in theAncientNearEast Studying Gender

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. in theAncientNearEast S Studying Gender aana S värd University Park,Pennsylvania

and E isenbraun edited by A gnès G

arcia - V entura

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Paper forPrintedLibraryMaterial, American National Standard forInformation Sciences—Permanenceof of paper. Publications onuncoated stocksatisfy theminimumrequirements ThePennsylvania State UniversityPress touseacid-free It isthepolicyof University Presses. theAssociation of The Pennsylvania State UniversityPressisa memberof ThePennsylvania State UniversityPress. Eisenbrauns isanimprintof University Park,PA 16802–1003 Published byThePennsylvania State UniversityPress, America Printed intheUnitedStates of All rightsreserved Copyright ©2018ThePennsylvania State University Identifiers: LCCN2018007623 essayson possiblemethodologicalandtheoretical Summary: “Acollectionof Description: UniversityPark,Pennsylvania :Eisenbrauns, [2018] Names: Svärd,Saana,1977–editor. CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Library of LC recorda Classification: LCCHQ1137.M628S782018|DDC305.40956—dc23 Subjects: LCSH:Women—MiddleEast—History—Congresses. Title: StudyinggenderintheancientNearEast/SaanaSvärdandAgnès studies”—Provided bypublisher. approaches togenderwithintheframeworkof 2014.—Introduction. HelsinkiinOctober in SacredTextsandTraditions”at theUniversityof Excellence in“Changes the ancientNearEast”hostedbyCentreof 2014 inWarsaw, Poland,andtheworkshop“Gender, Methodologyand Assyriologique Internationale heldin2013Ghent,Belgiumand W Belgium) role—Middle East—History—Congresses. papers presenteda Includes developedversionsof Garcia- (Workshop) (2014:Helsingin yliopisto) editor arsaw, Poland) .

Ventura, editors. |

vailable at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018007623 Rencontre assyriologiqueinternationale (59th:2013Ghent, |

Rencontre assyriologiqueinternationale (60th:2014

|

Gender, MethodologyandtheAncientNearEast

|

Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex.

|

ISBN 9781575067704(cloth:alk.paper) ansi |

Garcia-Ventura, Agnès,1977–, z 39.48–1992. ancientNearEastern t theRencontre

|

Sex |

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Comme quoionabientortdecroirequelaMésopotamieestàcepointinaccessible. — Thirdfloor, turntotheleft,merépondit-onleplussimplementdumonde. — Mesopotamia,please. responsable encestermes: Aux alentoursdemidi,jemerendiscomptequej’étaisperdue.J’abordaiun questions; youcannotfindsomethingthat youdonotsenseismissing. der, andtheancientNear East.Thankyouforaskingnewandchallenging women,gen- thepioneersinstudyof This volumeisdedicated toallof (Amélie Nothomb,Pétronille)

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Theoretical Approaches,Gender, andtheAncientNearEast: Abbrevia List of Acknowledgments Factors Complicating the Reconstruction of Women’sLives Factors Complicating theReconstructionof Neo-Assyrian Women,TheirVisibility, andTheirRepresentation Gender andMethodologyintheStudy Gender ExperimentsinHellenisticBabylonianFigurines Postfeminism andAssyriology: Neo-AssyrianQueens: In Pursuitof Puppets onaString?OnFemaleAgencyinOldBabylonianEconomy When WomenGetIll: Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling Aqhat Gender intheTaleof From LaFemmetoMultipleSex/Gender B N B S A A K É M. M S J A ulia tephanie tephanie gnè eth rigitte gnè m atrien atalie egan y An Introduction in Iron Age Israel (1200–587 in IronAgeIsrael(1200–587 in WrittenandPictorialSources 2nd-Millennium of An (Im)possibleRelationship? and EngenderingAncientHistory An InterdisciplinaryMethodologyforResearchingAncientWomen in Cuneiform TextsonHealing HealthandDisease Gendered Constructionsof Hasanlu,Iran in theIronAgeBurialsof

R rica

s s M. M. A

ebecca

G G lpert C

N

arcia arcia D

ifarelli L A C M. M. . M . e ion L s outo

her G ynn tions

N ay - - G raef L V V a . - an angin

entura entura - G k B F hai s reve udin erreira

ell

. -

H

b and

ooper . .

c

. e

S

. FamilyArchives

aana

Contents

b

S .

c

. värd vii . e . .

.)

.

. .

.

.

249 203 183 157 133 109 289 233

15 73 51

xi ix 1

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Rethinking GenderRelationships inaSociopolitical KingSennacherib theSurveillingGaze:TheMasculinityof Empire of viii Index of Notes onContributors Gender andMethodologyintheAncientNearEast:FinalThoughts Analyzing Constructs: anOutsider Gender StudiesandAssyriology:Expectations of Marriage PolicyinMari: After “Profits”: theAssinnu (Re)constructing theImageof theAncientNearEast: Artof Building UpaHistoryof M O A I N L A S F lona aana uciana rance lli mé m ie aría ar k Context during the Time of Zimri-Lim Context duringtheTimeof in Interrogating AncientNearEasternGender Perils,Pitfalls,andProgressions A Selectionof PowerbetweenDomination andResistance A Fieldof Women,Textiles,andEconomyintheAncientNearEast of Methodological andHistoriographicRemarkson theStudy EblaandtheThird-Millennium The Caseof lie s Authors

on V

S N

Z R K eldhui s s K ’S

värd

o olnay U P uhrt s hea ar innoc rbano a

O m

and

s el liver . k

T M ho .

artti and m a s

E on

N leonora i ss inen

Contents R avenna .

. b . c . . e . CourtLadies

.

.

.

.

353 413 373 337 315 481 461 447 423 495 489

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. to 330 GenderinMesopotamiafrom934 “Constructionof Finland, 2014–17) Academy of from 2012to2014,afterwhichshewasemployedinherownproject(fundedbythe Finland), led by Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila and Robert Rollinger, by the Academy of employed bythe financialpatronage duringtheseyears.Saanawas as wellvarious sourcesof this volumepossible. that year. Sheandotherslikeherhavepassed awayinFebruaryof literallymade JoanGoodnickWestenholz,whosadly Internationale, Ghent2013)tothememoryof dedicate thefirstworkshopweorganizedtogether(at theRencontreAssyriologique to this, we decided scholars who have come before. As a public acknowledgment of work hasalreadybeendoneduringthelastdecades.Wearehugelyindebtedtothose theancientNearEasthasnotalwaysbeeneasy, agreat dealof ies andanalysisof Texts andTraditions”theFinnishInstituteinMiddleEast. Excellence in“ChangesSacred theCentreof through thegeneroussupportof third workshop,whichweorganizedinHelsinkiOctober2014,wasmadepossible who made these workshops possible by chairing panels and delivering papers. The thecolleagues ferences, respectively. Inaddition,wewanttothankheartilyallof Małgorzata Sandowicz,whowereourinterlocutorsfortheGhentandWarsaw con- and (2013) andWarsaw (2014).Wewouldespeciallylike to thankKatrien DeGraef theRencontreconferencesinGhent theOrganizingCommitteesof come andhelpof ologique Internationale, they would not have been possible without the warm wel- theRencontreAssyri- theworkshopswereheldinframeworkof 2014. Astwoof willingness to cooperate, as well as for his organization of asessionongenderin the willingness to cooperate, aswellforhisorganization of Lorenzo Verderame. Gratitude is owedto him for his unconditional support and the “Sapienza”Università degliStudidiRoma(Italy),whereshewashosted by for UniversitiesandResearch. AsaBeatriu dePinós fellow, shewasaffiliated at EconomyandKnowledge’s Secretariat theCatalan Ministryof with thesupportof doctoral scholarship awarded by the Beatriu de Pinós Programme (Modality A), academicyears)sheheldapost- academic year),andafterward(inthe2014–16 invaluable helptous. has beenof the Centre,MarttiNissinen, Helsinki. Inparticular, thedirectorof University of the Finlandsince2014)intheTheologicalFacultyof (funded bytheAcademyof Excellence in“ChangesSacredTextsandTraditions” colleagues at theCentreof WorldCultures,similargratitude isowedtothewonderful in theDepartmentof Helsinki. Inadditiontothemanysupportiveandbrilliantcolleagues University of We would also like to thank a number of colleaguesfortheirhelpand support, We wouldalsoliketothankanumberof As indicated inourdedication, althoughtherelationship betweengenderstud- This volumehasitsgenesisinthreeworkshopsthat weorganizedin2013and Agnès wasemployedbytheUniversitat Autònoma deBarcelona(inthe2013–14 b . c . e .” Both projects were hosted by the Department of WorldCulturesat the .” BothprojectswerehostedbytheDepartmentof project “Intellectual Heritage of theAncientNearEast”(funded project “IntellectualHeritageof Acknowledgments ix

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. we are grateful to have had the chance to work with all of them. we are grateful tohave hadthechanceto workwithallof through cooperation withotherscholars.Asorganizers,facilitators, andeditors, theauthorsandeditors. entirely theresponsibilityof course, as anonymouspeer-reviewersforthepapers.Theremainingerrorsare,of most grateful. We are also very much in debt to those colleagues who have acted by nonnative EnglishspeakerswerecheckedbyAlbionM.Butters,towhomweare thearticleswritten providing overallsupportthroughouttheprocess.Almostallof inestimablehelpbygivingcounsel,commentingonourintroductorychapterand of JimEisenbraun.Furthermore,JackM.Sassonhasbeen able adviceandsupportof initiatives that later crystallizedintheworkshopsmentionedabove. colleagues fromtheUniversidaddeRosario(Argentina)andtoworkfurtheron ancient NearEastheldinRome(April2013),whichallowedustocollaborate with x Finally, aproject such as ours could only gain momentum and significance thisvolume,wewouldalsoliketoacknowledgethevalu- For thepreparation of Acknowledgments

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. ASV OB BM CAD BWL BAP BAM ARM 26I/1 AMT AHw Reference Works V Str. Pomp. Trog. ND MAL K IB Hdt. ED D. S. Curt. Ass. AO A. General BRM 1 BDTNS BASOR Iust. AT

sur lesCivilisations, 1988 Institute, 1956–2011 Chicago.21vols.(A–Z).Chicago:Oriental the University of Institute of Ignace J. Gelbetal.,editors. W. G.Lambert, 1912 J.Babylonian RecordsintheLibraryof PierpontMorgan.Part1.NewYork, A. T. Clay Database of theAmericanSchoolsof Bulletin of B. Meissner, Untersuchungen Vol. 1–6.Berlin:deGruyter, 1963–80 F. Köcher Cuneiform Tablets,ClayBullae,andJarHandles.Leiden:Brill,2008 StampSealson the BritishMuseum:StampSeals,part3:Impressionsof T. C.MitchellandA. Searight, J.-M. Durand, Museum. London:HumphreyMilfordOxfordUniversityPress,1923 R. C.Thompson,AssyrianMedicalTextsfromtheOriginalsof 1959–81 W. vonSoden, theV museum siglumof Strabo, Gaius PompeusTrogus Old Babylonian tabletsex field numbersof Middle AssyrianLaws the BritishMuseum,siglum texts intheKuyunjikCollectionof Marcus JunianusJustinus,EpitomeHistoriarumphilippicarumPompeiTrog Ishan Bahriyat, Isinex Herodotus, Early Dynastic Diodorus Siculus,Bibliothecahistorica Quintius CurtiusRufus,HistoriaeAlexandriMagni British Museum texts exca museum siglumLouvre theIstanbulArkeolojiMuzeleri,siglum texts intheAssurcollectionof 1893 Geographica , Diebabylonisch-assyrischeMedizininTextenund Babylonian Business Transactions of theFirstMillenniumB.C.: , BabylonianBusinessTransactionsof vated intheGermanexcavations at Assur, siglum Historiae Neo-SumerianTexts.Online:http://bdtns.filol.csic.es/ Beiträge zumaltbabylonischenPrivatrecht.Leipzig:Hinrichs, Akkadisches Handwörterbuch.Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz, Archives épistolairesdeMari1/1.Paris:ÉditionsRecherche Babylonian WisdomLiterature . Oxford:Clarendon1960 Abbreviations cavation sigla orderasiatisches Museum,Berlin cavated at Nimrud The Assyrian Dictionary of theOriental The AssyrianDictionaryof xi Catalogue of theWesternAsiaticSealsin Catalogue of OrientalResearch theBritish

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. KTU KADP 7 JEN Igituḫ HSS V HES GBAO FAOS ePSD CUSAS CT 48 CT 47 CT 45 CT 39 CT 18 CT 8 CT 6 CT 4 CRRAI CM CDLI CDA CAT KAR JEN 3 JCS Supplement ETCSL xii

Bercker /Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag,1976 Texte ausUgarit.AlterOrientundAltesTestament 24.Kevelaer:Butzon& 1915–23 Nuzi, MiscellaneousTexts7.WinonaLake,IN:Eisenbrauns, 1989 NuziandtheHurrians.Vol.of 3.JointExpeditionwiththeIraqMuseumat theBaghdadSchool:Texts3.Paris: Geuthner, 1931 Publications of OrientalResearch, and SecurityDocuments.AmericanSchoolsof Archiv fürOrientforschung B. LandsbergerandO.R.Gurney, “igi-duḫ-a=tāmartu, ShortVersion.” Semitic SeriesV. Cambridge:Harvard UniversityPress,1929 E. Chiera,ExcavationsatNuzi Heidelberger EmesalStudien Göttinger BeiträgezumAltenOrient Freiburger AltorientalischeStudien .ox.ac.uk Sumerian Litera Electronic TextCorpusof The PennsylvaniaSumerianDictionary. Cornell UniversityStudiesinAssyriologyandSumerology Museum, 1968 Museum, PartXLVIII,Old-BabylonianLegalDocuments.London:British J. J Museum, 1967 Museum, PartXLVII,Old-BabylonianNadītuRecords H. Figulla,CuneiformTextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish Museum, 1964 Museum, PartXLV,Old-BabylonianBusinessDocuments.London:British T. G.Pinches, Part XXXIX.London:BritishMuseum,1926 C. J. Gadd Museum, PartXVIII.London:British1964 E. A.W. Budge, Museum, PartVIII.London:British1899 E. A.W. Budge, Museum, PartVI.London:British1898 E. A.W. Budge, Museum, PartIV.London:British1898 E. A.W. Budge, Compte renduof Cuneiform Monographs Cuneiform DigitalLibraryInitiative. Online:http:/ Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,2000 J. Blacketal., edition). Münster:Ugarit-Verlag, 1996 Texts fromUgarit,RasIbnHaniandOtherPlaces(KTU:second,enlarged M. Dietrich,O.Loretz,andJ. Sanmartín, M. E. Ebeling,KeilschrifttexteausAssurreligiösen Inhalts Ú GAR-sú.BerlinAkademie-Verlag, 1955 Pflanzenkunde. TextederSerienuru.an.na:maltakal,HAR. ra:hubulluund F. Köcher E. R.LachemanandM.P. Maidman, E. Chiera,JointExpeditionwiththeIraqMuseumatNuzi

