Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-Outs in the Gulf of Anadyr, 1999 • SUMMARY REPORT Prepared For

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Environmental Monitoring Of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs In the Gulf of Anadyr, 1999 • SUMMARY REPORT Prepared for

The US Fish and Wildlife Service Marine Mammals M;!nagement 1011 E. Tudor Road )lnchorage,AJ( 99503

and

World Wildlife Fund Bering Sea Program 1250 Twenty-Fourth Street, NW Washington, DC 20037-1175

Authors:

Gennadii Smirnov )lnatolii Kochnev Yelena Kompantseva, Candidate ofBiological Sciences Viktor Tyneskin Valerii Strizhanov

Chukotka Branch of the Pacific Fisheries Research Center Otke, 56, Anadyr, PO Box 29 Chukotka, Russia 689000

Chukotka Environmental Association (Kaira-Ciub) Otke, 5, )lnadyr, PO Box 83 Chukotka, Russia 689000

February 2000

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 CONTENTS

PARTICIPANT LIST ...... 2

SUMMARY ...... 3

INTRODUCTION ...... 4

1. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY ...... 8

2. RESULTS ...... 9

2.1. HAUL-OUT ON KOSA MEYECHKYN ISLAND ...... 9

2.1.1. Migration and Population Dynamics ...... 9

2.1.2. Age-Sex Structure ...... 16

2.1.3. Mortality and Causes of Death ...... 19

2.1.4. Sources ofDisturbance ...... 20

2.2. RUDDERSKOYE HAUL-OUT ...... 20

2.2.1. Migration and Population Dynamics ...... 20

2.2.2. Age-Sex Structure ...... 23

2.2.3. Food ...... 24

2.2.4. Mortality and Causes of Death ...... 24

2.2.5. Sources of Disturbance ...... 26

3. DISCUSSION ...... 26

4. CONCLUSION ...... 38

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 41

APPENDICES ...... 47

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr. 1999 Page 1 PARTICIPANT LIST

G .P. Smirnov, Head of Marine January 1999 to General scientific Mammals Research Group at present leadership, development of ChukotTINRO program and research methods, organization of field and laboratory research, drafting of research report. A.A. Kochnev, Senior Staff June 1999 to present Development of research Member of the Marine Mammals methods, field research on Research Group at Rudderskoye walrus haul ChukotTINRO out, creation and development of database, drafting of scientific report. Ye.I. Kompantseva, Candidate of June - September Field research at Biological Sciences, Researcher 1999 Meyechkyn haul-out, at the Institute of Microbiology collection of primary of the Russian Academy of materials, creation of Sciences, Moscow database, analysis and systematization of primary documents. V.S. Tyneskin, Laboratory July- September Field research at Technician 1999 Meyechkyn haul-out. V. Strizhanov, Laboratory August - September Field research at Technician 1999 Rudderskoye haul-out.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Pagel SUMMARY

42 pages; 12 illustrations; 4 tables; 70 bibliographic entries, 6 appendices.

Key words: monitoring, Pacific walrus, migration, population, geographic range, Bering

Strait, Gulf ofAnadyr, Chukchi Sea, Meyechkyn haul-out, Rudderskoye haul-out, Kosa Meyechkyn

Island, Kosa Redkin.

In 1999, monitoring research was conducted at haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr. The result was the gathering of information on the population dynamics and on the age-sex composition of walrus groups at the Meyechkyn and Rudderskoye haul-outs. It was determined that the total number of walruses in the Gulf of Anadyr in the feeding period was 25,000 to 30,000 individuals. An analysis was done of the multi-year trend showing a declining number of walruses inhabiting the

Gulf of Anadyr in the summer period. The main causes of walrus mortality were determined. A comparative analysis was performed of the population organization of feeding herds of Pacific walruses in the Gulf ofAnadyr and the Chukchi Sea. Recommendations are made for the protection of, and research prospects for, walrus haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr.

