroyuki JICA Rwanda Program Manager Mr. TAKIMOTO Kohei － Office (Water/Sanitation) Program Coordinator Mr. HABINCUTI Norbert Chief Advisor/Capacity Mr. FUJII Shoji Building 1 Dep. Chief Advisor/Water Mr. MIYAUCHI Ryotaro Supply Facilities 2/Capacity Building 2 Japanese Side Management/Operation and Mr. HOSODA Toshiaki Member Maintenance PURA-SANI Project Team Organizational Management Mr. Yasuo Ohno Experts Strengthening Community Mr. Shunsuke Tachibana Sensitization/Operation and Maintenance 2 Water Supply Facilities Mr. HONDA Kazuyoshi Management/Water Quality Management
A-2-11 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
2-3 Procured Equipment
Project equipments required for technology transfer during the project are listed below. At the ende of the project, these were handed over to the Rwandan side.
No. Equipment Q’ty Purpose Procured Period Laptop Computer with 1 1 Document preparation, semina presentation, etc. 1st Year Term 1 Software 2 Laser Printer 1 Document preparation, promotion activties 1st Year Term 1
3 Projector 1 Seminar presentation 1st Year Term 1
4 Copy Machine 1 Document preparation 1st Year Term 1
5 UPS 1 Assurance in case of power failures 1st Year Term 1
6 Mult-Tester 2 Maintenance of MKM water scheme 2nd Year
2-4 Counterpart Training in Japan
Trainings in Japan of project counterparts were as follows.
First Training Type of Training: Group counterpart training course at JICA Shikoku Name of Course: Policymaking of Water and Environmental Management in Middle East and African Countries Period: 3 August to 29 August 2009
Participants: Name Position Project Counterpart Function MAKOMBE Jean Marie Vianney Coordinator of District Project Manager Development Programs Eastern Province SEBUDANDI Alphonse Director of Infrastructure Unit, Technical Countepart Kirehe District
Training Effects: as compared to before the training, participation in project activities of the 2 trainees has bcome more active.
Second Training Type of Training: Group counterpart training course at JICA Shikoku Name of Course: Policymaking of Water and Environmental Management in Middle East and African Countries Period: 1 August to 29 August 2010
A-2-12 【PURA-SANI】 Project Comptetion Report
Participants: Name Position Project Counterpart Function NYIRIGIRA Benoit Water Supply and Sanitation Project Coordinator Engineer, MININFRA NTIRENGANYA Boniface Coordinator of Economic Technical Counterpart Development, Ngoma District
Training Effects: These 2 trainees were participating in project activities even before the training. However, after the training, they became even more active and now reveal leadership qualities.
2-5 Rwandan Side Contributions
Allocation of Counterparts The Rwandan side allocated counterparts as shown in 2-3 above, although many have changed since the beginning of the project.
Provision of Office Space for Experts At the stage of the preparatory study, the Rwandan side promised to provide an office space in the new Eastern Province/Rwamagana District Office. However, the office was still under construction when the project started and could not be completed before the end of the project. Therefore, the following space was provided as temporay office for the experts.
Location: In the premise of the temporary Rwamagana District Office Office Space: One room inside a container Provisions: Desks, chairs, cabinet Utilities: Electricity, water
Improvements in the container, such as leveling, floor repair, roof repair, painting and internet connection, were provided by the Japanese side.
A-2-13 Annex-3 Project Activities 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Annex-3 Project Activities
3-1 Activities for Output 1
3-1-1 Strengthening of Project Management System
Although the districts are responsible for supervision of the water service providers(WSPs), before the mid-term review (April 2009), both district and WSP staffs in charge recognized periodic reporting from the WSPs to the districts and district supervision and guidance provided to the WSPs as part of their responsibilities. However, even when large scale problems arose, district staff did not become actively involved in the problem solving. Also, the WSPs did not report problems to the districts unless the problem was serious such as long-term operational disruption of water supplying schemes. Exception to this was Kirehe district, which, through the support of SNV, summoned the WSPs several times for verbal reporting of present conditions and problems. Unfortunately, after the staff in charge, who was actively carrying out this activity, had been transferred, and such meetings were stopped. Moreover, the province did not provide the districts with assistance in coordination.
To improve this situation, activities to strengthen the project management system were carried out after the mid-term review as explained below.
Water Sector Management Meetings Eastern Province Rearrangement of responsibilities Management and evaluation of roles
From District to WSPs District Holding periodic management meetings Giving feedbacks From WSPs to District Submission of monthly reports Water Service Providers (WSP) Using standardised format
Figure A3-1-1 Description of Project Support
In August 2009, a meeting was held with staffs in charge of infrastructure from target districts to investigate the situation of monthly (or periodic) report submission, use of standardized format and frequency and situation of periodic meetings. As a result, with the exception of Kayonza district, the project learned that periodic reporting using standard format was not carried out and periodic meetings initiated by the district were not being held.
(1) Periodic Reporting from the WSPs to the Districts Since a fixed format for reports from WSPs was not available, the project drafted a monthly reporting format. After discussions with the district stakeholders, the final version was prepared and the format was translated into Kinyarwandan. The project then consulted the 4 target districts on the adoption of the format. The districts adopted the format not only to the pilot sites, but also to all the WSPs under their responsibility.
With respect to introduction of the monthly reporting format, some WSPs commented that the items
A-3-1 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report were too complicated and difficult for filling in. Therefore, a simplified version was prepared and the WSPs were given the option to choose which version they preferred. For WSPs which had difficulties filling in the report, they started by preparing the simplified format to accustom themselves to prepare and submit reports.
In October 2009, the new format was adopted by the 4 districts and some WSPs started to submit reports. Submission of reports has been continued in Kayonza and Ngoma districts, but at Rwamagana and Kirehe districts, due to high turnover of staffs in charge and their superiors, executive secretaries, submissions were sometimes disrupted. However, the project followed up to maintain the continuous submissions of reports. As a result, at the end of the project, report submissions are being continued at all pilot sites of 4 districts. At Rwamagana, Kayonza and Ngoma districts, all WSPs are submitting monthly reports and at Rwamagana and Ngoma districts, almost all WSPs are using the format proposed by the project. At Kirehe district, while the staff in charge is continuously changing, about half of the WSPs are submitting reports at a continuous pace, and according to the new person in charge, submission of monthly reports is to be mandatory and promotion of the standardised format is planned for the new fiscal year.
(2) Periodic Meetings between the Districts and the WSPs Since periodic meetings with the WSPs through the initiative of the districts were not held, holding of these meetings was proposed. As a result, Ngoma, Kayonza and Kirehe districts started to hold the periodic meetings. For instance, Ngoma district established the practice of planning and holding of quarterly management meetings prepared by the district executive secretary and the officer in charge of water. At the meetings, issues the water service providers encounter are reported and measures for them are discussed.
However, the periodic meetings are established only at Ngoma district. Due to the high turnover rate of the staff in charge and the executive secretary, as well as the overloaded work allocated to the staff in charge and budget shortages, the practice of periodic meetings could not sufficiently be established in other districts. In response to this issue, since the 2011/2012 new fiscal year is to start from July 2011, the project proposed the staffs in charge to include the execution of periodic meetings into the action plan, and consequently, all districts replied the resuming and continuation of periodic meetings. The first periodic meeting was held in July at Ngoma and Rwamagana districts while Kirehe district held their period meeting in August.
(3) Feedbacks from the Districts to the WSPs In order for the districts which received monthly reports to make proper feedbacks to the WSPs, the project prepared feedback sheets. The staffs in charge did not adopt the feedback sheets to avoid complicated procedures it entailed. Yet during periodic meetings, feedbacks are being given verbally and the issues are recorded in the meeting minutes. This system has been established and as follow-up to the meeting minutes, further feedbacks are given as necessary.
(4) Strengthening of Project Supervision from Province to District Interruption of activities due to frequent changes of district executive secretary and staffs in charge has worried the project. In consequence, the project proposed the province to monitor the procedures so that the activities will continue even if the executive secretary or staff in charge left their positions. The province agreed to the proposal. The province then clarified the responsibilities of the districts and compiled a policy stating that the district staffs in charge must set these activities in their action
A-3-2 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report plans. In August 2011, the province decided to announce the policy at the water sector management meeting and carry out the monitoring. Even after completion of the project, the province made a decision, not only to continue the water sector management meetings and disseminate the activities of the project, but to consider issues of the water sector in total.
3-1-2 Preparation of Operation and Maintenance Guidelines and Capacity Building of Technicians by Districts
(1) Preparation of Operation and Maintenance Guidelines The operation and maintenance manual (operation and maintenance edition) prepared by the Japanese Grant Aid Project (The project for rural water supply 2006) refers to all the water supply facilities (pumped schemes, gravity schemes and handpump schemes) constructed through the Japanese Grant Aid Project. Therefore, guidelines for each scheme on especially important operation in pump houses were prepared as simplified versions.
Aiming for capacity building of pump operators, the guidelines contain routine maintenance activities extracted from the Grant Aid Project O&M manual. Also, drawings and tables particular to the facility were added to create practical guidelines. To be fit for indoor and outdoor uses, the guidelines were prepared in an easy-to-refer A3 size folding form and laminated for durability and water-resistance.
1) Guidelines for Piped Schemes (MKM, Nyankora, Gatore 2) Guidelines were prepared for the intake pumping station of Rwakibogo and 2 booster stations at Mwulire and Munyaga of the MKM scheme, as well as the intake pumping stations at Nyankora and Gatore 2 schemes. The contents focus on daily operation and periodic maintenance activities, and specify step by step operational procedures and important parameters for valve control are included. Since many valves are installed in the pump house, a piping arrangement drawing showing the facilities layout to facilitate confirmation is also included.
2) Guideline for Handpump Scheme (Murama) As a guideline for the Murama handpump scheme, the handpump manual prepared by the Japanese Grant Aid Project was revised into an A3 folding type guideline with lamination. The installed handpumps are all Afridev type, and since O-rings of foot valves and U-seals of plungers of these handpumps are consumables, they need to be periodically exchanged. The replacement procedure is explained in the guideline in a step-wise order through 15 instructions.
Table A3-1-1 List of Operation and Maintenance Guidelines O&M Guideline Contents ・ Explanation of water source (Spring) ・ Function and maintenance of intake facility Rwakibogo pumping ・ Function and maintenance of receiving tank station ・ Valve operation for intake and maintenance ・ Operation and maintenance of intake pump ・ Method of daily operation (report and fuel management) ・ Distribution tank: Components, Function, Valve operation, Maintenance Mwulire pumping ・ Valve operation for distribution and maintenance station ・ Operation and maintenance of booster pump ・ Method of daily operation (report and fuel management)
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O&M Guideline Contents ・ Distribution tank: Components, Function, Valve operation, Maintenance Munyaga pumping ・ Valve operation for distribution and maintenance station ・ Operation and maintenance of booster pump ・ Method of daily operation (report and fuel management) ・ Distribution tank: Components, Function, Valve operation, Maintenance Nyakora pumping ・ Valve operation for distribution and maintenance station ・ Method of daily operation (report and fuel management) ・ Distribution tank: Components, Function, Valve operation, Maintenance Gatore 2 pumping ・ Valve operation for distribution and maintenance station ・ Method of daily operation (report and fuel management) ・ Components of Afridev handpump Murama handpump ・ Checklist for daily maintenance ・ Method of scheduled maintenance for Afridev handpump
Guidelines revised from manual (for each facility)
Figure A3-1-2 Example of O&M Guideline (Afridev Handpump Maintenance Procedure)
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3) Pump Operation and Maintenance Manuals for MKM Pump Operator The pump technicians who operated the 3 pumps of the MKM water supply scheme have left their positions in April 2010 and new technicians were employed. In this situation, at the beginning of June, the MKM water users association (WUA) requested training on operation to these new technicians.
The former technicians have received trainings on operation procedures and trouble shooting of pumps and generators through OJT (on-the-job training) of the Grant Aid Project soft component program, but their experiences on operational techniques were not handed over to the new operators.
Based on the situation above, the Project additionally prepared simplified manuals for operation and maintenance of generators and pumps to be posted on the walls of pumping houses. The simplified manuals are as follows.
・Pump control manual ・Pump maintenance manual ・Generator operation manual ・Generator maintenance manual ・Chlorination guide ・Trouble shooting ・Warnings
(2) Strengthening of District Capacity for Training of WSP Technicians
1) Preparation of Training Program for WSP Technicians and Budget Acquisition From January to February 2011, based on training carried out by the project and manuals and guidelines prepared by the project, support was given to preparation of training programs to the WSPs by the district staffs in charge.
2) Acquisition of Budget for Training Program and Finalization of Training Program In the middle of April 2011, as a result of activities such as discussions with district mayors along with district officers on acquisition of budget for trainings, at 3 districts with the exception of Kayonza district, anticipation for budget acquisitions could be realized. Also, since the new fiscal year budget was decided at the end of July 2011, at the beginning of August, support was given to district staffs to formulate detailed training programs and to calculate budget for each training, and planning discussions with the person in charge of budgeting and mayor were promoted. As a result, at each district, action plans to execute the trainings had started to be prepared from October 2011.
3) Execution of Trainings by Districts With objectives to develop training providing capacity, the districts prepared the accounting training to be held from end of May to beginning of June. As a result, the trainings were held as planned. Especially at Ngoma and Kirehe districts, budget negotiations, participant invitation and training preparation were carried out by staffs in charge of environment and water and of WUAs.
3-1-3 Training on Plan Examination for the Construction and Rehabilitation Plan of the Water Supply Schemes
The activities for indicator 4 of output 1 " Plans for Water Supply Schemes Construction and Rehabilitation are examined by districts " were started after Mid-Term Evaluation in 2009.
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However at district offices, staffs in charge had no opportunities to examine the plans and designs of water supply facilities apart from tender evaluation, and each donor and NGO performed supervision of construction or completion inspection after tendering. The Ministry of Infrastructure is in charge of the technical examination of water supply facilities. Tender evaluation is carried out without any problems in each district.
A survey on the activities of the district staff in charge was conducted to identify the situation in February of the 3rd project year . The survey inquired information on presently implemented water supply projects and projects to be tendered, and also, the staffs’ experience in tender supervision and technical evaluation
Table A3-1-2 Summary of Questionnaire Survey (as of February 2010) Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe
District District District District No. of presently planned water supply projects None 2 1 1 No. of water supply projects scheduled for tendering 1 2 1 1 Have experience in tendering Yes Yes Yes Yes Have experience in technical evaluation Yes Yes Yes Yes Member of tender committee Yes Yes Part-time Yes Approval on training Yes Yes Yes Yes
From the results of the above survey, all 4 district staffs in charge have experience in technical evaluation of tenders and tendering is carried out without any big problems. The following shows the numbers of projects presently under the responsibility of the staffs.
District Number of Projects Rwamagana :Over 10 Kayonza :10 Ngoma :24 Kirehe : 8
These projects are being planned to cope with the rapid increase in population, and include construction of schools, health centres, secteur and cell offices, roads, markets, procurement of equipments and water supply. Also, in 3 districts other than Ngoma district, the officer in charge of infrastructure is appointed as a member of the Tender Committee and he must handle tendering and evaluation of all projects, including projects not under his supervision.
Under such overload of work, performing high level technical evaluation cannot be expected. The main responsibility of the staff is to check on the project contents as the technical side is designed by technical consultants hired by the NGOs and donors. Thus it is important that (s)he relies on a step-by-step check list or guidelines for water supply planning (project request, study, designing, tendering, construction, completion), rather than detailed technical knowledge such as pump specifications and pipe diameters. Therefore, for the training held in May 2011, a check list for each stage of the planning process was prepared.
The officer understands the flow of the water supply plan and can check the items at each stage by using the check list. Considering the high turnover rate of the districts, these manuals and check list are effective tools for the newcomers to understand the flow of water supply projects. Interviews
A-3-6 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report conducted later found that all the staffs in charge answered that they will adopt the list. In addition, the evaluation at the completion of the project also evaluated the outputs to be very high. What is a water supply project? Flowchart of water supply project Study & Plan Execution Evaluation
Tendering Planning stage Construction Operation & stage stage Maintenance
Main factors Main factors Main factors
１．Basic information of project area 5. Preparation of tender 8. Supervision of documents construction 2. Current situation of project area 5-1 Scope of works 8-1 Process control 2-1 Information on water source 5-2 Specifications of facilities 8-2 Quality control 5-3 Condition of contract 8-3 Safety control Demand 2-2 Situation of water demand Supply 2-3 Information on water quality in project area 5-4 Cost of the project 2-4 Capacity of water resource (ceiling amount) 5-5 Drawings Request 2-5 Situation of power supply 9. Training on O&M 2-6 Procurement of materials Sustainability 2-7 Existing water supply facilities 2-8 Access to the site 10. Completion 6. Tendering ・Delivery ・Announcement 3. Design ・Bid opening ・Evaluation 3-1 Design criteria 3-2 Design of the project ・Hardware component ・Software component 7. Contract ・Signing
4. Cost estimation
Figure A3-1-3 Flow of Water Supply Planning and Items to be Checked
3-1-4 Revision of Administrative Support Manual
(1) Finalization of Administrative Support Manual After the mid-term review, the Project carefully examined appropriateness of the contents of the administrative support manual, which was made during the implementation of the soft component activities in the Grant Aid Project for rural water schemes construction. The Project found some points to be revised. The Project recognized the contents of the manual to be too simple, and insufficiently explained roles and responsibilities of the staffs in charge of rural water supply at all levels of governments (e.g. central, provincial and district levels). Thus, the Project clarified again the roles and responsibilities of all government stakeholders and re-wrote the manual entirely.
At first, the Project had a series of interviews with counterparts of MININFRA and the pilot Districts to clarify the roles and responsibilities of the governments and WSPs. Based on information gathered through the interviews, the Project prepared a draft of roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders on rural water supply. Then, this draft was discussed and finalized during the Project monthly management meetings. In line with the finalized roles and responsibilities of stakeholders, the Project clarifies detailed roles and responsibilities of Districts, Secteurs, and Cells, which are key players of rural water supply. However, the Project incorporated only general information on stakeholders’ roles and responsibilities into the manual to avoid preparing a heavy volume manual. Consequently, the administrative support manual contains general information and refers to other manuals prepared by the Project for more detailed information on specific areas of rural water supply (e.g. O&M, accounting, and water quality control). The first draft manual was prepared in February 2010 but the final draft was prepared in May 2011 due to the delay in preparation of the other manuals.
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The Project conducted a training course for administrative support by using the final draft. During the training, the Project gathered comments on the manual from the participants and then finalized the manual contents. The final version of the manual was approved by the four pilot Districts and the Eastern Province, and was shared with MININFRA with the vision of its distribution to other areas.
(2) Training for Government Officials By using the final draft administrative support manual, the Project conducted a training course, of which target participants were staffs in charge of infrastructure, and water and environment. During the training course, the participants reinforced their recognition of District tasks for rural water supply, and examined the appropriateness of the contents of the administrative support manual.
Table A3-1-3 Training Contents for Administrative Support Date March 25, 2011 Venue AVEGA, Rwamagana District Purposes (1) Define roles and responsibilities of stakeholders on rural water supply projects (2) Define necessary activities to achieve their roles and responsibilities (3) Identify necessary capacities to implement the activities and measures to develop their capacities (4) Design action plans Participants District staffs in charge of infrastructure and water and environment (staffs in charge of Rwamagana District could not attend, so an additional training was conducted on March 29, 2011) Contents Lecture on expected roles and responsibilities to manage rural water supply projects Identification of activities thought important by the participants Identification of challenges faced by the participants Examine the contents of the manual Follow-up of the training plans for WSPs made by the pilot Districts
Through the training, limited number of staff and limited budget for repairing the rural water supply schemes were confirmed as main issues. In addition, it is also confirmed that required capacities for District officers are not specific technical know-how but broad range of management skills and knowledge to appropriately identify and address various issues on rural water supply.
The training reconfirmed the use of other technical manuals for more technical and detailed operational duties, for the Administrative Support Manual covers fairly broad subjects.
3-1-5 Dissemination of Good Practices at Pilot Sites
(1) Selection and Presentation of Good Practices Based on reports from the WSPs to districts and results of activities of experts, as of March 2010, from the viewpoint of self-development, the following good practices were presented at a JCC meeting.
Table A3-1-4 Presentation of Good Practices at JCC Meeting Category Nominated Reason for Nomination Capacities of technicians of Murama WUA (Ngoma District) for Technical Murama WUA operation and maintenance improved so that they are now able to repair handpumps by themselves. The accountant of the WUA is following accounting procedures Financial Gatore 2 WUA based on the accounting training supported by PURA-SANI
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Category Nominated Reason for Nomination In October 2009, Ngoma district employed a staff exclusively to Organizational Ngoma District manage WUAs in the district. (Other districts, under sector reform, reduced their staff) Examples of WUAs trying to solve or prevent problems through Social No nomination close communications with local administration (secteur, cell, umudugudu) could not be found.
(2) Sharing of Management Practices at Pilot Sites The WSPs have slight differences in staff responsibilities and execution methods. The discrepancies can be attributed to the diversity of the type of water schemes or different customs to get the work done. By improving this situation, management of the WSPs can be strengthened. Thus the project carried out following activities to standardise the management procedures amongst the WSPs.
a) In order for all the WSPs to be able to share information, the project provided support for the WSPs to present challenges they face at the periodic meetings between the districts and the WSPs. b) With objective of sharing problems and water supply schemes management particularities at each district, site visits to pilot sites in each district were made before monthly management meetings. c) During the accounting training held in September 2009, management and water fee collection examples were shared between the WSPs.
(3) Dissemination of Good Practices from Pilot Sites to Other WSPs Several effective workshops in which exercises and practices were incorporated had convened in order to disseminate good practices from pilot sites to other WSPs from June to July 2011. These were held according to the following schedule.
Table A3-1-5 Workshop Schedule for Dissemination of Good Practices Day Theme of Good Practice Venue Participants Good Practice Report 9th of June Water Tariff Structure and Establishment of KODUMU Murama Secteur in 2 Secteur staffs in Ngoma 2011 Exercise Ngoma District 4 WSPs in Ngoma Demonstration for Inspection and Repair of Handpumps Good Practice Report th IKAMBERE Seminar 11 of June Operation Record of Pump Room in Rwamagana 2 WSPs in 2011 Combined Operation of Pump Rwamagana District Operation Management of Pump nd Good Practice Report Tank MD1 of MKM 22 of June Service Level Management Water Scheme in 2 WSPs in 2011 Rwamagana Disinfection by Chlorine Rwamagana District Lecture Framework of Water Sector 30th of June Standardized Format of Monthly Report LWF Seminar Room in 2 WSPs in Exercise Rwamagana 2011 Ngoma District Writing Skill for Monthly Report and Cash Flow 8 WSPs in Ngoma Discussion Counter Measure for general problems on WSPs Introduction of PURA-SANI and Good Practice Report 1WSP in Rwamagana th Introduction of Manuals composed by PURA-SANI Mnyaga Pump House in 6 of July Introduction of case example of Generator repair MKM Water Scheme in 1 WSP in Kayonza 2011 4 WSPs in Ngoma Lecture Rwamagana District 1 WSP in Kirehe Inspection and Repair of Generator th Public Tap KG-03 of 12 of July Good Practice Report 2 WSPs in 2011 Sensitization Activities MKM Water Scheme in Rwamagana Rwamagana District
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Day Theme of Good Practice Venue Participants Lecture Framework of Water Sector Standardized Format of Monthly Report nd Conference Room in 22 of July Exercise 2011 Writing Skill for Monthly Report New Kirehe District 7 WSP in Kirehe Office Cash Flow Discussion Counter Measure for general problems on WSPs
District Staffs and PURA-SANI achieved outcomes common for several WSPs after several trainings and workshops. Rurenge secteur office in Ngoma District and representative villagers had set up an association to start management of 4 handpumps which were not managed by anyone in the past. Also, the association started to collect water tariffs and made repairs on the Afridev handpumps with some lessons from trainings composed by PURA-SANI. Furthermore, in Rwamagana District, a WSP known as COGERWA had supplied contaminated water containing coliform to all public taps without their recognition. Rwamanaga district office, COGERWA and PURA-SANI, however, discovered the fact and promoted an activity for disinfection by chlorine to a distribution reservoir. Now COGERWA supplies safe water in a sustainable way. In addition, service level inspections at public taps, water source capacity monitoring, pump operation recording and sensitization activities were disseminated from MKM to COGERWA.
At Kirehe district, the WSPs even established a joint cooperative that collects and organises complaints and suggestions from all the members to deliver them to the district.
3-2 Activities for Output 2
3-2-1 Identification of Present State and Issues of WSPs in Target Area
(1) Confirmation of Present Water Supply Condition in Target Area Water sources for drinking used in target areas are groundwater (including springs) and surface waters. Also, rural water supply schemes are piped schemes by gravity or pumping, handpump schemes and protected springs. Of these, generators or commercial electricity are used as power for pumped type piped schemes, and in some cases house connections are also made. Residents who cannot access safe water are using water schemes located far away or untreated surface water and other contaminated water.
Within the households of the target areas, children, adult women and adult men are the water fetchers, but there is no order in gender or age, and the work of water fetching is done by the whole family. The amount of water fetched by a household per day is from 60 liters to 80 liters, and per capita consumption rate is from 13.3 liters to 16 liters. Furthermore, time needed to fetch water from a water supply scheme, depending on the distance to water taps, is reported as, 10 minutes to 3 hours on average, one-way.
Water schemes are managed by water users’ associations, private operators (cooperatives or small enterprises) or RWASCO (presently, EWSA). Water fees are collected on a metered system for house connections and handpump users are charged on a flat rate basis. At public tap stands, fees are charged
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on the basis of a plastic container called jerrican and house connections are billed by m3. Water tariffs are set upon discussions with districts or secteurs and differ by types of water scheme and WSP.
(2) Confirmation of Constitution and Recent activities of WSPs in Target Areas In the target areas, 4 types of management structure for water supply schemes are found as explained below.