Journal of CuneiformStudiesSupplement Journal of Dietrich, O.Loretz,andJ. Sanmartín, editors.DieKeilalphabetischen . Finkelstein,CuneiformTextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish , Keilschrifttextezurassyrisch-babylonischenDrogen-und CuneiformTexts fromBabylonianTabletsintheBritishMuseum, Cuneiform TextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian.2nded.Santag5. A ConciseDictionaryof Cuneiform TextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish Cuneiform TextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish Cuneiform TextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish Cuneiform TextsfromBabylonianTabletsintheBritish the47thRencontreAssyriologiqueInternationale Abbreviations 18(1957–58):81–86 Texts of VariedContents.Harvard , vol.1:Textsof Studies ontheCivilizationandCulture Online:psd.museum.upenn.edu The CuneiformAlphabetic ture. Online:http://etcsl.orinst /cdli.ucla.edu/ . London:British . Leipzig:Hinrichs, , vol.3:Exchange

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. RIME 4 RIME 3/1 RIME RIMA 3 RIMA 2 RIMA 1 RAI PIHANS Oracc OED OBO NPN Murgud B MSL 17 MHET MHEOP MC malku =šarru MAD LTBA LKA LIMC RINAP 4 RIME 3/2 OLA NABU MSL 12

D. Frayne,OldBabylonianPeriod(2003–1595 BC) TorontoPress,1997 3/2. Toronto:Universityof D. Frayne,UrIIIPeriod D. O.Edzard,GudeaandHisDynasty Mesopotamia,EarlyPeriods Royal Inscriptionsof TorontoPress,1996 Toronto: Universityof Mesopotamia,AssyrianPeriods3. 2 (858–745B.C.).RoyalInscriptionsof A. K.Grayson,AssyrianRulersof TorontoPress,1991 Toronto: Universityof Mesopotamia,AssyrianPeriods2. 1 (1114–859B.C.).RoyalInscriptionsof A. K.Grayson,AssyrianRulersof TorontoPress,1987 Toronto: Universityof Mesopotamia,Assyrian Periods1. (to 1115 B.C.).RoyalInscriptionsof A. K.Grayson,AssyrianRulersof Rencontre AssyriologiqueInternationale Publications del’Instituthistorique-archéologiquenéerlandais Stamboul .museum.upenn.edu/ The OpenRichlyAnnotated CuneiformCorpus.Online:http:/ Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta Oxford EnglishDictionary. Orbis BiblicusetOrientalis ChicagoPress,1943 Institute Publications 57.Chicago:Universityof I. J. Gelb,P Nouvelles AssyriologiqueBrèvesetUtilitaires see Pontifical BiblicalInstitute,1985 and An-ta-gál=šaqû.Materials fortheSumerianLexicon17.Rome: A. Cavigneaux, H.Güterbock,andM.Roth, Lexicon 12.Rome:PontificalBiblicalInstitute,1969 M. Civil,TheSerieslú=šaandRelatedTexts Texts II1–6) British Museum—Parts1–6(=MesopotamianHistoryandEnvironment L. Dekiere,OldBabylonianRealEstateDocumentsfromSipparinthe Mesopotamian HistoryandEnvironment,OccasionalPublications Mesopotamian Civilizations theAmericanOrientalSociety83(1963):421–46 Version.” Journalof A. D.Kilmer, “ Chicago Press,1952–70 I. J. Gelb, Staatliche MuseenzuBerlin,Vorderasiatische Abteilung,1933 in denBerlinerMuseen,vol.2:DieakkadischenSynonymenlisten.Berlin: W. vonSoden, 1953 E. Ebeling,LiterarischeKeilschrifttexteausAssur 1981–2009 Lexicon iconographicummythologiaeclassicae.Düsseldorf:Artemis, Assyrian Period4.Eisenbrauns. theNeo- B.C.).WinonaLakeIN:TheRoyal Inscriptionsof (680–669 Leichty, E.,2011. TorontoPress,1990 Mesopotamia, EarlyPeriods 4.Toronto:Universityof TorontoPress,1997 Early Periods3/1.Toronto:Universityof Oxford UniversityPress,1989

MSL 12 . Chicago: University of Materials fortheAssyrianDictionary.Chicago:Universityof . M.Purves,andA.MacRae,NuziPersonalNamesOriental . Wetteren:Cultura,1994–97 Die lexikalischenTafelserienderBabylonierundAssyrer The First Tablet of malku=šarrutogetherwithItsExplicit The FirstTabletof The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria Esarhaddon,Kingof The RoyalInscriptionsof Abbreviations . Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia,EarlyPeriods . RoyalInscriptionsof 2nded.20vols.Oxford:Clarendon/NewYork: theEarlyFirstMillenniumB.C.,Volume theEarlyFirstMillenniumB.C.,Volume theThirdandSecondMillenniaB.C. . Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, . RoyalInscriptionsof The SeriesErim-huš=anantu . Materials fortheSumerian . Berlin:Akademie-Verlag, . Royal Inscriptions of . RoyalInscriptionsof /oracc ​ xiii

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. SAA 1 SHCANE SAAB SAA 20 SAA 19 SAA 18 SAA 17 SAA 16 SAA 15 SAA 13 SAA 10 SAA 9 SAA 7 SAA 5 SAA 3 SAA 2 SAA RlA RINAP 3/2 SFS SAOC SAG AandB SAAS xiv

1902 orientale. Cairo:Imprimeriedel’Institut françaisd’archéologieorientale, Assyria 20.Helsinki:Neo-AssyrianTextCorpusProject, 2017 Press, 2012 Assyria19.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversity Calah/Nimrud. State Archives of M. Luukko,TheCorrespondenceof Assyria18.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversity Press,2003 State Archives of to AssurbanipalandSin-šarru-iškunfromNorthernCentral Babylonia. F. S.Reynolds, Assyria17.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversityPress,2003 State Archivesof M. Dietrich,TheBabylonianCorrespondenceof Press, 2002 Assyria16.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversity Esarhaddon. State Archivesof M. LuukkoandG.van Buylaere, Helsinki: HelsinkiUniversityPress,2001 Assyria15. from BabyloniaandtheEasternProvinces.State Archivesof A. Fuchs,andS.Parpola,TheCorrespondenceof University Press,1998 Assyria13.Helsinki:Helsinki and Assurbanipal.State Archivesof S. W. ColeandP Assyria10.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversity Press,1993 of S. Parpola,LettersfromAssyrianandBabylonianScholars Helsinki UniversityPress,1997 S. Parpola,AssyrianProphecies Helsinki UniversityPress,1992 Assyria7.Helsinki: Palace andTempleAdministration.State Archivesof F. M.FalesandJ Assyria 5.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversityPress,1990 Letters fromtheNorthernandNortheasternProvinces.State Archivesof G. B.LanfranchiandS.Parpola,TheCorrespondenceof Assyria3.HelsinkiUniversityPress,1989 Archives of A. Livingstone,CourtPoetryandLiteraryMiscellanea. Assyria2.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversityPress,1988. State Archivesof S. ParpolaandK.Wa Press, 1987 Assyria1.Helsinki:HelsinkiUniversity and theWest.State Archivesof S. Parpola,TheCorrespondenceof State Archivesof Reallexikon derAssyriologieundVorderasiatischen Archäologie theNeo-AssyrianPeriod3/2.WinonaLake,IN:Eisenbrauns,2014 of Assyria(704-681BC),Part2.The RoyalInscriptions Sennacherib, Kingof A. K.GraysonandJ. R.Novotny Studies in the History and Culture of theAncientNearEast Studies intheHistoryandCulture of V. Scheil, Studies inAncientOriental Civilization Series 1.Rome:PontificalBiblicalInstitute,1986 Miscellaneous Texts.Materials fortheSumerianLexiconSupplementary Texts intheAshmoleanMuseum,MiddleBabylonianGrammatical Texts, State Archives of AssyriaBulletin State Archivesof S. Parpola,AssyrianRoyalRitualsandCulticTexts

M. Civil,O.R.Gurney, andD.A.Kennedy Une saisondefouillesàSippar, Institutfrançaisd’archéologie The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon andLetters The BabylonianCorrespondenceof . Machinist,LettersfromPrieststotheKingsEsarhaddon . N.Postgate, ImperialAdministrativeRecords,part1: Assyria AssyriaStudies tanabe. Neo-AssyrianTreatiesandLoyaltyOaths. Abbreviations . State Archives of Assyria9.Helsinki: . State Archivesof The Royal Inscriptions of ., 2014.TheRoyalInscriptionsof The Political Correspondence of The PoliticalCorrespondenceof SargonII,part1:LettersfromAssyria Tiglath-PileserIIIandSargonIIfrom , TheSag-Tablet,Lexical SargonandSennacherib. SargonII,part3:Letters . State Archives of . State Archivesof Helsinki: State SargonII,part2: . State Archives

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. VS UE ZTT YOS 10 YBC WOO UDB TCL I STT SpTU 5 SpTU 3 SpTU 1

London: BritishMuseumPublications, 1976 Bank. Vol. 1.Piscataway, NJ:Gorgias,2003 State Archives of AssyriaBulletin State Archivesof S. Parpola,“CuneiformTextsfromZiyaretTepe(Tušḫan),2002–2003.” Texts 10.NewHaven, CT:Yale UniversityPress,1947 A. Goetze,OldBabylonianOmenTexts Yale BabylonianCollection Wiener OffeneOrientalistik Vorderasia L. WoolleyandM.Mallowan,TheOldBabylonianPeriod J.-L. Cunchillos,J babylonienne. Paris:Geuthner, 1910 F. Thureau-Dangin, ArchaeologyinAnkara,1957–64 theBritishInstituteof Publications of O. R.Gurney, U 18.MainzamRhein:vonZabern1998 E. vonWeiher, Deutschen ForschungsgemeinschaftinUruk-Warka 12.Berlin:Mann,1988 E. vonWeiher, H. Hunger, tische Schriftdenkmälerder(Königlichen)MuseenzuBerlin Spätbabylonische TexteausUruk.TeilI.Berlin:Mann,1976 The SultantepeTabletsVol. 1–2.Ankara:Occasional Uruk. Teil5,SpätbabylonischeTexteausdemPlanquadrat Spätbabylonische TexteausUrukIII.Ausgrabungender .-P. theUgariticData Vita,andJ.-Á. Zamora,TheTextsof Lettres etcontratsdel’époquelapremièredynastie Abbreviations 17(2008):1–113 . Yale OrientalSeries,Babylonian . UrExcavations 7. xv

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. tion (ca.1050 at thesite,artifactsandornamentsinburialsdating betweenanearlierdestruc- hegemonicstates. approaches that illuminate theartisticandculturalproduction of the sametheoreticalandmethodological be understoodthroughtheapplication of Hasanlucannot theselarger-scaleentities,material andvisualcultureof actions of measurably, themistakesremainmyown. Michelle Marcus,andPaulSanchez forreadingdrafts.Theircommentshave improved thisessayim- MichelleMarcus.ThankstoMichaelDanti,KarenRubinson, JackGreen, work andmoralsupportof myeffortswouldbepossiblewithoutthepioneering duty. Noneof for goingaboveandbeyondthe call of Collections, Pittman, andMichaelDanti, toKatherine Blanchard,Fowler/Van SantvoordKeeperof for permissiontotheworkon Hasanlumaterials andarchives,particularlyRichard Zettler, Holly Pennsylvania Museum theUniversityof participated. ThanksaredueaswelltotheHasanluProjectof kind invitation towhat wasthemostilluminating andcollegialacademicconference inwhichIhave ever gratitude toSaanaSvärdandAgnèsGarcia-Ventura, fortheir Author’s note:Thisessayowesadebtof Iran (fig. 1). It was excavated between 1956and 1977under Azerbaijan province of regionalconflictsbyaround800 currents of the advancing Urartiankingdom,Hasanluwascaughtin,andultimately lostto,the theAssyrianEmpireandinpath of sitesituated beyondthelimitsof A small the earlyIronAge(PeriodIVb)burialsat Hasanlu,asiteinNorthwestern Iran. genderedidentities,in genderandintheconstructiondifferentiation of of the site, in an era of internalunease. the site,inaneraof local,dynamic,and gender-specific attempts tonegotiate status andidentity at of The shiftsinthematerial cultureevidencedinthePeriodIVbburialsare record and culturalnorms,intheperiodleadinguptoHasanlu’scatastrophic destruction. odological approachthat looksmorecloselyat theinterplay betweenhumanchoices theseobjectsandthecontextsin whichtheyarefounddemandameth- the nature of senting anideologicalshifttowardsmilitarization at thesite,butIwillarguethat distinct, eliteburialassemblages.Thesenewelementscanbeinterpretedasrepre- militaryequipmentandmilitaristicornaments toarangeof and theintroductionof of artifact types fromregions to the north, ened gender differentiation, an influx Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling A careful analysis of the entire cemetery shows that, compared to earlier burials A careful analysis of Teppe Hasanluislocated in theLakeUrmiaBasininwhat isnowtheWestern This articleexplorestheroleplayedbypersonalornamentsinperformance in the Iron Age Burials of Hasanlu,Iran in theIronAgeBurialsof b . c . e . ) andthecatastrophic destruction(ca.800 1.

Megan Cifarelli Hasanlu, Iran 73 b . c . e . Whilecertainlysubjectedtothe b . c . e . ) evidenceheight-

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. cultural developments(fig.2). ing Hasanluacentralpositioninanyconversation aboutregionalchronology and vation inNorthwesternIranhasrevealedsuchalongoccupation sequence,assur- sequence spanningtheearlypottery Neolithic totheMedieval period.Nootherexca- These excavations revealedalargehorizontalexpansewithlongoccupational Iran. Art,andtheArchaeologicalService of Museum, theMetropolitanMuseumof Pennsylvania RobertH.DysonJr., supportedbytheUniversityof the directionof 74 b as Danti2013.Thedates that Dantiestablishedfortheperiodsinquestion are:HasanluV(1450–1250 furnished graves. boring DinkhaTepewaswealthierthanHasanlu, asevidencedbyitsluxuriously est ormostimportantinthevalley. Certainlyinthe midtolate BronzeAge,neigh- itislarg- simply becauseithasbeeninvestigated mostthoroughly. Itisnotclear if five potentialcitadelcentersstretchingalongthe GadarRiver. Itisbetterknown Figure 1. the UshnuValley, whichwasinturn linkedtotheAssyrianheartlandbyKel-i to thenorth.Theseregions wereaccessibletoHasanlu:WestfromHasanlu runs itspowerfulneighbors,AssyriatothewestandUrartu linked totheebbandflowof the sitewas armies onthemarch—becameincreasinglystrategic, andthefate of the Lake Urmia Basin—a region that was likely appealing as a grain source for . c . e . By the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (Hasanlu V–IVc), Hasanlu was one of By theLate BronzeandEarly IronAges(HasanluV–IVc), Hasanluwasoneof ), Hasanlu IVc (1250–1050 ), HasanluIVc(1250–1050 1. 2.

For a complete bibliography of Hasanluex For acompletebibliographyof For theDinkha Tepe burials,seePizzorno2011; Rubinson1991;Muscarella1974.