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page3 INTRODUCTION

Under Russian and international environmental protection laws, the economic use of marine mammals is permissible only when accompanied by regular scientific studies. The data most needed for regulating the industry and for providing effective protection are quantitative and qualitative parameters on the population to be harvested and constant monitoring of changes in those parameters.

As part of this task, the Sea Mammals Research Group of the Chukotka branch of the Pacific

Fisheries Research Center (known by the Russian acronym "TINRO") has been monitoring the most important mammals harvested by the native population, including the Pacific walrus, the

California-Chukotka (American) population of gray whales and the Bering-Chukotka-Beaufort

(Western Arctic) population of the great polar (Greenland right) whale in Chukotka 's coastal waters over the past four years.

Year by year American governmental agencies and private organizations are increasingly supporting scientific research on these species since distinct populations of walruses and whales are being intensively hunted both in Russia and in the United States. In 1999, the Chukotka Branch of TINRO ("ChukotTINRO") was able to conduct all its field research into sea mammals only thanks to grants from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS),

1 and the U.S. Geological Surv.ey (USGS) , in collaboration with the Chukotka Environmental

Association (Kaira-Club, based in Anadyr).

ChukotTINRO included walrus monitoring research in the Gulf of Anadyr in its program for 1997, but the fieldwork in this area actually began in 1996. This research focuses on environmental monitoring of the walruses' coastal haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr (Illustration I). Prior to 1999, this work was conducted for four years primarily on Kosa Meyechkyn Island. Inspectors from the

Provideniya District Fisheries Inspectorate conducted parallel monitoring in the second main haul-

1 USGS funds were planned to be used for research into the walrus haul-out on Serdtse-Kamen, but due to a lack of fuel, the field work was not carried out. The allocated resources, under an agreement with Dr. Chad Jem (USGS), are to be used in the year 2000.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr. 1999 Page4 Kresta Gulf

Rudder Bay

Kosa Redkin

Kaimatkyn Lagoon

Gulf of Cape Beringa Anadyr

Kosa Russkaya Koshka

Illustration 1. Map of region where field research was conducted. 0 - pennanent walrus haul-out on Kosa Redkin and Kosa Meyechkyn Island; •- temporary haul-outs occupied in the 1990s; 0- temporary and random haul-outs occupied prior to the 1990s; ~ - abandoned camps of sea hunters on coastline of Gulf of Anadyr. out in the Gulf of Anadyr, on Kosa Redkin Sandbar (the Rudderskoye haul-out). However, the unavailability of primary information for an analysis of this haul-out, as well as the clearly low level of qualifications of the inspectors conducting the monitoring and the reduction in the amount of information they collected, prompted ChukotTINRO 's Sea Mammals Research Group to include this haul-out, which is important for the population, in its project, too. Fisheries inspectors conducted the first monitoring under the ChukotTINRO program on the Rudderskoye haul-out in 1997. Then, in 1999, ChukotTINRO staff for the first time conducted parallel environmental monitoring using a standardized methodology on both the permanent haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr (Kosa Meyechkyn

Island and Kosa Redkin). The staff also conducted training for the inspectors of the Provideniya

District Fisheries Inspectorate as a prelude to subsequent joint work on this project.

The Bering haul-outs of the Anadyr walruses are the best known and most studied in

Chukotka. The earliest reports on them date back to the period from 1648 to 1660 and are found in notes by the Russian explorers Semyon Dezhnev and Kurbat Ivanov (RM, 1952). At the beginning of the 20th century, V.G. Bogoraz ( 1932), who visited Kosa Meyechkyn Island in 190 I, reported on the haul-outs, as did Ye.K. Survorov (1914), A.I. Karayev (1926), and V.K. Arsenyev (1927).

Subsequently the Meyechkyn and Rudderskoye haul-outs figure in virtually all reports on the Pacific walruses.