Table A3-2-1 Summary of Rural Water Supply Scheme Management in Target Area (as of August 2011) Management Type District Summary of Situation Previously, a district WUA managed all the water supply facilities in the district. Water Users’ However, subdivision of the WUA was decided in March 2008 and operation and Associations/ maintenance activities are now conducted by secteur level WUAs. From 2009 to Kirehe Private 2010, WUAs were being transformed into cooperatives. As a result, as of August Operators 2011, 6 cooperatives and 2 WUAs were managing the water schemes, but contracts with the district were not yet concluded. Privatization started from November 2007 through a tendering process and now 4 private operators are managing multiple water supply schemes through supervision by a district water board. As a result of an audit carried out by the district from Kayonza 2009 to 2010, contracts of private operators with bad management were cancelled. Water schemes of these cancelled private operators were transferred to cooperatives Private with good management. As of August 2011, 2 cooperatives had contracts with the Operators district. Seven WUAs were managing 1 water supply scheme each, but from 2010, private contracting started. By February 2011, all WSPs were changed to cooperatives (6) Ngoma or enterprise (1) and the district concluded management contracts with these private operators. Four private operators and two WUAs are conducting operation and maintenance Private activities for one each of 6 water supply schemes. Privatization started from 2007 Operators/ Rwamagana to 2008 for some water schemes, but a district water board is not yet established. Water Users’ Some WUAs still exist; and therefore the district is planning to privatize them after Associations financial and economical evaluations. RWASCO Kayonza Water is supplied to Kabarondo secteur. Water is supplied to Munyiginya, Gishari and Muhazi secteurs as well as a part of Rwamagana Kigabiro secteur. Ngoma Water is supplied to Remera secteur as well as a part of Kibungo secteur.
As explained above, water supply schemes in the target areas are being managed by various types of systems according to the situation of water supply and background of each area.
(3) Characteristics and Issues of each Organisational Structure
1) Organisation and Issues of Water Users Association The Water Users’ Association (WUA) is an organizational structure established in 1987 when ownership of existing water supply schemes was entrusted to the commune (former district) by a Rwandan governmental ordinance1. Thereafter, due to administrative organizational reform in January 2006, WUAs were separated from the administrative organization to become
1 The World bank WSP : Mission to analyze the document, the delegated management of rural water supply systems, Final report – Tome 1 (June 2009) 2 JICA : Basic Design Report on Rural Water Supply Project in Rwanda, June 2006
A-3-11 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report community-based self-supporting organizations2 . This type of organization forms the basic structure for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes presently in Eastern Province. a) Organization
President/Vice President (unpaid) employed employed District and Staff (paid) selected - Accountant Secteur level selected - Pipe and Pump Technicians - Meter inspectors, guards, others
selected Water Point Water Point Cell, Umudugudu, Manager (paid) Manager (paid) Water Point level
Beneficiaries Beneficiaries
Figure A3-2-1 Summarized Organizational Chart of Water Users’ Association
The lowest level of WUAs is a group which consists of local beneficiaries and water point managers with secteur or district upper level organization depending on the scale of the scheme. The upper body collects water fees from the lower group and dispatches technicians.
Collected water fees are transferred to the upper level WUA by the accountant or water meter reader, and the upper WUA manages their expenses, such as operation, material for maintenance, salaries of staffs and miscellaneous expenses. In the case of the deficit operation, the salary of the staff becomes unpaid, and there is the example which districts makes up for when it cannot manage to come up with operation costs such as diesel fuel costs or the electricity bill more. The president and Vice President are selected from beneficiaries and approved by the secteur or district administration. WUAs are still existing and working in Rwamagana, Ngoma and Kirehe Districts. b) Issues Generally, capacity for management and operation and maintenance by WUAs is poor. Since the president of WUA receives no salary, he has only a few obligations and responsibilities. Therefore, the management of a WUA greatly depends on the capacity of the president for proper decision-making, high activeness and strong responsibility. Also, if the president is the Cell Executive Secretary, since he is very busy with his responsibilities, he would have difficulties in carrying out his role as WUA president.
2) Characteristics and Issues of Private Operators The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) program of the water supply sector was started by the Water and Sanitation Program of World Bank in 2004 in order to clarify the responsibilities of WUAs and to
2 JICA : Basic Design Report on Rural Water Supply Project in Rwanda, June 2006
A-3-12 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report ensure a consistent technical standard. The present aim is 50% privatization of water supply schemes by 2012. The process involves selection of local private operators through tendering. a) Organization Private operators are classified as cooperatively invested “Cooperatives” or individually invested “Enterprises”. The characteristics of these are as follows. When districts require contracting with private operators, both types can tender.
Table A3-2-2 Organization and Management Characteristics of Private Operators Cooperative Enterprise Council Director, Vice Director
Advisors President Auditors Advisors Auditors Vice President
Staffs: Staffs: - Accountant - Accountant - Technicians
Structure - Technicians - Water meter inspectors - Water meter inspectors
Tap Managers Tap Managers
The Council formed by members is the highest The director has the right to make decisions and
decision-making group which decides on the staffs are employed by the director. Some selection of the president and employment of Enterprises have also employed advisors and the staff. A staff has the right to become a auditors for confirmation and auditing of their
Remarks member when he/she pays a share which varies work. between 10,000Frw and 200,000Frw.
The most prominent characteristic of private operators is that they are able to make prompt decisions and use of their budget.
In a cooperative, the president and vice president are selected from members of the council and the council gives them the delegation for management. Auditors and advisors are also selected from the members of council to audit the management periodically. When the management is not well, it is reported by the auditors in council meetings, and the president may be recalled and a new president will be decided by the council. The council meeting is held three to four times per year, and the status of management is reported by advisors and/or auditors. If a profit on annual balance is made, the members can receive up to 5% dividends or if they are in debt, additional investment is demanded.
For an enterprise, all information about operation and maintenance of water supply is brought to the director so that he/she can make quick decisions when a problem occurs. Advisers and auditors to check their work are chosen by the director. b) Issues World Bank-WSP and MININFRA held a workshop for analyzing the water supply management by private operators in July 2009. Results of monitoring on the use of private operators revealed that Private operators can pay running costs and management fees, but cannot save up for facilities replacements and expansions.
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3) Common Issues of Water Users Associations and Private Operators
Table A3-2-3 List of Issues Issue Present State Many facilities are deteriorated and all pipes have leaks. Since repair costs are not available, leakage cannot be treated. Some schemes are unable to meet the water demand due to decreases in flow rates of the water sources (springs). Although schemes with meters are collecting fees on a metered basis, some meters are broken but are not repaired. Schemes without meters are using flat rate system of fee Conditions of collection. WSPs of schemes without meters desire to install meters and changeover to 1 Facilities a metered system. For schemes having problems, many residents are unsatisfied and unwilling to pay, causing difficulty for the collection of water fees. This causes perpetual balance deficit for the WSPs, making repair costs unaffordable. There are facilities not repaired after being contracted and stopped their water supply services. On the other hand, at recently constructed new schemes and rehabilitated schemes, quality of water supply services is high and management is effective. Problems given by many WSPs are that residents are reluctant to pay water fees. The image that “water is free” is rooted and to realize proper management of the schemes, sensitization of residents is highly needed. Also, unstable water supply due to Conditions of deterioration of facilities is another factor contributing to the low willingness of the 2 Water Fee residents to pay the fees. Payment Since most of the contracted WSPs do not have capacities to carry out resident sensitization activities, they required support from districts and secteurs. There are cases where resident sensitization was proposed to the district, and executed to improve the water fee collection rate (Nyamaseke District). Due to low financial and technical capacities, some WSPs cannot properly manage the water schemes. Problems such as inability to pay salaries to employed technicians and allocating only about 2 staffs for a large scale scheme create an unmanageable situation. WSPs that have offices and constant stock of spare parts are rare. Most of them purchase parts at local materials shops or Kigali when needed. For many schemes which are not properly collecting fees, repair costs are unaffordable and breakdowns are Management neglected. As a result, stable supply of water cannot be provided which in turn creates 3. System of difficulties for water fee collection. WSPs Since most WSPs do not possess any means of transportation (such as vehicles or motorbikes), transport to facilities to be managed is basically by walking. Some schemes have pipeline lengths of over 70km covering a wide area. Together with insufficiency in the number of personnel, making rounds for management of facilities is difficult. Also, as a topographic characteristic of Rwanda, many facilities are constructed on steep slopes which makes inspection rounds on foot very difficult. At several schemes, vandalism by residents is given as a problem. In many cases, rather than stealing materials such as meters and pipes, residents vandalize facilities with objectives of damaging them. Also confirmed in surrounding countries, handling of this act is difficult which can greatly interfere with implementation of proper 4 Vandalism management of water schemes. At the scheme in Nyamaseke district, as a countermeasure against vandalism, there were cases where the district notified residents on this matter: If someone vandalizes the facilities, all residents using the facilities must pay for repairs.
4) Management by RWASCO RWASCO has branches in almost every district with a water supply unit and an electricity unit employing about 20 personnel. About 3 to 4 water supply plumbers are employed on monthly bases to handle operation and maintenance works such as leakage repairs and house connections and disconnections. Staffs have sufficient management and technical capacities. Also, vehicles and motorbikes are available for transportation and materials and equipment are in stock to handle
A-3-14 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report emergency situations. Materials for repairs and maintenance are purchased in bulk by headquarters in Kigali and distributed to branch offices.
3-2-2 Countermeasures for Issues of WSPs and Information Provision to Districts
The main factors disturbing appropriate management is summarized to three points as follows. Unwillingness of the residents to pay the fees Unstable water supply caused by deterioration of the facilities and unavailability of funds for facility repairs Insufficient financial resources and technical skills of most of WSPs
Therefore, it is important to pre-check the selected facilities and WSPs on the following points in order to introduce the privatized operation and maintenance system appropriately, and to functionalize it continuously before the privatisaiton. Residents understand the payment of the water tariff There are no major troubles and malfunctions in target facilities The WSP has certain technical skills and experience in management
The district and secteur are expected to lead the implementation of activities related to sensitisation of the water fee contribution to residents. It is effective to request the cooperation from local consultants, NGOs, donors with the experience in sensitisation.
The appropriate operation of facilities is an important factor to Operation and Maintenance by private operators, for timeworn facilities, the effort should be made for the acquisition of the repair budget as much as possible. If the conditions of facilities are good, profitability of the water supply business improves and water supply providers will participate more in tender.
Furthermore, the district and secteur should make efforts to confirm the work situation of the private operator after a contract. They also should be capable of providing appropriate advices and support when a problem occurs. In addition, promoting house connections is thought to be one of the effective anti-vandalism measures as well as the measure that increases the water tariff collection.
3-2-3 Strengthening of Communication System
As mentioned in “Strengthening of Project Management System”, PURA-SANI had been working on strengthening of project management by monthly reporting from WSPs to the Districts. As a result of monitoring on dialog among target districts and WSPs in June 2011, we confirmed that the monthly reports had taken a firm hold in several other WSPs already, besides pilot sites. But we also found that the compositions of monthly report were not standardized, and almost all report mentioned neither the condition of water supply facilities nor the situation of operation and maintenance. So PURA-SANI conducted a training program for WSPs main staffs to introduce a standardized monthly report format and strengthen reporting skills in cooperation with each district staff in June and July 2011.
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Table A3-2-4 Training program Day Theme of Good Practice Venue Participants
Lecture LWF Seminar 30th of June, 2 WSPs in Rwamagana Framework of Water Sector Room in Ngoma 2011 8 WSPs in Ngoma Standardized Format of Monthly Report District Exercise Writing Skill for Monthly Report Conference Room 22nd of July, Cash Flow in New Kirehe 7 WSP in Kirehe 2011 Discussion Counter Measure for general problems on WSPs District Office
PURA-SANI programmed simulated reporting exercises to develop reporting skills directly. Presidents and technicians of WSPs discussed their problems and compiled a report on operation and maintenance in the exercise. At that time, PURA-SANI experts gave some tips on specifying quantity and quality by representing them in numeric values so the reporting becomes more manageable to the district and WSPs.
After this training, standardization of monthly report format advanced steadily, and district staffs continue to guide WSPs on the use of the form. In Ngoma district, KODUMU which manages 11 handpumps in Murama Secteur reported the rate of water tariff collection in the monthly report. And UBUZIMA BWIZA which is delegated to operate and maintain MKM water scheme informed some indicators, the rate of non-revenue water and water source capacity, besides the rate of water tariff collection to district office.
As the result of strengthening dialog system, district offices came to promote site visits and guidance to sensitization activities apart from provision of advises and feedbacks to WSPs on the basis of monthly report. These activities are expected to disseminate to other WSPs continually by district staffs.
3-2-4 Training to WSP Technicians using Operation and Maintenance Manual and Guidelines
PURA-SANI had trained WSP technicians and pump operators of the pilot sites for the capacity development on knowledge and skill using manuals and guidelines composed by PURA-SANI. The contents and schedules of trainings are mentioned below.
(1) Rwamagana District: Capacity Strengthening of MKM Piped Water Scheme Pump Operators
1) Basic Training From April to May 2010, all pump technicians trained in the Grant Aid Project quit their jobs in search of work with better conditions and new technicians were hired. Therefore, training described in Table A3-2-5 was conducted again.
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Table A3-2-5 Training at MKM Water Scheme Water Supply Facility Date Trainee Training Description MKM Pump Station (3 locations) June 2010 1)Rwakibogo intake Trained three new pump technicians of station pump operator MKM water supply scheme (Rwakibogo, 2)Mwulire booster Munyaga, Mwulire) using O&M guideline station pump operator and Instruction manual. Cooperation of the 3)Munyaga booster former pump technician was asked for the station pump operator training. OJT was held on overview of water supply facilities, operation methods, operational recording and maintenance of OJT on Facilities O&M to Pump Technicians equipment. Mwulire Public Tap Stand September 2010 Mwulire booster station Since chlorination has restarted at Mwulire pump operator pump station, necessity of disinfection was explained to the pump technician using the guideline. Also, water from the public tap stand was sampled and OJT was conducted on measurement procedures for total residual chlorine using equipment procured OJT on Measurement of Residual Chlorine by the project.
2) Developmental Training PURA-SANI monitored 3 pump operations and pump operator activities to confirm the impact of training in December 2011. Monitoring results showed that each pump operator has been operating continuously through an appropriate method. Three pumps, however, were under hard and complex conditions because of unbalance between 4 factors: water source capacity, pump capacity, volume of reservoir and water demand. Pump operators were obliged to work under these harsh conditions. The association and PURA-SANI reviewed each factor in order to deal with this problem as noted below.
Table A3-2-6 Activities for Effective Pump Operation Factor Activity Frequency Target Point Water Source Monitoring of Rwakibogo water Twice per ・Rwakibogo intake station pump Capacity source capacity week ・Rwakibogo intake station pump Cooperative Operation on a time-line Pump Every day ・Mwulire booster station pump basis ・Munyaga booster station pump ・Reservoir MD1 Adjustment of pump operation hours Reservoir Every day ・Reservoir D1 suited to water demand ・Reservoir D6 Service Level Ascertain water supply at each public ・D1 distribution line: MW-Public Taps Every day Confirmation tap along D1 and D6 distribution line ・D6 distribution line: MY-Public Taps
Operators did not take measures to make operation more efficient because they were unaware of the unbalance. Therefore PURA-SANI dealt with establishment of a cooperative and efficient operation among 3 operators to take steps to meet the situation from April to July 2011. Operators and the project team drew up a cooperative operation method by use of time-line and established the monitoring service system and improvement system in consideration of the 4 factors.
(2) Rwamagana District: Capacity Strengthening of MKM Piped Water Scheme Technicians
1) Basic Workshop on Generator Maintenance When the generator at the MD1 pump house had been out of order from 19th to 24th November 2010, the technician and pump operator tried to repair it. But they could not finish repairing it by themselves
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and needed to ask for PURA-SANI support. The Project thought that it was necessary for MKM staff to learn methodology of problem solving and specific measures for trouble shooting. So the Project Expert lectured on troubleshooting and time-line analysis in order to learn in a speedy way.
Troubleshooting Time-Line Analysis of Maintenance Result of Time-Line Analysis Figure A3-2-2 Maintenance Workshop
2) Developmental Workshop on Generator Maintenance PURA-SANI prepared some maintenance guides for technicians and pump operators in pilot sites and trained them to acquire maintenance skills. 3 pump operators work at the pump houses in MKM water scheme. MKM technician and pump operators could not find the cause of trouble without PURA-SANI support when generators were broken down in November 2010 and April 2011. PURA-SANI reconsidered their maintenance skills and knowledge and found the need for further capacity building to make full use of instruction manuals by themselves.
Therefore PURA-SANI invited a senior technician who worked in Rwanda Motors, which is main distributing agent of spare-parts for MKM generators, and demonstrated about 22 general maintenance work procedures which were mentioned in instruction manuals on the site.
The 22 procedures were divided into those that can be dealt by local or WSP technicians and those that should be dealt by skilled technicians. The instructor showed the WSP technicians the work procedures that can be dealt by them in detail. On the other hand, for the parts dealt by the technicians, the invited technician presented the summary of works and corresponding parts. The instructor and PURA-SANI explained the mechanism and elements of generator supplementary, and also answer some questions from WSP technicians interactively. Some participants had good motivation for learning and asked solutions for their troubles one after another.
Table A3-2-7 Summary of Generator Maintenance Workshop Date Training contents Venue Participants Introduction of the PURA-SANI Rwamagana 1 WSP in Rwamagana 6th of July Maintenance Guide District Office and 1 WSP in Kayonza 2011 Good Practice of Generator Repair in MKM Munyaga Pump 4 WSPs in Ngoma Lecture and Demonstration at the site House 1 WSP in Kirehe
Instructor explained 22 procedures for Inspection and Instructor explained the reference number of air Maintenance cleaner for ordering
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3) Support to Pipeline Repairs An MKM technician found water leakage at the reducing point from DN160 (U-PVC) to DN140 (U-PVC) which was the largest dimension point in the MKM scheme. That point is slightly complicated because of the congestion of junctions to MD-1, D2 and D4 and differences in elevation. At first, the technician confirmed the leakage point and found signs of improper repair by the ex-technician on 19th of July 2011. PURA-SANI and MKM technicians considered the repair work method on the following day. And after that, PURA-SANI supported and guided the works for purchasing, manufacturing, installation, flow examination and backfilling.
(3) Kayonza District: Strengthening of Maintenance System of Nyankora Piped Water Scheme A Cooperative known as COGEPRENA has been delegated to operate and manage the Nyankora water scheme which is a simple system, well maintained with good water tariff collection. The cooperative, however, neglected to repair some taps and water meters. PURA-SANI inspected the water facilities in Nyankora and informed the president of COGEPRENA on the results of the inspection in April and July 2011. A meeting followed on 5th of August in order to establish the maintenance system among the president, operator, some tap managers and local technicians. The president decided that COGEPRENA delegate inspection and repair works to a local pipe technician who lived in another secteur and to finish repair works before the end of August. At the same time the president reconsidered networking for the next breakdown in the near future.
(4) Ngoma District: Strengthening of Maintenance Capacity of Boreholes Fitted with Handpumps
1) Continuous Attendance at Repairing Works In September 2010, rehabilitation works on handpumps carried out by WUA was attended to confirm the results of OJT. The works involved replacement of worn out U-seals and repair of riser pipes, and both works were conducted properly. The works were headed by the WUA president and 2 handpump technicians, and inserting pipes into the boreholes and installing Afridev handpumps were handled through cooperation of the residents. The project experts were at the site to verify the achievements of the technical transfer. The works progressed smoothly and were completed after 2 hours, and then the pumping operations were confirmed.
Repaired Riser Pipe Installing Riser Pipe Installing Afridev Handpump Figure A3-2-3 Activities of Pump Technicians (September 2010)
On 24 November 2011, at one of the 2 non-functioning handpump sites, troubleshooting and repair by pump technicians were attended to give technical support. Since the necessary tools to make the repairs had to be newly purchased, the work was postponed. Support was given on proper repair methods and preparation of standard repair tools.
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Figure A3-2-4 Repairing of Handpump (24 November 2010)
2) Training on Repairs There were incidents where local technicians repaired handpumps with PURA-SANI support but due to poor repair work, the same handpumps broke down again several months later. So PURA-SANI invited the Rwandan technician who worked in an international NGO, Living Water International, as an instructor in order for the local technicians to acquire appropriate and correct skills and knowledge.
Table A3-2-8 Training Summary Date Training Venue Participants th Good practice on collection of 2 handpumps 9 of 2 secteur staffs water tariff Murama Secteur June 2011 4 WSPs Demonstration of HP repair in Ngoma District
Confirmation of leakage Pipe Connection works for leakage repair
The instructor and PURA-SANI introduced the parts of the handpump, name and mechanism in detail using the maintenance guide to other WSP staffs beside those of the pilot site. Participants identified the causes of leakage at pipe connections and problem points in the plunger rod and U-seals after inspections and learned several types of repair methods through their experience.
(5) Kirehe District: Capacity Strengthening of Pipe Technician of Gatore 2 Piped Water Scheme Rwanda Red Cross replaced the old and broken horizontal pump to a new one at the end of June 2011. And WSP restarted water supply but found 8 out of 11 public taps were nonfunctional immediately after pumping. Therefore PURA-SANI supported their maintenance works as a skill upgrading training. Technicians removed air pockets and stones inside pipes, replaced several broken taps and repaired several water leakages along the transmission pipeline. As mentioned above, PURA-SANI supported the WSP on difficult works, but encouraged WSP staffs to repair small breakdowns on their own. As the result of maintenance works and capacity building, 9 public taps became functional and the WSP planned to repair the remaining 2 with support from PURA-SANI.
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3-2-5 Improvement of Accounting Manual and Trainings
(1) Improvement of Accounting Part of O&M Manual Training manuals are prepared for water management bodies which were established or existed by the time of The Project for Rural Water Supply under Japanese Grant Aid Project. However, since organization and management of WSPs have changed since the hand over, the accounting part of the manual was reviewed and improved in this project.
The concept of improving the manual was not only for organizational and management changes described above, but for consideration of audit by a third party. Summaries are as follows:
a) Improvement of tariff collection table applicable for private house connections, for there is an increase in the number of private house connections in the MKM water supply facility b) Addition of tariff collection table for fixed tariff collection (e.g. handpump facilities) c) Addition of audit method and procedure d) Addition of check list for sound accounting
(2) Conducting Accounting Trainings for WSPs in project sites using Accounting part of O&M manual Trainings were given to the accountants of each water supply management body as shown in the following table by using above-described manual. Before the training, district officers were given the manual and explanation by PURA-SANI experts on the contents of manual. The district officers conducted the trainings as trainers.
Table A3-2-9 Date and Participants of Accounting Trainings District Date Participant Number of WSPs Kirehe 28 July, 2009 7 2 WSP (Gatore2 WSP) Kayonza 25 Sep. 2009 8 3 WSPs Ngoma 20, 22 and 27 Oct. 2009 13 7 WSPs Rwamagana 29 Oct. 2009 6 3 WSPs TOTAL 6 34 15 WSPs
(3) Accounting Trainings for WSPs (Basic Stage) Accounting trainings were conducted again for the president and accountant of each WSPs as the following table shows by using the manual, because enhancement of accounting techniques for accountant was requested by some district officers.
The training was conducted as a “Model” OJT training for capacity building of district officers. The trainings were arranged by the district officers by hiring a national consultant.
Table A3-2-10 Date and Participants of Enhanced Accounting Training District Date Participants WSPs Kirehe 16 May, 2011 15 8 Rwamagana 17 May, 2011 7 1 Kayonza 2 June, 2011 13 3 Ngoma 3 June, 2011 9 7
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(4) Accounting Trainings for WSPs (Developmental Stage) After the above trainings, training seminars for calculation of cash flow were conducted for the accountant of each WSP in June and July 2011, as part of the preparation of monthly reports. Some WSPs copied the record of the accounting books into the monthly report directly; however, it was difficult for district officers to review and check financial status.
Therefore, the district officers determined that the cash flow should be included into the monthly reports and PURA-SANI experts conducted developmental trainings to accountants of each WSP for support. After the training, WSPs in Rwamagana, Ngoma and Kirehe District are including cash flows into their monthly reports.
Table A3-2-11 Date and Participants of Enhanced Accounting Training for Preparation of Cash Flow District Date WSPs Rwamagana and Ngoma 30 June, 2011 10 (Rwamagana:2, Ngoma:8) Kirehe 22, July, 2011 7
3-2-6 Improvement of Water Quality Analysis Manual and Establishment of Operation System
(1) Investigation for Management of Water Sources in Rwanda Management of all the rivers, lakes and swamps is stipulated in the water policy of Rwanda. However, a policy for management of springs and handpumps is not available. In the target area, we confirmed that some handpumps are surrounded by concrete/brick walls or hedges, but those protections are sometimes insufficient due to aging and/or deterioration. In case of water supply facilities using protected springs, higher areas of some intake facilities are protected by hedges. However it is concerned that water might become contaminated in the catchment area due to cultivation and/or grazing. Any intake facility with protection of the whole catchment area could not be found. Quality management of drinking water is being carried out in Rwanda based on WHO guidelines for drinking water. However laboratories for water quality analyses are available only in Kigali and at NUR. There is no other laboratory which analyzes water quality periodically.
(2) Confirmation of Water Quality Management in Project Area When the project started in May 2007, there was no system for analyzing water quality of drinking water for rural water supply facilities. The water supply agency of Rwanda (Electrogaz) has its own water quality analysis laboratory, but they measure water quality only for the water taken from their purification plants. In consideration of above background, water quality analysis equipment (HACH DR 2800) was procured by the Japanese Grant Aid Project in February 2008, under the opinion that the district should analyze water quality of water supply facilities in their administrative area. At that time, the director of infrastructure unit in the district (counterpart of the project) managed the water quality equipment. He was obliged to secure, maintain and recharge reagents, and instruct periodical water quality analysis. In 2009, the first water quality analysis manual was made by the project. However periodical analyses were not conducted because the district officers did not have capacity and time to analyze water quality using the equipment.