Map of theancientNearEast,basemap,WikimediaCommons. Map of

2 In the course of the early Iron Age, the location of Hasanluin the earlyIronAge,thelocation of Inthecourseof b . c . e .

) and Hasanlu IVb (1050–800 ) andHasanluIVb(1050–800 1 M egan C cavation publications, seeMuscarella2006aswell ifarelli b . c . e . ).

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. tamian “center.” totheMesopo- rarely articulated assumption wasthat Hasanlu wasthe“periphery” its material culturethrough aMesopotamianlens.Occasionally, theunderlying, these artifact studies view Hasanlu and the second interpretive challenge: Some of establish chronology, inessencedecontextualizedthem,perhapspaving thewayfor to interpret Hasanlu’s material culture to broader strokes, such as “East of Assyria,” the title of the 1989 Assyria,” the title of to interpret Hasanlu’s material culture to broader strokes, such as “East of Bilingual Urartian-Assyriantextsfromaround800 Muṣaṣir(fig. 3). thebufferstate of Shin andGawraShinkepassesthevalleys of ology andAnthropology. Figure 2. tween about 1000–800 tween about1000–800 were beingencompassedbytheUrartianEmpire.Hasanlureachesitszenithbe- Caspian littoraltothesouthCaucasusandeasternAnatolia, includingareas that and mountainpassesconnecttheLakeUrmiabasintonorthernregionsfrom periods at thesite. of theearlier thesite’s difficult stratigraphy, and understanding or articulation of aclear from HasanluPeriodIVbwerestudiedandpublished wellinadvance of artifacts issues.First, asothershave pointedout,artifactsandclasses of ber of ing expansioniststates. Haldi, principle deity of theUrartianpantheon. Haldi, principledeityof thegod Urartian kingsthroughthisregionenroutetoMuṣaṣir, thecultcenterof Past analyses of Hasanluanditsmaterial culturehave been hinderedbyanum- Past analysesof 5. 4. 3.

This phenomenon is manifest in a range of ways,fromtheuseof This phenomenonismanifestin arangeof These issuesaretreated broadlyinPizzorno2011;Danti2013:25–51;Muscarella2006: 69–94. Radner 2012:248;Andre-Salvini andSalvini2002:5–66.

Site of Hasanlu.Photographcourtesyof Site of Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling

5 From its location in the highlands east of theZagrosMountains, Fromitslocation inthehighlandseastof

4 This focus on classes of artifacts, and the use of artifactsto artifacts,andtheuseof Thisfocusonclassesof b . c . e . , in a liminal region at the fringes of thesetwocompet- , inaliminalregionat thefringesof the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archae- Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof

3 ToHasanlu’snorth,rivervalleys b . c . e . record the travel of early recordthetravel of Mesopotamianliterarytexts 75

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. between AssyriaandHasanlu. mation about the site as a whole, however, some posited a more direct relationship early firstmillennium isolated Mesopotamian prestigegoods.Duringthe networks andthecollectingof izing goods. Hasanlu’s 76 of which certainly resemble aspects of AssyrianCourtart, wasdescribedthoroughlybyIrene J. Winter which certainly resembleaspectsof of 2009) continuetocitetheearlier work. therelationship betweenAssyriaandHasanlu, later studies(Collins2006;Gunter understanding of MichelleMarcus(1990: 129–51) tocorrectthis from anAssyrianruler. Despite theconsciouseffortsof panels founda Hasanlu. of thearchaeology theUniversityMuseum’sExpeditionmagazinededicated toaretrospectiveof issue of Neo-Assyrian courtimagery. awareness of these traitsthroughmoreaccessible,intermediary cultures,withoutsignificant fied as assyrianizing, excluding those created in the Local Style, may have acquired theitems initially identi- temples appear tohave been produced in Assyria. Some of goodscollectedandstoredinthe citadel’s themassesof cumscribed. Veryfewof Assyrianmaterial cultureiscir- at Hasanlu,however, showthat theinfluenceof millennium Figure 3. Recent analyses of the Assyrian and assyrianizing objects and their contexts Recent analyses of 7. 8. 6.

See Muscarella1980:212–13,for thesuggestionthat spectacularlycarvedAssyrian styleivory Danti, 2013;Cifarelli2013:319–21;Dantiand2016. This reevalua

Detail map of theHasanluregion,basemap,WikimediaCommons. Detail mapof ­ interactionwiththeMesopotamianwestisindirect,andinsecond t Hasanlucouldhave beenincorporated intoathroneorchair asa“royalgift”toHasanlu

6 b Working with selected artifacts and without access tocompleteinfor- . c . e . included participation in large scale Syro-Mesopotamian trade tion ispresentedinDantiand Cifarelli 2016.TheHasanlu“LocalStyle,”traits b . c . e . , Hasanlu was the consumer of Assyrianandassyrian- , Hasanluwastheconsumerof

7 M egan C

8 The influence of Assyria properappears Theinfluenceof ifarelli

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. material culture that valued the collection of certainluxurygoods. material culturethat valued thecollectionof imperial iconography and a Assyrian-inspired visual culture with distant echoes of diffuse at Hasanlu and may belimited toHasanlu’s participation in a widespread, Muscarella 1980andMarcus1996. (1977: 371–89).The“LocalStyle”isalsoassociated withcarvedivories,metalworkandcylinderseals;see tian forces destroyed Hasanlu around 800 army aredisputed,butthisessaysupportstheexcavators’ conclusionsthat Urar- theattacking thedestruction andtheidentityof Assyria andUrartu.Thedate of a timesurelyfraught with challengesandopportunities occasioned by therise of Period IVb, the era in which the site reached its greatest expanse and elaboration, 149–61; andMagee 2008:89–106. 75; Danti2013;andCifarelli 2016.ContraareMedvedskaya1988:1–15; 1991: not widespreadat thesite. Assyrianartwas del, indicating that anyintentionalcollectionorlocalemulation of at Hasanludemonstrates that theyarelargelyconfinedtotwotemplesonthecita- theAssyrianandassyrianizingobjects theprecisearchaeologicalcontextsof tion of ica, prehistoric Europe or Imperial Rome. Aside from a very few inscribed objects ica, prehistoric Europe or Imperial Rome. Aside from a very few inscribed objects widespread,welldocumentedsocieties,suchasMesoamer - the material culturesof data that illuminate challenges aswell,particularlycomparedtotherich setsof viduals whenthesesameobjecttypesappearintheir graves. were considered valuable at the site, helping us identify elite or well connected indi - artifacts tive terms, unlooted temple treasuries allowed us to infer which types of pins, earrings,hairornaments,beads,bracelets,anklets, fingerrings,etc.Inreduc- Among theseitemsaremanyrelated topersonaladornment,includingbelts, armor, objectsconsideredvaluable enoughat thissitetocollectandsealinstorerooms. of thetempletreasuriesprovidecriticalinformation regardingthetypes contents of thecatastrophe. Moreover, the ment inthecemeterytothat foundonthevictimsof rare opportunitytocompare,withinthesamehistoricalhorizon,mortuaryadorn- personal adornment at the site and provide a tal burials can illuminate the use of enemy combatants, weretrappedanddiedinthedestruction(fig.5).Theiracciden - thesiteaswell as individuals, residents of bodies andstorerooms. Hundreds of crushed unusual archaeologicalcontexts,asitpreventedthesubsequentlootingof buildings created quent intensefiredestroyedthecitadel.Theresultingcollapseof footprint, butcuriouslyremainedunfortified(fig.4). tion took place at Hasanlu, after which the citadel was rebuilt on nearly the same heightened status differentiation. AtsomepointinPeriod IVc,asignificantdestruc- became increasinglyelaborate andthegraves showgreater accesstoelitegoodsand PeriodIVc,thebuildingsoncitadel manyburials.Inthecourseof the siteof temples andcolumned-hallstructures. The LowMoundwassparselyoccupied,and ing. TheHighMoundservedasacitadelfeaturing monumentalbuildingsincluding are mostoftennegotiated. assyrianization intheburials,acontextwhereinlocalidentity, status, andprestige 12. 11. 10. Hasanlu isperhapsbestknownforthespectaculardestructionthat ended The site has tremendous potential for the study of gendered dress, but there are gendereddress,butthereare The sitehastremendouspotentialforthestudyof theIronIperiod(HasanluIVc)Hasanluwasflourish- From thebeginningof 9.

Danti andCifarelli2016.Seealso Winter1977andMarcus1990. Arguing forthe800 Danti 2013:53–140. Danti andCifarelli2016. Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling b . c .

e 10 . destructionareDysonandMuscarella 1989:1–27;Muscarella2006: Most importantly for this essay, there is no evidence of Mostimportantlyforthisessay, thereisnoevidenceof b . c . e . .

12 This violent attack and subse-

11

9 Theexamina- 77

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Hasanlu GoldBowl,which Iwilldiscussshortly. personaladornment,asinglecarvedivory, andthefamous might depicttheuseof no monumental artistic production. The site has thus far yielded only two objects that clayfigurineswerediscovered at Hasanlu,andthereis adornment. Onlyahandfulof personal imagerythat depictstheuseof more, thesitelacksasignificantcorpusof administrative oreconomic activitytosupplementthematerial evidence. although severaltheorieshave beenputforward—andtherearenowrittenrecordsof its inhabitants are not known— Hasanlu and the language and identity of name of writing.Theancient stored inthetemples,thereisnoevidencefor local useof whichareheirloom exoticafromMesopotamiaandElam excavated at Hasanlu,allof 78 not abowl. ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof University of Figure 4. role of dress and adornment in the performance of genderat thissiteis quitelimited. dressandadornment intheperformanceof role of 14. 13.

The so-called Gold Bowl (HAS58–469) hasbeenidentifiedbyMuscarella 2006:n.7asabeaker The so-calledGoldBowl(HAS58–469) thelitera See Muscarella2006:82,foraconcise summaryof

Plan of theHasanluIVbcitadel,showingfortifica Plan of M egan C ifarelli

14 tion walls from Period IIIb. Courtesy of the tion wallsfromPeriodIIIb.Courtesyof Local visual evidence, then, for the Localvisualevidence,then, forthe ture.

13 Further- ,

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. are dynamic opportunities for identity negotiation. (3) In times of social changeor are dynamicopportunities foridentitynegotiation. (3) Intimesof thedeceased,but thesocialidentityof rituals arenotsimplyrepresentations of identity. (2)Burialsandtheirattending among genders,aswell otheraspectsof genderandinthedifferentiation significant roleintheembodied performanceof artifacts andgenderinthe HasanluIVbburials:(1)Personalornaments playa therelationships between workthat informmyinterpretation of from thisbodyof clarity, Iwillenumerate andexplicate thethreemajorconceptsdrawn the sakeof datasets foundinwidespread andwell-documentedculturesfarfromHasanlu.For whichfocusesonrich logical, archaeologicalandart-historicalresearch, muchof anthropo- interpretation. Myapproachtothismaterial drawsonabroadrangeof archaeology and (the afterlife),andnowcontemporary, throughtheprocesses of audiences that aretemporal (thefuneralritual),potentiallyeternalorsupernatural selves (socialidentity)areboundtogether, packagedandpresentedtoaseriesof phenomenon. Intheseburials,thebiologicalentities (humanremains)andcultural abroader cultural Hasanlu must first be evaluated on itsown, rather thanas partof clearculturalaffiliations, the material cultureasrepresentedinthe burials at of gendered practicesandidentitiesat thissiteisnotasimpletask.Intheabsence opotamian culture,determiningthewaysthat personalornamentscontribute to to draw, Mes- andresistingthetemptation tointerpretHasanluthroughthelensof ArchaeologyandAnthropology.Pennsylvania Museumof Figure 5. With fewimagesandnotexts,literaryormythologicaltraditionsonwhich

2. Exca

Theoretical andMethodologicalApproaches vation of bodies crushed in Hasanlu’s citadel. Photograph courtesy of the University of theUniversityof bodiescrushedinHasanlu’scitadel.Photographcourtesyof vation of Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling 79

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. trate ideal ways of being. trate idealwaysof reference tocitationalprecedents—images,stories,expressions,andrulesthat illus- genderedformswith according toButler, throughthereiterative performanceof the traces of activitydetectableinhumanremains. the tracesof ments, artifacts relating to dress, ornamentation and other bodily habits, as well as these material manifestations canincludefigural representations, writtendocu- Mesoamericanchildren, the gendering of Joyce demonstrated inheranalysisof to materiality andaretherebyevidentinthearchaeologicalrecord.AsRosemary behavior anddress,areinextricablylinked lies, tosociallysanctionedpatterns of tity andperformance,fromsocialinstitutionsculturalnorms,roleswithinfami- interpretation of archaeological materials. interpretation of biologicalsex—hassignificantimplications forthe prediscursive manifestation of der—the notionthat genderisculturallyconstructedrather thana “natural” or 2.1. costlysignaling, or mutually beneficial symbolic communication. goods areaform of valuable andculturallysignificant conflict, mortuaryritualsandthedepositionof 80 37–38, for a succinct evaluation of various approaches. 37–38, forasuccinctevaluation of bioarchaeologicalcriteriaappearstobetheleastevidentlybiased. SeeDíaz-Andreu2003: application of theobjectsrelating todress play agreater roleinthe consumption anddisplayof they adorn,onecanarguethat individualmotivesandhumandecisions(agency) biologicalsex. tain osteologicaldata that canbeinterpretedasevidence of puts it)“genderisnotinherentinthearchaeologicalrecord,”humanremainscon- complex relationship betweengenderandbiologicalsex.While(asPenelopeAllison cal materials that correlate to gendered behavior and identity brings us back to the strongly associated withaparticulargender. Thechallengetoidentifyarchaeologi- consumptionareoften clothing styles,colors,professions,activities,andpatterns of uscanidentify, havingbut arealitywithwhichmanyof livedincultureswhere gender andthedifferentiation amonggenderidentitiesisfarfromanabstraction, which objectsaregenderedinaparticularculture. what Butlerterms the“regulatory schema”by relationships preservethe tracesof relationships betweenobject typesandsexedbodiesinmortuarycontexts. ing tomultipledimensions,includingbiologicalsex, age,affiliation, etc.,canreveal objectsrelated todress andthebodyaccord- thedistributionof nuanced analysisof genders.However, thirdor“other” a thoughtful and indications inmanyculturesof “masculine”or“feminine,” with and genderismorecomplexthanthebinarityof “man”or“woman,” tainly noteverybodyfallsneatly intothebiologicalcategories of ated withbodiesthat aresexedas“female”necessarily gendered“feminine.”Cer- ageorstatus, expressgenderthe samewayorthat that objectsassoci- regardless of aparticularsex, not tosaythat archaeologistsshouldassumethat all individuals of Judith Butler’s articulation of the discursive and performative nature of gen- thediscursiveandperformative nature of articulation of Judith Butler’s 20. 19. 18. 17. 16. 15. those Because personalornamentsareintimately associated withthebodyof The notion that dress and personal ornaments participate in the performance of

Personal Ornaments,Dress,andGender

Butler 1993:4;Díaz-Andreu2003: 23refersto“rules”forthewayobjectsarehandled. Allison 2015:104. Allison 2015:103.Amongthemethods av Joyce 2000:473–86. Joyce2000:477–78. Butler 1993:110–19; Butler 1990:7, 145;1993:68–69;Joyceand Perry2001:63–76.