Based on the traditional classification2 (A.I. Karayev, 1926; Arsenyev, 1927; Goltsev, 1968; and others), both haul-outs are permanent, that is, they form annually and are sites inhabited by defined groups of walruses for extended periods.

The Rudderskoye and Meyechkyn haul-outs have long served as extremely important areas for the harvesting of walruses by the native populations of the Gulf of Anadyr and the southern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula (Belopolskii, 1931; Menovshchikov, 1959). In ancient times, including in the traditional period (the second half of the 19th century through the 1930s, according to A.G. Volfson, 1986), the Chukchi and Eskimos had more than 30 nomadic camps and hunting

2 In our opinion, this classification requires review, but we will use the current terminology in this report (A.K.).

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page6 encampments along the coast of the Gulf of Anadyr and the Gulf of Kresta, all living off hunting walruses (Illustration 1). The modem descendants of these hunters now live in villages: Uelkal,

Konergino, Enrnelen and Nunligran. V.N. Goltsev ( 1968) writes that in 1965 people from settlements as far away as Sireniki and Chaplino carne to Kosa Redkin to harvest walruses. According to a report from hunter captain A.F. Kergitagin (from U elkal), in the early 1960s as many as 24 whaleboats and canoes from the villages of Uelkal, Konergino, Enrnelen and Nunligran would gather simultaneously at the Meyechkyn haul-out, along with hunting teams ofKanchalan caribou herders.

He also notes that during the periods when the walruses were absent from Meyechkyn, the Uelkal and Konergino hunters would head for Kosa Redkin, where they participated in joint hunts with people from Enrnelen. The main hunting method used on the haul-outs was harpooning. The walruses were butchered on the spot or hauled to a butchering area set up nearby the haul-out, where the meat was stored in special holes. We counted at least 30 or 40 such holes on Kosa Redkin, and more than 150 on the western end ofKosa Meyechkyn. Near the haul-outs, evidence remained of ancient camping sites where hunters lived temporarily while the walrus meat was being prepared. The haul-outs were significant not only in the material but also in the spiritual sense for the native peoples of the Gulf ofAnadyr, as we confirmed through special research that we conducted in 1996 and 1997 based on the example of the Meyechkyn haul-out (Srnimov, 1996). On Kosa Redkin, in the areas around the nearest hunting camp, a driftwood post still stands with the carved head of a pelican that has been greatly worn down by the wind over time. In all likelihood, this signpost underscored the ritual significance of the Rudderskoye walrus haul-out.

After 1965, hunting was banned at the haul-outs. Hunting was then conducted primarily in the areas surrounding the haul-outs. Walruses were hunted on the ice, and once they were destroyed, hunting of walruses on the water began. In 1983, a post ofthe Chukotka Fisheries Inspectorate was set up on Kosa Redkin. From 1985 through 1991, the Okhotsk Fisheries's Anadyr Marine Mammal

Monitoring Station had a post at the Meyechkyn haul-out.

Direct observation of walruses at Kosa Redkin was conducted in 1960 (Belkovich, Yablokov,

1961; Yablokov, Belkovich, 1962; Kleinenberg et al, 1964). In the 1960s, this haul-out served

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 7 several times as a model for studying the seasonal dynamics of walrus populations, the age-sex structure of the herds, the density of the haul-outs and aspects of the animals' behavior (Krylov,

1966; Goltsev, 1968). Here, too, in 1963 the first experiments in tagging Pacific walruses were conducted (Krylov, 1965). In the 1970s, observations of both haul-outs were limited to one-time aerial counts of the walrus populations (Goltsev, 1972; Goltsev, Zasypkin, 1978; Fedoseyev, 1981,

1984; Estes, Goltsev, 1984). Staff members at the Okhotsk Fisheries' monitoring station have, from

1983 through the present, undertaken environmental monitoring and protection of the Rudderskoye haul-out.3 Similar work was performed at the Meyechkyn haul-out from 1985 through 1991.