After the final evaluation by JICA in May 2010, the concept was amended to not to use the equipment for water quality analysis based on the above reasons, and it was decided that the district manage water quality with minimum measurement requirements and measurement period. Furthermore, the
A-3-22 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report water quality analysis manual was revised to be more practical based on the above decision.
In October 2010, the Ministry of Infrastructure contracted RWASCO for water quality analysis of all the water sources in Rwanda. Thus, a baseline for water quality management on a national level was prepared.
(3) Preparation of Water Quality Analysis Manual The Water Quality Analysis Manual was prepared for proper management of water quality in the project sites. The manual was applied only for MKM from 2009. The contents were considered for other project sites, which are located in Kayonza and Kirehe District from 2010. The first edition of the manual was mainly composed of concepts on the importance of water quality analysis and analysis methods of the equipment for proper usage of the equipment by district officers.
(4) Improvement of Water Quality Analysis Manual Since the manual needed more practical issues as suggested by the final evaluation in May 2010, measurement methods and periods were added to the manual for each type of water supply facility. A training to the WSPs using the improved manual was carried out in June 2010.
Furthermore, JICA Rwanda Office gave some comments in October 2010 that the guideline should apply generally for water supply facilities in Rwanda. Based on those comments, a second improvement was made where general concepts for water quality management in rural water supply facilities were newly added to the main part and specific parts such as measuring elements and methods were moved to the appendix. This improved manual was agreed during a workshop presented by district officers of four respective districts, and finally approved by the Rwandan side during the JCC meeting held on 21st March 2011.
(5) Training on Measurement Trainings on water quality measurement through OJT were held at the sites using pH meter, EC meter and residual chlorine detector which were procured by the project in July 2010. Before the OJT, measurement procedures were explained and shown by the expert during the field visit at Gatore 2 water supply facilities and measurement concepts were explained in the monthly management meeting. The contents of OJT are as follows.
Table A3-2-12 Contents of OJT for Water Quality Analysis District Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe Held on 28th to Held on 21st Held on 23rd Not held September 2010 to District September 2010 to September 2010 to I/C (annual leave) Environment, Water Officer Water Officer WUA and Forestry Officer Held on 27th Held on 29th September 2010 to September 2010 to Not held to WSP Technician of President of WUA at 3 Not held (illness of technician) Nyankora in handpumps in Murama COGEPRENA Secteur
The results of OJTs were as follows.
A-3-23 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report a) Kayonza District The District officer in charge of Water previously had interest in water quality analysis when the monthly management meeting was held. However, she refused to train WSP staffs in Nyankora water supply schemes as she could not devote time to it.
Nyankora is around 20km away from the district office, and therefore, transportation such as using a motorcycle is required. Therefore, further discussions are necessary for establishing a periodical water supply measurement framework in the District. b) Ngoma District The District officer in charge of WUA recognized water quality analysis as his job. He asked many questions about the interpretation of results during the OJT. He is planning to conduct water quality analysis when he goes around to all the WSPs in District. c) Kirehe District The District officer in charge of Environment, Water and Forestry had an interest, but OJT was not carried out at the site. Therefore, implementation for the future was discussed but could not be realized.
(6) Training Seminar for Water Quality Management Training seminars were conducted to WSPs before water quality analyses were made in each district based on the manuals prepared by the project. These seminars were arranged and held by each district. The manual indicates that WSPs should conduct water quality test every 3 months and report to the district, and the district should manage water quality in their respective district. It is necessary for WSPs to know the purpose and meanings of parameters and method for usage of pH and EC meters. Prior to the training seminar, Japanese experts explained to district officers on the management method of water quality which is described in the manual, and explanation of method for usage of pH meter, EC meter and residual chlorine detector was held again.
Training seminars were conducted by each district officer to the WSPs with the summarized manual in Kinyarwandan. The contents of the summary is: 1) Necessity of water quality analysis, 2) Organization for water quality analysis by WSP, 3) Parameters to be measured, 4) Method of usage and 5) Date of practical measurement. Furthermore, practical trainings on water quality analysis were conducted.
As a result, WSPs can now conduct water quality analysis without the presence of Japanese experts. Therefore, water quality management systems are now set where WSPs measure water quality of their water supply facilities and report to the district. The district officer informs WSPs on the date of the next measurement.
Table A3-2-13 Date and Venue of Water Quality Training Seminar Date Venue Number of WSPs 20th April, 2011 Seminar Room in Rwamagana District 2 21st April, 2011 LWF meeting room in Ngoma 8 12th May, 2011 Restaurant beside Kayonza District 2 13th May, 2011 Meeting room in Kirehe District 7
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(7) Measurement of Water Quality by WSPs based on Water Quality Analysis Manual Three target districts (excluding Kayonza District) carried out water quality analysis by all WSPs by June 2011. In Kayonza district, water quality analysis was postponed because of overloaded work of the district officer.
3-2-7 Establishment of System for Proper Utilization and Procurement of Spare Parts and Improvement of Spare parts Management Guideline
(1) Availability of Materials and Fuel in Rural Areas A survey for procurement of spare parts and fuel in rural areas was conducted in February 2009. Repairing and spare parts procurement of motorized pumps and handpumps can be done only by one distributor in Kigali. Also, the price of fuel frequently changes as a result of international petroleum prices, and it increases with the distance from Kigali.
In Rwamagana district and Kayonza District, materials necessary for repairing of water supply facilities are available, but are few. Some shops are able to procure specified materials from Kigali if ordered, but procurement period and quality seem to be unstable.
Table A3-2-14 Conditions of Spare Parts and Fuel Procurement Kayonza Material/ Fuel Kigali Rwamagana Ngoma Kirehe Kayonza Kabarondo Spare parts for Motor 1 Agent Not available Pumps and Handpumps No. of Stations 4 3 1 5 1 Jan 2008 726 728 730 734 736 Fuel Diesel Aug 2008 924 924 927 932 933 (Frw/L) Feb 2009 756 756 760 764 771 No. of Shops 2 2 3 Materials Materials Type of Shop Materials shop shop shop GI Fittings, (I, GI Fittings, GI Fittings, Not Not Pipes L and T type) (I, L and T (T type) Ball Available Available Reducer, type) bottom valve, tap Materials bottom cap, cap, Water Ball valve, tap, meter, seal seal tape tape
(2) Proposal for a System of Procurement and Use of Spare Parts, Formulating an Agreement on the Proposed System with Stakeholders and Guideline for Spare Parts Stock Management Following the basic concept of spare parts procurement and delivery proposed in the soft component of the Grant Aid Project, the management method of procured spare parts was established, explained and finally agreed by the stakeholders. Furthermore, as the district and WSPs are expected to purchase and manage spare parts in the future, the procedure for the procurement was prepared together and it was agreed by the district officers and WSPs in Rwamagana, kayonza and Ngoma. Based on the above agreements, the spare parts procurement guideline was prepared.
(3) Providing Spare Parts Managers with Guidance on Spare Parts Stock Management and Training Spare Parts Users on Procedures for Spare Parts Stock Management Guidances for spare parts management were carried out on the following dates, by using the spare parts procurement guideline. The guidance was not carried out in Rwamagana district due to the
A-3-25 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report conflicting schedule with the district officer.
Table A3-2-15 Guidance on Spare Parts Management through OJT District Date Trainee Contents Kayonza 16-18th Francine MUTESI 1) Confirmation of management February 2010 (Secretary, District Water Fund) documents Nyirasafari GELTUDE 2) Number and location of stocked (President of Cooperative VOMA spare parts MEZA KAYONZA) 3) Preparation of Ledgers Ngoma 15th February Edgard RUDASINGWA 1) Confirmation of management 2010 (In charge of WUA) documents Tito RUTAISIRE 2) Confirmation on number of stocked (President of Murama WUA) spare parts, verification of ledgers
In Ngoma District, since the spare parts management documents prepared under the Grant Aid Project still remained, the guidance was given again on proper use of the documents. On the other hand there are no remaining documents in Kayonza district due to insufficient handing over of work to the district officers, and thus management documents were prepared again.
(4) Revision of the Spare Parts Procurement Guideline due to Final Evaluation The Final Evaluation Mission from JICA evaluated that the type, manufacturer/distributer and procurer should be defined more clearly in the guideline. At the project site, handpump repair was suspended in Murama secteur due to no information of spare parts distributor. In regards to the above situation, the following issues were added to the guideline;
1. Responsibility, arrangement and procurement method for each district and water supply facility 2. Contact number and name of manufacturer/distributor in Kigali 3. Spare parts list and price list for handpumps
Spare parts procurement diagrams were also made for each project site and attached to the guideline. For Murama Secteur, spare parts list and price list of Afridev handpump distributor in Kigali were made.
For better and wider understandings of the stakeholders, a field visit was conducted on 18th June 2010 before holding the monthly management meeting. In the field visit, the spare parts management system was explained by showing stock ledgers, documents for requesting delivery and spare parts management diagram. In MKM water supply facility, the diagram is placed on the pump house wall for reference of technicians.
On the issue of spare parts management for handpumps in Murama secteur, PURA-SANI experts went to the handpump spare parts distributor in Kigali with the district officer and WSP technician in order to support choosing and purchasing spare parts in May 2010.
(5) Re-improvement of Spare parts Management Guideline a) Background The spare parts procurement guideline originally aimed for proper use of spare parts which were procured through the Grant Aid Project to the respective districts and secteurs. However, procured
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spare parts for handpumps were used up in Murama secteur in May 2005. Thus the guideline was revised to be applicable not only to the Grant Aid Project, but for general spare parts management.
On the other hand, it became clear that in Rwanda, where privatisaion of the water supply sector is in progress, spare parts in the district was mainly procured and provided by the donors, and spare parts needed by WSPs are purchased by WSPs through their own expense from rural materials shops.
Those situations indicate that if there are no proper spare parts in materials shops in rural areas, the repair of water supply facility might be difficult and a long time will be needed as the handpump breakdowns in Murama secteur. Therefore it was necessary to clarify the classification of spare parts, define responsibilities of the procurer and propose a concept for spare parts management to the Government of Rwanda.
b) Classification of Repairs and Spare Parts Definitions, classifications and management of spare parts are established in consideration of the techniques, financial status in Water Supply sector and recent water supply facilities in Rwanda
Table A3-2-16 Classification of Spare Parts Categories Definition Type of Spare Parts Procurement/Management Spare Parts for Necessary for Spare parts for Dealt by the district and MININFRA as Large-Scale Repairs large-scale repairs electro-mechanical the problem occurs. equipment District manages the spare parts procured through the Grant Aid Project. Spare Parts for Spare parts which Spare parts for generators WSPs manages the stock of the parts Medium-Scale are difficult to be Spare parts for control and submit reports to the Districts Repairs (including procured panels consumables) Spare parts for handpumps Large-diameter pipe materials and valves Spare Parts for Spare parts which Pipe materials, valves, water Procured by the WSPs Small-Scale Repairs are easy to be meters, engine oils, etc. (including procured in the consumables) town
b-1) Spare Parts for Large-Scale Repairs Spare parts procured through the Grant Aid Project are stocked at the Rwamagana District office and Rwakibogo pump house. Those parts correspond to spare parts for large-scale repairs.
The district directed MKM water users’ association to confirm and check spare parts conditions; but the district lost all the spare parts management documents which were prepared by the soft component of the Grant Aid Project. This reveals that the District organization is very weak to manage spare parts. Water supplies were suspended due to broken motorized pump or generator at the Cyatokwe water supply facilities in Kayonza District and the Gatore 2 water supply facilities in Kirehe District. Those breakdowns are classified as large-scale repairs.
b-2) Spare Parts for Medium-Scale Repairs The spare parts for medium-scale repairs are defined as parts that are sometimes difficult to obtain in rural areas of Rwanda. Currently, those spare parts are procured by the technicians of WSPs from agents or materials markets in Kigali.
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In MKM, there are no seal rubbers applicable for ball float valves, so the technician will procure the parts from Nairobi through an agent in Kigali. WSPs in Murama secteur ordered and procured spare parts of handpumps from the agent in Kigali.
The problem of those spare parts is that procurement takes a long time when spare parts stocks are not available by the agent. Especially, small spare parts are procured at the same time as the shipment of some other (big) materials and equipment, and therefore, it is uncertain when those spare would arrive. To avoid waiting for spare parts, the parts should be ordered and stocked before those parts run out. b-3) Spare Parts for Small-Scale Repairs The spare parts for small-scale repairs are defined as parts that are not difficult to be purchased in rural areas. Currently, technicians of WSPs purchase those parts in nearby towns as problems occur. On the other hand, in case of MKM, procured materials (e.g. water meter) were not of good quality; and therefore it is difficult to ensure quality of purchased materials. Some instructions to WSPs might be necessary to ensure material quality. For example, materials should be purchased only from authorized procurers such as of EWSA.
(6) Contents of the Changes An output of the PDM (ver 6.0) is “A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established” and the activities for achieving the output is stated as “using the spare parts management documents prepared by the Japanese Grant Aid Project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts are established”. Based on this activities plan, the Spare Parts Management Guideline was prepared. However, in consideration of the recent situation, the following modifications were made.
1) The district seldom purchases spare parts, while donors and NGOs tend to procure spare part to the district in their own water supply project. On the other hand, WSPs purchase spare parts and manage them by themselves. Based on this situation, the system of spare parts management involving the Districts and WSPs should be established.
2) The guideline should provide information on procurement of major spare parts, such as procurer, procurement method and order method.
Since the final evaluation in May 2010 concluded that the guideline needs to be more practical and clear, practical procurement method for each water supply scheme were added, and support to CPs were provided based on the above procurement method. Furthermore, JICA Rwanda Office gave some comments in October 2010 that the guideline should apply generally for water supply facilities in Rwanda. Based on those comments, improvements were made through adding general issues and importance of spare parts management for water quality management in rural water supply facilities were to the former part and describing specific parts such as management of spare parts which correspond to the scale of repairs.
3-2-8 Optimization of Tariff Collection
(1) Community Sensitization Activities The following 5 model public taps were selected in order to conduct the activities for proper tariff collection. Considerations were made on the situation of the current tariff collection as part of the selection process so that both the good model cases and the cases to be improved could be observed.
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Munyaga Secteur: MY-02, MY-06, MY-28 Mwulire Secteur: MW-03 Kigabiro Secteur: KG-03* * KG-15 was selected at first, but changed to KG-03 based on the decision made by the MKM WUA on its urgent needs for the sensitisation activity as the situation of tariff collection worsened.
The following sensitization activities were conducted at the 5 model public taps.
Table A3-2-17 Summary of Sensitization Activities Secteur Public Tap No. Date Attendants MY-02 2011/3/24 Around 100 Munyaga MY-06 2011/3/24 Around 60 MY-28 2011/7/7 62 Mwulire MW-03 2011/7/8 55 Kigabiro KG-03 2011/7/12 8
The Project supported to establish the explanatory materials necessary for the sensitization activities before implementation of the activities. In the actual activity, the items of the organizational structure, accounting situations, sanitation, water quality management, and operation and maintenance of the water supply facility are presented by the president, the accountant, the tariff collector and the technician, and the WSP spared the time for discussions with the residents to answer questions.
The sensitization activities enabled the residents to resolve their questions they had faced before and to start holding the awareness of active participation in the operation and maintenance of the facility through deepening the understanding of usage of the water tariff they are paying. In addition, the explanation was made face to face between the members of the WSP such as the president and the residents, and therefore the visible relationship could be established and it is expected to arrange the proper communication among them when the problems occur. Moreover, the WSP finds it meaningful to hold such chances as a part of strengthening the relationship. Therefore, similar activities are expected to be disseminated for the public taps other than the model public taps.
On the other hand, the number of participants was lower at KG-03. The process of preparation of the sensitization activities is that the Umudugudu leader announces the activities to the residents to promote their participation. However, at KG-03, communication with the Umudugudu leader and the public announcement to the residents were not insufficient. As a challenge for the future, the further promotion of the proper tariff collection shall be realized by strengthening the relationship between the WSP and the Umudugudu leaders by utilizing such a chance and holding discussions for timely recognition of problems and its resolution.
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Explanation by the president Explanation by the accountant
Explanation by the tariff collector Explanation by the technician Figure A3-2-5 Sensitization Activities
(2) Measures for Non-Payment Almost all WSPs have the problem of uncollected water tariff from villagers and tap managers. An association, UBUZIMA BWIZA, also had been burdening with the same problem from 2008 to 2011. The tariff collector requested secteur offices to give support to solve it over and over but could not obtain any cooperation from secteurs. And the problem had become enlarged during two years.
PURA-SANI from June 2011 started a support the staff that was in charge of tariff collection by starting to improve monthly uncollected tariff to be close to zero with an objective to eventually solve the issue altogether. At first the PURA-SANI supported a meeting between the districts and WSPs hosted by the mayor in Rwamagana district, to get clear direction on 15th of June. After that, the association and PURA-SANI prepared the draft of tap manager regulation and repayment program. Then, the association committee gave approval to them at the association meeting on 26th of June. The program contained the following.
1. Contract Procedure 4. Payment 7. Responsibility of Damage 2. Working hours 5. Repayment Program 8. Salary 3. Water Tariff 6. Cleaning 9. Expirer
From the end of June, WSP staffs explained to the tap managers of 3 secteurs about the new tap manager regulation and repayment program to reduce their debits and they agreed on the regulation and program. In addition, the association was successful in involving 3 secteur offices and saving their trouble on tariff collection by establishing accounts on the government-affiliated micro-finance managed by secteur offices.
As a result of improvement, the rate of tariff collection was improved immediately in several secteurs in July. Especially in Mwulire secteur, the rate increased from 87% in April to 99% in July. Also, the total amount of uncollected water tariff decreased through the repayment program. This ongoing improvement will be able to solve uncollected tariff completely within 2 years. Furthermore, the monitoring of the tariff collection rate enables swift discovery of any changes in the situation. It allows speedy detection of the problem and the situation can be dealt without delay.
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3-3 Activities for Output 3
3-3-1 Basic Policy and Outline of the Activities
(1) Basic Policy Basic policy for conducting the activities concernsing Output 3 can be explained as, following the “National Programme for Potable Water and Sanitation in Rural Area（PNEAR）”, to have consistency with the “National Strategy on Sanitation and Promotion of Hygiene3” as well as to execute it in liaison with the Japanese Grant Aid Project “Project for Rural Water Supply”. Also the project paid attention to adapt to the on-going decentralization policy and to be connected with those policies that are elaborated by MINISANTE such as the National Community Health Policy4, National Behaviour Change Communication Policy for the Health Sector5 and Environmental Health Policy6.
(2) Activity Outline Hygiene promotion activities (conducted from the second phase of 1st year to first half of the fourth year) are stated in the table as follows:
Table A3-3-1 Activity Outline Target Area Project area is the four (4) Districts of Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma and Kirehe located in the south-eastern part of the Eastern Province, which are situated in the former Kibungo Province. ・ Directors of Health unit and staffs of the 4 districts ・ Staffs in charge of Social Affairs of Secteurs and Cells ・ Community health and hygiene officers in each Health Centre (CHSC) Target population ・ Community mobilization and hygiene promotion staffs of WSPs （Direct） ・ Community Health Workers of health centres (Agent Sante Communautaire) ・ Teachers and PTA members of primary schools and other stakeholders in the community ・ Schools’ pupils and students ・ Directors of Infrastructure unit and those staffs of the 4 districts Target population ・ Directors of Education unit and staffs of the 4 districts （Indirect） ・ Population in target areas 1. Capacity enforcement assistance of the main actors for hygiene promotion in Main activities those target areas 2. Assistance for facilitating on school hygiene and sanitation promotion
(3) Outputs and Indicators of PDM Concerning hygiene promotion activities, those are stated in the PDM.
【Output 3】 Sanitation education and sensitisation activities to project site residents by the 4 target districts and water service providers are strengthened.
3 National Strategy on Sanitation and Promotion of Hygiene; May 2007, MINITERE 4 National Community Health Policy; March 2007, MINISANTE 5 National Behavior Change Communication Policy for the Health Sector; December 2006, MINISANTE 6 Environmental Health Policy; April 2007, MINISANTE
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【Indicators】 1. The district governments prepare plans for sensitisation and implement them. 2. At the pilot sites, the number of residents who participated in sensitisation increases. 3. Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted once a month.
(4) Target Areas The target areas are those covered by the water schemes planned to be constructed or rehabilitated by the Japanese Grant Aid Project, or those covered by the target WSPs of the project.
Table A3-3-2 Target Areas for Activity 1（Pilot Sites） Adopted Water Supply Health District WSP Health Centre Period Scheme Committee Former Rwamagana MKM MKM WUA Mwurile Rwamagana Kigabiro Munyaga Munyaga Ngoma Murama Murama WUA Murama Rukira (presently, KODUMU) Latter Kayonza Nyankhora COVOMEKA Rwinkwavu Rwinkwavu (presently, COGEPRENA) Kirehe Gatore 2 Gatore WUA Gatore Kirehe
Table A3-3-3 Target Areas for Activity 2（Pilot Schools） Adopted District Secteur School WSP Health Centre Period Former Rwamagana Mwurile Mwurile 2 MKM WUA Rwamagana Ngoma Sakara Sakara - Rukira Latter Kayonza Nkondo Nkondo 2 COVOMEKA Rwinkwavu (presently, COGEPRENA) Kirehe Curazo Curazo Gatore WUA Kirehe
3-3-2 Achievements of PDM indicators
The indicators stated in the PDM are generally achieved.
Indicator 1：The district governments prepare plans for sensitisation and implement them.
1. Survey time：May 2010（Preparation for final evaluation/ at the time of final evaluation） 2. Survey target：Each director of health unit in 4 districts 3. Survey method：Interview with questionnaires 4. Survey objective：To prepare for the final evaluation mission and confirm the progress situation in each target district
The table below shows the achievement situation.
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Table A3-3-4 Reflection Situation of Action Plan of each Health Committee in District Annual Plan for Hygiene and Health Promotion Health Action Plan Approval by Districts and their Reflection District WSP Centre Elaboration Situation on Districts Annual Plan Rwamangana MKM Rwamagana Feb. 2010 Absence of Health Director. Need to continue the discussion between health centre and district. Munyaga Feb. 2010 -Ditto- Kayonza COVOMEKA Rwinkwavu Feb. 2010 Action plan reflected in District Annual Plan, and their budget has been earmarked. Ngoma Murama Rukira Feb. 2010 Action plan reflected in District Monthly Plan Kirehe Gatore Kirehe Feb. 2010 Action plan reflected in District Annual Plan. Note：Under the new system for hygiene promotion activities, health centres which are below Districts’ health units, stationed at the Secteur unifies those activities at the community level.
Indicator 2：At the pilot sites, the number of residents who participated in sensitisation increases.
The table below shows the achievement situation.
Table A3-3-5 Indicator 2 Achievement Assessment Method Survey for Preparation Survey Follow-up Survey Monitoring Survey of Terminal Evaluation Period May 2010 June 2010 June 2010 Method Interview a) Behaviour survey Interviews using b) Field study questionnaires c) Questionnaires Interviewee WSP a) Health committee Community health officer b) Village population （health centre） c) Participants of sensitizing meetings Purpose ･Preparation for ･In order to evaluate the overall To understand and to be terminal evaluation support activities for the main actors acquainted with the actual ･Assess the activities of of hygiene promotion, the situation of the hygiene WSPs who are the sensitizing meeting which is held by promotion system newly multiple beneficiaries trainees was observed and abstracted established by the Project, the important issues. of the various as well as the operation of ･To obtain the needs and proposition assistance activities of in order to ameliorate the trainees’ monitoring system. Then the Project activities by those participants in the based on this information, meeting. to abstract the important ･In order to assess the dissemination issues. of the hygiene promotion message into the population, the Project and the Hygiene and Health Committee (HHC) newly created by the Project conduct House to House Visits together.
(1) Summary of the Achievements In the Project, the new co-working system, HHC for hygiene promotion was established at each secteur consisting of the hygiene promoter of WSPs and community health workers (Agent Sante Communnautaire, ASC) registered in health centres. The HHC members are working together to promote good hygiene practices and sensitise the population. As a response to the interview survey to 4 WSPs, the HHC members are providing continuous hygiene promotion activities once a month or
A-3-33 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report more. Also, in the follow-up survey as well as the monitoring survey, each HHC established at each secteur level continues to give messages for making behaviour changes in each population. In addition, community health activities started with the schools as their foothold to facilitate their activities (See below indicator 3). As a result, the number of hygiene promotion activities provided by the Project Trainees whose abilities were strengthened through the Project has totally increased and the number of participants have generally increased.
Indicator 3：Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted once a month.
The table below shows the achievement situation.
Table A3-3-6 Indicator 3 Achievement Assessment Method Survey for Preparation Survey Follow-up Terminal Evaluation of Terminal Evaluation Period May 2010 August 2010 September 2010 Method Interview Interview／Behaviour survey Questionnaires Interviewee School head master／ Teachers and Staffs／PTA／Students Teachers and Staffs／ teachers and staffs PTA／Students Purpose ･Preparation for ･Confirmation of hygiene and To abstract the issues to terminal evaluation sanitation education in school using be improved through ･Assess the activities the prepared guidelines (situation of assistance program, at each school its application by the teachers in manual and materials school curriculum) ･Confirmation of dissemination degree on good sanitation practices in the community by HAMS Clubs through House-to-house visit activities.
Table A3-3-7 School Hygiene Promotion Meeting provided by HAMS Club in Year 2010 Adopted HAMS Club Period District Secteur School Establishment Feb. Mar. Apr. Former Rwamagana Mwurile Mwurile 2 Sept. 2009 1 2 2 Ngoma Sakara Sakara 1 2 2 Latter Kayonza Nkondo Nkondo 2 Feb. 2010 1 4 0 Kirehe Curazo Curazo 1 1 1 Note ：At the previous 2 target sites, the hygiene promotion activities were started in August 2009 by the teachers and students, and now they continue the activities twice to four times a month.
(2) Adoption of health and sanitation education guideline elaborated by Project into school curriculum From August 2010, the 4 target schools started to adopt the health and sanitation education into their school curriculum by using the guideline elaborated by the Project.
(3) Impact to the community After August 2010, each of the 4 HAMS Clubs started the hygiene promotion activities and provided hygiene promotion meetings. This contributes to the achievement of indicator 2 as well.