16 Many of theprocessesthat participate ingenderediden- Manyof M egan ailable forsexdetermination inhumanremains,the C

15 ifarelli Individuals become and are gendered,

20

17

18

19 Thisis These

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. fact will be explored in terms of itsroleinmortuaryritual. fact willbeexploredintermsof tion betweenagentsandculturallybasedregulatory strategies. autonomous actors, binary) genders.Thisisnottosuggestthat thedeceasedortheirmournersarefully agency, aswelltoidentifyalternative (non opportunities toidentifytracesof in death. gendered identities,andare,asArnoldeloquentlydescribed,“boundtothebody” dressandadornmentwornonthebodycontributemost to regulated the itemsof theseartifacts.JoannaSofaer-DerevenskiandArnoldhave eacharguedthat tion of themortuarycontextininterpreta- however, tointegrate anunderstanding of 2.2. on Assyrianreliefs,forexample. images thechoicesthat contributetotheproductionof might bethecaseforanyof culturalconstraintsorhabitus—than and ornamentation—within theboundsof directly andindisputablyassociated withskeletalremainswillbe brought tobearinthisessay. clearly. Insufficientlydetailedrecords have compounded thisproblem.Forclarity, only thoseornaments full of 29– agency, the“individual,”in archaeologicalanalysis,seeKnappandvannotion of Dommelen2008:15–34. the PierreBourdieu(Bourdieu1977).Forathoroughdiscussionof behavior andattitudes istheworkof internalandexternalchanges.Aconcept ticularly duringPeriodIVb,atimeof these ornamentsinlife,andtheirdistributiontheseburials,par- erns theuseof 2.3. individuals. of and possibly “othering” and “boying” the “girling” genderedbehavior, artifactsin or “residues”of toimaginingtheparticipation of thematerial correlates Bettina Arnoldhave movedbeyondtheidentification of certain forms of adornmentwereusedinlife. certain formsof instances, adorned bodies from the catastrophic citadel context demonstrate that burial, Ibelievethat Hasanluresidentsengagedinpublicfuneraryrituals.In some feastingandfoodofferingsineach life beliefsat Hasanlu.Basedonevidenceof status. social hierarchy, butdynamicopportunitiesforthelivingtonegotiate identityand thedeceasedin theplaceof rituals, whicharenotsimply(re)presentations of mation for, anafterlife. for burial—includedinthegrave toassuresafepassageto,comfortin,orreani- adornmentthat arecraftedspecifically in life.Burialscanalsocontainitemsof context theornaments,andtheirdiscursivepotential,areequivalent tothoseworn filtered out in pursuit of regularities.” filtered outinpursuitof to understood gender norms are thus not, asRosemary Joyce explains, “noise to be 46. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. the behavior that gov- Costly signaling theory underlies my interpretation of Following Butler, scholarssuchasJoyce,MarieLouiseStigSørensen,and

storedornamentsontotheadorned bodies,itisdifficulttoassociate artifacts withindividuals Costly Signaling The MortuaryContext

26 The citadel context is so archaeologically complex, with the collapse of multistoried buildings The citadelcontextissoarchaeologically complex,withthecollapseof Gillespie 2001:76–78;Díaz-Andreu 2003:39. This isexplicated most clearlyinBenzel2013,particularlypp.178–205.SeealsoGansell 2007b: Arnold 2005:19;Derevenski2000:398. Butler 1993:7–8;Joyce2000;Sørensen2007:48;Arnold2005: 19. Joyce 2001:13. the term course the development of Of Withoutwritingorclearculturalaffiliations, itisdifficulttoaccessafter-

24 Itisproblematic, though,toassumecategorically that inamortuary Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling but patterns of artifact distribution are the product of media- artifact distribution are the product of but patterns of

25 Moreover, burialobjectsparticipate inpublicmortuary

21 Thoseornamentsthat donotappeartoconform habitus

22 Exceptional burialscanprovidepowerful to describe the waysociety structures individual

27 Whenthisisnotpossible,eacharti-

23 It is not trivial, 81 ­

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. IVb, a period of regionalconflict,bookended bylocaldestructions. IVb, aperiodof Period changeischronicledintheburialsof Hasanlu,just suchamomentof case of thesocialorder. Inthe group. Costlysignalsplayavitalroleintherenegotiation of circumstances and players change, and there are fewer knowns or givens within a newvariables. Inasocietyinflux, theintroductionof can escalate astheresultof munication. dynamic,mutuallybeneficialsymboliccom- status differentials,butaformof of ing inproductiveactivity)aremorethansimplyarepresentation orreinforcement able itemsplacedingraves, aswellpracticesthat restrictindividualsfromengag- goodsandresources(inthiscaseusefulvalu- that areostensibly“wasteful”of symboliccapitalandconspicuousconsumption to explainthat behaviors notions of gic andoftenintentionalcommunication strategy withinasociety. Itgoesbeyond a strate- a model for interpreting changes in artifact assemblagesasthe result of grounded inevolutionaryarchaeologyandagencytheory, costlysignalingprovides 82 their display, was of courseintroducedbyVeblen1994(1899). their display, wasof “conspicuous consumption,”bywhich socialsta renown . lier burialsandtheircontentsdemonstrate culturalstabilityandconsistentsocial theseear- Age (HasanluVI)throughIronIIVc).A systematic studyof riod IVB:approximately 20burialsexcavated theredate fromthe Middle Bronze 3.1. inequality. violence, promotingthetoleranceof “honest” signalsinthepoliticalarenawaysthat obviate theneedforconflictor signaler andthereceivers.AccordingtoBliege-BirdSmith,receiversinterpret evident (wealth,status, identity, relative politicalpower)andthat differentiate the families choosingtoinvestinimportedceramics. wear expensivemetalbuttonsontheirclothingandsuccessfulwomenwithoutlarge costlysignaling,withsinglemenoptingtopurchaseand differentiated strategies of the upper class, enslaved men and women employed ing consumerism on the part of imported goods,”Galledeterminedthat inahistoricaleracharacterizedbyburgeon - ple tospend“valuable energy, timeandhard-earnedmoneypursuingfashionable thechoicebyenslaved peo- century slave sitesinVirginia.Inherexploration of 18th- thearchaeologyof the signaler, asJillianGallehasshowninheranalysis of such asabodilymodification. otherwise prohibitivecost,massiveinconvenience,orbyan“unfakeable”attribute or “honest” when its reliability is ensured—either by Signaling becomes “costly” interested but socially embedded decision makers.” individuals as self ist notions of with more material- self that might be gained through symbolic representations of theintangiblesocialbenefits theory providesawaytoarticulate idealistnotionsof 31. 30. 29. 28. theLower Moundat HasanluforburialsbeginswellbeforePe- The useof Using costlysignals,signalerscommunicate attributes that arenototherwise Within agivensociety, signalingstrategies canvary accordingtheidentityof

The EarlierPeriods

Bliege-Bird and Smith2005233–34. Galle 2010:24,38. Bliege BirdandSmith2005:222–25. Galle 2010:19–21.Fortheclassic articulation of .

. readily convertible back into economic capital” see Bourdieu 1977: 171–82. The notion of . readilyconvertiblebackinto economic capital”seeBourdieu1977:171–82.Thenotionof

28 AccordingtoaseminalarticlebyBliege-BirdandSmith,“signaling 3.

Gendered ArtifactsatHasanlu

29 M egan tus andpowerarerelated todiscretionarypurchasesand C ifarelli “symboliccapital,”conceivedas “prestigeand

31

Moreover, the intensity of signals Moreover, theintensityof 30

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Bronze Age to the Iron Age in this region. anabrupttransitionandpopulation shiftmarkingthechangefrom notions of the grave, requiredgarmentpins,sometimesasmanythree,fasteners. robust, itdoessuggestthat elitewomen’sclothing at Hasanlu,at leastthat wornin stratification at Hasanluoverthelonguedurée. vessel, its function and iconography are the subject of anarticleinpreparation, seeCifarelli forthcoming. vessel, itsfunction andiconographyarethesubject of themany publications inwhichithasappeared,seeMuscarella 2006: n.7.The gold and acritiqueof theobjectitself,itsidentification as abeakerrather thanabowl, Foradiscussionof Winter 1989:90–92. theGoldBowl,see thisvesselhasbeenthoroughly reanalyzedinDanti2014:791–804.Forthedate of of 182;Cifarelli2013;Danti2013:appendix6,417–19. SK24 (F)HAS57–118A;SK479 (F)64–171, (F) HAS58–146;SK66(child)HAS59–133, 137;SK25(F)HAS57–122;SK67HAS59–143, 144, 155; Cifarelli 2014:270–97. these notions,seeMuscarella1994:139–54;Pizzorno2011and Danti2013:33–50. Bronze andIronAgestentatively linkedthat changetoIndo-Iranianmigration. Foradebunking of lootingthestorerooms. enemy combatants whowerecrushedintheactof before Hasanlu’sdestruction,thisobjectwasfoundbytheexcavators inthehandsof garmentpins.Generallythoughttodate at least 200 years to thegendereduseof personaladornment,isillustrative withrespect tions fromHasanludepictingtheuseof indeterminate adults,oneachild,andnoneasmen. pins fromHasanluperiodsVIthroughIVC,fivehave beensexedaswomen,two theeightburials with garment only garmentpinsarestronglysex-specific.Of him, and which in Iranian Art is associated with women, it nonetheless has distinctly him, and which in Iranian Art is associated with women, it nonetheless has distinctly thewomanbelow figure isseated onthegroundinaposturethat isidenticaltothat of the rightshoulder, withalargerpinspherical head behindtheneck.Whilethis wears agarmentidenticaltothewomanseated below, andagarmentpinisvisibleon wearing pinsisseated inthefieldimmediately overthewomanandchild.Thisfigure seated onthegroundinlowestregister, holdinganinfantorchild.Thelastfigure is the neckwithapinoneithershoulder(fig.7).Thesecondpin-wearingfemalefigure in theother. figure,isclosed at Hergarment,decorated identicallytothe“unveiling” thesefemalefiguresridesalion,carryingmirrorinone handandamace The firstof the “unveiling,” indisputably female figure onthe vessel. hairstyles that match that of thesefiguresarebeardless,andhave distinctive,sectioned, fastened bypins.Twoof incised mythologicalsceneonthisvesselclearlyshowsthreefigureswithgarments coast. as connections to the South Caucasus region and the Caspian acteristics, as well metal goodsfoundintheburialsevidencebothlocal(northwesternIranian)char- Syria, andtheLevant, aconclusionbolsteredbypotteryanalysisaswell.However, Hasanlu’s participation intradenetworksthat extendedthrough Mesopotamia, externalconnections,theearliergrave goodsdemonstrate environment. Intermsof timeinaculturallystable theobjectstookplaceoveralongperiodof collection of thePeriodIVbdestruction,suggestingthat the thetemplesat thetimeof ies of from the mid-second millennium 38. 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. theonlyvisualrepresenta - The so-calledHasanluGoldBowl,whichbearsoneof artifactsassociated withadornmentbeforeperiodIVB, theclassesof allof Of

34

The Gold Bowl is These areSK4/5(indeterminate) HAS57–131;SK45–7(indetermina For sexandagedeterminations throughoutthispaperIwillrelyonSelinsky2009. As explica Cifarelli 2013:313–21. The earlierHasanlupublications sta Cifarelli 2013:319. ThesefindingswillholdtruefortheIronIIperiodaswell. Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling ted first in Rubinson and Marcus 2005: 313–18, Danti and Cifarelli 2015 as well as HAS58–469 (Tehran Museum 10712). The discovery and architectural context HAS58–469 b . c ted that thematerial cultureshiftsdrastically between the . e . are identical to items stored in the treasur-

33 The luxury goods in a subset of burials The luxury goods in a subset of

32 Thesefindingshelpputtorest

36 Whilethesamplesizeisnot te) HAS58–132,133;SK49

35

38 (fig. 6) The (fig.6)The

37 83

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. males whodressandcomportthemselveslikewomen. thirdgenderat thesite—biological the GoldBowlprovidesevidencefornotionof masculine andfeminineattributes suggeststomesomethingmorecomplex.Perhaps be interpretedasevidencethat menat Hasanluworegarmentpins,thecombination of hisbiologicalmaleness.Whilethisbeardedfigurecould to bebearded,anindication of vessel seemsotherwisetobeassociated withmalefigures.Finally, thisfigureappears ers totheright,forexample,andheraisesabeakerinonehand,anactivitythat on this masculine attributes. Thelongstraighthairstyle,tiedwithafillet,isseenonthebox- 84 object willbepresentedinCifarelli forthcoming. a possiblecultofficialwhois “gendered female.”Amoredetailedtrea important information aboutlocaldevelopmentandculturalinteractions at thesite 3.2. ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof the Universityof Figure 6. ponent of feminine dressandillustrates aswellthat theirabsenceresults inexposure. ponent of roborate thissuggestion.The GoldBowlclearlyshowsthat pinsareanessentialcom- the burials(SK505)andcatastrophic citadel(SK260)context,discussedbelow, cor- 39. Although fewinnumber, theburialsfromearlierperiodsat Hasanluprovide

The PeriodIVbBurials

Marcus (1994:12)tentatively identifiesthebearded,pin-wearingfigureon GoldBowlas

The Hasanlu Gold Bowl (Beaker), HAS58–469 (TehranMuseum10712).Photocourtesyof The HasanluGoldBowl(Beaker),HAS58–469 M egan C ifarelli

39 Archaeological evidence from Archaeologicalevidencefrom tment of the iconography of this theiconography of tment of

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. drawing byMaudedeSchauensee.Courtesyof tion of selectedartifactsfrom theIVbburialsisdetailedinMuscarella2006:82. tion of arepublishedinDantiandCifarelli 2015:61–157.Thepublica- SK98–111, 114,491,492,493a, 495–499 lished Burial SK107 (Rubinson 2012b) and Burials SK105 and 106 (Rubinson 2012a: 107–12). Burials forthcoming). Alargegroupof lished. (fig. 8, Operations IV,etery” V, VI, LI and LIV). These burials are largely unpub- thecitadelcalled“NorthCem- theLowerMoundnorthof them inanareaof ing nowtoPeriodIVb,excavators discoveredapproximately 100burials,mostof the significant changes that occur in Period IVb. Turn- and allow for the detection of and Anthropology. Figure 7. terminate adults,and25as children. distinctive,genderedartifacttypes. is characterizedbytheintroductionof which als, Ihave identifiedburialassemblagesthat arenewinthisperiod,eachof buri- allow ustodrawconclusionsaboutthecemeteryasawhole.Withinthissetof thetotalto Pennsylvania Museum),alargeenough portionof at theUniversityof theseburials(theskeletalmaterial available thehumanremainsin70of death of or elitestatus. rately furnished, indicating that this cemetery is not spatially segregated by wealth are evenlydistributedoverthesite,ofteninclose proximitytothosemostelabo- precious materials suchas goldandantimony. The poorerburials(oneornoitem) extremelyrareand metal inagrave, aswelltheappearanceof sheer volumeof relative wealth,itcanlikelybeindexedtothe will berequiredfortheassessmentof 14 percenthave onlyasingleitem(usuallypotorbeads).Whilefurtherresearch 41. 40. Of the70sexedburials, 20have beenidentifiedasmen,18women, 7asinde- Of