Unfortunately, a large portion of the materials from the research is in the archives of the Okhotsk

Fisheries and the Provideniya District Fisheries Inspectorate and is unavailable for analysis, with the exception of quite general articles covering the period from 1983 through 1990 (Mymrin, Grachev,

1986; Grachev, 1988; Mymrin et al, 1988, 1990; Grachev, Mymrin, 1991). In 1989, walruses at the

Rudderskoye haul-out were tagged with American-made radio and satellite transmitters (Kibalchich,

Grachev, 1990). Since 1996, the Chukotka branch ofTINRO has regularly conducted monitoring

research at the Meyechkyn haul-out (Smimov, currently being printed).

1. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

In 1999, A.A. Kochnev, a researcher at ChukotTINRO, conducted field research on walruses

in the Gulf of Anadyr on Kosa Redkin (Rudderskoye haul-out) from August 5 through 28. Senior

State Inspector V.G. Strizhanov, of the Chukotka Fisheries Protection Inspectorate, carried on the

research at Kosa Redkin from August 29 through September 30. On the western end of Kosa

Meyechkyn (Meyechkyn haul-out), field research was conducted from July 15 through September

10 by Ye.I. Kompantseva, candidate of biological sciences and senior researcher at the Russian

3 Currently this work is performed by inspectors of the Provideniya District Fisheries Inspectorate who have no special training in this.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page8 Academy of Sciences' Institute of Microbiology; and from September 11 through 27, by V.S.

Tyneskin, a temporary staff member (laboratory technician).

The researchers used the methodology for collecting field materials from the Wrangel Island

Zapovednik [special! y protected area] (Kochnev, 1995a) and the methodological developments of

ChukotTINRO (Smirnov, 1996) and the Alaskan Fish and Wildlife Service (Appendix 1). Data from counts were recorded on standard forms (Appendices 2 through 6) and then in a specially developed tabular database created using Paradox (Kochnev, 1995b). All the visual observations and counts were made using 15x40, 12x25 and 8x30 binoculars.

The counts of walruses on the beach and on the sea were conducted from 3.5-meter-tall towers situated one and two kilometers from the end of the island (Kosa Redkin), from an 18- meter-tall signal tower located 400 meters from the haul-out on the western end ofKosa Meyechkyn, and at ground level in direct proximity (50 to 100 meters) to the haul-outs. The data were collected as a result of about 200 hours of observations of the walruses. Sea-based counts and observations were made during nine passes by motor boat or sailboat in Rudder Bay and along the coast from

Lezhbishche Morzhei Cape to Cape Chepeten. The total length of the passes amounted to 200 kilometers.

Every day, in the morning and evening, hydrometeorological observations were taken, with the results recorded on standardized forms (Appendix 2).

2. RESULTS

2.1. HAUL-OUT ON KOSA MEYECHKYN ISLAND

2.1.1. Migration and Population Dynamics. The first walruses observed in the coastal waters around the village of Uelkal appeared at the end of May and the beginning of June. The residents of the village observed numerous ice haul-outs of walruses in the coastal waters until the

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr. 1999 Page9 July August I

:: ....: iiiiiiiiiiiiiii~~ 1 ::]·!-· ::L 1998 ~· 1989~ ·:=r· 1988 .• 1987 .. __, I 0 5000 10000 1!1000 20000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Number of Walruses Number of Walruses

I September. I October I

1999

1998~~·r 19E!8 \ 111Jiil7 1997 l 1996 No data "" j No dot• 1089 11189 i

1988 1 No data 19881 I I 1987 ~ _J 1987 ~ 0 sooo 10000 15000 20000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Number of Walruses Number of Walruses

Illustration 2. Maximum number of walruses at Meyechkyn haul-out from July October 1987 - 1999.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 10 f f a'f5oJ 666 { !J,(pouv jo fln!J alfJ U.l S}nO-fnOH sn.lfOM fiJJSDO:J jo 3UJ.iOJ!UOJ!V JDIUtJUiUO.i!t1.U7J