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3-3-3 Method for Technology Transfer
(1) Consistency with the Policy In Rwanda, decentralization and reconstruction of the central government’s organization is being promoted rapidly with no significant complications. The executing administrative structure is constantly changing, but water and sanitation matters are one of the important issues for taking urgent action. In Vision 2020, as for the water supply sector, it should secure resources to achieve: 1) sustainable integrated water resources management, 2) access to water supply system and improved sanitation system by all the population, 3) preservation and protection of water for economic development. EDPRS emphasizes on; 1) influence on maternal health, 2) improved access to information by women, 3) reduction of women’s burden from water fetching, 4) reduction of health service cost at household and national levels (especially, risk of water related diseases such as diarrhoea), 5) priority of the water and sanitation sector to improve the productivity (amelioration of health conditions). Also, 5 points are raised as the objectives: 1) to improve the water supply service through extension of water supply pipelines, 2) appropriate the usage of water resources in agriculture/ transportation/energy sector, 3) community-lead operation and maintenance in water supply services, 4) improve the access rate of sanitation services, and 5) capacity enforcement for supervision at the central and regional government.
(2) Consistency with Movement of the Water, Sanitation and Health Sector Especially in the Rwandan environmental health sector, the community-lead participatory activities aiming for sustainable development are considered as the main activities to accomplish the objectives mentioned above. For example, community health workers were assigned to each village (umudugudu) in order to sensitize basic health knowledge with priority for preventing diseases. Hygiene promotion was facilitated using the PHAST method to assure sanitary behaviour changes concerning water, and promote the cost-less pit latrines which village people are able to have in their households. At the same time, the health sector has made an effort to introduce the idea of school hygiene and sanitation activities (HAMS) so that good hygiene practices can be firmly established in those children who will bear the future society.
3-3-4 Contents of Technology Transfer
Technology transfer for the hygiene promotion portion was divided into 4 phases. At the benchmark of each phase, the Project stimulated the C/Ps’ participation as much as possible. Main activities and Outputs are shown in Table A3-3-8.
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Table A3-3-8 Main Activities and Outputs per Phase Phase Main activities Main outputs 0）To identify the overall water and ・ Results of baseline survey sanitation sector in Rwanda and to ・ Results of simple baseline survey Preparation understand the structure of health ・ Results of schools’ hygiene and st rd (1 and 3 fiscal years） services in target areas sanitary condition survey 1) To identify the hygiene and sanitary conditions in target areas. 2) To identify the villagers/schools ・ Results of KAP survey hygiene practices ・ List of Trainees (Community 3) To confirm the main actors for Health officer / WSP’s hygiene hygiene promotion at village level promotion staff) 4) To confirm the human resources in ・ List of target schools schools ・ Manuals / guidelines 5) To prepare visual materials and Planning for assistance ・ Procurement and construction of guidelines (2nd to 3rd fiscal years） school sanitation facilities as − CHW training materials hygiene promotion materials − Materials for sensitizing by CHW ・ Training curriculum − School teachers’ training materials − Hygiene and sanitation education in schools − Materials used by students (HAMS Club) 6) To provide the training on PHAST ・ Established system of sensitizing method to community health officers, population and hygiene promotion Execution WSP’s hygiene promotion staffs ・ HAMS Club in each school rd (3 fiscal year) 7) To provide the training on HAMS ・ Monitoring system modules in order to activate them in the ・ Monitoring sheet schools 8) Re-training for continuing the ・ Revised edition of monitoring community hygiene promotion activities sheet and to confirm the knowledge on ・ Revised edition of manuals and Follow-up promotion methods guidelines （3rd to 4th fiscal years） 9) Follow-up for continuing the hygiene promotion based on the schools and re-confirmation of activities methods 10) Revision of manuals
The execution systems for community-led hygiene promotion and hygiene and sanitation in schools that were established by the Project are indicated in the figure below. Further, school sanitation facilities as the hygiene promotion materials (primary barriers) are explained later.
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District Hospital
Secteur Health Centre WSP Report / S.V. Service Area Health Committee（Comité de Santé）
AHS Cell
AHS Village AHS AHS AHS AHS
Execution structure of community-led hygiene promotion
District Hospital
Secteur Health Centre WSP
Cell
AHS School
HAMS Club PTA ASC／PTA ASC ASC
HAMS Execution Structure Figure A3-3-1 Hygiene Promotion Execution Structure Established by the Project
(1) Technology Transfer to Administration Staff (C/P)
1) Compiling the Training Programme, Curriculum, Manual and Guidelines Although originally in the Project, the manuals produced by the Japanese Grant Aid Project were to be revised, both community-lead hygiene and sanitation promotion guidelines and sanitation and hygiene
A-3-37 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report activities in schools guidelines were newly developed by the Japanese expert and each C/P of Districts. The development was made based on the analysis of baseline survey results, questionnaire survey, and existing data, as well as confirmation of human resources.
2) Establishment of Implementation Structure The health centres proposed strongly that the implementing structure for environmental health improvement activities be based on the collaboration between AHS of WSP and ASC (= CHW). The concern was raised that AHSs from WSPs might not remain in their positions for a long time, but discussions between the Project and CPs concluded that the best implementing structure at the community level is the one stated in Figure A3-3-1. Also, the hygiene and sanitation activities in schools introducing the method HAMS through the Project was the first case in Eastern Province. Because of this condition, the Project introduced an executing system already known and experienced in other provinces, so that the main actors for HAMS such as school staffs, PTAs, and administrative staffs of target Cells agreed to apply it.
3) Training for Main Actors of Hygiene Promotion in Target Areas Preparation was made to encourage highest participation, and thus C/Ps from 2 out of 4 target Districts participated in one part of the training session. The training kit for trainers developed by the Project will support CPs hold training sessions and use of the kit is expected.
(2) Training Session In order to confirm the impact of training session and to abstract the improvement points of the manuals and materials, the Project provided the training session once each during the executing phase and follow-up phase respectively.
Executing Phase：Training for hygiene promoters at the community level (1st Session: November 2009) a) Participants (Trainees) WSP： 2 members each from WSPs as Hygiene and Sanitation Agent or Mobilization Staff. ASC： 3 ASCs (CHWs) each from the water supply areas of WSPs (Basically, one each from Secteurs). However, as for Rwamagana district, since the target water supply area is so wide that 9 members participated. ES of Cell：Executive Secretary of each water supply area. b) Trainers The Project Counterpart (C/P) (1/4 district participated) The Project Experts (those in charge of Water Supply Facilities, O&M, and Hygiene Promotion/IEC) The Project Technical Staff (Surgeon of Rwinkwavu Hospital) c) Training Objectives The training was provided by both lecture sessions and participatory methods introducing PHAST. A) To obtain basic knowledge on water and sanitation B) To obtain basic idea of water supply technology and basic information on operation and maintenance of water supply facilities
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C) To obtain basic knowledge on preventive diseases at the household and community levels D) To improve communication abilities as the community hygiene promoter in the village E) To understand how to prepare the action plan and establish the monitoring system in order to contribute at the community level. F) Establish HHC in the community.
Session【1st day】 Group Work 【2nd day】 Community Drama
Barriers of Disease Transmission Preparing Ation Plan Behaviour Change／Kirehe’s C/P
Session for Water Supply Technology Session for O&M Closing Figure A3-3-2 Photos of Training Session (17th to 20th of November 2009) d) Training Program The module for training is shown in table below.
Table A3-3-9 Training Module Day Theme Training method 1 Issues of water, sanitation and hygiene Lecture session Pre-test Checking the participants’ level before training Water source / pocket chart PHAST cards : selection of water source Water circulation and water source protection Lecture session Cup exercise PHAST cards : communication Water/ water source pollution Lecture session / PHAST : 3 piles sorting Open-ended problem drama PHAST : situation analysis and solution proposal
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Day Theme Training method 2 Water supply technology and facilities Lecture session Water value and water fee Lecture session Transmission of water and faecal diseases PHAST cards : Disease transmission Water related and faecal diseases Lecture session Barriers against water and faecal diseases PHAST card : Barriers of disease transmission Hand washing behaviour PHAST card : 3 piles sorting cards Purification of drinking water Lecture session 3 Sanitation ladder PHAST card : Latrine, sanitation situation and improvement Specifications of latrines Lecture session Photo parades (hygiene practice and behaviour) PHAST card : Understanding sanitation situation Gap Story PHAST card : Improvement of the current situation JOHARI’s window PHAST chart : Better communication 4 Communication for behaviour change Lecture session Action, activity plan and monitoring Lecture session Establishment of HHC Group work by each secteur Preparation of the action plan Group work Presentation of action plan Presentation Post-test Confirmation of the training impact
Training target group: 1st to 3rd day: WSP AHS and ASC (CHW) 4th day: WSP AHS, ASC(CHW) and ES of Cell e) Impact of the Training As Figure A3-3-3 shows, the impact of the training began to appear.
Figure A3-3-3 Test Results (Pre and Post Training)
The figure above shows the results of both the pre-test and post-test (red line shows the results of the post-test). The PHAST method contributed greatly to learn how much the participants could understand the contents of the session and the degree of their participation in the session, as well as their feedback for materials and manuals. Furthermore, because the number of participants was limited to under 30 persons, group works were carried out smoothly, and a good relationship between the participants was created at an early stage. Also, limiting the language to Kinyarwanda during the whole session contributed to understanding each other such as on common problems in water supply management in the 4 districts and realizing needs by themselves through exchanging information between the 4 districts.
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Follow-up Phase：Follow-up session for hygiene promoters (2nd session：June, 2010) a) Participants (Trainees) 24 ASCs and AHS members who were trained in November 2009. Community hygiene and sanitation officers of five (5) health centres which cover the target areas. The Project Counterparts: 2 Districts in charge of Health (ex-Unit Director) b) Trainers The Project Expert (in charge of Hygiene promotion/IEC) The Project Technical Staff (Surgeon of Rwinkwavu Hospital) c) Objectives of Training To improve the hygiene promotion capacities of WSPs, ASHs and ASCs (CHW) using PHAST method To assist the health centres to be the nucleus of the monitoring activities To evaluate the monitoring system To rebuild the monitoring system if necessary, and activities evaluation （Refer to another report7） d) Contents of Training The training shared the sanitation condition survey in target areas based on the results of the follow-up survey for hygiene promotion activities, and reviewed the actual method of promotion with PHAST. On the other hand, the monitoring /reporting system that was established from November 2009 to February 2010 was revised and then re-structured. The training turned out meaningful for incorporating results from the surveys. The surveys included behaviour survey of ASCs (CHW) and WSP staffs themselves, questionnaire, interview survey result of community members and analyse data of household impact survey.
Examination of Action Plan and Review of Pocket Chart8 Participants Reporting Figure A3-3-4 Photos of 2nd Training Session (from 15th to 17th of June 2010)
7 ”Rapport d’Atelier de recyclage des facilitateurs en hygiène et assainissement et les charges d’hygiène et santé communautaire au niveau des centre de Santé” 8 One of the PHAST methods.
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(3) Training for Main Actors of Hygiene and Sanitation Activities in Schools (JICA PURA-SANI HAMS) In the water and sanitation sector of Rwanda, HAMS is considered as the main activity for sensitizing the students. The basic idea of HAMS is to train the children as a focal point to spread hygiene promotion impact from child to child, child to parents and schools to communities. Children will learn the basic knowledge of water and sanitation, how to improve the sanitation environment, and how to prevent disease through recreational activities in school (practicing and performing original dramas, recitation of poems, creating and presenting their original songs and dances, and so on), through the good practice with their friends to create behavioural changes. Children’s behavioural changes will spread to their families and neighbours and that will contribute to the improvement of the environment. Also, since children are the main targets, their impact to the regional community would last a long time. Many good practices can be seen in provinces other than Eastern Province. However in this Project, the HAMS method was executed in a package style as “JICA PURA-SANI HAMS” with some improvements. The three main pillars of the package are shown below.
1. Capacity development of teachers, staffs / PTA/ students with the developed HAMS module 2. Provision of JICA HAMS Primary-Barriers (Latrines, Hand wash stands and Rainwater harvester tanks) 3. Provision of JICA HAMS materials (visual materials, Guidelines for sanitation education, HAMS Clubs activity materials)
Table A3-3-10 Contents of JICA PURA-SANI HAMS Activities 1. Training Targets HAMS introduction training Teachers, staffs, PTA Training for establishing the HAMS Club by Trained teachers, Students staffs and PTA. Monitoring activities Teachers, staffs, PTA /students 2. Provision of package materials a) Construction of Primary Barriers (School latrines, hand washing stands, rainwater harvester tank b) Installation of Canacla (hand washing kit) c) PHAST Cards d) Visual materials concerning the use of Primary Barriers e) Guidelines on Sanitation education for class curriculum f) HAMS Club activities materials
1) Criteria for Selection of Schools for Sanitation Education through HAMS To select a school in each target district as a pilot site, and to work closely with this Project within the water supply coverage area of the target WSP, the Project leader had discussions with each C/P, as well as administrative staffs of secteurs and cells. The criteria for selection proposed by the Project are stated in the table below.
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Table A3-3-11 Criteria for Selection of Schools for Sanitation Education through HAMS 1. The school is within the water supply coverage area of the water scheme constructed/rehabilitated by the Japanese Grant Aid Project, or is used by whose family as a beneficiary of the said scheme. 2. The school is public, not privately owned 3. The school is a primary school to ensure adaptability and effectiveness. 4. Presently, the school does not have any toilets, or the existing toilets are not sufficient to serve all of the students of that school. 5. The school has no hand washing facilities, that is, it has no water intake facilities 6. The school has a low attendance record due to high rate of waterborne diseases such as diarrhoea. 7. The district and secteur gives priority to development of this school.
2) JICA PURA-SANI HAMS Module The Standard module of HAMS is shown in table below. This module was developed as the modified version based on the existing modules of those had been used by other provinces. It took about 4-5 months per school to complete the module as the school annual schedule (including holidays) was changed by MINEDUC.
Table A3-3-12 JICA PURA-SANI HAMS Module Activity Contents Days/School 0 Preparation Identify the target groups such as teachers, staffs/ PTAs, local About 1day meeting government (cell), village chiefs, well-informed persons, or community resources, to inform the contents of the activities and to verify their willingness for project participation Commencement of the construction of Primary-Barriers 1 Kick-off meeting Kick off meeting for HAMS activities 1 day Members：District Officer of Education Unit / Staffs of Secteur and Cell, School head master/Teachers and Staffs/ PTA/Village Chiefs, Well-informed persons, and Students 2 Preparatory Organize meeting for schedule, activity plan, and so on between 1day meeting with the Project and local government, Schools, stakeholders to local government confirm the system of monitoring and organization body, etc. 3 Teachers/PTA Training on PHAST and HAMS methods. Procedure of 4 to 5 days training establishment of HAMS Club, communication method, and so on. Trainees are about 12-13 per school. 4 Monitoring Select the monitoring issues and implementing method. 1 to 2 days system establishment 5 Training on Training on the provision of sanitation education with the 2 to 3 days provision of developed guidelines in class rooms, and on procedures of the sanitation simple KAP survey with the students. education Completion of construction of Primary-Barriers 6 Simple KAP Implementing simple KAP survey to revise the monitoring Different per survey issues and to identify the baseline on students’ sanitation and school hygiene behaviours mainly by observation. 7 Evaluation, Continuation of hygiene promotion activities by HAMS Club, Continue monitoring and Planning of O&M for Primary-Barriers and school visit tours visit tours ： follow-up for better relationships between the 4 schools. about 2days
3) Follow up for HAMS Activities In this project, the duration of HAMS activities was shortened because: the commencement of the Project activities had 6 months difference between pilot sites; the Project site selection terms were divided into two phases; the educational system of Rwanda was changed from a French system to an English system; and the school curriculum changed including holiday schedule. In addition, some
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changes have been made because of the amendment in the school year where experimental fusion of the primary and secondary school program into a total program of 9 years has started, so the target age group was broaden. In order to respond to these changes, the Project planned the Follow-up module for HAMS as in table below for four schools once a month during four (4) months.
Table A3-3-13 HAMS Follow-up Module Items Objective 1 1st meeting Confirmation of the on-going activities and monitoring system, and understanding the usage of the sanitation and hygiene education guideline. 2 School visit, Follow-up to each HAMS Review of good usage of latrines, confirmation of actual club, HAMS committee conditions of Primary-Barriers, assist the O&M plan for Primary Barriers, review of HAMS monitoring sheet, review establishment of HAMS Club, etc. 3 School visit, House-to-House visits to Review of good usage of latrines, investment of impact to neighbours with HAMS Club, General communities, making up good cooperation, co-working Assemble with community and HAMS with communities, experience sharing. Club. 4 School visit, executing the hygiene Preparing O&M plan of Primary Barriers, confirmation of promotion meeting by HAMS Club, usage of HAMS manuals, develop the action plan and terminal evaluation review the monitoring system.
4) Impact of the Activities Each of the 4 schools are more or less continuing monitoring activities. The HAMS Clubs are continuing hygiene promotion in their schools; and the students who received sanitation knowledge are sensitizing their families at home. At each school, students are daily using their Canaclas which have an aim to facilitate hand washing every day, and so each of the four schools presented that hand washing after defecation is customary at the whole school level. Even a better impact appeared at the household level; where through the influence of their children, some families started to install simple hand washing stands beside their family latrines and the numbers of families are now increasing. One of the issues needed to be taken into consideration is the conflict between children and adult in the area of NKONDO2 School in Kayonza District. There are some adults who were against the new idea that pupils already began to apply and started taking action, and so disputes have occurred between them. School head masters and teachers undertook countermeasure for this issue by sensitizing adults in communities with local authorities’ collaboration.
Hand Washing after Defecation Hygiene Promotion through Dances and Songs Pupils Receiving Hygiene Message Figure A3-3-5 Schools after Starting HAMS Activities
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3-3-5 Matters which Required Attention during Technical Transfer
Matters which required attention during the assistance are stated below.
(1) Emphasizing the Relation between Water and Sanitation and the Collaboration between Experts The most important matter which required attention was making good collaboration between all activities concerning hygiene promotion and the assistance activities for water supply facilities. Especially, the Japanese experts in charge of water supply facilities and in charge of operation and maintenance provided their efforts to develop manuals, guidelines and visual materials, and to construct sanitation facilities, as well as to participate in the training session as trainers. Also the Project made sure that a co-working environment is created between the Japanese technical experts and the Counterparts in the hygiene and sanitation fields. Not only between personnel of the same fields, but also between those of different fields, the experiences through the activities could be shared during the Project period.
(2) Input from Local Human Resources Mobilisation and sensitisation are activities to abstract the core of problems from the people who have them, and then to solve the problem by encouraging changes in the behaviour of the people themselves. Therefore, copying past success examples at another place and implementing it would not be effective. Defining the background and social structure of the problems and arranging the environment that can encourage behavioural change is important. Especially on hygiene and sanitation issues, it is crucial to procure staff that can communicate in their native language as the issue revolves around one of the most intimate and fundamental part of life such as defecation, impurity, unproductivity and so on. Further, because of the need for exchanging information on such issues, there will be some people who are strongly against the activities, or try to equivocate facts. Therefore visible effects of hygiene promotion essentially take a long time to realize. For those reasons and for the main actors to obtain sense of responsibility for community development, the Project gave them the important role as trainers of local human resources (technical staff, local consultants as sub-contractor) in the hygiene promotion activities.
(3) Application for Community Participatory Method In order to implement effective activities within a short term, the Project used a community participatory method, which has not been applied yet in our target areas. This method contributes to understanding how the Project messages transmit to the community or if the messages are becoming estrange from the target area actual situation.
(4) Provision of the JICA Primary Barriers In the Project, school sanitation facilities such as latrines, hand washing stands, and rain harvesting water tanks (Primary Barriers) as hygiene and sanitation educational materials were installed at the target schools. In each stage of planning, designing, procurement/construction supervision, two Japanese experts in charge of water supply facilities as well as operation and maintenance worked together. Below are issues taken into consideration at the time of planning.
A-3-45 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
【Facilities type】 Former MINITERE (currently MININFRA) states in their documents 9 concerning water and sanitation facilities standard that, ecological sanitation urine-diversion toilets (hereafter referred to as “ECOSAN”) is to be the standard type of public latrine. In this Project, before introducing this type of latrine, some factors of the target area such as the degree of hygiene and sanitation diffusion were considered. As a result, the project adopted the urine-diversion toilet or ECOSAN.
【Number of installations】 Number of pits (rooms) was one (1) for hundred (100) students. In the target areas, the number of student per school was from seven hundreds (700) to one thousand four hundreds (1,400), but about one thousand students was the large majority. ＝＞Need ten(10) pits (rooms) . However, most schools already had existing VIP latrines and the common structure is that of four (4) pits (rooms) consisting of one block latrine for students. But a large number of schools did not maintain the latrines properly and the existing VIP block latrines were targeted as the project’s O&M practice.
From the above, 10-4=6 latrines (rooms), i.e. three each for boys and girls for each school was the minimum component for the Project provision activity as a pilot activity. The VIP latrine had a limit for usage after installation. Normally, the pit becomes full with excrement after 2- 3years, so the maximum usage time will be 3 years. After that, the pit will be buried, and so in case of VIP construction, it is necessary to have two pits for one latrine. Under these conditions, there is a possibility that 6 latrines for each school might still not be enough. Yet as this is a pilot project, the project went ahead with the construction of 6 latrines. Hand washing stands with taps and foundation, one stand for each three hundred (300) students, were installed. This meant 3 stands for each school. Water stands were used not only for hand washing, but also to clean up their classrooms, toilet or installations, as well as to improve the school environment.
【Method of Hygiene Promotion and Sanitation Education】 In order to plan the hygiene promotion and sanitation education, basic sanitation knowledge such as transmission of faecal diseases and their prevention, water related diseases, good usage and how to maintain latrines was taken in consideration for selection of the method and activities. Through the community action for improving sanitation environment based on the knowledge given by the Project hygiene promotion activities, the collaboration structure between schools and community, parents and children, teachers and students will be established. The Project considered that this collaboration structure directly contributed to the dissemination of the hygiene knowledge.
9 「Etude de développement des infrastructures d’alimentation en eau potable et d’assainissement en milieu rural」Rapport provisoire, juillet 2007。
A-3-46 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
3-3-6 Impact through Trainees
(1) Continuous Sensitization and Hygiene Promotion by Health Committee Community Health Workers (CHW=ASC) who were trained by the Project continue to conduct hygiene promotion and sensitizing activities. The fact that these trainees are continuing to use the community participative method using PHAST cards in the target area can be evaluated. The results of interview survey targeted to Executive Secretaries (ESs) of Cells showed their satisfaction with the village people’s attitudes such as their discussion session concerning sanitation issues in their community or their aspiration to improve the community environment.
Figure A3-3-6 Sensitization and Hygiene Promotion by Trained CHWs, June 2010
(2) HAMS Club and Other Students’ Activities During the follow-up period, each of the 4 schools’ students made house-to-house visits to understand the actual sanitation situation in the communities, and conduct hygiene promotion in order to encourage behavioural changes at the community level. As a result of those activities, some households constructed their own simple hand-washing stand. Also in some schools, HAMS club members and other students executed sensitizing activities targeting the village society. One head master of a neighbouring school of NKONDO 2 in Kayonza District, who had the chance to see the NKONDO2 HAMS Club’s activities, requested the District Education Unit to introduce the same program in his school. For the activities to be sustainable and continuous, the support from the local government and schools is desired.
Kandavwarwa (simple hand HAMS Club’s sensitization in washing stand) installed due to the HAMS Club house-to-house visit impact from the children village society Figure A3-3-7 HAMS Club and Other Students Activities
3-3-7 Proposed Usage of Project Outputs
(1) Possibility of Collaboration with MINISANTE CBEHPP (as of September 2010) The Project continued to discuss with MINISANTE concerning the possibilities for collaboration with CBEHPP (Community Based Environmental Health Promotion Program), which has started in June 2010 in 5 districts. As the final aim to diffuse the outputs of the JICA PURA-SANI to the whole
A-3-47 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report county, the Project explained to the Environmental Health Desk of MINISANTE that the contents or outputs of PURA-SANI would greatly contribute to developing manuals, materials and guidelines to be prepared by CBEHPP.
Also the Project discussed with the consultants who will develop the CBEHPP manuals under the project of UNICEF/MINISANTE on the contents and outputs such as materials already developed by PURA-SANI and suggested incorporating them into new manuals. In response to their request, the Project rented out all the Project outputs to CBEHPP.
(2) Collaboration with JOCV W-SAT (as of September 2010) The project collaborated with the JOCV W-SAT members dispatched in Kabarondo Secteur of Kayonza District. For hygiene promotion and sanitation education, a set of outputs was provided ot them in order to continue the same kind of activities in the target areas. The JOCV W-SAT members already had plans to execute the assistance in both the water and sanitation fields. As for the sanitation field assistance, one member aimed to train the community health workers in Kabarondo secteur along with the Kaborondo health centre. Training sessions based on the PURA-SANI activities are being held.
A-3-48 Republic of Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure Eastern Province
The Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Southern Part of Eastern Province in the Republic of Rwanda
Report on the End Line Survey
August, 2011 PURA SANI EXPERT TEAM
A-3-49 Table of Contents
1. Background and Objectives of the Survey ………………………………………… 1
2. Overall Goal ……………………………………………………………………… 5
3. Project Purpose ……………………………………………………………………. 8
4. Output 1 ……………………………………………………………………………. 16
5. Output 2 ……………………………………………………………………………. 20
6. Output 3 ……………………………………………………………………………. 24
7. Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………. 27
Annex 1. Results of Household Survey 2. Comparison between the Results of Household Survey of the End Line Survey and the Results of the (First) Baseline Survey and the Draft Baseline Survey 3. Questionnaire for the Household Survey 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey 5. Project Design Matrix version 6.0
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1. Background and Objectives of the Survey 1-1. Objectives The Japanese technical assistance Project for Improvement in Water and Sanitation in Southern Part of Eastern Province in the Republic of Rwanda, which was commenced in 2007, is planned to be completed on the end of September 2011. This End Line Survey is planned to verify the outputs during the project period of four years. Then, the survey evaluates the accomplishments of the project through the following indicators which are described in PDM6.0.