40 Selinsky 2009:208–19. The final excavation report for the Period IVb burials is in preparation (Danti and Cifarelli

Detail, drawing of theHasanluGoldBowl(Beaker),withgarmentpinshighlighted.Original Detail, drawingof Page Selinsky has determinedthe biological sex and approximate age at Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling theseburialswaspublishedin Raiciulescu2011.KarenRubinsonpub-

41 the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof Only16percenthave nograve goods,another 85

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. 86 burials, or 90 percent of thefurnished graves. Iron appearsforthefirst timeinthis burials, or90 percentof materials appeared.Potteryisthemostfrequently foundartifact,appearingin53 many societies,oftenalready marriedandperhapsparentsintheirownright. in thisagerange,particularly youngwomen,aresociallyconstitutedasadults in to skeletalimmaturity, butspansfrompubertytotheearlymid20s.Individuals population, afindingthat isnotsurprisinggiventhat thesub-adultcategory refers theaggregated adult grave goodsinthesub-adultpopulation matches that of tion of which arefabulouslyfurnishedbyHasanlustandards.Thedistribu- burial, afewof wealthinmen’s numbers, however, donottakeintoaccountthegreater rangeof the children’s. These the men’s and 44 percent of items, compared to 35 percent of women’sburialshave oneorfewer than men’sorchildren’s.Onlyfivepercentof interesting patterns emerge. Women’s burials were far more likely to be furnished ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof the Universityof the LowerMoundinoperations IV,are inthenortheastandnorthareasof VI,LI,andLIV. Courtesyof Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the number of burialsin which thelistedartifacttypesand Figure 9showsthenumber of When thecemeteryisevaluated forartifactdistributionbysexandwealth,some

Plan, HasanluCitadelandLowerMoundarea,showingexca M egan C ifarelli vation operations. Mostburials

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. with afemalebody. arranged fromlefttorightaccordingthelikelihoodthat agiventypeisassociated the burial’s occupants for the identifiable adult male and female individuals, sex of the sametype. furnished women’s burials with a particular artifact type and furnished male burials with proportion of this periodisdiscussedinDanti andCifarelli2015. iron asa new,personal ornaments. The significance of visible, andhigh-status material at Hasanluin est well-stratified iron at HasanluisinthePeriodIVbgraves, where itisusedinbothweaponsand anadjacentpit.Theearli- Burial SK29,infactisanintrusion fromalater burial,duetothepresenceof theearlier in Muscarella2006:74.Danti(2013:311)hasarguedthat thering,foundhighinfillof ironintheregion,asremarked theintroductionof anoutlierindiscussionsof point that wasabitof asingle fingerring(HAS57–184,inBurialSK29),adata Bronze AgeHasanluVburialintheformof in 7percent. furnishedHasanluIVbburials,asdoesgold, which appears period, in32percentof Hasanlu IVbburials.N=70 Figure 9. arrowheads, knives, swords, and spearheads, as well as armor in the form of sheet arrowheads, knives,swords,andspearheads,aswell asarmorintheformof men’s bodies areadorned with or accompanied by blades and weapons, including woman andtwoindeterminate adultsat Hasanlu,inthePeriodIVbburialsonly one ods preceding.Whileweaponsandbladesappeared intheearlierburialsof theburial’soccupantthaninperi- far morestronglydifferentiated bythesex of more likelytobeassociated withamalebodythanfemaleat Hasanlu. 43. 42. In theHasanluIVbburials,grave goods,includingpersonalornaments,are

This rankingisdeterminedusing az-scorecalculation of Earlier Hasanlupublications (e.g.,Dyson1965:196)claimedtha

Graph showing the number of burialsinwhicheachartifacttypeorma Graph showingthenumberof

42 Figure 10 shows the appearance of artifacttypesplottedagainstthe Figure10showstheappearanceof Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling

43 Inotherwords,theitemsat thefarrightaremathematically thedifferencebetweenrelative t ironwasfoundinaLate terial appearsinthe 87

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. burials withanassemblagethat includesbothelementsassociating thedeceased “Warrior Burials,”adistinct groupof burials witharmletsbelongtoagroupof metal belts. 88 (indetermina a lighter-weightcopper-alloyarmletonhisleftupper arm. alloy, ingot- his rightupperarm,andBurialSK493a,ayoung adultmale,wearsfourcopper- als. BurialSK107, amature adult male,wearsaheavy ingot-styleironarmlet on male bodies,andtheyarefairlyrareinthecemetery, appearing inonlythreeburi- adornmentstrongly associated with worn ontheupperarm—are the only formof same proportions as women.Armlets—in this case bulky, undecorated circlets artifacts andmaterials intheHasanluIVbburials. Figure 10. appear todifferentiate possiblymigrant“warriors”fromlocal“archers.” different weaponsprovideevidencefordistinct militarized masculine identitiesthat great that valuable weaponscanbeburied with the dead. Assemblages featuring tion inburialsdemonstrates aconspicuouschangeinlocalpracticeandwealth so status andgenderdistinctionsare costlyinthesensethat theirdeposi- ers of equipment andevenordinaryknivesemergeaspowerfulsignalslikelyenforc- specific,masculinepersonaladornment.Military in burialsthantothewearingof weaponsandarmor masculine identitycorrelates morestronglytothepresenceof als, whereasallthesex-specificobjectsinwomen’sburialsarerelated toadornment. disp. not recorded). SeeSelinsky2009:208–19for ageandsexdeterminations. ferentiated masculine assemblagesinthisperiod,seeCifarelli2016. dif- migrantmales,isputforthinDantiandCifarelli2015. Foradiscussionof indicate thepresence of at Hasanlu,whichrepresents asradicalshiftfromearliermaleburialassemblages at thesite,could 45. 44. Among theIVbburials,menwearneckbeadsandfingerringsinnearly An examina 3.2.1. 46.

SK107 (HAS59–264, The argument The earlierburialsinquestion areBurialsSK4/5(indeterminate.), SK49(female) andSK6

Graph showingtherelationship betweenfemale-and male-sexedburialsandclassesof

Male CorrelatedAdornment te.) SeeDanti2013:,283,286,307; Cifarelli2013. ­style armletsinthesameposition.BurialSK465, a youngchild,wears

44 Only a single ornamenttype—armlet—iscorrelated withmen’sburi- Only a single tion of these male burials suggests that in Hasanlu Period IVb, elite tion of that the weapon and armor laden burial assemblage of the “warrior burials” that the weapon and armor laden burial assemblage of discarded); SK493a (HAS64–287, discarded); SK465 (HAS64–0206, discarded); SK493a (HAS64–287, discarded); SK465 (HAS64–0206, M egan C ifarelli

46 Thetwoadultmales

45

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. these armletsareworninlifeisindisputable,based ontheevidencefromHasanlu’s nomenon fromprehistoric Europe,theNearEast, Africa,andLatin America. left arm. (HAS62–1031), upper right arm and SK249Ind. Young Adult, Burned Building VII (HAS62–102), upper ing IW, seeDanti2014.Ingot-stylearmlets arealsowornby:SK170Mature Male,BurnedBuilding III, included inthisessay, astheirremainscouldnotbesexed. wearable wealththroughouttheancientNearEastandbeyond. are aformof that destroyedHasanlu(fig. 11). These armlets,then,appeartoconnecttheburied “warriors” totheattacking army Hasanlu. thelandsnorthandeastof the material cultureof sels), aswellmilitaryequipmentandornamentsthat linktheseindividuals to eliteconsumption(ceramicdrinkingsets,metalves- with earlierlocalpatterns of ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof duced courtesyof D.SK249(HAS62–106). Repro- C.SK37 (HAS58–468); (HAS59–264); B.BurialSK493a(HAS64–287); Figure 11. identical ingot-stylearmlet,asdidtwootherindividuals crushedinthecitadel. the twomenaccompanyinghimsuggestthat theywereUrartiansoldiers,worean citadel identifiedasanenemycombatant (SK37),whoseaccoutrementandthat of 49. 48. 47. Simple, undecorated, penannularcirclets(ingot-style) wornonanklesandarms

Lassen 2000:241– thethreesoldiers crushedwhilelootingtheGoldBowl(beaker)inBurned Build SK37 isoneof Danti andCifarelli2015:98–102. Personalornamentsfromother“warriorburials”arenot

Exca vation drawings of armletsfrommalebodiesat HasanluIVb.A.BurialSK107 vation drawingsof Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling 43; Brody and Friedman (2007: 99, fn 1) cites multiple examples of this phe- 43; Brody and Friedman (2007: 99, fn 1) cites multiple examples of

47 Amalebodyfromthe

49 That 89

48 -

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. could bestillslippedovertheelbow, thenleftinplacethroughadulthood. that thesearmletswereplacedonthebodyinchildhoodoradolescence,when they anaverage adult maleelbow. It ispossible in fact may besmaller than the width of approximately 7.5cmindiameter, arequitesmallfor an adultmaleupper arm, and thickness, and would therefore have been quite rigid. The aperture measurements, removable. Thearmletsintheadultmaleburialsrangefrom0.9cmto1.2 citadel andonthelikelihoodthat theseparticularexamplesmaynothave been 90 I have consulted McDowell,Fryar, andOgden2009:67. prehistoricEurope.Forstatistics ontheaverage adultmaleelbowwidth, body inthematerial culturesof bracelets onto the the forging of the phenomenon of (1994: 116) cites numerous studies of foot. Lohof ankletstoosmalltobeslipped overthe ethnographic parallelsfortheforging directlyontothebodyof body part,andacostlyconspicuoussignal. ArchaeologyandAnthropology. nia Museumof of Pennsylva- of theUniversity citadel. AfterMarcus1994:fig.7.DrawingbyD.L.Hoffman,courtesy 64 Figure 12. men. these table, constructing identity in amortuarycontext as theydidinthelives of identity that correlate tomoreorlessfixedornamentsarelikewise immu- aspects of gender inthelocalcontextat Hasanlu.Clearly, noteveryboyacquiredthismarker identity goes beyond clearly gendered, their role in the material performance of lasted throughoutaman’slifeandbeyondinthegrave. Butwhiletheseobjectsare manence suggeststhat masculinity wasanattribute that, onceitwasacquired, thesesword-displaying(andpossiblywielding) men, andtheirper - musculature of –296c (UM 65–31–121) SK 486; HAS 60–660 (UM 61–5-210) citadel; SK60–663 (MMA61.100.43) (UM61–5-210)citadel;SK60–663 –296c (UM65–31–121)SK486;HAS60–660 52. 51. 50. “fixedness” orpermanencerenderstheornamentintoavirtual This qualityof

52

Thechoicetoornamenttheupperarmcertainly drawsattention tomale Derevenski 2000:38–39. Green 2007:295–97;Sørensen1997: 102;BliegeBirdandSmith2005:225. thelackof Jack Green(2007:297)explores thenotionof

Selected garment pins from Hasanlu burials. HAS 57–118 a-c (UM 58–4-44), SK24;HAS Selected garmentpinsfromHasanluburials.HAS57–118a-c(UM58–4-44), M egan C ifarelli

51 AsDerevenskiestablishes,the “removability” of rigidanklets,citing of “removability”

50

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. 50–64, tions tothisrule,andmeritacloserlook.BurialSK505 isanolderadultmale,aged adulthoodintooldage. adultwomen,onethat ismaintainedfromtheonsetof of So perhapsat Hasanlu,agarmentclosedwithpinsisinstrumentalinthegendering the deceased. adult population their presence is not correlated to the estimated age of the material culture of thePeriodIVbburials. the material cultureof respondingsignalsin social dynamicat Hasanlu,achallengethat evokesarangeof armlets, andthearmedmalebodiestheymodify, signalachallengetotheelite adistinctly“northern”or“foreign”andmilitarizedmasculinity. These formance of ily wealthorstatus, theybecamepermanentattributes contributingtotheper- bravery orwereacquiredbasedonfam- awarded toyoungboysforspecificactsof these armlets were males among the Hasanlu IVb burials. While we cannotknowif status, butthosewhodidgrewtobecomethewealthiestandmostheavily armed of supported by the revised data (Cifarelli 2014: 294–97). supported bythereviseddata (Cifarelli2014:294–97). Marcus’sconclusionsarefully lyzed, withnumerousadjustments tosexidentifications, andyetmanyof thehumanremainsfrom Hasanluhave beenreana- and womenat Hasanlu, thebiologicalsexandageof data itself 49–72; Ortner1989–90:35–80; and Farrelly2011:1–21. the various frameworksforunderstandingthemalepower, particularlyoverwomen,seeHearn2004: female subordination istoorichanddiversetobetreated completelyhere.Foranalysisandcritiqueof enon. theseartifactsinburialsprovidespersuasiveevidence forthisphenom- distribution of gested that at Hasanluthesepinsmaymarkastagein awoman’slifecourse,andthe burial furnishings(fig.12).Marcussug- not correlated tothenumberorqualityof dress that at Hasanluisalmostexclusively shoulder, linkedtowomen,and astyleof agarmenttypethat isfastenedat theneckor for example,arethedurabletracesof “occupational” artifactssuchasweaponsthat markelitemalegraves. Garmentpins, and earrings— and iron—they, too,evidencethechangingconditionsat thesite. valuable materials suchasgold,antimony, itemsincludedandthepresenceof ber of those of tim of the collapse of BurnedBuildingII,wasfoundwithtwogarmentpinsnearhis thecollapse of tim of garment pinonhisrightshoulder. Beyondthecemetery, SK260,anoldermalevic- feminine. Hisburialcontainsfivepots,acopper-alloy arrowhead,andacopper-alloy polarizing existingschemaforgenderdifferentiation. migrants withinHasanlu’seliteintensifiedmasculinehegemony at thesite, further afewpowerful,militarized related seemslikely, anditmaybethat thepresenceof blades completelydisappearfromwomen’sburials.That thesetwophenomena are weaponsandarmorinmen’sgraves increasedwithPeriodIVb, ber andrangeof artifactdistributioninHasanlu burialsshowsthat asthenum- earlier patterns of One burialinthecemeteryandoneaccidentalcitadelprovideexcep - 57. 56. 55. 54. 53. The sex-specificitemsinwomen’sburials—garmentpins,longheaddresses While women’sburialsfromPeriodIVbaremoreconsistentthanmen’swith 3.2.2.