Number ofWalruses N t.J 0\ 10 N VI 00 b b b b b b b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 July I I ' I I 18July I I ! I ; I I I 21 July I I I 24 July 0 I

I I 27 July I I i I I ... _ 30 July I I ! il I i I 02Aug I I I I I 05Aug ,_ I ' > I I 08Aug I I I _j ! "' I II Aug r I I I I ' tl I 1 14Aug I " ! ..! 17 Aug I ~ I I 20Aug l I I .I l 23Aug i ; ·~ I 26Aug J I I .JI ' I _j_ ' 29Aug I 01 Sept I 'b I ' : 04 Sept I I l '' I ! I ' __. ! 07 Sept i I t i 10 Sept I ...__. l I 13 Sept 't::J I l I 16Sept I I I I I ' ~ ! I li~ 19 Sept .t:l I I 1 1 i I I 1 22 Sept I I \ g \ I I 25 Sept I I L~'U i ~ ! I last ten days of June (D. Kaluzatov, V. Tyneskin, personal reports). On June 16, hunters from Uelkal took the first six walruses on ice floes, large males with empty stomachs and thin layers of blubber

Uournal notes of E. Sysolyatina and Ye. Kaluzatova). According to the native residents of Uelkal, the males always appear first in the coastal waters during the spring migration (A. Kergitagin, V.

Vukvukavrakhtyn, personal reports). L.O. Belopolskii (1931) also noted this detail in 1931.

Subsequently two walrus were observed on ice floes on June 19, three walruses were observed on ice on June 24, and 20 were counted on July 10 swimming from south to north Uournal notes of

Ye. Kaluzatova).

The final fields of drifting ice floes in the southern section of Gulf of Kresta remained until

July 4 or 5, according to satellite ice images from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA). In the villages of Uelkal and Konergino, as a result of monitoring by children's environmental groups, the last ice floes on the sea were recorded on July 4 and 6, respectively Uournal notes ofYe. Kaluzatova and L. Reutova).

The walrus haul-outs on the western end of Kosa Meyechkyn Island in 1999 most likely formed in the first half of July. We determined the number of walruses in the initial haul-out by its area (27,300 square meters), which, according to our calculations, could have accommodated up to

21,000 walruses. Observation of the haul-out began on July 15 and ended September 2 7. In 1980s and 1990s, it was discovered that the number of walruses at the Meyechkyn haul-out is greatest in the first stage of the haul-out and steadily falls throughout the summer (Mymrin et al, 1990; Smirnov,

1987; 1996; Smirnov et al, 1998). The maximum numbers of the haul-outs from July through

October (Illustration 2) and the general dynamics of the haul-out (Illustration 3) confirm this trend.4

In the summer periods of 1997 and 1998, declines in the size of the haul-outs occurred at an

accelerated pace. The duration of the haul-out also was reduced. We had previously concluded that

the cause for this was the sharp depletion of the walruses' food supply in the southern part of the

4 In the present survey, we are not comparing our data with the situation in the 1960s and 1970s, when only males were found at the haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr and the seasonal dynamic was characterized by an increase in the population from summer to fall (Goltsev, 1975).

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 12 Gulf of Kresta (Smirnov, 1997; Smirnov et al, 1998). In 1999, the situation changed completely, and the haul-out lasted until deep into the falJ5, while the pace at which the walruses' numbers declined at the haul-outs approached a level that matched the dynamics seen at the end of the 1980s

(Illustration 4). All signs are that the walruses' food supplies in the southern part of the Gulf of

Kresta and in the northwestern waters of the Gulf of Anadyr have returned to levels capable of supporting a rather large haul-out community.

The seasonal multiplication of the haul-outs is shown in Appendix 8.