Table 1 List of PDM Indicators Overall Goal 1. The number of financially sound (such as not in the red) water supply service providers in the 4 target Districts is increased. 2. The percentage of residents in the 4 target Districts without improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) decreases by 15%. Project Purpose 1. Non-operational periods of water supply facilities in the pilot sites do not last more than a week. 2. The number of residents in the pilot sites with improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) is increased. 3. The sales of water supply schemes of the pilot sites increases. 4. The number of sanitation promotion activities by the districts increases in the project area. Output 1 1. The contents (items) and procedures for supervision by the districts are documented. 2. Operational and financial status of water supply schemes in the pilot sites are monitored by districts through monthly reports and proper supervisory guidance to water service providers is conducted. 3. The district governments prepare training programs for technicians of water service providers. 4. The district governments examine the appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities. 5. Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated by the districts to other areas within the districts (through seminars, workshops, etc.) Output 2 1. Water service providers continuously submit monthly reports to local administration. 2. Based on the operation and maintenance guideline to be prepared according to the type of
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water supply scheme, technicians handle and maintain water supply facilities (pumps, pipelines, handpumps, etc.) 3. Based on the revised operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition), water service providers properly conduct daily accounting. 4. Based on the water quality testing manual, water quality analysis of water sources and public taps in the pilot sites are carried out continuously once every 3 months. 5. A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established. Output 3 1. The district governments prepare plans for awareness raising and execute them. 2. At the pilot sites, number of residents who participated in awareness raising has increased. 3. Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted 1 time/month.
1-2. Methods of the Survey 1-2-1. Stakeholder Interview Survey 1) Date, Venue and Target Person Interview with stakeholders of the project was conducted as shown in the following table.
Table 2 Summary of the Stakeholder Interview Survey Date Organisation Target Person Position
6/8 Mwulire 2 Primary School Mr. MWUMBANEZA Jean Claude Head of Mwulire 2 P.S.
6/8 MKM WUA Mr. UWIRINGIYIMANA Emmanuel President Mr. HAVUNABAKUNDA Aloni Technician Ms. NYIRAHABINEZA Josiane Accountant
6/10 ditto Mr. NKUNZURWANDA John Tariff Collector/ Sanitation
6/9 Kayonza District Ms. MUTESI Francine I/C of Water Mr. MBONYUMUKIZA Emmanuel I/C of Infrastructure Mr. GATETE John I/C of Health
6/9 COGEPRENA Mr. NZIYOROSHYA J. Marie President Ms. UMUTONIWASE Zaituna Accountant Mr. BIKORIMANA Emmanuel Technician Mr. KAREGE Thadé Technician
6/10 Rwamagana District Mr. NGABONEZA Deodatus I/C of Env., Water, Forestry Mr. RWAKAYIGAMBA Emmanuel I/C of Infrastructure
6/16 ditto Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal I/C of Health
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6/13 Sakara Primary School Mr. MURWANASHYAKA Antoine Head of Sakara P.S.
6/14 Curazo Primary School Ms. MUKANGANGO Louise Head of Curazo P.S.
6/15 Gatore 2 WUA Mr. MUHUNDE Narcisse President Mr. NKURUNZIZA Valerian Accountant Mr. RWAHAMA Ildephonse Technician
6/16 Nkondo 2 Primary School Mr. NYANDWI Aphrodis Head of Nkondo 2 P.S.
6/21 Ngoma District Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique I/C of Health
6/22 ditto Mr. RUDASINGWA Edigard I/C of WSP
Mr. MUTABARUKA Mubuecky I/C of Env. and Water Mr. KAYIGIRE Fidèl I/C of Infrastructure
7/4 ditto Mr. TUYISABE Augustin CDF Engineer
6/23 CODAMU Mr. HAKIZAMUNG Elias President Ms. TUYISHIMIRE Yvonne Accountant Ms. MUKANKUNZURWANDA Marceline Sanitation Mr. NYAMPETA Celestin Technician Mr. KARUHIJE Jean Bosco Technician
7/6 Kirehe District Mr. MUTABARUKA Silvain I/C of Env., Water, Forestry
Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascene I/C of Health
2) Surveyor of the Stakeholder Interview Survey The 2 surveyors (a Japanese Expert and an interpreter) made the interview with each target person.
1-2-2. Sample Household Survey 1) Date and Venue Firstly, a pre-test of the questionnaire for the sample household survey was conducted at the coverage area of MKM water supply facility in Rwamagana District on 6th June, 2011, in order to revise the contents of the questionnaire through verification with the surveyors. Next, in advance of the sample household survey in each pilot site, the survey team made a courtesy call to the Sector Office which covers the pilot site by informing them that the survey would start, and requested them to provide assistance to the team if necessary. Also, the expert explained to the surveyors in advance about details of each water supply facility and its coverage area.
The sample household survey was conducted at each pilot site as shown in the following table.
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Table 3 Summary of the Sample Household Survey District Pilot Site Date Rwamagana Coverage Area of MKM water supply scheme 7th – 13th June, 2011 Kayonza Coverage Area of Nyankora water supply scheme 14th – 16th June, 2011 Ngoma Coverage Area of Murama handpump scheme 17th – 21st June, 2011 Kirehe Coverage Area of Gatore 2 water supply scheme 22nd – 24th June, 2011
2) Method of Sampling The survey team applies a stratified sampling method, which samples households by increments at each water point. Considering the number of beneficiaries and size of coverage area of each water supply scheme at each pilot site, number of total sample households at each site became such ratio as Rwamagana: Kayonza: Ngoma: Kirehe = 2:1:1:1. Then, reflecting the number of water points at each pilot site (number of public taps in Rwamagana, Kayonza and Kirehe, number of handpumps in Ngoma), the unit number of sample households at each water point was provided as follows; Rwamagana/ 3, Kayonza/ 7, Ngoma/ 9 and Kirehe/ 9. The total number of the sample households became 485 acquired through above sampling procedure. The following table shows the summary of the sample households.
Table 4 Sampling Methods of Households District Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe Pilot Site MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore 2 Number of Water Points 63 14 11 11 Type of Water Point Public Tap Public Tap Handpump Public Tap Unit of Sample 3 7 9 9 Households Total Sample 189 98 99 99 Households Total 485
3) Surveyor The expert selected 6 Rwandese surveyors who had experiences in the similar surveys and requested them to conduct an interview survey with questionnaire.
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2. Overall Goal Summary of Results of each indicator of the overall goal is shown in the following table.
Table 5 Summary of Achievements of Overall Goal Indicators 1. The number of financially sound (such as not in the red) water supply service providers in the 4 target Districts is increased. MKM WUA achieved stable and profitable financial standing. Other Rwamagana WSPs (i.e. COGERWA) are also not in poor financial status. COGEPRENA achieved stable and profitable financial standing. Other Kayonza WSPs are also not in poor financial status. As CODAM has just started their operation on tariff collection, firm tariff collection by using users’ list which is under development and financially Ngoma balanced management are expected. Other WSPs are receiving interventions from the district on achieving fiscal soundness under introduction of privatization policy. Gatore 2 WUA plans to start tariff collection after operation of the water supply facility, while it is expected that they are able to conduct proper tariff Kirehe collection and manage it with financial soundness, considering the operation before the breakdown of the pump. Other WSPs expect interventions from the district on achieving financial soundness. 2. The percentage of residents in the 4 target Districts without improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) decreases by 15%. “Everytime” and “sometimes” tend to be found highly at the pilot site as the Rwamagana responses to the questionnaire. The district officer in charge of health acknowledges trends of improving sanitary behaviours in other areas. “Everytime” and “sometimes” tend to be found highly at the pilot site as the Kayonza responses to the questionnaire. The district officer in charge of health acknowledges trends of improving sanitary behaviours in other areas. “Everytime” and “sometimes” tend to be found highly at the pilot site as the Ngoma responses to the questionnaire. The district officer in charge of health acknowledges trends of improving sanitary behaviours in other areas. “Everytime” and “sometimes” tend to be found highly at the pilot site as the Kirehe responses to the questionnaire. The district officer in charge of health acknowledges trends of improving sanitary behaviours in other areas.
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2-1. Overall Goal Indicator 1 As for the overall goal indicator 1 “The number of financially sound (such as not in the red) water supply service providers in the 4 target Districts is increased”, the water service providers (WSPs) at each pilot site are under various situation of management, however, it is evaluated that the WSPs are implementing activities for financial soundness. There had been some WSPs in poor financial status before the Project started, but now their financial soundness is being realised because of assistance from the Project for both improving their management and technology and developing institution for adjustment of communications with a district. The district officers make efforts on financial soundness of the other WSPs in each district based on the experiences learnt from the pilot sites, though there are some differences to some extent. The management body of MKM water supply scheme, the largest among those pilot sites of the four districts, is boosting sales of water and strengthens its management, so the other WSPs of the other districts are given a good effect regarding such issues. Therefore, the Overall Goal Indicator 1 is evaluated to be underway for achievement.
2-2. Overall Goal Indicator 2 As for the overall goal indicator 2 “The percentage of residents in the 4 target Districts without improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) decreases by 15%”, the residents’ sanitary behaviours keep high standards, and the responses of proper sanitary behaviours exceed more than 85%.
Regarding this indicator, it says more than 15% of residents will acquire the improved sanitary behaviours, though the baseline survey of the Project showed many residents behaved sanitarily since then. There is also a report by JICA short-term expert in June 2006 regarding such data before the Project started. It was implemented in the former Kibungo Province (a part of the present Eastern Province) as an information collection activity for preparation of the Project, and the report shows around half of residents wash their hands after toilet or before meal, however, the first reason of non washing hands as “Do not understand the necessity” is at 45.9%, exceeding the second “High price on soap” at 36.9%. Also, the report shows the residents who don’t wash their hands before meal (12.1%) and after toilet (16.3%). The survey for the report asked the residents about their hand washing behaviours with soap, and there are more than 10% of residents without hand washing behaviours. Therefore, the number of residents in the target four districts who wash their hands with clean water at proper timing decreases, comparing with that in 2006.
In addition, district officers in charge of health responded that appropriate sanitary behaviours
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are being disseminated within the other areas in a district. Therefore, the Overall Goal Indicator 2 is evaluated to be underway for achievement.
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3. Project Purpose Summary of Results of each indicator of the project purpose is shown in the following table.
Table 6 Summary of Achievements of Project Purpose Indicators 1. Non-operational periods of water supply facilities in the pilot sites do not last more than a week. In total 4 times from 2008 – 2010, after the period no breakdown more than 1 Rwamagana week. In total 1 time from 2008 – 2010, after the period no breakdown more than 1 Kayonza week. Ngoma 2 handpumps were stopping from 2010 – June 2010, now it’s operating. Kirehe Pump was stopping from 2010 – June 2010, now it’s operating. 2. The number of residents in the pilot sites with improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) is increased. Hand washing before meal keeps at high standards while hand washing after Rwamagana toilet improved from the past. Hand washing before meal keeps at high standards while hand washing after Kayonza toilet improved from the past. Hand washing before meal keeps at high standards while hand washing after Ngoma toilet improved from the past. Hand washing before meal keeps at high standards while hand washing after Kirehe toilet improved from the past. 3. The sales of water supply schemes of the pilot sites increases. Rwamagana The sales of water increased from 2009 to 2010. Kayonza The sales of water sustain to some extent. Water tariff had been collected from 2008 to 2009, after the period the collection Ngoma stopped. Now the tariff is being collected again. Kirehe After the re-operation of the pump, the water tariff is being collected. 4. The number of sanitation promotion activities by the districts increases in the project area. Little sanitation promotion activities were conducted by the district before the Rwamagana Project started, but now it is done quarterly and other promotions are organised with the chances such as vaccination campaigns. Little sanitation promotion activities were conducted by the district before the Kayonza Project started, but now “sanitation week” is held quarterly, when visit to all the households for verification of the sanitary conditions.
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Little sanitation promotion activities were conducted by the district before the Ngoma Project started, but now it is done irregularly. It will be conducted regularly in the future. Little sanitation promotion activities were conducted by the district before the Kirehe Project started, but now it is held 8 times per year.
3-1.Project Purpose Indicator 1 As for the project purpose indicator 1 “Non-operational periods of water supply facilities in the pilot sites do not last more than a week”, the following table shows the non-operational periods as a summary.
Table 7 Non-Operational Periods of Water Supply Facility Pilot Site Type Non-Operation More Than 1 Week Data Period Rwakibogo Pump: Lack of operation Since April 2008 record once in January 20091, but no breakdown Mwulire Pump: Non-operational period Since April 2008 MKM Pump more than 1 week does not exist. (Rwamagana) Munyaga Pump: Once in January and Since April 2008 February 2010 2 , since then non- (Data lack from operational period more than 1 week February to July does not exist. 2009) Nyankora Once Since October Pump (Kayonza) 2009 Murama Hand All the 11 handpumps are operating3. July 20110 (Ngoma) pump Gatore 2 The pump had been broken down for 6 Since July 2009 Pump (Kirehe) months since July 20094, but now it is
1 The data lack because the technician who operated the Rwakibogo pump became sick and another technician who alternated him did not record the pump operation. During such period, the pump itself was operated. 2 It was neither a poor maintenance nor breakdown of the generator, but a technician did not notice a screw on a flexible part was loosened and support was delayed. The next time another screw was loosened and also support was delayed. 3 There were some breakdowns because of lack of fund rasing from the residents for purchasing spare parts, and difficulty of procurement of spare parts far away from Kigali. 4 The pump installed by the other donor was second hand, therefore repair works were tried some times, then a local engineer is not capable to support it. Therefore, the new pump was
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operating.
Since April 2010, sometimes there have been non-operational period for MKM and Nyankora water supply facility because of electricity shortage; however, all of the periods were less than one week. All the handpumps in Murama are operating. The Gatore 2 water supply facility is functioning due to procurement of the new pump.
3-2. Project Purpose Indicator 2 As for the project purpose indicator 1 “The number of residents in the pilot sites with improved sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) is increased”, as a result of the sample household survey with questionnaire under the end line survey, each figure of the total number of the residents who responded that they wash their hands “everytime” or “sometimes” shows high trends (more than 85%) as shown below. If the result of the end line survey regarding hand washing behaviours is compared with those of the baseline surveys (the first: October 2008, the second: September 2009) and KAP survey (September 2009), it is shown that hand washing practice before meal maintains at high level, while hand washing behaviour after toilet improves from the past. The reason why these series of improvements in sanitary practices are achieved is that the regular monitoring activities by the district officers in charge of health under assistance from the Project, and it is assumed to benefit the sustainable high standard sanitary behaviours.
Table 8 Hand Washing Before Meal (Comparison with Other Surveys) Pilot Site Date MKM/ Murama Nyankora/ Gatore 2 October 2008 299/301 (99.3%) - September 2009 - 194/200 (97%) July 2011 278/286 (97.2%) 193/197 (98.0%)
Table 9 Hand Washing After Toilet (Comparison with Other Surveys) Pilot Site Date MKM/ Murama Nyankora/ Gatore 2 October 2008 241/301 (80.1%) - September 20095 - 155/200 (75.5%) September 20096 21/47 (44.7%) 6/15 (40.0%)
procured and installed, and the operation was started again. 5 Draft Baseline Survey
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July 2011 258/285 (90.5%) 173/196 (88.3%)
In comparison with the result of the baseline surveys, it is found that keeping water inside the house (kitchen or room) maintains at high level, while ratio of using the disinfectant liquid sold as “SurEau” rises as the treatment method of water.
Table 10 Place of Water Keeping (Comparison with Baseline Surveys) Place First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Kitchen 10 3.3% 7 3.5% 30 6.3% Room 288 96.3% 191 95.5% 437 92.0% Outside 1 0.3% 2 1.0% 8 1.7% Total 299 100.0% 200 100.0% 475 100.0%
Table 11 Method of Water Treatment (Comparison with Baseline Surveys) Method First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Disinfectant liquid 34 8.7% 21 10.5% 122 30.3% Boiling 253 64.9% 120 60.0% 276 68.5% Filtration 62 15.9% 5 2.5% 5 1.2% Other 41 10.5% - - 0 0.0% Total 390 100.0% 200 100.0% 403 100.0%
Based on the above results, even if there are various effects such as assistance from other donors, it is evaluated that the project purpose indicator 2 is achieved as the residents at the pilot sites has acquired proper sanitary behaviours and even have trends to improved it.
3-3. Project Purpose Indicator 3 As for the project purpose indicator 3 “The sales of water supply schemes of the pilot sites increases”, the situation differs among the pilot sites.
1) MKM Water Supply Facility (Constructed by the Japanese Grant Aid Project) At the starting period of the Project, the communications among the water users’ association, the public tap managers, the residents and public officers were not enough. The tariff collection task was done by the accountant of WUA through the public tap managers, while uncollected water tariff from the public tap managers was accumulated as it was difficult for the
6 KAP Survey
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accountant to travel throughout all the 63 public taps. Moreover, the WUA did not have an enough institutional capacity of decision making through proper management judgement. In addition, as the pumps of MKM water supply facility utilised diesel generators as source of power, increasing cost of pump operation due to rising price of fuel weighed on management.
Thereafter as a result of assistance from the Project thereafter, the WUA has made such efforts on increasing water sales as newly employment of a tariff collector, strengthening of claim for uncollected tariff from the public tap managers, and implementation of sensitisation activities to the residents, and applied the cost cutting policy (i.e. switch the fuel of pump operation from diesel fuel into electricity), improvements in management in terms of change of an accountant and restructure the management body in to cooperative, aiming to establish stable management basis.
2) Nyankora Water Supply Facility (Constructed by the Japanese Grant Aid Project) At the starting period of the Project, the Nyankora water supply scheme was managed by a cooperative called “COVOMEKA”. As in Kayonza district, the policy of privatisation of water supply facility is applied, in accordance with the privatisation policy the district thereby concluded a contract with the cooperative on commissioning the water supply facility which is owned by the district. COVOMEKA managed not only the Nyankora water supply facility but together with the other water supply schemes within Kayonza district. However, COVOMEKA failed to make a payment of 15% of water sales to the district water fund as stipulated in the contract, and had difficulty in management of the other water supply schemes.
Under such circumstances, the management body of the water supply facilities including the Nyankora water supply scheme was transferred from COVOMEKA into COGEPRENA by assistance from the Project, and now it makes an effort on improving its management situation. At the Nyankora water supply facility which is one of the pilot sites, a proper tariff collection is now continuously implemented as a result of revision of unclear system for tariff collection.
3) Murama Handpump Scheme (Constructed by the Japanese Grant Aid Project) At the starting period of the Project, the Murama handpump facilities were managed by a water users’ association. Although the water tariff on fix rate basis was collected from users per each household, the WUA faced difficulty in tariff collection because of bad water quality of boreholes and existence of free charge water source nearby (a protected spring water source constructed by China). Even though the technicians of WUA were skilled in handpump maintenance, they have difficulty in maintenance because of failure in tariff collection as well as
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lack of stocks of handpump spare parts which need to be procured from the one and only one distributor in Kigali.
Then in line with the introduction of the privatisation policy in Ngoma district, the management body was transferred from the former WUA into the new cooperative (CODAM), and the management was renewed. Throughout the process, the tariff collection was commenced through the accounting training conducted by the Project and the request to the district on implementation of sensitisation activity. Until then, the coverage ratio of the tariff collection was at low level, however, it is expected that water sales will increase through firm tariff collection by establishing users’ list which is under preparation.
4) Gatore 2 Water Supply Facility (Constructed by the Other Donor) Unlike the other pilot sites, the Gatore 2 water supply facility was constructed by the other donor7. However, the pump had continued to be broken since the facility started operation as the second hand pump was installed at construction stage; therefore a technician of the WUA which manages the facility conducted the repair works. Due to accumulation of several breakdowns, they could not afford to repair the pump anymore and the facility had stopped operation since September 2009 until July 2011.
Now the new pump was procured and installed by the Red Cross and the facility started operation again. The WUA decided the price of tariff and a firm tariff collection and increase of water sales are expected through reactivation of the facility.
Table 12 Water Sales at Each Pilot Site (Thousand RWF) 2008 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MKM/ Rwamagana na na na na na na 4,269 3,254 1,392 2,047 2,560 Nyankora/ Kayonza ------Murama/ Ngoma 113 135 76 75 Gatore 2/ Kirehe ------
2009 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MKM/ Rwamagana 2,223 1,324 1,304 1,294 934 2,730 3,634 3,773 3,240 1,899 1,135 na Nyankora/ Kayonza ------Murama/ Ngoma 72 - - -
7 French Private Company “Nestle” distributed the funds to the local NGO “LWF (Lutheran World Federation) and the NGO contracted with the local contractor for construction of the water supply facility.
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Gatore 2/ Kirehe ------
2010 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MKM/ Rwamagana 985 2,418 2,444 1,994 2,042 3,506 4,908 5,801 3,090 3,675 2,356 3,399 Nyankora/ Kayonza ------1,041 1,016 864 816 325 451 Murama/ Ngoma - - - - Gatore 2/ Kirehe 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2011 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MKM/ Rwamagana 4,837 2,256 - - Nyankora/ Kayonza 544 377 601 - Murama/ Ngoma - Gatore 2/ Kirehe 0 0 0 0 0
3-4. Project Purpose Indicator 4 As for the project purpose indicator 4 “The number of sanitation promotion activities by the districts increases in the project area”, each district regularly conducts sanitation promotion activities with their ingenuity. Although the sanitation promotion activities by the districts had been rarely conducted before the Project started, the above indicator is evaluated to be achieved as the sanitation promotion activities are being held with assistance from the Project. According to the interview survey to the district officers in charge of health, the following promotion activities are conducted.
1) Rwamagana District: Sanitation promotion activities are conducted quarterly. 2) Kayonza District: The “Health Week” is quarterly held for verification of sanitary conditions through visit to all the households in the district and giving them instructions if necessary. Also, the health committees are held at each level of local administrations (district office, sector office, cell office and umudugudu) for implementing the sanitation promotion activities. 3) Ngoma District: The sanitation promotion activities were conducted irregularly before, but now the activities are implemented regularly. 4) Kirehe District: The sanitation promotion activities were conducted 8 times during the fiscal year 2010/2011.
Among the above districts, the Kayonza district especially achieves great results through holding competition on sanitation and visiting all the households. Through assistance from the Project, the systematic sanitation promotion activities are increased by the initiative of the health centres which are organised by the community health workers and the WSP members in
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charge of sanitation and supervised by the districts. As a result, the residents recognise the necessity of hand washing at a proper timing and are motivated to do so. And the system was established, under which the district officers in charge of health shall monitor and follow up the settlement of such residents’ sanitary behaviours.
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4. Output 1 Summary of Results of each indicator of the output 1 is shown in the following table.
Table 13 Summary of Achievements of Output 1 Indicators 1. The contents (items) and procedures for supervision by the districts are documented. Rwamagana The administrative support manual was established. Kayonza The administrative support manual was established. Ngoma The administrative support manual was established. Kirehe The administrative support manual was established. 2. Operational and financial status of water supply schemes in the pilot sites are monitored by districts through monthly reports and proper supervisory guidance to water service providers is conducted. The monthly reports are submitted from WSPs and the district makes Rwamagana supervisory guidance on verification of current conditions and tariff reduction. Kayonza The district timely deals with the issues of WSPs. The regular meeting is quarterly held for supervisory guidance from the Ngoma district to WSPs, The regular meeting is planned, but the district has dealt timely with the issues Kirehe so far when it happened. 3. The district governments prepare training programs for technicians of water service providers. Rwamagana Planning of the programme was completed and under request for budget. Kayonza Planning of the programme was not completed. Ngoma Planning of the programme was completed and under request for budget. Kirehe Planning of the programme was completed and under request for budget. 4. The district governments examine the appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities. Rwamagana The tender process is implemented without any problems. Kayonza The tender process is implemented without any problems. Ngoma The tender process is implemented without any problems. Kirehe The tender process is implemented without any problems. 5. Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated by the districts to other areas within the districts (through seminars, workshops, etc.) Rwamagana The dissemination activities were conducted. Kayonza The dissemination activities are planned.
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Ngoma The dissemination activities were conducted. Kirehe The dissemination activities were conducted.
4-1. Output 1 Indicator 1 As for the output 1 indicator 1 “The contents (items) and procedures for supervision by the districts are documented”, it is evaluated to be achieved as “the Administrative Support Manual” was elaborated through assistance from the Project and authorised by the districts. The Administrative Support Manual established the contents and procedures to be followed by the districts. However, sustainable utilisation of the manual at actual work needs to be monitored.
4-2. Output 1 Indicator 2 As for the output 1 indicator 2 “Operational and financial status of water supply schemes in the pilot sites are monitored by districts through monthly reports and proper supervisory guidance to water service providers is conducted”, the situation of each district regarding the indicator is shown below.
1) Rwamagana District: Although the regular communications between the district and WSPs hadn’t existed before the Project started, now the monthly reports were submitted from the WSPs through assistance from the Project and the district intervene the management of the water supply scheme such as recognition of the current situation and supervisory guidance regarding the tariff reduction. Also, the regular meeting is planned. 2) Kayonza District: Although the workload of the district officer in charge of water is extremely heavy, she manages to support the communication between WSPs and the district ES in each case when it happens, and she can manage so far to resolve the issues of WSPs. The monthly reports are submitted continuously from the pilot WSP. 3) Ngoma District: The regular (quarterly) meeting with WSPs were held in October 2010, February and May 2011. On the meeting, the district made supervisory guidance to the WSPs based on the monthly reports submitted by the WSPs. Because of transition of the management body of the water supply facilities, the next monthly reports will be submitted in August 2011 from the pilot WSP. 4) Kirehe District: The meeting with WSPs was held in July, September, November 2010 and March 2011. Except for it, the district timely makes supervisory guidance to each case when it happens. The regular communications between the district and WSPs hadn’t existed before the Project started, but by the assistance from the Project, the
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district plans to hold the quarterly meeting based on the submitted monthly reports after July 2011 (the next fiscal year), whose budget is requested (on a budget basis, the meeting shall be organised monthly). The monthly report from the pilot WSP will be submitted to the district in August 2011 after restart of the operation of the water supply facility.