56

Garment pins are absent from the burials of infants and children, and in the infants and children, and in the Garment pins are absent from the burials of 57 Selinsky 2009:213. Marcus (1994:6–9)bolstersthis claimbyappealingtoMesopotamianliterarytropes,butthe Cifarelli 2016.Theliterature onhegemonicmasculinity See Cifarelli Danti andCifarelli2015;2016. earlier periods at the site—they are better furnished in terms of the num- earlier periods at the site—they are better furnished in terms of arequitepersuasive.Inthemore than20yearssinceMarcusfirstwroteaboutgarmentpins whoseburialfurnishingsincludeitemsthat aregenderedmasculineand

Female CorrelatedAdornment Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling are all related todressand adornment, rather than theostensibly 2013: 319, for a summary of patterns of adornment in previous periods at Hasanlu. patterns of 2013: 319, for a summary of

53

55 , patriarchy andmaledomination/

54 Comparisonto 91

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. be over the age of 50at death amongtheIVbburialsisdressedinthis fashion. be overtheageof the six male bodies estimated to on malebodies throughout the site, as only one of garmentpins thedeceasedandpresenceof tion, however, betweentheageof pins, aswellornamentsinvaluable materials suchasiron,antimony, andgold. copper alloyandoccasionallyiron,areoftenaccompanied byordinarygarment of women at this site at the time of hisdeath (fig.13). womenat thissiteat thetimeof of neck, againindicating that hemayhave beenwearingclothingmorecharacteristic and Anthropology. Archaeology Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof SK260 intheleftforeground.Photocourtesyof 92 found exclusively inwomen’sburials. Marcus wasworkingontheHasanlu materials. (fig. 14). egory forwhichthemateriality features masculineandfemininetraits. the visualevidenceprovidedbyGoldBowlfora thirdgenderat Hasanlu,a cat- SK260fromthecitadel corroborate nine attribute. Indoingso, thisburialandthat of higher-status masculinitylayeredbeneathor masculinity, afemi- butasubstrate of aweaponintheBurialSK505indicates notreducedstatus Moreover, thepresenceof Figure 13. elderly, aphenomenonknowninnumerouscultures. suggests, theseoldermalesmayhave wornwomen’sclothing as thedemasculinized 61. 60. 59. 58. the Period IVb female bodies wear very long, sharp, heavy pins Nearly half

I ha These more Marcus 1994:12. Selinsky 2009:212.

61 Exca These longer pins range from 15–36 cm in length, are made primarily of Theselonger pins range from 15–36cmin length, aremadeprimarily of ve argued elsewhere (Danti and Cifarelli 2015 and Cifarelli 2014: 303–4) that these pins are ve argued elsewhere (Danti and Cifarelli 2015 and Cifarelli 2014: 303–4) vation photograph of “accidental”burialsinBurnedBuildingII,HasanluPeriodIVb, vation photographof precise data on age at death and sex (Selinsky 2009) were not available at the time M egan C ifarelli

58

59 Itispossiblethat, asMarcus Thereisverylittlecorrela-

60

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. with longpinsareBurialsSK54, 58,448,481,483,484. yearsold). yearsold)thanyoungwomen (20–34 women (35–49 mature anadolescent.Theyareslightlymorelikely toappearintheburialsof of infantsoryoungchildren, butonedoesappearintheburial appear intheburialsof neck andshoulders,asisthecaseforgarmentpins. Likegarmentpins,theydonot Individual women wore as few as one to as many as five, positioned near thehead, ArchaeologyandAnthropology.Pennsylvania Museumof of of theUniversity (UM 65–31–118).AfterMarcus1994:fig.7.DrawingsbyD.L. Hoffman, courtesy 59, HA59–112,UM;SK495,HAS64 Figure 14. 62.

The youngadultwomenwithlong pinsareburialsSK22,59,and503.Mature Adultwomen

Selected longpinsfromHasanluIVbwomen’sburials.A.SK59, HAS59–97, (Tehran);SK Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling –304 (Tehran); SK68, HAS59–152 (MMA); SK481, HAS 64–194c –304 (Tehran);SK68,HAS59–152(MMA);SK481,HAS64–194c

62 93

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. and alongmetalpinappearstobevisiblelying diagonally acrossthechestina pins in this size range have been found in excavationssmall number of in Luristan, appear tobedirectlyplacedonabody. the citadel,suggestingthat theywerenotsolelyfuneraryobjects,althoughnone are not found exclusively in burials. Nearly a dozen were found in the wreckage of thewearer, they worn indailylifewithoutconstraining the comfortandmobilityof 94 5-243), HAS62–1004 (UM63–5-244), HAS70–0498 (UM71.23–373). 5-243), HAS62–1004(UM63–5-244), HAS70–0498 (UM61–5-115, MMA61.100.46), HAS62–1002 (MMA63.109.8),HAS62–1003(UM63– 274), HAS60–0878 that thisistheirprimary function. are placedonthebody. Whileitiscertainlypossiblethat they closeburialshrouds,Iamnotpersuaded graphs, arenotsufficientlyexplicit orreliabletoprovideevidencefortheorderinwhich ornaments textile pseudomorphs. Moreover,ever, the excavation also show evidence of records, including the photo- around theornamentedbody. Manyobjects intheburialsthat werenotincontactwiththebody, how- excavation photographs,indicateexamination that of thesepinsmusthave fastened fabricthat wrapped objectsonthebody, asdeterminedby placementof textileimpressionsandtheorderof presence of Congress. Online:http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1904-08-21/ed-1/seq-1/. Sunday Call,August21,1904.In“ChroniclingAmerica:HistoricAmericanNewspapers.”Libraryof Figure 15. Although objectsasdangerousandunwieldytheselongpinscouldnotbe 63. While Itermthesepins“longpins,”Marcus(1994:4)callsthem “shroudpins,”arguingthat the

These include: HAS58–0249 (Tehran 10695), HAS60–0248 (Tehran),HAS60 These include:HAS58–0249(Tehran 10695),HAS60–0248

Illustrations of hatpin defensetechniquesfrom“HowtoDefendYourself,” SanFrancisco M egan

63 Fewpublishedparallelsexist,althougha C ifarelli –0500 (UM61–5-

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. themselves and their homes from predatory men (fig. 15). young womenwereinitiallylaudedforusingtheirlong,sharphatpins to defend designer himself,ridiculedwomenforadoptingthisrestrictivestyle. horsesbytyingtheirfrontlegstogether(fig.16).Commenters, includingthe ment of mincing step. Itwasquiteliterally named afteradeviceused to restrictthemove- skirt withabandthat wrappedaroundbothshins,limitingawoman’sstride toa worn andprovingperiloustomen. are foundinsanctuaryandburialcontexts,literature aredescribedasbeing the Greekworld,forexample,longsharppinsorperonai,reaching40cminlength, dress.In than one’sforearm,therearenumerousparallelstotheminthehistoryof wearingasharppinthat islonger Despite theevidenthazardsandinconvenienceof acontemporaryburialintheMasjed-eKabudcemeteryTabriz. photograph of 352). designs, said,“yes,Ifreedthebust. ButIshackledthelegs.”(Poiret1931:72–73,ascitedbyFields 1999: 1, 1910);andalettertotheeditor callingforsuchlegislation inNewYork City(January5,1910). day, July16, 1909),Trenton,NewJersey(Tuesday, April 4,1911),andChicago,Illinois(Tuesday, March ahatpin tothwart arobberyattempt. an18-year-old woman’suseof gives acolorfulaccountof under theheadline“Girl’sWeaponaHatpin: SuccessfullyResistsTwoMenWhoTriedtoRobHer,” which Wortmann 2009:655–65. (MacLean1910)FormoreonMacLean’sworkandlegacy,porary ethnography” seeDeegan,Hill,and Masjed-e Kabudcemetery, seeAzarnoush andHelwing2005:220,fig.44. 1549); Pl. 167c (Sor. 1400); Pl. 169g, (Sor. 694); Pl .178e, f, (Sor 325, 326); Pl. 170L (Sor 573, 578). For the astyleknownasthe“hobbleskirt.” Poiret of coincided withasartorialshift:Theintroductionin1908byFrenchdesignerPaul hatpins, uptoafootinlength,andusedthemdefensively. migrating tocitiesfindwork. time whensingleyoungwomenwereleaving theirnatal homesinruralareasand the20thcentury, a the othersartorial.Longhatpins becamepopularat theturnof Hasanlu, astheirascendanceaccompaniedtwoimportantchanges,onesocialand in whichthesepinsoperated isinstructiveforunderstandingtheircounterpartsat fines toprisontime. menace, withproposalsforpunishmentshatpin violations rangingfromhefty what hadbecomeregardedasapublic lation limitingthelengthandsharpnessof publicdiscourseonhatpins hadchanged,withcallsforlegis- however, thetoneof shown, pins could certainly function both symbols of an armed society and forms of anarmedsociety andformsof shown, pinscouldcertainlyfunctionbothsymbolsof empowered, protected,andhamperedwomen. rapidsocialchange,then,sartorialtrendssimultaneously nals. Duringthistimeof dressandadornmentintohighlyvisiblecostlysig- skirt transformitemsof thehobble thehatpins andconsiderableinconvenienceof the ludicrouslengthof 70. 69. 68. 67. 66. 65. 64. hatpins in public around 1910 The movement to restrict women’s wearing of As Marcuspointedout,asrecentlytheearly20thcentury, womenworelong A similarargument can be made forHasanlu during period IVB. As Marcus has

Fields 1999: 358. For example,seeaccountsinthe NewYorkTimes thisgenreisfoundinashortarticlethe An exampleof contem This phenomenonwasfirstnotedbyAnnieMarionMacLean, the so-called“motherof Marcus 1994:10. Lee 2015:128–30. In Schmidt,van Loon,andCurves1989thefollowingpinsex Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling

69 With respect to his invention, Poiret, well-known for his pioneering corsetless

67 Having left the protection of theirfamilies,these Having lefttheprotectionof

65

This restrictivegarmentwasalong of actionstaken inFrankfurtGermany(Fri- of New YorkTimes,February15,1901, ceed 18cminlength:Pls.165l(Sor.

68 Within a very few years,

66 Theculturalcontext

70 Clearly, both 95

64 -

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. personal protection. 96 Postcard, C.Hobson,copyright1910. Figure 16. ous fasteners would have emphasized the impenetrability of theclosed garments, ous fastenerswouldhave emphasizedtheimpenetrabilityof domestic, violence. in frequentwarfare,butforwomenwhoweresubjected tointerpersonal,possibly Hasanluwasanextraordinarilyviolentenvironment,notonlyfor men engaged of healedcranialwoundsshows that thesite women. Bioarchaeologicalanalysisof bladesfrom theburialsof men’s burials,accompaniedbythelikelyrestrictionof weaponsin conditions that gave risetothemarkedincreaseinimportanceof function as emblems of affiliation. function as emblems of extending beyondthefamilytocommunityat large,perhapsallowingthemto influence,”then,isbroader, distance thantraditionalgarmentpins.Their“arena of a motivated choicesending astrongmessage,at agreat cost. pins representsmorethanamilitarizedfashion,like anepauletorinsignia,but theselong,heavy metal internal unease,thewidespreadadoptionat Hasanluof as reinforcinggroupcohesionand relative hierarchy. particular ornaments at Hasanlu their intended audiences.Marcus (1993: 165–68) discusses the role of 73. 72. 71. When worntofastengarments,theselargepins are farmorenoticeableat a

Arnold (2012:93) Monge andMcCarthy2011:189–92. Marcus 1994:8,and1993: 169–73.

Woman wearinghobbleskirt.

72

71 Given these conditions, during a period of externalthreats and Giventheseconditions,duringaperiodof Ascostlysignals,theyrepresentagenderedresponsetothe discusses the relationship between the size and visibility of ornaments and discusses the relationship between the size and visibility of M

73 Worn in life, these highly visible and danger- egan C ifarelli

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. together withoutasubstrate (lamellararmor). garments, eitherattached toaleather orfabricsubstrate (scalearmor),orlaced thistypehave beenusedtoconstructarmored in thesecondmillennium,scalesof elsewhere at Hasanluinsmallquantities. duced courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof duced courtesyof (SK503).Repro- (SK448);HAS64–574 (SK481);B.HAS59–102(SK59);C.HAS64–350 HAS64–193 Figure 17. Schaeffer 1948: 430–32, fig. 233:21, 30;Morgan1905:296;1896: Schaeffer 1948:430–32, 47, 103. armor theseobjects. preservation of thestate of is anachronistic,andafunction of possible toreadtheseribbedplaques as“phallic,”Ihave cometotheconclusion that thisinterpretation thescale.Whileitiscertainly been filledwithcopperalloystuds,considerablyalteringtheappearance of alloy studsattached through theperforations. Inalllikelihood, the otherperforations wouldalsohave thecentral rib andtwo copper the “phallus” decorating this scale issimply a fortuitous arrangement of Pennsylvania Museumhasrevealedthat that UM65–31–113),intheUniversityof objects (HAS64–193; these are necessarily, themost“phallic”of orat leastintentionally, phallic.Arecentexamination of tionally inscribedinatriangularfieldindicating thevulva, Iamnolongerconvincedthat these objects SK503 (HAS64–574). SK481(HAS64 Their burialsandfieldnumbersareSK59(HAS59–102),SK448 (HAS64–350), conspicuousconsumption. wearers, muchasthesepinswould,aformof ceremony, preventingthemfromperformingutilitariantasks. protected, thepinswouldhave requiredthewomentomovewithgreat careand notsheathed, whileintimating thatmen inthecommunity. thesewomenarewell If access to, these women’s bodies to strongly signaling the closure of, or limitation of elements, as evidenced by the small size of theperforations andtheircentrally elements, asevidencedbythesmallsizeof in 1937. Aurel Steinexcavated alikelyfifthburialinthisgroup,withlargeriron“plaque,” the edge, and with a central raised rib and two tiny perforations at either end. bossesaround thickcopper-alloysheet,decorated withoneortworowsof angles of sus, and the Talesh. mon intheancientNearEast,fromLachishtoIran,NorthCauca- armorscalethat iscom- atypeof are infactactualarmor:repurposedexamplesof pinned, sewnorrivetedtoclothing(fig.17). womenwearingunusualcopperalloy“plaques”that mayhave been four burialsof restrictions thepinsplaceonwomen’smovementandlabor. butthe themetalitself “cost” associated withthesignalisnotsimplyvalue of 79. 78. 77. 76. 75. 74. Within the long-pin-wearing female burials from Hasanlu IVb is a subset of Within thelong-pin-wearingfemaleburialsfromHasanluIVbisasubsetof , seeBarron2010.Forexamples fromArmenia,Azerbaijan,andIran,seeEsayan1990:Abb. 10;

Barron 2010:148. Mesopotamian For example,Marcus1996b:fig. 22a.Forarecentandthoroughdiscussionof suggestedtha While Marcus(1996b:47–49) Stein andAndrews1940:397–99. These werefirstpublishedinMarcus1996b:49–52,fig17a,17b, anddiscussedinCifarelli2014. Veblen 1994(1899)referstoclothingtha

76

Exca Marcusnotedtheirarmorialappearance,andIproposethat theseplaques vation drawings of armorscalesfromwomen’sburialsinPeriodIVHasanlu.A. vation drawingsof Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling

77 Similar, although not identical, armor scales have been found t engenders “ineptitude” and“habitual uselessness” in t thecentralribrepresentsaphallus,perhapsinten-

78

ThroughouttheNearEast,beginning 75 Theseplaquesarelong,roundedtri-

79 Theseplaquesarescalearmor

74 Inthiscase,the –183) and 97

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. status of those individuals for whom it was part of dailyorburialattire. thoseindividuals forwhomitwaspartof status of storerooms, itisextremely rare inburials, heightening thevisibility and likely the the citadel’s small gold ornaments in the wreckage of and there are hundreds of goldintheentirecemetery. Whilegoldisnotrareat thesite, theappearance of of them areburiedwithgoldbeadsintegrated intonecklaces,representing75percent rings, as well as numerous beads at the neck, head, chest and shoulders. Three of 10), finger rings (Sk 59 wore 25), ear or hair and long pins (SK481 wore a total of adult women, aged 20–34 yearsold. adult women,aged20–34 years old, and Burials SK59 and 503 areyoung mature adult women aged 35–49 orately and expensively adorned women at Hasanlu. Burial SK448 and 481 are elitewomen’sburials at Hasanlu.Thearmorscaleburialsarethemostelab- of found onfallenbodiesthecitadel. ment at that. Theyareonlyassociated withfemalebodiesinthecemetery, noneare be lamellararmor. Thesescalesaremilitaryequipment, andelitemilitaryequip- symmetrical positiononthesescales.TheotherexamplesfromHasanluappearto 98 Photograph courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of ArchaeologyandAnthropology. Pennsylvania Museumof theUniversityof Photograph courtesyof Figure 18. These armor scales are interesting for a few reasons. First, they define a group 80.