During the entire observation period, 11 peaks were noted in the walrus population on the beach, with the average interval between the peaks being 5.8 days. The average time period during which there were no walruses on the beach due to feeding activity and absences because of weather conditions was 1.8 days (lim 1-5). The average duration of each active period at the haul-out, from the moment when the first animals arrived to the departure of the last, was five days (lim 2-11 ). In

1996, this indicator was 4.5 days; in 1997, 2.0 days; in 1998, 3.5 days. During 75 days of observation in 1999, walruses were at the haul-outs 55 days (73.3 percent of the time). Comparative indicators for this criterion over various time periods are shown in Illustration 5.

Over the course of the summer, a portion ofthe Kresta herd of walruses lived in the shallow

Kengynin Bay, east of Kosa Erulya. Indeed, L. Belopolskii ( 1931) called this the "Erulya herd," reporting that the walruses from this group formed beach haul-outs at the sandbar of the same name. Unfortunately, we do not have data on the numbers or age-sex structure of this group for either the past or present. However, as in previous years (Smirnov, 1997), in 1999 we noted periodic migrations of walruses from the Meyechkyn haul-out in the direction of Kosa Erulya and back, which could indirectly indicate that both groups belong to one herd. In the same way, occasionally walruses from the southeastern part of the Gulf of Kresta moved out along the sea side of the sandbar to the east, in the direction of the Rudderskoye haul-out, then returned after a period of

5 Our observations ended September 27. On that day, walruses were seen hauling out after returning from their latest feeding. It is quite possible that the haul-out continued until ice fields formed at the entrance to the Kaman'avyt Strait.

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 13 Meyechkyn

~ ~ ~ ~ < < < < C; g ~ ::: ·---Logarithmic ( 1989) -- - Logarithmic (1988) • • • • • • Logarithmic ( 1987) • • • Logarithmic ( 1998) • Logarithmic ( 1997) -- Logarithmic (1996) -Logarithmic ( 1999)

Rudderskoye r------·------· ---·------

++-+-·- + --,...... ,... .++- .++-+-:-.- ' . ..., ,. --1-r - . - l ,., ~ ,., "' "' g. go "' ~ !i> g. !i' = li' a 'fr ~ ~ ~ = ~ -. ~ = < < <= <="' < < < < <"' < l ~ ~ X ...... N "' r• N ~. ~ ~ ;::; N ~ :: - "' =- .... N 8 :3 g; ::: .... "' :£ 1!l I - --Logarithmic ( 1992) -Logarithmic ( 1993) - • Logarithmic ( 1997) ! -Logarithmic ( 1995) -Logarithmic ( 1999)

Arakamchechen

ci> gf i. Q. i. Q. "' fr u c)l u <""' < ~ < c)l V1 l ~ ;:; "' "' N ::; ;:; ~ :£ =. ::! "'N

Logarithmic ( 1997) __... Logarithmic ( 1992) ( 1995) - Logarithmic ( 1993)

Illustration 4. Seasonal dynamic of walrus numbers at Meyechkyn, Rudderksoye and Arakamchechen haul-outs from 1987 to 1999.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 14 1 111911 19 (80'lll)

1997

1989

1U7 HI (80'!11.)

0 5 10 1! 20 Number of Days

Illustration 5. Duration of presence of walruses at Meyechkyn haul-out in various years during the period from August 1 through 20.

Illustration 6. Female walrus, tagged at Rudderskoye haul-out in 1989, photographed a few days later at the western end of Kosa Meyechkyn Island (photo by P. V. Grigorovich).

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr. 1999 Page 15 time. It is interesting that in 1999, groups of walruses and individual animals rather frequently used the Kaman'avyt Strait for local migrations in this direction, something that had not been observed in previous years. The fact that the same walruses use the Meyechkyn and Rudderskoye haul-outs was established through tagging in 1989 (Illustration 6). The probability is also high that a portion of the walruses from both haul-outs could occasionally intermingle and form temporary haul-outs on the eastern end of Kosa Meyechkyn Island (Retkynskoye) and on Kosa Kitovaya and Kosa

Utinaya sandbars.