4-3. Output 1 Indicator 3 As for the output 1 indicator 3 “The district governments prepare training programs for technicians of water service providers”, 3 districts except for Kayonza district established the plan of training for technicians and requested its budget. The reason why the Kayonza district fails to establish the plan is pointed out that the workload of the district officer in charge of water who receives the tasks of the district officer in charge of education on maternity leave is extremely too heavy to spare time for planning and request of the budget. Even without the plan of the training, the officer tries to acquire the outside resource such as other donors, and in fact the training was implemented with use of such financial resources. On the other hand, the detail contents of the plan need to be further improved, and it is necessary to follow up the contents while the districts implement this year’s plan.
4-4. Output 1 Indicator 4 As for the output 1 indicator 4 “The district governments examine the appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities”, it is evaluated to be achieved as each district manages to conduct the evaluation of tender without any difficulties. Except for the evaluation of tender, the districts don’t have a chance to inspect the plan and design of a water supply facility, the donors and NGOs supervise the construction and inspect the results after the tender in accordance with the plan. The technical inspection of a water supply facility at the planning stage is offered by MININFRA. The district officer in charge of infrastructure, a technician studied in science and engineering, inspects technical aspects at tender process.
4-5. Output 1 Indicator 5 As for the output 1 indicator 5 “Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated by the districts to other areas within the districts (through seminars, workshops, etc.)”, 3 districts except for Kayonza district8 implemented the dissemination activities of the good model cases as follows.
8 The district officer in charge of water takes an additional responsibility of the officer in charge of education on maternity leave and has difficulty in sparing full time for such tasks regarding water as she is very busy.
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1) Rwamagana District: The district introduced to the other WSPs on the good model case of COGERWA such as its proper operations and records of pumps, chlorination and presentation of the monthly reports. 2) Ngoma District: The district introduced to the WSPs on the good model case of the presentation of the monthly report and accounting process. 3) Kirehe District: The district introduced the good model case of WSP of Rusumo to other WSPs. Such dissemination activity was implemented through selecting the good model case by the district officer in charge. It can be said that the officer plays a role of introduction of the good model case to other WSPs by recognising the current situation of WSPs in the district and selecting the good model case among them.
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5. Output 2 Summary of Results of each indicator of the output 2 is shown in the following table.
Table 14 Summary of Achievements of Output 2 Indicators 1. Water service providers continuously submit monthly reports to local administration. Rwamagana WSP submits the monthly report and is expected to continue it in the future. Kayonza WSP continuously submits the monthly report. WSP had been stopping tariff collection, but started it in May 2011 based on updated users’ list after establishment of the new cooperative in February 2011 Ngoma under the privatisation policy applied in Ngoma district. The monthly report was submitted again from June 2011. The exchange of the broken pump to new one was done by Red Cross in April 2011, and the facility started operation in June 2011. Also, tariff collection Kirehe was started at the end of June 2011 and the monthly report thereby submitted from July 2011. 2. Based on the operation and maintenance guideline to be prepared according to the type of water supply scheme, technicians handle and maintain water supply facilities (pumps, pipelines, handpumps, etc.) Rwamagana Maintenance is done utilising the operation and maintenance guideline. Kayonza Maintenance is done utilising the operation and maintenance guideline. Ngoma Maintenance is done utilising the operation and maintenance guideline. Kirehe Maintenance is done utilising the operation and maintenance guideline. 3. Based on the revised operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition), water service providers properly conduct daily accounting. Rwamagana The accountant conducts the proper accounting. Kayonza The accountant conducts the proper accounting. Ngoma The accountant starts the proper accounting. Kirehe The accountant starts the proper accounting. 4. Based on the water quality testing manual, water quality analysis of water sources and public taps in the pilot sites are carried out continuously once every 3 months. Rwamagana After the OJT, the water quality analysis is started from June 2011. Kayonza After the OJT, the water quality analysis is started from June 2011. Ngoma After the OJT, the water quality analysis is started from June 2011. Kirehe After the OJT, the water quality analysis is started from June 2011. 5. A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established.
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The system will start after verification of the number of spare parts. At Rwamagana present, management of small and medium scale spare parts is conducted, and now the system for large scale spare parts is under preparation. Kayonza Management of spare parts is conducted. Ngoma Management of spare parts is conducted, keeping one-year stocks. When the facility was operating, WSP procured the spare parts by themselves, Kirehe and future system is under discussion.
5-1. Output 2 Indicator 1 As for the output 2 indicator 1 “Water service providers continuously submit monthly reports to local administration”, the current situation is as follows. MKM WSP in Rwamagana district submits the monthly report to the district through strengthening management body such as change of an accountant. COGEPRENA in Kayonza district continuously submits the monthly report to the district. Both CODAM in Ngoma district and Gatore 2 WUA in Kirehe district are expected to continuously submit the monthly reports to each district after restart of tariff collection. The other WSPs in the target 4 districts submit the monthly reports to each district, as a result of dissemination of the Project outputs.
5-2. Output 2 Indicator 2 As for the output 2 indicator 2 “Based on the operation and maintenance guideline to be prepared according to the type of water supply scheme, technicians handle and maintain water supply facilities (pumps, pipelines, handpumps, etc.)”, the Operation and Maintenance Guideline, supported by the Project, is utilised at each pilot site, and a certain level of maintenance of the water supply facilities is achieved.
5-3. Output 2 Indicator 3 As for the output 2 indicator 3 “Based on the revised operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition), water service providers properly conduct daily accounting”, it is achieved at a certain level although different situations can be seen at each pilot site as follows. 1) Rwamagana District: MKM WUA conducts proper accounting. 2) Kayonza District: Although COGEPRENA conducted accounting at a certain level before, it is further improved through accounting training based on the Accounting Manual such as style of recording on the accounting book. 3) Ngoma District: As CODAM has just started tariff collection, actual accounting practice might become an issue in the future. However, the accountant received a training
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based on the Accounting Manual, and she has certain understanding of proper accounting. 4) Kirehe District: Gatore 2 WUA plans to start tariff collection after the restart of the facility, however, the accountant conducted proper accounting when it was operating, therefore it is expected that they continue the proper accounting in the future.
5-4. Output 2 Indicator 4 As for the output 2 indicator 4 “Based on the water quality testing manual, water quality analysis of water sources and public taps in the pilot sites are carried out continuously once every 3 months”, there is still an issue of sustainability although the plan of regular analysis at the pilot sites except for Kayonza district was established after the OJT in April and May 2011. It is thereby necessary to assist Kayonza district on this matter. And the other districts face challenges of continuous implementation of the water quality analysis. On the other hand, the analysis was conducted for the other WSPs within the districts as a result of dissemination of the Project’s output.
5-5. Output 2 Indicator 5 As for the output 2 indicator 5 “A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established”, it is evaluated that they are struggling for achievements as each district is under various situations as follows.
1) Rwamagana District: Rwamagana district manages the spare parts procured by the Japanese Grant Aid Project. Management of the spare parts was not enough and the system was not established when the Project started. Therefore, the district plans to verify the number of the spare parts with assistance from the Project, and the management will start after the spare parts are shifted to the district warehouse. 2) Kayonza District: Kayonza district manages the spare parts procured by the Japanese Grant Aid Project. Management of the spare parts was not enough and the system was not established when the Project started. As a result of the training utilising the manual by assistance from the Project, the stock management documents are established and utilised at present, and their management is at a certain level for now. 3) Ngoma District:
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Although the spare parts procured by the Japanese Grant Aid Project are exhausted, the WSPs purchase the spare parts by their own effort, which is consider to conduct the proper spare parts management. 4) Kirehe District: The district does not manage the spare parts especially. As the pilot site in Kirehe district was not constructed by the Japanese Grant Aid Project, a system of the spare parts management was not established. Therefore, the WSPs purchase the spare parts by their own effort.
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6. Output 3 Summary of Results of each indicator of the output 3 is shown in the following table.
Table 15 Summary of Achievements of Output 3 Indicators 1. The district governments prepare plans for awareness raising and execute them. Rwamagana The plan was established, and a budget is being requested. Kayonza The plan is being established, and a budget is not yet requested. Ngoma The plan of installing dust bins was established, and a budget is being requested. Kirehe The plan was established, but is difficult to be conducted due to lack of budget. 2. At the pilot sites, number of residents who participated in awareness raising has increased. Rwamagana The residents participate in the regular promotion activities. Kayonza The residents participate in the regular promotion activities. Ngoma The residents participate in the irregular promotion activities. Kirehe The residents participate in the regular promotion activities. 3. Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted 1 time/month. Rwamagana The activity is held irregularly but planned to be regular in the future. Kayonza The activity is held regularly. Ngoma The activity is held regularly. Kirehe The activity is held regularly.
6-1. Output 3 Indicator 1 As for the output 3 indicator 1 “The district governments prepare plans for awareness raising and execute them”, the plan of sanitation promotion activities by the districts hadn’t existed before the Project started, but now with assistance from the Project, 3 districts out of four establishes the plan as follows.
1) Rwamagana District: The plan was established and the budget is being requested. 2) Kayonza District: The plan is being established as the district officer in charge of health is busy, and the budget will be requested after the completion of planning. 3) Ngoma District: The budget for the promotion activities was denied by the district, therefore the plan of installing dust bins was again established and the budget is being requested. 4) Kirehe District: The plan of sanitation promotion activities was established but the implementation is difficult as the budget is not enough.
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6-2. Output 3 Indicator 2 As for the output 3 indicator 2 “At the pilot sites, number of residents who participated in awareness raising has increased”, it is evaluated to be achieved to some extent based on the following situation. The sanitation promotion activities by the districts are regularly conducted in the 3 districts except for Ngoma district, and Ngoma district implements the activities if necessary, it is considered that certain number of residents participated in the activities. The WSP members in charge of sanitation promotion circuit the communities and give them instructions regarding sanitary behaviours.
6-3. Output 3 Indicator 3 As for the output 3 indicator 3 “Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted 1 time/month”, it is evaluated to be mostly achieved as the promotion activities are being monthly conducted except for vacation period, and at the pilot school except for Mwulire 2 Primary School. Although the assistance from the Project for the activities completed in September 2010, each school continues to implement the sanitation promotion activities (HAMS Club activities), and it is highly evaluated to be achieved in terms of sustainability. The reasons why the Mwulire 2 Primary School fails to record the number of times of HAMS Club activities are that the core pupils of HAMS Club were graduated at a same time succession was not well done, and that the teacher in charge of HAMS Club left the school and entered into a University.
Table 16 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Mwulire 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------3 12 1 1 - 2010 - 4 - - - - 1 1 4 1 - - 2011 ------
Table 17 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Nkondo 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------2010 - 6 4 2 4 5 2 7 5 4 4 - 2011 2 4 4 2 4 3
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Table 18 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Sakara2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------2 4 4 - - 2010 - 4 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 2011 1 4 4 1 4
Table 19 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Mwulire 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 - 7 3 3 5 4 2 6 5 4 5 - 2011 3 4 3 1 4 2
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4. Conclusion As for the output 2, which aims to obtain sustainable operation and maintenance of the water supply facilities at the 4 pilot sites, the WSPs acquire the technical and financial capacity which realises the stable operation and maintenance of the facility through instruction and establishment of the manuals by the Project experts.
As for the output 1 regarding the supervisory guidance of the districts to such WSPs, the cases where the districts recognise the current situation of the WSPs and give them the necessary instructions are increased through acceptance of the reports from the WSPs, holding of the regular meeting with the WSPs and application of the administrative support manual, supported by the Project. The settlement of the output is thereby expected in the future. Also, the budgets for the training by the districts to the WSPs are secured in most of the districts as a result of establishment of the plan of training and continuous discussions with the districts, and the training is planned to be implemented in this fiscal year (July 2011 – June 2012).
As for the output 3 regarding the sanitation promotion activities, it is considered to be highly achieved, especially on the promotion activities at most of the primary schools, as the HAMS Club activities continue even after assistance from the Project was completed.
While there are such achievements, the following issues remain.
A case is observed where the supervisory guidance to the WSPs is further strengthened by dispatching the district officer exclusively in charge of operation and maintenance of the water supply facilities in some districts in the latter half of the Project period. However, it is considered to be necessary to arrange and clarify the interventions of EWSA which was established in 2011 and roles and responsibilities of the relevant authorities in order to sustain such good situations as an organisational structure even at the district without the exclusive officer.
It is expected that the WSPs at the pilot sites are able to acquire the capacity for stable operation and maintenance of the water supply facilities before the Project is completed through the OJT by the Project experts. The issues remaining are, 1) strengthening of the district capacity on coordinating the cases such as medium or large scale rehabilitations where interventions by above the district is necessary, 2) strengthening of districts’ management of finance and contracts under the ongoing privatisation policy framework, and 3) how to improve the service of the WSPs through training and instruction of the WSPs other than that of the pilot
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sites.
Notes: Due to the history of the Project, it was very difficult in the end line survey to treat and compare the figure, as the PDM was changed 5 times, and several restructuring of the implementation agency and the administrative framework. However, the Project expects the result is adequate even though the data source from the other areas and old one are utilised.
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A-3-78 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
A-1 Source of Water MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Source No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % River 5 1.2% 12 4.9% 1 0.6% 0 0.0% 18 1.8% Marshland 21 5.1% 60 24.5% 11 6.6% 48 26.4% 140 14.0% Rain Water 85 20.8% 56 22.9% 17 10.2% 55 30.2% 213 21.2% Prtcd Spring 42 10.3% 3 1.2% 41 24.6% 59 32.4% 145 14.5% Handpump 60 14.7% 20 8.2% 97 58.1% 16 8.8% 193 19.2% Public Tap 164 40.1% 81 33.1% 0 0.0% 1 0.5% 246 24.5% Kiosk 16 3.9% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 16 1.6% Private Tap 16 3.9% 13 5.3% 0 0.0% 3 1.6% 32 3.2% Bottled 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 409 100.0% 245 100.0% 167 100.0% 182 100.0% 1003 100.0% A-3-79
A-2 Water Costs MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Range No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % 0 - 500 17 9.0% 23 23.5% 99 100.0% 39 39.4% 178 36.7% 501 - 1000 25 13.2% 28 28.6% 0 0.0% 6 6.1% 59 12.2% 1001 - 1500 6 3.2% 21 21.4% 0 0.0% 4 4.0% 31 6.4% 1501 - 2000 60 31.7% 11 11.2% 0 0.0% 2 2.0% 73 15.1% 2001 - 2500 8 4.2% 6 6.1% 0 0.0% 2 2.0% 16 3.3% 2501 - 3000 32 16.9% 3 3.1% 0 0.0% 11 11.1% 46 9.5% 3001 - 3500 2 1.1% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 2 0.4% 3501 - 4000 16 8.5% 2 2.0% 0 0.0% 2 2.0% 20 4.1% 4001 - 4500 8 4.2% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% 9 1.9% 4501 - 5000 1 0.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% 2 0.4% 5001 - 5500 1 0.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2%
A-1
Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
5501 - 6000 3 1.6% 2 2.0% 0 0.0% 9 9.1% 14 2.9% 6001 - 6500 1 0.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2% 6501 - 7000 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% 1 0.2% 7001 - 9 4.8% 2 2.0% 0 0.0% 21 21.2% 32 6.6% Total 189 100.0% 98 100.0% 99 100.0% 99 100.0% 485 100.0%
B-1 Type of Latrine MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Type No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Latrine traditional 36 20.9% 20 20.6% 25 25.5% 22 22.7% 103 22.2% Simple latrine 127 73.8% 74 76.3% 72 73.5% 74 76.3% 347 74.8% Latrine with platform 7 4.1% 3 3.1% 1 1.0% 1 1.0% 12 2.6%
A-3-80 VIP 1 0.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2% VIP double septic tank 1 0.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2% Urine diversion (ECOSAN) 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 172 100.0% 97 100.0% 98 100.0% 97 100.0% 464 100.0%
B-2 Needs for Latrine MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Answer No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Yes 186 98.9% 98 100.0% 98 99.0% 97 99.0% 479 99.2% No 2 1.1% 0 0.0% 1 1.0% 1 1.0% 4 0.8% Total 188 100.0% 98 100.0% 99 100.0% 98 100.0% 483 100.0%
A-2
Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
B-3 Wash Hands before Meal MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Frequency No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Everytime 142 75.9% 81 82.7% 83 83.8% 77 77.8% 383 79.3% Sometimes 37 19.8% 16 16.3% 16 16.2% 19 19.2% 88 18.2% Rarely 8 4.3% 1 1.0% 0 0.0% 3 3.0% 12 2.5% Never 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 187 100.0% 98 100.0% 99 100.0% 99 100.0% 483 100.0%
MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Method No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % With water from a bucket 33 17.9% 12 12.4% 15 15.2% 23 23.5% 83 17.4%
A-3-81 With running water 18 9.8% 13 13.4% 16 16.2% 13 13.3% 60 12.6% With running water with soap 132 71.7% 72 74.2% 68 68.7% 62 63.3% 334 69.9% I don't wash my hands before meal 1 0.5% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2% Total 184 100.0% 97 100.0% 99 100.0% 98 100.0% 478 100.0%
B-3 Wash Hands after Toilet MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Frequency No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Everytime 113 60.4% 47 48.0% 52 53.1% 39 39.8% 251 52.2% Sometimes 51 27.3% 41 41.8% 42 42.9% 46 46.9% 180 37.4% Rarely 18 9.6% 10 10.2% 4 4.1% 10 10.2% 42 8.7% Never 5 2.7% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3 3.1% 8 1.7% Total 187 100.0% 98 100.0% 98 100.0% 98 100.0% 481 100.0%
A-3
Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Method No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % With water from a bucket 29 16.4% 19 19.4% 18 18.4% 27 28.1% 93 19.8% With running water 19 10.7% 14 14.3% 14 14.3% 21 21.9% 68 14.5% With running water with soap 129 72.9% 65 66.3% 66 67.3% 48 50.0% 308 65.7% I don't wash my hands after using toilet 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 51 100.0% 98 100.0% 98 100.0% 96 100.0% 469 100.0%
B-4 Water Keeping MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Place No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Kitchen 7 3.8% 11.3% 11.3% 6 6.1% 6 6.2% 30 6.3%
A-3-82 Room 173 95.1% 87.6% 87.6% 91 91.9% 88 90.7% 437 92.0% Outside the house 2 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 2 2.0% 3 3.1% 8 1.7% Total 182 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99 100.0% 97 100.0% 475 100.0%
MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Method No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % With bucket with cover 70 28.5% 36 29.5% 37 29.8% 52 37.4% 195 30.9% With bucket without cover 58 23.6% 15 12.3% 14 11.3% 6 4.3% 93 14.7% With container 26 10.6% 11 9.0% 12 9.7% 17 12.2% 66 10.5% With jar with cover 23 9.3% 21 17.2% 30 24.2% 22 15.8% 96 15.2% With jar without cover 17 6.9% 13 10.7% 6 4.8% 16 11.5% 52 8.2% With can 49 19.9% 23 18.9% 25 20.2% 22 15.8% 119 18.9% With tank 3 1.2% 3 2.5% 0 0.0% 4 2.9% 10 1.6% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 246 100.0% 122 100.0% 124 100.0% 139 100.0% 631 100.0%
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Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
B-5 Water Treatment MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Answer No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Yes 137 72.5% 73 74.5% 84 84.8% 72 73.5% 366 75.6% No 52 27.5% 25 25.5% 15 15.2% 26 26.5% 118 24.4% Total 189 100.0% 98 100.0% 99 100.0% 98 100.0% 484 100.0%
MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore2 Total Method No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % With disinfectant liquid 41 26.5% 21 26.9% 37 40.2% 23 29.5% 122 30.3% By boiling 112 72.3% 57 73.1% 53 57.6% 54 69.2% 276 68.5% Filtration 2 1.3% 0 0.0% 2 2.2% 1 1.3% 5 1.2% Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% Total 155 100.0% 78 100.0% 92 100.0% 78 100.0% 403 100.0% A-3-83
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Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
1. Date and Venue Firstly, a pre-test of the questionnaire for the sample household survey was conducted at the coverage area of MKM water supply facility in Rwamagana District on 6th June, 2011, in order to revise the contents of the questionnaire through verification with the surveyors. Next, in advance of the sample household survey in each pilot site, the survey team made a courtesy call to the Sector Office which covers the pilot site by informing them that the survey would start, and requested them to provide assistance to the team if necessary. Also, the expert explained to the surveyors in advance about details of each water supply facility and its coverage area.
The sample household survey was conducted at each pilot site as shown in the following table.
Table 1 Summary of the Sample Household Survey District Pilot Site Date Rwamagana Coverage Area of MKM water supply scheme 7th – 13th June, 2011 Kayonza Coverage Area of Nyankora water supply scheme 14th – 16th June, 2011 Ngoma Coverage Area of Murama handpump scheme 17th – 21st June, 2011 Kirehe Coverage Area of Gatore 2 water supply scheme 22nd – 24th June, 2011
2. Method of Sampling The survey team applies a stratified sampling method, which samples households by increments at each water point. Considering the number of beneficiaries and size of coverage area of each water supply scheme at each pilot site, number of total sample households at each site became such ratio as Rwamagana: Kayonza: Ngoma: Kirehe = 2:1:1:1. Then, reflecting the number of water points at each pilot site (number of public taps in Rwamagana, Kayonza and Kirehe, number of handpumps in Ngoma), the unit number of sample households at each water point was provided as follows; Rwamagana/ 3, Kayonza/ 7, Ngoma/ 9 and Kirehe/ 9. The total number of the sample households became 485 acquired through above sampling procedure. The following table shows the summary of the sample households.
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A-3-84 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Table 2 Sampling Methods of Households District Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe Pilot Site MKM Nyankora Murama Gatore 2 Number of Water Points 63 14 11 11 Type of Water Point Public Tap Public Tap Handpump Public Tap Unit of Sample 3 7 9 9 Households Total Sample 189 98 99 99 Households Total 485
3. Surveyor The expert selected 6 Rwandese surveyors who had experiences in the similar surveys and requested them to conduct an interview survey with questionnaire.
4. Results of the Sample Household Survey 4-1 Situation of Water Usage The situation of monthly payment of water tariff at the 4 pilot sites is shown in the following figure.
Figure 1 Monthly Payment of Water Tariff
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A-3-85 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
As the overall trend, the most frequent range is 0 Frw – 500 Frw, and the average is 2214 Frw, while the median is 1200 Frw. However, various situations are found at each pilot site as the following shows the monthly payment situation of water tariff at each pilot site. 1) MKM Water Supply Scheme: The most frequent range is 1501 Frw – 2000 Frw, which is higher than the overall trend. The average is 2566 Frw while the median is 1800 Frw. If it is converted using the water tariff at the survey period (30 Frw/ jerrican), the average becomes about 85 jerricans / month (about 1.7m3 - 2.0 m3/ month), while the median becomes about 60 jerricans / month (about 1.2m3 - 1.4 m3/ month). 2) Nyankora Water Supply Scheme: The most frequent range is 501 Frw – 1000 Frw, which is higher than the overall trend but lower than that of MKM water supply scheme. The average is 1335 Frw while the median is 1000 Frw. If it is converted using the water tariff at the survey period (25 Frw/ jerrican), the average becomes about 53 jerricans / month (about 1.0m3 - 1.2 m3/ month), while the median becomes about 40 jerricans / month (about 0.8m3 - 0.9 m3/ month). 3) Murama Handpump Scheme: As the scheme applies the fixed tariff (500 Frw/ quarter), all the answers fit within the range of 0 Frw – 500 Frw. Therefore, the monthly payment becomes 500/3=167 Frw. The average is 130 Frw (as including the denial and exempted households), while the median becomes 167 Frw, which reduces the average of the overall trend. 4) Gatore 2 Water Supply Scheme: The most frequent range is 0 Frw – 500 Frw, which at a glance seems to be lower than the overall trend, but the average becomes 4494 Frw while the median becomes 1600 Frw. This is because the residents were forced to use free charge water sources such as the protected water springs or to buy water from the water vendors at a price of 100 Frw – 200 Frw/ jerrican due to the malfunctioning facility during the survey period. Therefore, the number of households whose answer is to pay more than 7001 Frw is next to that of 0 Frw – 500 Frw.
Figure 2 Monthly Payment of Water Tariff at Each Pilot Site MKM Nyankora
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A-3-86 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Murama Gatore2
4-2. Situation of Sanitation 1) Type of Toilets The following figure shows the type of toilets at the target sample households, and the same trend is observed at each pilot site.
Figure 3 Type of Toilets at Household
Also as for the necessity of the toilet, 99.2% of households answer it is necessary. The reason of the high awareness is that the installation of toilets at households is obliged by the Rwandan policy and staffs at the health centres and the sector offices circuit the households for verification of the situation of installation. The specific reasons acquired from the sample households are, “to keep clean the house or surroundings”, “to avoid infectious diseases”, “to keep privacy”, “to be told to do so”, “it is important (though no understanding of the reason”, and “there is a penalty if not installed”.
2) Hand Washing Behaviours
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A-3-87 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
a) Hand Washing Before Meal 97% of households answer that they wash their hands “everytime” or “sometimes” before meal. The same trend is observed at each pilot site.
Figure 4 Hand Washing Behaviour before Meal
On the other hand, the following figure shows the methods of hand washing, and the same trend is observed at each pilot site. Around 70% of households answer that they use soap for washing their hands.
Figure 5 Methods of Hand Washing before Meal
b) Hand Washing After Toilet Around 90% of households answer that they wash their hands “everytime” or “sometimes” after toilet.
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A-3-88 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Figure 6 Hand Washing after Toilet
On the other hand, the following figure shows the methods of hand washing after using toilet, and usage of soap is a bit lower than that of before meal.
Figure 7 Methods of Hand Washing after Toilet
The reason of lower usage of soap is that the usage at the coverage area of the Gatore 2 water supply scheme is lower than the other pilot sites. The reason of the lower usage at the coverage area of the Gatore 2 water supply scheme is that the facility stopped its operation at the survey period, and it was difficult to obtain safe water.