Selinsky 2009:208–19.

Burial SK481,Exca vation photograph and drawing of armorscaleandaccompanyingbeads. vation photographanddrawingof M

80 egan Each of thesewomen wearsmultiplegarment Eachof C ifarelli

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. control. beltsonwomenbothhighlightstheirsexualityandputsitunder masculine ing of armorialbeltstoheroic,militarizedmasculinity, theplac- between thewearingof belts on women’s bodies in an early Iron Age burial (fig. 19). Azerbaijan, Morgan discovered similar armor scales linked together and used as a “pleasantmusicaltinkling.” beads, whichSteinastutelyobservedwouldhave functionedaschimes,creating bronzestudsandaccompaniedbylargetubular iron decorated withadoublerowof similar assemblage,a“peculiarornament”describedasthin,triangularplaqueof from theirpractical,armorialfunction.Theburialexcavated bySteincontaineda clusters, pins,andsoon.Theiruseasadornmentforwomenisthereforedistinct adornment,includingbeads,copper-alloytube decorated withnumerousitemsof analogs tothemale,potential migrant “warriors,”femalemigrantswouldbeex 51, 67–102. beltsandheroisminantiquity,in the“Warrior seeBennett1997: Burials.”Forabroader discussionof to abacking. the Hasanlu women, with tiny perforations by which hemispheroid rivets attached the scale burials of barrier at various pointsinantiquity, seePiller2012:119–34. audibleornamentation. the eroticpotentialof examples arenotintendedtosuggestthat thesamevalues areinplaceat Hasanlu;theymerelyillustrate Zion,“walkingandmincingastheygo,(make) makingatinklingwiththeirfeet.”Again,these ters of attention totheirhiddenornaments.”IntheHebrewBible,Isa3:16describes“wanton”-eyeddaugh- der differentiation, aswelltheconnectionstoregionsdistantfromHasanlu. gen- PeriodIVb,theamplification of overall militarization evidentintheburialsof across theTaleshMountainsinCaspianlittoral. milesfrom Hasanlu, nonarmorial useaswomen’sadornment,isfoundhundredsof belts bymen. have thesamearmorialorheroicconnotations asdoesthewearingorowningof thesewomendoesnotlikely and bladesinthoseburialssuggeststhat thebeltingof ica, Cyprus,andParthianPersia. in cultures asdiverseancientEgypt,prehistoricEurope,NorthandSouthAmer- women, theseobjectswornonthebodiesof ethnographic andhistoricalexamplesof this essay, there are numerous these ornaments is beyond the scope of potential of may have beenmusical,orat leastnoiseproducing(fig.18).Whiletheauditory avenue forexploration at Hasanlu. women’ssexuality, apotential female bodycanberelated totheconstructionof Isaiah raisethepossibilitythat theaudibleinteractionbetweenornamentsand andthebookof women’s bodiesthat appearinreligioustextssuchastheQur’an soundsmadebyjewelryon tionship, theadmonitions against theimmodestyof Second, thesescalesareclearlyrepurposed,wornindividuallyonthechestand 88. 87. 86. 85. 84. 83. 82. 81. thesearmorscalesaswomen’sadornmentisconsistent withthe The useof armorscale,andmostspecifically fortheir The nearestparallelsforthistypeof

While itistemptingtoconsider the possibilitythat thearmorscaleburialsrepresent thefemale Bennett1997:125–60. This isparticularlytrueinancient Greekculture;seeLee2015:134–37; therole of See Rubinson2012aand2012b and DantiCifarelli2015foradiscussionof Morgan 1896:46– thisregionandtheroleof For thegeographyof theQur Surah 24:31of Kolotourou 2007:80–86. Stein andAndrew1940:397–98.

87

86 Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling Indeed,inotherancientculturesthat sharetheapparentlinkage 47, thesametype asthose found inthe 103, fig. 47, 107. Thesescales areof ’an states “that [women]shouldnotstriketheir feetinordertodraw

81 Withtheiraccompanyingbeads,thearmorscales

82

Withoutpositinganyculturalsimilarityorrela- 83 thismountainrangeasaphysicalandcultural

84 AttheDjonünecropolisin

85 The lack of weapons The lack of ceptional. Studies of ceptional. Studiesof belts 99

88

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. burials, are buried wearing beaded headbands. SK59 wore a headdress decorated thefourarmor-scale in thelifecourse.Burials SK59and503,theyoungertwoof ornamentstospecificstages en’s graves wecanmakemoregranularassociations of artifactsrestrictedtouseinwom- pins withadultwomanhood,withintheclassesof period, rather thansimply participating inasite-wideregulatory schemaforgender. human agencyandinteractions,signalingprotectioninanuncertain the tracesof particular men. As such, their presence in burials preserves under the protection of affiliation, perhapseven asindication that womenwereliterallyandfiguratively are conferredonthesewomenbymenwithwhom theyarelinkedasamarkof female bodyisfascinating. Wecanspeculate that theseprotective,masculineobjects anelite designed toornamentandperhapsbothincrease controltheallureof anobjectdesignedtoprotectaman’sbodyinbattle toone The transformation of 100 shorter distances for the purpose of maritalalliances. shorter distancesforthepurpose of opportunities,whereaswhenwomen migrate, theyaremovingover to travel longdistances insearchof individual migrations (Arnold2005:19–22)inearlyIronAgeEuropeindicate that menaremorelikely belts, withadetailshowinganindividualscale.AfterMorgan1896:fig.47and104. Figure 19. Finally, as mentioned above with respect to the association of garmentandlong Finally, asmentionedabovewithrespecttotheassociation of

Burial of “women”(accordingtotheex Burial of M egan cavator) inDjonü,Azerbaijanwearingarmor scale C ifarelli

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. has pointedout,potentiallyusefulinthegrave aswell. passageis,as AmyGansell bridal ornaments,forexample,provideduringritesof head. headband withtinyperforations forattachment, alongwithmanybeadsaroundthe ayoungwoman,SK479,includedcopper-alloy tons. Finally, aPeriodIVcburialof copper-alloystudsorbut- rowsof was buriedwithasimilarheaddressconsistingof yearsold, Among theotherIVbburials,SK455,anotheryoungadultfemale20–34 copper-alloybuttonspresumablyattached toafabricband. rowsof as consistingof headdress withSK503wasdiscardedbutisdescribedintheexcavation notebooks fabrictowhichtheseitemswereattached. The entire headdresswasconstructedof shank forattachment bysewing,rather thanholesforstringing,suggestingthat the beads andsmallcopper-alloyhemisphericalbuttons.Thebuttonshave ashallow sixorsevenhorizontaltubes,withfrit with copper-alloytubesinninegroupsof Kabud inTabriz,seeAzarnoush andHelwing2005:220,fig.44. alongpin,inthecemetery at Masjed-e appears tobeanadult,perhaps a womanbasedontheinclusionof Assyria andethnographicsources. 2015:153–60. head adornment in Ancient Greece, for example, Lee include Gansell 2007a: 449–84. For a discussion of the issue theheadarefartoonumeroustolisthere. Recentthoughtfulinvestigations of adornment of cal andsocialorder. Thesedisruptionsarerelated toeventstakingplaceat great genderchangesinconcertwithdisruptionsthelocal politi - the materiality of thepeoplewholivedthere, andthemannerinwhich the livesandat thedeaths of genderat this siteduring personal adornmentparticipates intheperformanceof ebrates reproductivepotentialrather thansuccess. headgearis“bridal”inthesensethat itcel- speculative possibilitythat thistypeof neighboring sitefurthernorthintheLakeUrmiabasin,raisespoignant,highly two young children (girls?) in burials at Haftavan Tepe, a to fabricon the heads of attractiveness. thesewomeninthecommunity, highlightingtheiryouthand reproductive roleof fertility andbeauty. Thisstrongcorrelation suggeststhat headdressesrelate tothe between approximately 20and34yearsold,aspanthat encompasseswomen’speak tors. vic- veils to the wreathing of head coverings and ornaments, from the wearing of culturesinwhichregulatory schemesfeature tity—there arecountlessexamplesof would have coveredorframedtheface. women. theseyoung thedeaths of preserve thechoicesthat expresstheemotionalimpactof theseyouthful,feminizingheaddressesmay mourning,andtheinclusionof site of 94. 93. 92. 91. 90. 89. The PeriodIVbburialsat Hasanluprovidetheopportunitytoexploreway The adornment of the head contributes powerfully to the performance of iden- theheadcontributespowerfullytoperformance of The adornmentof

90

89 Theheaddressesat Hasanluarelimitedtoafewwomen,eachestimated tobe

It is not possible to determine if the fabric component of theseheaddresses thefabriccomponentof Itisnotpossibletodetermineif See Joyce 2001: 12–15, for a discussion of theroleof See Joyce2001:12–15,foradiscussion of Gansell 2007a:463–65. pl.3a,b,4,and 5a.Aheaddressisalsovisibleontheskullof Burney 1972:134–36, foradiscussion See Gansell(2013:401–4) thestudyof Much of Cifarelli 2013:317–18.

94

Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling 91 The presence of similar headdresses constructed of beadsattached similarheaddressesconstructedof Thepresenceof this aspect of dresshasitsoriginsinWobst1977:332–33. Studiesonthe thisaspectof 4.

Conclusion of the role of thefaceinidealbeautyancient therole of of burialsinnegotiating emotions.

92 Theamuleticprotectionthat

93 Burials are of coursethe Burialsareof what 101

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Arnold, B. ated by the men and women of Hasanlu in a time of uncertainty. Hasanluinatimeof ated bythemenandwomen of discoursewherebyidentityandstatus arenegotiated andrenegoti- viewer, aformof mutuallybeneficial communication betweensignalerandreceiver, wearerand of ornamentation servesasameans theseformsof potential. Eachof signal thelossof mourningwherebybereaved familiesandcommunities sitional moment,anactof youngwomenmay markatran- was notreceived.Beadedheadgearonthebodiesof garments andperhapstheirbodies,offeredprotectionintheeventthat message their women’s physicalmovements,conspicuouslysignaledtheimpenetrabilityof hegemony. Thelong,sharppinsintroducedinPeriodIVbsimultaneouslyhindered protection andaffiliation inaperiodthat seemstodemonstrate increasedmasculine impact onothers,enhancingtheirallure,at thesametimeservingasemblems of beads, metaltubes,andpins,theseobjectswouldhave significantvisualandauditory from the Caspian littoral. Transformed into personal adornment by the addition of rately adornedwomenwearindividualarmorscales,masculinemilitaryequipment than men’sintheaggregate, ismorerestrictiveandperceptible.Afew elabo- become integrated intothe local elite. Women’s personal adornment, whilewealthier theoutsiderswhoarrivedat Hasanlu,andseemtohave militaristic masculinityof in life and in the grave,the body” thick metal armlets communicate the particularly earlierperiods.Literally“boundto more audible,anddangerousthanthat of sified signalingfeaturing personaladornmentthat ismoreforeign,visible, inten- invasion fromAssyriaandUrartu,localidentityisnegotiated bymeansof of localpower, heavily andthreats armed,possiblyforeignmeninpositionsof gence of liferate inPeriodIVb.Inthisenvironment,fraughtwithchallengestheemer- biologicalmaleswhodressinwomen’sclothing. in Hasanlu’svisualculture,of gender is denoted by the presence in a burial, on the citadel, and A third or “other” male body, reveals that at Hasanlu, gender was not necessarily viewed as a binary. afeminineobjectonbiologically facts andsexedbodies,withtheplacementof genderedarti- material. Aburialthat challengessite-widenormsforassociations of indicating ashiftintheregulatory schemas,orrules,bywhichgender wasmade accompanied deceasedmenandwomendivergedfarmorestronglythaninthepast, with sexed bodies at this site shows that during Period IVb, the ornaments that are interpreted.Carefulattention tothepatterns bywhichartifactsareassociated the sameintellectualframeworksbywhichhegemonicstates andtheirinteractions artifactsthere,cannotbeunderstoodusing Hasanlu,andthegendereduseof of distances fromHasanlu,inAssyriaandUrartu,buttheirimpactonthesmallsite 102 Andre-Salvini, B.,andSalvini,M. Allison, P. M. 2005 2002 2015 Distinctly masculine,andinmoreinstancesfeminine,genderedornamentspro-

Margin: StudiesinEuropean regional InteractioninEarly IronAgeSouthwestGermany. Pp. 17–26 inCeltsonthe 5–66. Mobile Men,SedentaryWomen: Ma The Bilingual Without SexedBodies. Characterizing RomanArtifactstoInvestigate GenderedPracticesinContexts Stela of Rusa I from Movana. Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici 44.1: Stela of American Journal of Archaeology119.1:103–23. American Journalof Bibliography Cultural Interaction,7thCentury M egan terial Culture as a Marker of Regional andSupra- terial Culture as aMarkerof C ifarelli bc –1 stCenturyAD,

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Danti, M.,andCifarelli,M. Azarnoush, M.,andHelwing,B. Burney, C. Brody, A.,andFriedman,E.S. Bourdieu, P. Benzel, K. Bennett, M. Barron, A. Danti, M. Collins, P. Cifarelli, M. Butler, J. Bliege Bird,R.,andAldenSmith,E. 2015 2005 2014 1993 1972 2007 1977 2013 1997 2010 2012 2014 2013 2006 forthcoming 2016 2013 1990 2005

Iron IIWarrior Burialsa 791–804. Social ScienceHistory36.1:85–112. vania Press. Pennsyl- Bronze andIronIPeriods,ed.MichaelDanti.Philadelphia:Universityof Antiquity, secondseries3.Sheffield:SheffieldPhoenix. Biblical MarvinL.Chaney , ed.R.Coote.TheSocialWorldof Essays inHonorof in the Prophets. Pp. 97–114 Artifact Type from the Time of ogy 46.2:221–48. Toronto. teilungen ausIranundTuran37:189–246. Recent ArchaeologicalResearchinIran:PrehistorytoIronAge.ArchäologischeMit Gender, Temporalities,andPeriodiza Sciences. Polish Academyof Dedicated toZenonWoźniak,ed.H.Dobrzańska,V. Megaw, andP. Poleska. Kraków: The Hasanlu vania Press. Hasanlu V:TheLateBronzeandIronIPeriods.Philadelphia:Universityof 41: 19–31. An Assyrian-StyleIvoryPlaquefromHasanlu,Iran. Webb: 196–206. Eastern Archaeology 79/3. Masculinities and saw: PolishCenterforMediterraneanArchaeology. Material CultureintheAncientNearEast,ed.A.GolaniandZ. iterranean 23/2,SpecialStudies:BeyondOrnamentation. JewelryasanAspectof Personal Ornamentsat Hasanlu,Iran.Pp. Hasanlu VIb–IVc.Pp. The PersonalOrnamentsof “Sex. Bodies ThatMatter:OntheDiscourseLimitsof Identity Gender TroubleandtheSubversionof Exca Bronze BanglesfromTellEn-Nasbeh:CulturalandEconomicObserva aTheoryof Outline of Signaling Theory, Stra Mesopotamia. Ph.D.dissertation. ColumbiaUniversity. Puabi’s Adornment Belted HeroesandBoundWomen.NewY Late Assyrian vations at Haftavan Tepe1969:SecondPreliminaryReport.Iran10:127–42.