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A-3-89 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Figure 8 Methods of Hand Washing after Toilet at Each Pilot Site MKM Nyankora
Murama Gatore2
With water from a bucket With running water With running water with soap I don't wash my hands after using toilet
3) Situation of Stock of Water a) Place of Keeping Water 98% of the sample households answer that they keep water inside the house such as “Kitchen” or “Room”, which shows they consider the safe stock management of water.
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A-3-90 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Figure 9 Place of Keeping Water
Also they combine several methods of keeping water as follows (multiple answers). Each household tries to utilise jar or bucket with cover as much as possible in order to avoid pollution of obtained water.
Figure 10 Methods of Keeping Water (Multiple Answers)
4) Situation of Water Treatment Around 70% of households answer that they treat drinking water at 3 pilot sites except for the coverage area of Murama handpump scheme (85%). The reasons of non treatment are, “no time for treatment”, “no fuel (such as fire woods) for boiling”, “no need for treatment as the obtained water is safe (because of chlorinated already)”, and “no interest”.
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A-3-91 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Figure 11 Situation of Water Treatment
On the other hand, the following figure shows the methods of water treatment, which shows that 30% of households among those treating water use chlorine liquid “SurEau” (multiple answers).
Figure 12 Methods of Water Treatment (Multiple Answers)
Regarding the methods, the following difference is observed at each pilot site. The proportion of the households at the coverage area of the Murama handpump scheme which use the chlorine liquid is slightly higher than that of other pilot sites.
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A-3-92 Annex 1. Results of Household Survey
Figure 13 Methods of Water Treatment at Each Pilot Site MKM Nyankora
Murama Gatore2
With disinfectant liquid By Boiling Filtration Other
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A-3-93 Annex 2. Comparison between the Results of Household Survey of the End Line Survey and the Results of the (First) Baseline Survey and the Draft Baseline Survey
Monthly Payment of Water Tariff Water Tariff First Baseline Second Baseline End Line 0 - 500 103 34.2% - - 178 36.7% 501 - 1000 63 20.9% - - 59 12.2% 1001 - 1500 24 8.0% - - 31 6.4% 1501 - 2000 45 15.0% - - 73 15.1% 2001 - 2500 2 0.7% - - 16 3.3% 2501 - 3000 29 9.6% - - 46 9.5% 3001 - 3500 0 0.0% - - 2 0.4% 3501 - 4000 15 5.0% - - 20 4.1% 4001 - 4500 8 2.7% - - 9 1.9% 4501 - 5000 2 0.7% - - 2 0.4% 5001 - 5500 4 1.3% - - 1 0.2% 5501 - 6000 0 0.0% - - 14 2.9% 6001 - 6500 2 0.7% - - 1 0.2% 6501 - 7000 0 0.0% - - 1 0.2% 7001 - 4 1.3% - - 32 6.6% Total 301 100.0% - - 485 100.0%
Type of Toilets Type First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Latrine traditional 258 86.3% 56 28.0% 103 22.2% (without platform and pit) Simple latrine 1 0.3% 135 67.5% 347 74.8% Latrine with platform and 2 0.7% 2 1.0% 12 2.6% septic ventilated pit VIP 33 11.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2%
VIP double septic tank 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 1 0.2% Urine-diversion 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% (ECOSAN) toilet No toilet 5 1.7% 7 3.5% 0 0.0%
Total 299 100.0% 200 100.0% 464 100.0%
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A-3-94 Annex 2. Comparison between the Results of Household Survey of the End Line Survey and the Results of the (First) Baseline Survey and the Draft Baseline Survey
Necessity of Toilets Answer First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Yes 301 100.0% 479 99.2% No 0 0.0% 4 0.8% Total 301 100.0% 483 100.0%
Hand Washing (Before Meal) Frequency First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Everytime 163 81.5% 383 79.3% Yes Sometimes 299 99.3% 31 15.5% 88 18.2% Rarely 5 2.5% 12 2.5% No Never 1 0.7% 1 0.5% 0 0.0% Total 301 100.0% 200 100.0% 483
Hand Washing (After Using Toilets) Frequency First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Everytime 101 50.5% 251 52.2% Yes Sometimes 241 80.1% 54 27.0% 180 37.4% Rarely 26 13.0% 42 8.7% No Never 60 19.9% 19 9.5% 8 1.7% Total 301 100.0% 200 100.0% 481
Place of Keeping Water Place First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Kitchen 10 3.3% 7 3.5% 30 6.3% Room 288 96.3% 191 95.5% 437 92.0% Outside the house 1 0.3% 2 1.0% 8 1.7% Total 299 100.0% 200 100.0% 475 100.0%
Methods of Water Treatment Method First Baseline Second Baseline End Line Chlorination 34 8.7% 21 10.5% 122 30.3% Boiling 253 64.9% 120 60.0% 276 68.5% Filtration 62 15.9% 5 2.5% 5 1.2% Other 41 10.5% - - 0 0.0% Total 390 100.0% 200 100.0% 403 100.0%
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A-3-95 Annex 3. Questionnaire for the Household Survey
______/ 06 /2011 Serial No.: ______Questionnaire to Household for End Line Survey
District: ______
A: Water Usage
River Marshland (unprotected) Rain Water Protected spring water Which source of water does Handpump your household use for Public Tap A-1. drinking or cooking? Kiosk (EWSA/ Electrogaz) Private Tap [multiple answers allowed] Bottled Water Other (Specify ______
______)
How much does your A-2. household pay for water? ______Frw/ Month
B: Sanitation
Latrine traditional (without platform and pit) Simple latrine Latrine with platform and septic ventilated pit VIP Which type of latrines do you VIP double septic tank use in your property? B-1. Urine-diversion (ECOSAN) toilet
[multiple answers allowed] Other (specify ______
______)
Yes (Specify the reason ______
______
______) B-2. Do you want to use latrines? No (Specify the reason ______
______
______)
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A-3-96 Annex 3. Questionnaire for the Household Survey
Before meal: After using toilet: Everytime Everytime Sometimes Sometimes Rarely Rarely Never Never
Do you wash your hands Specify the reason Specify the reason
before meal ______or B-3. after using toilet ______
and
How? “How?” “How?” With water from a bucket With water from a bucket With running water With running water With running water with soap With running water with soap I don’t wash my hands before I don’t wash my hands after meal using toilet Place: Kitchen/ Room/ Outside the house
Methods: With bucket with cover With bucket without cover Where and How does your With container B-4. household keep water in your With jar with cover property? With jar without cover With can With tank
Other (specify ______
______) If “Yes”, how?
With disinfectant liquid (such as SurEau)/ By boiling/ Filtration
Other (specify ______
Does your household treat ______) B-5. water before drinking or cooking? If “No”, why?
Specify the reason ______
______
______
Comments:
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A-3-97 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
1. Date, Venue and Target Person Interview with stakeholders of the project was conducted as shown in the following table.
Table 1 Summary of the Stakeholder Interview Survey Date Organisation Target Person Position
6/8 Mwulire 2 Primary School Mr. MWUMBANEZA Jean Claude Head of Mwulire 2 P.S.
6/8 MKM WUA Mr. UWIRINGIYIMANA Emmanuel President Mr. HAVUNABAKUNDA Aloni Technician
Ms. NYIRAHABINEZA Josiane Accountant
6/10 ditto Mr. NKUNZURWANDA John Tariff Collector/ Sanitation
6/9 Kayonza District Ms. MUTESI Francine I/C of Water Mr. MBONYUMUKIZA Emmanuel I/C of Infrastructure Mr. GATETE John I/C of Health
6/9 COGEPRENA Mr. NZIYOROSHYA J. Marie President Ms. UMUTONIWASE Zaituna Accountant Mr. BIKORIMANA Emmanuel Technician Mr. KAREGE Thadé Technician
6/10 Rwamagana District Mr. NGABONEZA Deodatus I/C of Env., Water, Forestry Mr. RWAKAYIGAMBA Emmanuel I/C of Infrastructure
6/16 ditto Ms. UMUHOSA Chantal I/C of Health
6/13 Sakara Primary School Mr. MURWANASHYAKA Antoine Head of Sakara P.S.
6/14 Curazo Primary School Ms. MUKANGANGO Louise Head of Curazo P.S.
6/15 Gatore 2 WUA Mr. MUHUNDE Narcisse President Mr. NKURUNZIZA Valerian Accountant Mr. RWAHAMA Ildephonse Technician
6/16 Nkondo 2 Primary School Mr. NYANDWI Aphrodis Head of Nkondo 2 P.S.
6/21 Ngoma District Ms. UWAMAHORO Angelique I/C of Health
6/22 ditto Mr. RUDASINGWA Edigard I/C of WSP Mr. MUTABARUKA Mubuecky I/C of Env. and Water Mr. KAYIGIRE Fidèl I/C of Infrastructure
7/4 ditto Mr. TUYISABE Augustin CDF Engineer
6/23 CODAMU Mr. HAKIZAMUNG Elias President Ms. TUYISHIMIRE Yvonne Accountant Ms. MUKANKUNZURWANDA Marceline Sanitation Mr. NYAMPETA Celestin Technician
Mr. KARUHIJE Jean Bosco Technician
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A-3-98 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
7/6 Kirehe District Mr. MUTABARUKA Silvain I/C of Env., Water, Forestry Mr. KAYIRANGA Jean Damascene I/C of Health
2. Surveyor of the Stakeholder Interview Survey The 2 surveyors (a Japanese Expert and an interpreter) made the interview with each target person.
3. District It is considered to achieve a certain output from the supervision of the WSPs (the monthly reports, spare parts management, and water quality analysis) in Ngoma district. The allocation of the district officer exclusively in charge of the WSPs is supposed to affect the achievements. Among the other target districts, Kayonza district allocates the district officer in charge of water, however she cannot focus on the water and sanitation tasks as she takes an additional responsibility of another officer on maternity leave, which is supposed to affect difficulty of achieving output in Kayonza district compared in Ngoma district. In the other districts (Rwamagana and Kirehe), the district officers in charge of environment or infrastructure supervise the WSPs together with the other tasks, therefore they can spare only limited time for the supervision of the WSP under such busy circumstances.
Supervision of tender procedure is managed by the district officers in charge of infrastructure, and no obstacles are observed as they basically conduct the tender evaluation process in line with the Rwandan standard guideline.
Although the data of the residents’ sanitary behavioural changes do not exist except for Ngoma district, the district officers in charge of health realise the changes in the awareness or behaviours of the residents through accessibility to clean and safe water, and implement several programmes for further strengthening such changes.
Hereafter describes the situations at each target district.
Rwamagana District The district officer in charge of environment, water and forestry supervises the financial status of the WSPs in the district, but the WSPs including the MKM WUA do not submit the monthly reports continuously. In order to improve the situation, the district plans to hold the meeting together with all the WSPs in the district and continue the meeting. Regarding the spare parts management, the district is now verifying the stock list through
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assistance from the Project, and the district officer in charge of infrastructure thereby takes prime responsibility of stock management based on the list verified by the district officer in charge of environment, water and forestry together with the technicians of the WSPs. The actual stock management procedure shall be managed by the district officer in charge of logistics, and the WSPs shall request the spare parts to the logistics officer through the infrastructure officer in case of necessity. The district plans to conduct the water quality analysis 4 times a year in March, June, September and December, which is in the time of seasonal changes between the rainy and dry seasons. The procedure of the analysis is that the WSPs shall borrow the water quality equipments stored in the district, conduct the analysis with the equipments, and report the results to the district. Although the district does not utilise the check list on tender evaluation process attached to the administrative support manual at present, the check list has no obstacles as it aligns the Rwandan tender process guideline. The check list shall be used if there is a chance. And the district does not especially find the problems or difficulties on the tender evaluation process at present. The detail figure on the residents’ sanitation behavioural changes cannot still be found, although such data are included in the health condition survey by the district which is undergoing. However, the district realises the sanitation awareness such as installation of toilets is improving through the strong commitment by the President on sanitation. Also, the district implements the sanitation promotion activities quarterly together with the other promotion activities such as vaccination campaigns or even with Umuganda.
Kayonza District The monthly reports submitted from the WSPs are filed. The regular meeting has been suspended since August 2010 because of preparation of the election in February 2011, however, the individual communication between the executive secretary and the WSPs is held in order to resolve the issues when it occurs. At present, large scale issue is not recognised. Although the clear number of the residents with the improved sanitation behaviours does not exist, it is increasing as an impression. The district thereby wishes assistance from the Project on collecting accurate figures. Also, the district itself conducted the training and as a result, the residents take a role in cleaning the surroundings of the public taps. In addition, hand washing practice using Kanakira is observed. The district officer in charge of health further commits the communities by recognising the change of sanitation behaviour of the residents. The “Health Week” is held quarterly in Kayonza district, in order to verify the sanitary
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conditions of all the households and give them the instructions if necessary. Together with it, the health committee is organised at each administrative level (district, sector, cell and umudugudu), and implements the sanitation promotion activities. During the “Health Week”, a competition of sanitation promotion activities is held and the district distributes a certificate to the presentation with high performance. The district manages the spare parts utilising the stock list and stock management documents established by assistance from the Project. The water quality analysis is conducted under the responsibility of the district. The system is applied which the WSPs borrow the water quality testing equipments which are property of the district and report the results to the district after the analysis in the field. It is supposed to be basically conducted quarterly. As the analysis has just commenced, the district wishes further training as the district faces the difficulties. There is no difficulty with the tender evaluation as the district implements it in accordance with the guideline of the Rwandan government. However, the issue of supervision is that the contractors do not observe the deadline of the report stipulated in the contract.
Ngoma District The monthly reports submitted by the WSPs are filed. The Murama cooperative plans to submit the reports quarterly. This process was realised by the district’s interventions under assistance from the Project. The district decided the rules of the WSPs in March 2010, and appoints the sector officer in charge of land to be serving for water supply since December 2009. The management of spare parts is not introduced at present, but the district plans to manage the spare parts to be procured by the Japanese Grant Aid project through arrangement of documents. The district conducts the water quality analysis through arrangement of documents without any difficulties. It will be tested quarterly (March, June, September and December). The district evaluates the tender by utilising the Rwandan standard format, without any difficulties at present. It was very meaningful to learn the cases in the other districts at the monthly management meeting. The sanitary behavioural changes are still underway though the trend of improvements such as wearing shoes is observed. The obstacle of the sanitary behavioural changes of the residents is not the poverty but their awareness. Until now, the sanitation promotion activities were conducted irregularly and the reports were submitted regularly from the sector offices to the
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A-3-101 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
health centres, which was managed by the district. At present, the district requests them to conduct the promotion activities regularly.
Kirehe District The districts tries to establish the supervision structure within this year, as at present the district fails to supervise the financial status of the WSPs. The district does not manage the spare parts at present, but wishes to establish the management structure of the spare parts to be procured. Because of introduction of the privatisation policy in the district, the spare parts are supposed to be managed and stocked in the district. The water quality analysis plans to be conducted quarterly. The tender evaluation is considered to be properly implemented in accordance with the Rwandan standards. The number of households with sanitary behaviours in 2010 was 10,402 out of all the 515,405 households. Although it is not comparable as the data other than year 2010 do not exist, usage of safe water supply or practice of hand washing are observed. The sanitation promotion activity was implemented for 8 times during the fiscal year 2010/2011. The district considers the outputs as improvements in the knowledge of water and sanitation and acquisition of equipments and knowledge regarding water quality management, as a result of the Project.
4. Water Service Provider Each WSP at pilot site is placed on various situations and establishes the resolutions to deal with such situations. During the survey period, the Gatore 2 water supply scheme stopped operation. The Murama handpump scheme just started tariff collection by the fixed rate, and its cooperative commenced the management. Therefore, the WSPs of these 2 pilot sites thereby need to establish the accounting records. As a common trend, the detail number of coverage population is not available as the 3 pilot sites except for Murama apply the water tariff by meter. As for the water quality analysis, the regular testing is introduced and expected to be properly implemented. As for the sanitation behavioural changes, the behavioural changes of the residents are observed in the pilot sites except for the Gatore 2 coverage area where the facility was not
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A-3-102 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
operating.
Hereafter describes the situations of each WSP.
MKM Water Users Association The accounting records are arranged and organising the office neatly is taken into consideration. Although the accurate number of coverage population is not obvious, it is supposed to be around 4,000 households at the beginning of water supply service in 2008 and 7,000 at present. This increase is considered to be realised by the sanitation promotion activities such as the software component programme of the Japanese Grant Aid project. The technicians utilise the manuals without any problems, and the skills and knowledge introduced by the Project is very useful. The accountant utilise the manual and she can manage it without any difficulties even though she needs to input the data into the accounting book. Due to no assistance from the district on procurement of the spare parts, the WSP itself travels to Kigali for purchasing the spare parts. However, sometimes the WSP is forced to wait for the spare parts until it arrives when the WSP cannot find the stocks even in Kigali. The WSP received the training on the water quality analysis in 2011, and implemented it in June and plans to conduct it in September 2011. As for the situation on the residents’ sanitary behaviour, around 60% of the coverage population have acquired the improved sanitary knowledge, according to the impression of the member in charge of sanitation promotion. As the residents are able to fetch water nearer than before, they consciously behave in a more sanitary manner such as washing their body and clothes, and cleaning their house. On the other hand, 70% of the tap managers are not supposed to be capable to keep good conditions at surroundings of their public tap. The WSP is now training the tap managers on the matter and instructs them to keep the public tap as if it were their house.
COGEPRENA The WSP records and manages the data from July 2010, when the WSP succeeded the Nyankora water supply scheme from COVOMEKA which had managed the facility. The WSP submits the report monthly and the feedbacks from the district on the report are delivered 70% in a document basis and 30% verbally. We hope all the feedbacks shall be in a document basis, but except for it, the relationship with the district is excellent. Also, COGEPRENA does not
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A-3-103 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
find any difficulties in organisational management. Big changes of the residents’ sanitary behaviours are observed such as cleaning inside jerrican and cleanliness of the clothes of children. The WSP executes further sanitation promotion activities by putting the posters on the facility. The guidelines established by the Project are well organised and it is very useful including emergency measures. Also, the accounting manual is very useful and as a result of the training using the manual, the WSP modified the former format in order to be fitted with the manual. The WSP faced difficulties in records and management of accounting, but the training by the Project improved such matter. Basically the WSP itself procures the spare parts but as the WSP received the stock list of the district established through assistance of the Project, the WSP plans to request the necessary parts. The WSP received the training on the water quality analysis in May 2011, and at the same time, the testing was conducted as a part of OJT. During this year, the WSP plans to implement the water quality analysis monthly in Nyankora and Kazabazana.
Cooperative Dufate Amazi Neza Murama The tariff collection from the handpump users starts in June 2011, and the WSP thereby verifies the situation on the tariff collection. The user’s list is under preparation, and the users are supposed to be around 1,000 households. As for the sanitary conditions of the residents, the WSP instructs the residents to wash the dirty jerrican, and refuses to use the facility if they do not obey the instructions. Also, the diseases including diarrhoea decreased. The WSP utilises both the operation and maintenance manual and the accounting manual without any problems. The spare parts, which were ordered on 11th May 2011, are finally procured on 21st June 2011. As CODAM has just been organised, the fund for purchasing such spare parts are distributed from the loan of a bank. These spare parts are stocked in the store of the President of CODAM. The WSP conducted the water quality analysis on 6th June 2011. The future testing will be implemented by order of the district. Even though the management of cooperative faced some difficulties as it has just established, the WSP realises the improvements day by day. Then the WSP recognises the relationship with the district is fine.
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A-3-104 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
Gatore 2 Water Users’ Association Summary: On the next day, 16th June 2011, the WSP will discuss the management including decision on water tariff (plans to set 40 Frw/ jerrican) in the general assembly. After the meeting, the facility starts operation. During the survey period, the tariff was decided to be 50 Frw/ jerrican, but the Red Cross did not agree with it so the facility remains nonoperational. The WSP keeps even the former accounting records at the accountant’s house. The WSP plans to set up own office after the restart of water supply service. The WSP has been using the accounting manual and plans to utilise it after the restart as well. As for the number of coverage population, 2,314 households locate in 3 sectors and around 8,000 users are supposed to exist. During the period of operation, children learned to wash their hands. The public tap managers refused those who brought the dirty jerrican or wore the dirty clothes to fetch water from the public tap. However, such awareness become lower as the water supply service is stopping now. The WSP plans to continue to utilise the maintenance guideline regarding pump operation, as the WSP recognises it is not necessary to revise as the system remains same even after the renovation. The spare parts procured by LWF on completion in 2008 are stocked in the sector office. In case of lack of spare parts, the WSP itself purchases the parts. The WSP received the training on the water quality analysis, and plans to implement the testing twice a year in June and December. The next testing is schedule to be conducted on 17th June 2011. The procedure is that the WSP borrows the equipments of water quality testing from the district, and analyses the water with it and reports the results to the district. No difficulties are found on the relationship with the district. The rehabilitation of handpump is supported by the district.
5. Primary School The regular sanitation promotion activities are implemented at each pilot school under the leadership of the school head, and the teachers and pupils who belong to the HAMS club and the sanitary practices are settled among the pupils.
Hereafter describes the situations of each pilot school.
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A-3-105 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
Mwulire 2 Primary School/ Rwamagana Children had not made it a habit to wash their hands before the Project started and it was necessary to bring the water for washing hands from their home. At present, the practice of hand washing settles among the children, and the reduction of the payment for water and the time to fetch water is realised because of installation of the water harvesting tank. The tank is cleaned and managed by the HAMS club. The HAMS club in association with the PTA conducts activities for promoting sanitary practices acquired by the pupils such as visiting the household of the pupils. The relationship with the parents of the pupils including the PTA is fine, and the HAMS club actively implements the activities. These activities are discussed and evaluated in the regular meeting and recorded.
Table 2 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Mwulire 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------3 12 1 1 - 2010 - 4 - - - - 1 1 4 1 - - 2011 ------
Nkondo 2 Primary School/ Kayonza Hand washing is practiced which had not been observed before the Project started. The water is used for cleaning the classrooms, and gardening. The time to be used for study increased as the time for fetching water from the valley is reduced because of installation of the water harvesting tank. The HAMS club is organised as a part of Self Study on 14:00 every Wednesday. As the tap is broken, water is served through operation of the valve fitted with the tank. The school plans to request the repair works to the sector office and the district. The ECOSAN toilet is used for girls without any problems. Another toilet was installed for boys. All the Kanakiras are broken and the school try to repair them.
Table 3 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Nkondo 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------2010 - 6 4 2 4 5 2 7 5 4 4 - 2011 2 4 4 2 4 3
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A-3-106 Annex 4. Results of Stakeholder Interview Survey
Sakara Primary School/ Kayonza In addition to the water harvesting tank installed by the Project, now the water supply service is provided by the facility nearby. As the school can access to water, it starts harvesting flowers and vegetables. The school installed hand washing equipments using mini-jerrican between the field and the classrooms, and the pupils are instructed to wash their hands. And the pupils manage and clean the toilets. As the water became accessible, such secondary effects are obtained as the teachers can take their lunch at school or the elder and the weak are provided water with jerrican by the pupils. The HAMS club is organised in the afternoon of every Wednesday, with performances such as dancing or drama. The activities are recorded by documents.
Table 4 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Sakara2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2009 ------2 4 4 - - 2010 - 4 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 4 1 1 2011 1 4 4 1 4
Curazo Primary School/ Kirehe The HAMS club, trained by the Project, is organised actively, and the hand washing after using toilet is practiced among the pupils by implementing it consciously. Also, the classrooms are cleaned everyday by the pupils. And as a part of sanitation environment, the school plants flowers and trees on the school ground. The HAMS club usually conducts the sanitation promotion activity 1 hour from 4 p.m. every Friday. The activities are implemented by establishing the action plan in advance. No problem is observed regarding the toilet and the water harvesting tank. 3 toilets are provided for boys of the high school, while 3 for girls. The pupils of the primary school are instructed to use the newly installed toilets. In dry season, the pupils are guided to bring water from their house with jerrican as the water harvesting tank cannot reserve water.
Table 5 Number of Times of HAMS Club Activities at Mwulire 2 Primary School Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 - 7 3 3 5 4 2 6 5 4 5 - 2011 3 4 3 1 4 2
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A-3-107
Annex 5. PDM 6.0 Project Title: Project for Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in Southern Part of Eastern Province in Republic of Rwanda Project Period: April 2007 to September 2010 Project Area: 4 Districts (Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe) in Eastern Province Pilot Sites： One site each selected from the 4 Districts (Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe) in Eastern Province, Executing Agency: Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA), Eastern Province, 4 Districts (Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma, Kirehe) of Eastern Province Target Group: Local administration staff in charge of water supply services and sanitation promotion from 4 target districts;,water service providers (water users’ association, cooperative) of pilot sites; water users of Project Area August 2010 Narrative Summary Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification Important Assumptions ＜Overall Goal＞ The operation and maintenance system for water supply 1. The number of financially sound (such as not in the red) water supply 1. Balance Reports of Water and execution system for sanitation promotion activities service providers in the 4 target Districts is increased. Service Providers will be improved in the 4 target Districts 2. The percentage of residents in the 4 target Districts without improved 2. Impact Survey sanitary behaviours (such as washing hands with clean water at - Basic policies and appropriate times) decreases by 15%. organization for operation ＜Project Purpose＞ and maintenance of The operation and maintenance system for water supply 1. Non-operational periods of water supply facilities in the pilot sites do 1. Pump Operational Records governmental rural water and execution system for sanitation promotion activities not last more than a week. 2. Impact Survey. supply services do not will be improved at the Project sites 2. The number of residents in the pilot sites with improved sanitary 3. Sales Records of Water change behaviors (such as washing hands with clean water at appropriate times) is increased. Schemes 3. The sales of water supply schemes of the pilot sites increases. 4. Sanitation Promotion 4. The number of sanitation promotion activities by the districts increases Activities Records in the project area. ＜Outputs＞ A-3-108 1． Capacity for supervision related to management of 1. The contents (items) and procedures for supervision by the districts are 1. Revised Administrative - Decentralization is water supply services of the 4 target Districts is documented. Support Manual realized without delay strengthened. 2. Operational and financial status of water supply schemes in the pilot 2. Monthly Meeting Minutes, sites are monitored by districts through monthly reports and proper Monthly Reports - Roles of Districts and supervisory guidance to water service providers is conducted. 3. District Annual Plan Secteurs concerning 3. The district governments prepare training programs for technicians of 4. Report on Examination of improvement of water and
water service providers. Construction/ sanitation do not change 4. The district governments examine the appropriateness ofconstruction Rehabilitation Plans and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities 5. Project Activities Records/ - Water source continues to 5. Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated by the districts to Minutes be safe and flows other areas within the districts (through seminars, workshops, etc.) continuously 2． Operation and maintenance system for water supply 1. Water service providers continuously submit monthly reports to local 1. Monthly Report
services in the project area is improved through administration. 2. Pump Operational collaboration between local administration and 2. Based on the operation and maintenance guideline to be prepared Records, O&M Activities residents as well as use of the private sector. according to the type of water supply scheme, technicians handle and Records maintain water supply facilities (pumps, pipelines, handpumps, etc.) 3. Accounting Documents 3. Based on the revised operation and maintenance manual (accounting List, Auditing Records edition), water service providers properly conduct daily accounting. 4. Water Quality Testing 4. Based on the water quality testing manual, water quality analysis of Records water sources and public taps in the pilot sites are carried out 5 Spare Parts Management continuously once every 3 months. Ledger, Spare Parts Stock 5. A system for smooth and proper utilization of spare parts is established. Inventory Records 3． Sanitation education and awareness activities to 1. The district governments prepare plans for awareness raising and 1. District Annual Plan project site residents by the 4 target Districts and execute them. 2. Impact Survey, Sanitation water supply service providers are strengthened. 2. At the pilot sites, number of residents who participated in awareness Promotion Activities raising has increased. Records 3. Monitoring Sheets of 3. Based on the school sanitation promotion activities manual and HAMS Club Activities educational tools to be prepared, the activities on hygiene and sanitation by pupils and teachers are continuously conducted 1 time/month. A-30
Activities Inputs Important Assumptions
＜Japanese Side＞ ＜ ＞ 1-1 A system for activities supervision based on Rwandan Side - Local administration
periodic reporting from water service providers is staffs such as District Dispatch of Experts （8） created. and Secteur staffs whose * Chief Advisor/Capacity Building 1 Allocation of 12 Counterparts 1-2 The districts conduct training to strengthen capacities were technicians of water service providers * Deputy Chief Advisor/Water Supply Facilities 2/ strengthened through 1-3 Training to district staffs on examining Capacity Building 2 Participation in Training this Project continue to appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation * Water Supply Facilities work in their same plans of water supply facilities is conducted. * Management/Operation and Maintenance Provision of Office Space for Japanese Experts positions. 1-4 The results of above activities 1-1 to 1-3 are * Sanitation Education/IEC
reflected in the revision of the administrative * Organizational Management Strengthening
support manual. * Community Sensitization/Operation and Maintenance Cost for Project Office - Cooperation is received 1-5 Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated Maintenance 2 from residents to other water service providers in other areas * Water Supply Facilities Management/ within the districts. Water Quality Management 2-1 The system for reporting and communication with districts through submission and discussions of Cost for Activities in Rwanda monthly reports based on the operation and maintenance manual (management edition) is Procurement of Equipment strengthened. * Equipment for Operation and Maintenance of 2-2 Using the operation and maintenance manual, Water Supply Facilities capacities of technicians of water service * Equipment for Community Activities on providers of pilot sites for operation and Sanitation Improvement maintenance of water supply schemes are
A-3-109 strengthened. Counterpart Training in Rwanda or Third Country 2-3 Capacities for accounting of water service providers of pilot sites are strengthened. 2-4 Capacities of districts and water service providers on water quality management at pilot sites are strengthened. Preconditions 2-5 Using the spare parts management documents prepared by the Japanese grant aid project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts
are established. 2-6 Tariff collection at public tap stands of pilot sites is - Political stability and reconciliation in Rwanda properly conducted. 3-1 The present situation on sanitation awareness and are maintained. behaviors of residents and school teachers/children of additional pilot sites is analyzed, - Residents have started 3-2 Sanitation promotion activities program for pilot using the water supply sites is prepared by the districts. facilities constructed and 3-3 Sanitation facilitators to handle sanitation rehabilitated by promotion activities at pilot sites are trained. Japanese grant aid 3-4 The system for school sanitation education project activities using educational manuals and tools is improved at the pilot sites. 3-5 The degree of sanitation improvement at the pilot sites is surveyed. 3-6 Support is provided for disseminating sanitation education and sanitation promotion activities in the districts and monitoring of its progress. A-31
Annex-4 Project Evaluation Missions 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Annex-4 Project Evaluation Missions
4-1 Mid-Term Review
(1) Objectives of Mid-Term Review At the time when about half of the technical cooperation project period elapsed, a Mid-Term Review was conducted to assess the project inputs, progress of activities and degree of achievement. Also, evaluation using the 5 criteria (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability) was carried out and recommendations were made on measures to be taken until completion of the project.
(2) Composition and Schedule of Mid-Term Review Team The JICA Mid-Term Review Team was composed of the members listed below.
Table A4-1-1 Members of Mid-Term Review Team Position Name Affiliation Team Leader SUDO Kazuo Senior Advisor Global Environment Department, JICA Rural Water Supply JIGAMI Hiroshi Regional Project Formulation Advisor Regional Support Office for Africa, JICA Cooperation Planning MATSUZAKI Terumasa Program Officer, Water Resources Management Division 2 Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA Evaluation and Analysis OHASHI Yuki Consultant, Human and Social Development Partnership INTERWORKS Co., Ltd.
The JICA Mid-Term Review for this project was conducted from 25 January to 12 February 2009 following the itinerary shown below.
Table A4-1-2 Itinerary for Mid-Term Review Mon. Date Itinerary Jan. 25 Sun Mid-Term Review Team (Consultant Member) arrive in Kigali 26 Mon Courtesy call to JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with PURA-SANI Experts, Interviews with MININFRA/ PNEAR 27 Tue Interviews with Rwamagana District counterparts, Field survey of pilot site, Interviews with target Secteur office/MKM water scheme WUA concerns, Field survey of Mwulire 2 Primary School and interview with head master, Interviews with PURA-SANI experts 28 Wed Interviews with Kayonza District counterparts/District Water Board/District Water Fund/cooperative, Field survey of Japanese grant aid constructed water supply system, Interview with Executive Secretary of Eastern Province 29 Thu Interviews with Eastern Province counterpart/Ngoma District counterpart/Murama handpump WUA concerns/ PURA-SANI experts 30 Fri Interviews with Kirehe counterpart/Kirehe District WUA concerns/PURA-SANI experts 31 Sat Data compilation
A-4-1 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Mon. Date Itinerary Feb. 1 Sun Data compilation 2 Mon Meeting with PNEAR/ELECTROGAZ, Mid-Term Review Team (2 JICA members) arrive in Kigali 3 Tue Courtesy call to and meeting with JICA Rwanda Office, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts, Mid-Term review Team (1 JICA Member) arrive in Kigali 4 Wed Meeting with World Bank, Courtesy call to Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Meeting with PNEAR, Field survey and interviews at MKM water scheme 5 Thu Courtesy call to Executive Secretary of Eastern Province/Mayor of Rwamagana District, Field survey and interviews at Kayonza District (cooperative and water schemes) 6 Fri Courtesy call to Governor of Eastern Province/Mayor of Ngoma District, Field survey and interviews at Murama handpump scheme/Kirehe water scheme, Meeting with Kirehe District counterpart 7 Sat Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 8 Sun Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 9 Mon Finalization of report, Meeting with Eastern Province Executive Secretary/Kayonza District Mayor 10 Tue Meeting with Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Report to JICA Rwanda Office 11 Wed 5th JCC Meeting, Signing of Minutes of Meeting 12 Thu Mid-Term Review Team leave Kigali
(3) Results of Evaluation
1) Project Inputs
Table A4-1-3 Input Achievements Item Input Dispatch of Experts 4 experts dispatched Japanese Cost for Activities in Rwanda A total of US$2, 600,000 by March 2009 Side Procurement of Equipment Procured equipment worth US$12,900 as of December 2008 Allocation of counterparts (CPs) 12 CPs currently allocated Rwandan Provision of Office Space for Japanese Container house located at Temporary Office of Side Experts Rwamagana District Maintenance Cost for Project Office Electricity, water, etc.
2) Output Achievement Status
Table A4-1-4 Output Achievements Output No. Current Outputs Output 1 Surveys related to water supply services have been carried out. Local administration manual for water supply services was reviewed. Output 2 Operation/maintenance manual and management manual were reviewed. Preparing for the OJT activities in the 3rd year of the Project. Ouput 3 Surveys related to hygiene/sanitation promotion activities were carried out. Installing hygiene/sanitation facilities in 2 schools in the pilot sites. Preparing for the hygiene promotion activities in the 3rd year of the Project.
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3) State of Activities
Revisions in Scope of Project Due to changes surrounding the Project, such as suspension of the Japanese grant aid project and progress of privatization and decentralization, the design and activities of the Project were reviewed before commencing the 2nd fiscal year activities, and the PDM was revised as version 3.0. The Plan of Operation (PO) was also changed according to PDM version 3.0.
Project Monitoring The progress of the Project has been managed by the Japanese experts and reported to the Rwandan side through the JCC meetings. The Japanese experts have also reported monthly to JICA on the results of the project activities.
Communication between Japanese Experts and Rwandan Counterparts In regards to communication with technical counterparts, since they are quite occupied with many responsibilities and cannot spare sufficient time for the Project, the Japanese experts had difficulties working together with them.
Project Awareness and Ownership Although the project nickname “PURA-SANI” has been recognized among stakeholders, some cases were witnessed where the objectives and activities of the Project were not understood by the counterparts and other stakeholders. Responsibilities and roles related to the project activities were not clearly defined between actors, such as districts, secteurs and water service providers, due to uncertainties in demarcation of responsibilities related to rural water supply management. Since technical transfer through OJT activities were scheduled to start from the 3rd fiscal year, enhancement of each actor on their responsibilities and ownership toward water supply management through the Project was anticipated.
Participation of Techincal Counterparts The technical counterparts for this Project who were unit directors had difficulties in participating with the project activities because they were normally quite occupied with their various other roles. Although persons in charge of infrastructure or hygiene were placed under the unit directors and they might have been available to join the project activities, they also did not have sufficient time due to various concurrent tasks. Therefore, whether they can sufficiently participate in the OJT activities scheduled for the 3rd fiscal year was of concern.
A-4-3 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
4) Five Evaluation Criteria
Table A4-1-5 Evaluation Results Criteria Description Result Relevance An overall assessment of whether the The Project is relevant in the following points Project Purpose and the Overall Goal are Low water supply rate in the target areas in line with the policies of the Needs in capacity development in counterpart country and donors and with operation/maintenance and management the counterpart’s needs and priorities. Relevant to the National Policy of Rwanda Relevant to the Japanese aid policy Effectiveness A measure of whether the Project Depending on the technical transfer activities Purpose will be achieved. This is then a scheduled to start from the 3rd year of the question of the degree to which the Project Project Outputs contributes to the Concerning issues: achievement of the intended Project Participation of the technical CPs Purpose. No pilot sites in Kayonza and Kirehe districts Efficiency A measure of the extent to which the Outputs are expected to be achieved through Project has generated Project Outputs in the activities of the 3rd year of the Project relation to the total resource inputs. Issues in timing, quality, quantity of inputs: Participation of CPs Utilization of knowledge of Japanese experts Impact The positive and negative changes, Achievement of the Overall Goal cannot be produced directly and indirectly as a predicted so far. result of the Project. No unexpected impact was identified Sustainability An overall assessment of the extent to Sustainability should be considered, which the positive changes achieved by especially in the following aspects: the Project can be expected to last after Policy and institutional aspects the completion of the Project. Organizational and financial aspects Technical aspects, etc.
5) Conculsion The project has conducted various surveys to identify the situation related to water supply management and hygiene/sanitation promotion, and review of manuals prepared by the Japanese grant aid project. Also, some training to technicians of water supply service providers in maintenance of facilities have started.
However, a lack of close collaboration between the technical CPs and Japanese experts is restraining a few tangible achievements. Also, regular meetings to share information are needed to achieve more effective and efficient implementation of the project. These efforts are anticipated to provide success to the project at the end of the project.
6) Recommendations The mid-term review recommended the following.
1. Closer Communication and Collaboration between Japanese Experts and Rwandan Counterparts Technical cooperation is a collaborative work between counterparts and other relevant personnel and the Japanese experts, through which the capacities of counterparts can be enhanced. Information
A-4-4 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report concerning the Project should always be shared between them, and problems and issues related to the Project should be discussed and solved in a timely manner to ensure the effective and efficient implementation of the Project. Therefore, regular meetings to plan activities of the Project as well as to discuss and solve problems should be conducted. Technical counterparts and other relevant personnel and the experts should work together closely and share knowledge and skills on water supply and sanitation suitable for the local conditions of the Eastern Province.
2. Addition of 2 More Pilot Sites The Project targets the 4 districts of Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma and Kirehe. However, pilot sites, where main technical transfer activities are conducted with technical counterparts and other relevant personnel, and the achievements of the activities are intended to be disseminated to other sites in each district, are available only in the 2 districts of Rwamagana and Ngoma. Taking into account the overall goal of the Project and the significance of the Project, pilot sites should be assigned for Kayonza and Kirehe districts as well.
3. Proposed Revision of PDM Some indicators, activities and other parameters in the PDM version 3.0 had inappropriate wordings which were not adequate to the actual situation of the Project. Therefore, in order to clarify the direction of the Project for the counterparts and other stakeholders concerned, review and revision of the PDM is important. The indicators, activities and other parameters of the PDM were recommended to be reexamined to make necessary modifications.
4-2 Consultation Survey
(1) Objectives of Consultation Survey Since the technical cooperation project is near completion, a terminal evaluation was scheduled and to collect information necessary for the terminal evaluation, a consultation survey was carried out before the terminal evaluation. Also, schedule organization as well as issues identification and improvement proposals were conducted.
(2) Composistion and Schedule of Consultation Survey Mission The JICA Consultation Survey Team was composed of the following members.
Table A4-2-1 Members of Consulation Survey Mission Position Name Affiliation Team Leader MURAKAMI Hiroshi Resident Representative, JICA Rwanda Office Cooperation Planning KIKUCHI Shingo Program Formulation Advisor, JICA Rwanda Office Survey Analysis ICHIKAWA Tomoshi VSOC Co., Ltd.
The JICA Consultation Survey was carried out from 19 January to 5 February 2010 (18 days) according to the following itinerary.
A-4-5 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Table A4-2-2 Itinerary for Consulation Survey Mon. Date Itinerary Jan. 19 Tue Haneda－Kanku＞Dubai 20 Wed Dubai＞Nairobi＞Kigali 21 Thu Courtesy Call to JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with Project Chief Advisor, Visit to World Bank 22 Fri Visit to MININFRA（PNEAR staff）, Move to Rwamagana, Interview with subcontracted NGO (COFORWA) 23 Sat Data organization, Compilation, analysis and verification of inquiry responses, Meeting with experts 24 Sun Data organization, Analyses and verifications, Meeting with experts 25 Mon Interview with district development program coordinator of Eastern Province, Interview with president of MKM WUA of Rwamagana, Visit to MKM pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Mwuilire 2 Primary School in Rwamagana 26 Tue Interview with In charge of health of Rwamagana district, Interview with president of COVOMEKA of Kayonza, Visit to Nyankora pilot site, Interview with In charge of infrastructure of Kayonza district, Interview with headmaster of Nkondo 2 Primary School in Kayonza 27 Wed Interview with In charge of infrastructure and In charge of health of Kirehe district, Interview with president of Gatore 2 WUA of Kirehe, Visit to Gatore 2 pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Curazo Primary School in Kirehe 28 Thu Interview with president of Murama WUA of Ngoma, Visit to Murama pilot site, Interview with headmaster of Sakara Primary School in Ngoma 29 Fri Interview with In charge of infrastructure of Rwamagana district, Interview with Executive Secretary of Eastern Province, Interview with coordinator of economic development of Ngoma district, Interview with Permanent Secretary of MININFRA 30 Sat Data organization, Compilation, analysis and verification of inquiry responses, Meeting with experts (sharing results of field surveys) 31 Sun Data organization, Meeting with experts (sharing results of analyses and verifications) Feb. 1 Mon (Holiday) Meeting with experts (sharing results of analyses and verifications) 2 Tue Preparation of evaluation report, Meeting with experts (sharing results of field surveys) 3 Wed Report to JICA Rwanda office, Interview with PNEAR principal engineer 4 Thu Kigali＞Nairobi＞Dubai 5 Fri Dubai＞Narita
(3) Assistance to Consultation Mission
1) Support to Consultation Mission on Interviews with Stakeholders To confirm the present progress in activities and achievements of indicators listed in the PDM for this project, the executing agency, project counterparts, pilot sites, sanitation education target schools and other related organizations were visited to carry out interviews. Information was collected in preparation for the terminal evaluation scheduled for the following fiscal year.
Interview with Cooperative of pilot site Interview of target school headmaster
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Interview with pilot site WUA Interview with pilot site water scheme users Figure A4-2-1 Interviews at Pilot Sites
Also, the project gave support to the consultation survey by distributing the questionnaires prepared by the consultant to stakeholders, and requesting them to provide answers and then collecting the responses. The questionnaires were prepared for inquiries to MININFRA, Eastern Province, counterparts of target 4 districts and water service providers of pilot sites. The results of these questionnaires were used as information for the consultation survey.
2) Preparation for Terminal Evaluation The terminal evaluation for this project was scheduled in April 2010, and the consultation survey was conducted in preparation for this evaluation.
【Household Survey】 a） Sample Household Survey for Indicator Achievement as PDM Monitoring With objectives to survey the present conditions in sanitary behaviors and awareness in the project target area, an interview survey was carried out by project assistants based on questionnaires to sampled households at the below listed sites.
Table A4-2-3 Survey Target Sites and Number of Samples Target District Water Scheme Sample Household Number Rwamagana MKM 40 Ngoma Murama 20 Kayonza Nyankora 20 Kirehe Gatore II 20 Total 100
The results of the above survey were compiled by the survey team and were used for project monitoring purposes by the consultation consultant. b）Inquiry Survey to District Staffs, Water Service Providers and School Headmasters for Indicator Verification in PDM Monitoring With purposes to confirm the level of achievement of project outputs through indicators of the PDM, an inquiry survey was conducted to project stakeholders. Targets for inquiries were district staffs responsible for the pilot sites (In charge of infrastructure and In charge of health); presidents, accountants and other members of water service providers managing the pilot sites; and headmasters of primary schools targeted for HAMS activities. Inquiry items were as follows.
A-4-7 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
District Staff 1. Are you aware of the financial conditions of water service providers in your district? If you are aware, what are the deficits of water service providers of pilot sites for 2008 and 2009? 2. Do you know the number of residents with (or without) improved sanitary behaviours? If you do, what are the numbers for 2008 and 2009? 3. After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of residents in the district? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 4. Do you know the number of sanitation promotion activities carried out in your district? If you do, what are the numbers for 2007, 2008 and 2009? 5. Does a distribution and procurement system for spare parts exist in your district? If it exists, is the system functioning smoothly and properly?
Water Service Provider 1. (To the president and accountant): How were the financial conditions for 2007, 2008 and 2009? What were the debts and profits for the same years? 2. (To the sanitation facilitator): After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of residents in pilot site? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 3. (To the president): Do you know the number of beneficiary residents? If you do, has the number increased after commencement of the technical cooperation project? If detailed beneficiary numbers are known, what are they for 2007, 2008 and 2009? 4. (To the technician): During your operation and maintenance work on facilities, are you making use of the operation and maintenance guideline prepared by the project? 5. (To the accountant): Are you using the operation and maintenance manual (accounting edition)? Do you think you are carrying out proper daily accounting? 6. (To members): Do you think a distribution and procurement system for spare parts exists in your district? If you think it exists, do you think the system is functioning smoothly and properly? Also, have you made use of this system before?
School Headmaster 1. After commencement of the technical cooperation project, have you observed any changes in sanitary conditions and sanitary behaviours of pupils? If any changes were observed, describe them in detail. 2. Do you know the number of sanitation promotion activities carried out at your school? If you do, what are the numbers for 2007, 2008 and 2009?
4-3 Terminal Evaluation
(1) Objectives of Terminal Evaluation Since this project was originally scheduled to be completed in October 2010, a Terminal Evaluation was carried out in April and May. Through (a) information collection from counterpart organizations and discussions with them, (b) information collection from project experts and discussions with them, (c) identification of present conditions by field surveys and information collection from target area concerns, and other activities, the project was evaluated from the viewpoint of the five evaluation criteria.
A-4-8 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
(2) Composition and Schedule of Terminal Evaluation Team The Terminal Evaluation Mission was conducted by the following members.
Table A4-3-1 Members of Terminal Evaluation Team Function Name Affiliation Team Leader Mr. SAKATA Shokichi Group Leader, Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA Rural Water Supply Mr. UNE Yuji Visiting Senior Advisor, JICA Planning Cooperation Planning Mr. SATO Hayato Program Officer, Water Resources Management Division 2 Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA Evaluation and Ms. SHIMAOKA Kazumi Consultant Analysis Global Link Management Co., Ltd.
The Terminal Evaluation was carried out for 20 days from 26 April to 15 May 2010 as follows, with the first 9 days being conducted by the consultant only, and the JICA mission members joining thereafter.
Table A4-3-2 Itinerary for Terminal Evaluation Date Day JICA Consultant April 26 Mon Leave Tokyo April 27 Tue Arrive in Kigali Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with MININFRA/PNEAR, April 28 Wed Meeting with Japanese experts April 29 Thu Meeting with Eastern Province/ MKM WUA/ Mwulire 2 primary school Meeting with Rwamagana District (Health)/ Ngoma District/ Sakara primary April 30 Fri school/ Gatore 2 WUA/Murama WUA May 1 Sat Meeting with Curazo primary school, Documentation May 2 Sun Documentation, Meeting with Japanese experts Meeting with Rwamagana District (Infra)/ Nkondo 2 primary school/ Kirehe May 3 Mon District (Infra) May 4 Tue Meeting with Kayonza District (Infra, Water, Health), Documentation May 5 Wed Leave Tokyo Additional survey, Documentation May 6 Thu Arrive in Kigali Meetinge with AfDB・WB, Documentation May 7 Fri Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office/ Embassy of Japan/ Japanese experts May 8 Sat Survey of pilot sites (Kirehe, Ngoma, Kayonza), Documentation May 8 Sun Survey of pilot sites (Rwamagana), Documentation May 10 Mon Documentation, Meeting with JICA Rwanda Office/ Japanese experts May 11 Tue Meeting with World Bank/ MININFRA/ Japanese experts May 12 Wed Explanation of report to 4 districts May 13 Thu JCC Meeting May 14 Fri Report to MININFRA/ JICA Rwanda Office/ Embassy of Japan, Meeting with Japanese experts May 15 Sat Leave Kigali
(3) Preparation for Terminal Evaluation As preparation for the terminal evaluation, a consultation survey was conducted from January to February 2010. The project assisted the consultation survey by confirming activities up to the present and achievements of PDM indicators of this project, and carriying out interviews with the executing agencies, project counterparts as well as project concerns of pilot sites, sanitation education targeted schools and others to compile information. Also, using questionnaires prepared by the consultant for the consultation survey, information was collected from MININFRA, Eastern Province, counterparts of the target 4 districts and water service providers of the pilot sites.
A-4-9 【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report
Furthermore, with objectives of collecting information for the Terminal Evaluation, the following household survey was conducted. Sample Household Survey to collect PDM Monitoring Indicators Aiming to survey the situation of sanitation behaviors and awareness in the project target area, an interview survey was carried out by the project assistant based on questionnaires to sampled households at the 4 pilot sites. Results of this survey were compiled by the experts to be used as project monitoring information for the evaluation consultant.
Interview Survey to district staffs, water service providers and school headmasters to collect PDM Monitoring Indicators Inquiries were made to project concerns on PDM indicators to confirm the degree of project achievements. District staffs (in charge of infrastructure and in charge of health) who are responsible for the pilot sites and water service providers (president, accountant, members) who are managing the pilot sites as well as headmasters of HAMS target primary school were interviewed.
The above information was used by the evaluation consultant for the terminal evaluation. Also, the Terminal Evaluation Mission carried out further interviews with project concerns and made visits to pilot sites as reference for the evaluation.
Interview with Pilot Site Water Service Provider Pilot Site Survey by Terminal Evaluation Mission Figure A4-3-1 Terminal Evaluation Mission Activities
(4) Results of Terminal Evaluation
Evaulation results are as follows.
Project Purpose At the time of terminal evaluation, the project purpose has been achieved partially.
Outputs Output 1 This output is likely to be mostly achieved by the end of the project period. Output 2: This output is likely to be achieved partially by the end of the project period. Output 3: This output is likely to be mostly achieved by the end of the project period.
Overall Goal If sustainability is heightened by the end of the project period, the Overall Goal is likely to be mostly achieved.
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5 Evaluation Criteria Relevance: Highly relevant Effectiveness: Moderately effective Efficiency: Moderately efficient Impact: Positive impact Sustainability: Needs to be strengthened
The above results were presented by the Terminal Evaluation Mission during the 8th JCC meeting held in Rwamagana on 13 May 2010 attended by the Rwandan side. Thereafter, a Minutes of Meeting was signed.
Based on the results of the terminal evaluation, aiming to improve the degree of achievement of project indicators by the end of the project, promotion of the following issues were considered to be necessary. Therefore, extension of the period for further activities was proposed.
Improvement of the spare parts procurement system Improvement of the water quality analysis system Strengthening of operation and maintenance capacities of water service providers Strengthening of supervision capacities of district staffs in charge of infrastructures (who is in charge of water services)
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