The HasanluGoldBowlReconsidered. Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling . Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arms and Armour: Art vs. Artifact.Ph.D. dissertation. University of (Iran) Gold Bowl in Context: All That Glitters. “Militarization” at Hasanlu, Iran: AViewfrom the Burials.Near for the Afterlife: Materialsand Technologies of Jewelry at Ur in for the Afterlife: Materialsand Technologies of Practice.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. tegic Interaction,andSymbolicCapital.CurrentAnthropol- t Hasanlu,Iran.IranicaAntiqua 50:61–157. Special Issue: Gender Archaeology, ed. S. Budin and J. tion inEarlyIronAgeWest-CentralEurope. ork: Rowman&Littlefield. 270–97 inPolishArchaeologytheMed- 270–97 . NewYork: Routledge. 313–23 inHasanluV: ” NewYork: Routledge. Metropolitan MuseumJournal To Break Every Yolk:

Wygnańska. War- .

.

. Antiquity tions onan Pennsyl- The Late 103 88: -

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Farelly, C. Deegan, M.J., Hill,M.,andWortmann,S. Gansell, A. Galle, J. Esayan, S.A. Dyson, R.H.,andMuscarella,O.W. Díaz-Andreu García,M. Derevenski, J. S. Fields, J. Dyson, R.H. Gunter, A. Green, J. Gillespie, S.D. 104 2013 2011 2009 2007b 2007a 2010 1990 1989 2003 2000 forthcoming 2016 1999 1965 2009 2007 2001

c. 888–627 IdealFeminineBeautyinNeo-AssyrianRoyalContexts, Images andConceptionsof at Ur.tery’ CambridgeArchaeologicalJournal17.1:29–46. logie 9–10:83–109. Pennsylvania Press. phia: Universityof Irene J. WinterbyHerStudent s, ed.J. ChengandM.Feldman.Leiden:Brill. 19–21. Century Chesapeake:AnArchaeologicalPerspective.AmericanAntiquity75.1: Social History33.2:355–84. 1–27. ies 24:193–219. World Archaeology31.3:389–406. temporary Enthology38.6:655–65. cal Research. Ginnis, D.Wicke,andT. Greenfield.Cambridge:McDonaldInstituteforArchaeologi- - theAssyrianEmpire,ed. J. Mac Iran. Pp.357–70inTheProvincialArchaeologyof ‘Assyrianizing’ Contextsat HasanluTepeIVb?Ma Identity andAdornmentintheThird-Millennium Adornment. Pp. 449–84inAncientNearEasternArtContext:StudiesHonorof From MesopotamiatoModernSyria:Enthoarchaeological PerspectivesonFemale Costly SignalingandGenderedSocialStrategies amongSla Fighting the CorsetlessEvil:Shaping Patriarchy andHistoricalMa Schutzwaffen AusArmenien.BeiträgeZurAllgemeinenundVergleichendenArchäo Constructing theChronologyandHistoricalImplications of ProtohistoricIranasSeen fromHasanlu Problems of Routledge. der, Age, Status, Ethnicity and Religion,ed.M.Díaz-Andreu García etal.London: Gender Identity. Pp. Life:TheRoleof Rings of Annie MarionMacLean,FeministPragmatist andMetholologist. Greek ArtandtheOrient.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press. Anklets andtheSocialConstruction of Personhood, Agency, andMortuaryRitual:ACase StudyfromtheAncientMaya Modern Issues,ed.S.Hamilton.Walnut Creek,CA:LeftCoast. inArchaeology Iron AgeSouthernLevant. Pp. 283–311 AnthropologicalArchaeology20:73–112. Journal of ed. B. BrownandM.Feldman.Berlin:deGruyter.

Hasanlu IVb:TheIronIICemetery, Hasanlu ExcavationReportsIV bce . Pp. 391–420 inCriticalApproachestoAncient 391–420 . Pp. The Archaeology of Identity:Approaches toGen- inTheArchaeologyof 13–42 EarlyMetalworkinMediating theGenderedLifeCourse. terialism. Hypatia26.1:1–21. M egan C GenderandAgeintheLate Bronzeand Early . Journal of . Journalof Corsets andCulture,1900–1930 ifarelli teriality andIdentityinNorthwest bc . Journal of NearEasternStud- . Journalof Mesopotamian‘RoyalCeme- and Women:Ancient ves intheEighteenth- HasanluIV. Iran Near EasternArt, Journal of Con- Journal of . Philadel- 27: - .

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. McDowell, M.A.,Fryar, C.D.,andOgden, C.L. Medvedskaya, I.N. Joyce, R.,andPerry, E. Marcus, M. Magee, P. Lassen, H. Kolotourou, K. Knapp, A.B.,andvan Dommelen,P. Joyce, R.A. Hearn, J. MacLean, A.M. Lohof, E. Lee, M. 2009 1991 1988 1996b 1990 2001 1996a 1994 1993 1989 2008 2000 2007 2008 2001 2000 2004 1910 1994 2015

26: 149–61. Anthropometric ReferenceData forChildrenandAdults:UnitedSta Pennsylvania Press. mentary andCatalog.Philadelphia:Universityof IdentityandPrestige:TheSealsSealingsfromHasanlu,Iran;Com Emblems of Once More on the Destruction of HasanluIV:Problemsof Once MoreontheDestruction of Who DestroyedHasanluIV? Iran 1–68. Vital andHealthStatistics.Series11,DatafromtheNational HealthSurvey249: Pp. 41–54 inSexualityAncientArt: pen andB.A.Bergmann.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press. 3: 53–63. theAmericanAnthropologicalAssociation10.1:12–26. Papers of Cambridge ArchaeologicalJournal3.2:157–78. 90.2: 129–51. theIranianIronAge.IranicaAntiqua 43: 89–106. nology of logia Cypria,Volume 5):79–99. Archaeological Journal18.1:15–34. Gender. SexualityandGenderStudies6,1/2:63–76. InternationalJournalof of Burying the Dead america. WorldArchaeology31.3:473–83. AdulthoodinAncientMeso Girling theGirlandBoyingBoy:TheProductionof Men. From HegemonicMasculinitytotheHegemonyof Sex and the Politics of FemaleAdornmentinPre-AchaemenidIran(1000 Sex andthePoliticsof Dressed toKill:WomenandPinsinEarlyIran.OxfordArtJournal Incorporating Centre, ProvinceandPeriphery:ANewParadigmFromIron-AgeIran.ArtHistory Authority:TheSealsand SealingsfromHasanluIVB. Emblems of Hasanlu: Archaeology Deconstructing theDestructionof Wage EarningWomen Tradition andChange.ArchaeologicalDialogues Body, Birmingham inJune1997,ed.C.Pare.Oxford:Oxbow. ence HeldattheUniversityof Metals in BronzeAge The Supply andCirculation of inMetalsMakethe 222–46 Kalavasos-Ayios Dhimitrios.Pp. of Introduction to Rattling JewelleryandtheCypriotCoroplast. Past Practices:RethinkingIndividualsandAgentsinArchaeology. Providing aPastfor‘Bodiesthat Ma Dress andIdentityinAncientGreece Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling the Body: Adornment, Gender, and Social Identity in Ancient Iran. Weight Systems in the Bronze Age East Mediterranean: The Case at Tlatilco: Social Memory and Social Identities. . NewYork: MacMillin. 26:1–15. tter’: Judith Butler’s ImpactontheArchaeology JudithButler’s tter’: Near East,Egypt,GreeceandItaly, ed. N. Kam- . Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress. Κυπριακή Αρχαιολογία Τόμος 5(Archaeo- 1:98–188. Europe. Proceedings of aConfer- Europe. Proceedingsof Feminist Theory5.1:49–72. , ImperialismandtheChro- Dating. IranicaAntiqua World GoRound: Expedition 17.2: 3–15. tes,1988–1994. Archeological Cambridge –800 31.2– bce 105 ). - -

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Schaeffer, C. Rubinson, K.,andMarcus,M. Morgan, J. de Raiciulescu, L. Piller, C. Monge, J., andMcCarthy, C. 106 Schmidt, E.F., Loon,M.N.van, andCurves,H. Rubinson, K.S. Radner Poiret, P. Pizzorno, G.H. Ortner, S. Muscarella, O.W 1948 2005 1896 2011 2012 2006 1994 1980 1974 1905 2011 1989 2012b 2012a 1991 2012 1931 2011 1989–90

, K.

and G. Darbyshire. Ankara: The British School of Archaeology. and G.Darbyshire.Ankara:TheBritishSchoolof ber, andU. Hellwag.Leuven:Peeters. theSymposiumHeldinMunch12–14October2007,ed.S.Kroll,C.Gru- ceedings of Pennsylvania Museum. ed. M. de Schauensee.Philadelphia:Universityof 183–93inPeoplesandCraftsPeriodIVBatHasanlu,Iran, Period IVB.Pp. U. Hellwag.Leuven:Peeters. theSymposiumHeldinMunich12–14 October2007,ed.S.Kroll,C.Gruber,of and Archaeology. ed. A.ÇilingiroğluandD.French.Ankara:TheBritishSchoolof Pennsylvania Press. phia: Universityof partie. Paris:Leroux. Mission scientifiqueenPerse:Tomequatrième,recherchesarchéologiques.Première Violence:WhenW A Lifeof University of Chicago. University of The HolmesExpeditionsto Luristan. OrientalInstitutePublica versity Press. Stratigraphie Comparée Hasanlu IVb and in Urartian (?)BeltsandSomeAntecedents.Pp. 391–96 Massoud Azarnoush,ed.H.FahimiandK.Alizadeh.Tehren:Irannagar. Some MetalBeltsfromHasanlu.Pp. 107–12 in 95: 373–94. A Mid-SecondMillenniumTombat DinkhaTepe. Hasanlu, Iran.MAthesis.BostonUniversity Taken totheGrave:PersonalOrnamentfromIronAgeNorthCemeteryBurialsat Sta Between aRockandHardPlace:Muṣaṣir, Kumme,UkkuandSubria–theBuffer My First50Years.London:Gollancz. Hasanlu ProjectExcavations.Ph.D.dissertation. UniversityofPennsylvania. Dinkha TepeRevisited:ACriticalEvaluation Research Posters,ed.R.Matthews andJ. Curtis.Wiesbaden:Harrasowitz. April 2010, theBritish theAncientNearEast12April–16 7th InternationalCongressontheArchaeologyof the CaspianSea.Pp. Landscape ArchaeologySouthof OrientalResearch69:69–94. Schools of The Exca North-Western Iran:BronzeAgetoIronAge. Pp. IvoriesfromHasanlu,Iran:HasanluSpecialStudiesII The Catalogueof The IronAgeat DinkhaTepe,Iran. Recherches auTalyche1901:MémoiresdelaDélégationenPerse8.Paris:Leroux.

tes betweenAssyriaandUrartu.Pp. 243–64 inBiainili-Urartu:TheProceedings Gender Hegemonies.CulturalCritiqu . . Bulletin of theAmerican Hasanlu:AnArchaeologicalEvaluation. Bulletinof vation of Caucasia. Pp. 313–18 in Caucasia. Pp. 313–18 Museum andUCL, London Volume 3FieldworkandRecent

et Chronologie de l’Asie Occidentale. London: Oxford Uni- arfare andInterpersonal Violence Intertwineat Hasanlu, M egan Metropolitan MuseumJournal7:35–90. C ifarelli e 14:35–80. Anatolia Iron Ages 5, ed. A. Çilingiroglu . Nāmvarnāmeh: Papers in Honour of Nāmvarnāmeh: PapersinHonourof and Stratigraphic Analysis of the and StratigraphicAnalysisof American Journal of Archaeology American Journalof 139–54 inAnatolianIronAges3, Proceedings of the 119–34 inProceedingsof Biainili-Urartu: ThePro- tions 108.Chicago: . Philadel-

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. Wobst, M. Winter, I.J. Veblen, T. Stein, A.,andAndrews,F. H. Sørensen, M.L.S. Selinksy, P. 2007 1977 1989 1977 1994 (1899) 1940 1997 2009

Journal of EuropeanArchaeology5.1:93–114. Europe. Journalof ed. L. D.Levine.BibliothecaMesopotamia7.Malibu:Undena. in Macmillan. ed. S.Hamilton.Walnut Creek,CA:LeftCoast. Reading Dress: Iran. Ph.D.disserta Death aNecessaryEnd:PerspectivesonPaleodemographyandAgingfromHasanlu, sity of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. MichiganMuseumof sity of JamesB. Griffin,ed.C.E.Cleland.AnnArbor:Univer- Research EssaysinHonorof Stylistic Behavior andInforma The HasanluGoldBowl:ThirtyYears La Hasanlu IVB:AStudyinReceptivity Perspective onthe“LocalStyle”of WesternĪrān:Narrativeof Old Routesof On GenderNegotiation andItsMa Mountains and Lowlands: Essays in the Archaeology of GreaterMesopotamia, Mountains andLowlands:EssaysintheArchaeologyof

The Theory of theLeisureClass The Theoryof Gender, PersonalAdornment,andCostlySignaling the Construction of Social Categories and Identities in BronzeAge the Construction of tion. University of Pennsylvania. tion. Universityof tion Exchange. Pp. 317–42 inFortheDirector: 317–42 tion Exchange. Pp. teriality. inArchaeologyandWomen, Pp. 41–51 . NewYork: Dover. ter. Expedition31.2–3:87–105. anArchaeologicalJourney.NewYork: . Pp. 371–86 107

An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved. An Imprint of Penn State University Press | Offprint © 2018 The Pennsylvania State University. All rights reserved.