It is known from reliable sources that an intermingled haul-out of walruses, with females and nursing calves of different generations, exi~ted on the eastern end of Kosa Meyechkyn Island in September 1998 (V.N. Goltsev, V. Tyneskin, personal reports). In the fall of 1999, this haul-out was not filled up with walruses until at least the end of September, but at the same time a mixed haul-out was occupied at Kosa Utinaya (near Lake Mezhgornoye, at the coordinates 65"31 'N,

176"31 'W).

2.1.2. Age-Sex Structure. The age-sex structure, and the sizes of groups, of the animals were determined visually on the water at the moment they approached the haul-out. Observation of each group began at a distance of 800 to l ,000 meters and continued for ten to 20 minutes, until the walruses came up to the beach and joined the gathered animals in the littoral zone. Information was collected on the size of 175 groups, totaling 1,280 walruses. The average number of walruses in the surveyed groups was 7.31 (min.=l, max.=25), virtually the same as the figure for 1997, 7.74. The composition of the groups and their numerical correlation in local groupings of walruses are shown in Table 1.

Table l. Demographic Stratification of the Kresta Herd of Walruses (%).

~~- ~--~ --~------~---~ -~-----··- Groups of Female- Males of Groups of Solitary Male- Nursing Different Elder Mixed Elder Female Calf Pairs Year Age~ Males Gro11p~-- Males Pairs --~---- 1999 20 6 64 8 - 2 1997 13 24 56 3 2 3 ~ ------~·· ···~ '--- --~~----- ·-

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 16 Based on data from count Based on data from count on land (n~961) on water ( n=865)

newborns elder males 0.2% 13.4% 15+ years (males) 3ycars 21.2% ))%

4-5 years 15+ years 14.9% (females) 7.6% sterile and sexually 10-15 years (males) 9.1% immature females 15.1% 10-15 years 65.78% nursing (females) females 8.8% 10.4%

Based on combined data (n=1,116) 0-1 years 8.5% 2 years 3%

4-5 years 12.3%

6-9 years (males) 7% 18%

Illustration 7. Age-sex structure ofMeyechkyn community of walruses in 1999.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 17 The age-sex structure of the Meyechkyn haul-out community was determined by combining data from counts "on land" and "on water" (Illustration 7). Assuming that the real correlation of sex and age groups was counted on land, with the exception of newborns [those born in 1999] with nursing females, which usually avoid the front sections of haul-outs, then this correlation can be corrected by including the share of newborns from counts on the water. For example, the count on the water showed nearly 8 percent newborns, 0.5 percent year-old walruses and 2 percent two-year olds. The low proportion of one- and two-year-old walruses can likely be explained by mistakes by those making the counts through visual observation. Counts on the land registered 0.3 percent newborns, 0.4 percent one-year-olds and 3.6 percent two-year-olds. That is, the two-year-old walruses were better represented on land. Therefore, the share of newborns and one-year-olds (8.5 percent) was taken from the count on water. Thus, the remaining age and sex groupings (not counting the newborns and the one-year-olds with nursing females) constitute 83 percent of the walruses counted.

A total of 982 walruses were counted on land, of which seven were newborns and one-year-olds.

Subtracting them and the nursing females leaves 968 walruses (35 two-year-olds; 109 three-year olds; 144 four- and five-year-olds; 82 males from six to nine years old; 145 males from ten to 15 years old; 210 males older than 15 years; 243 females from six to 15 years old), which are taken to be 83 percent of the modeled haul-out. It is thus possible to calculate the share of each group in the model. If the number of walruses in a group is N, the share of the group will be the product of N divided by the product of 83 percent divided into 968. The modeled size of the haul-out works out to be 1,166 walruses.

It is quite likely that the percentage of newborns and one- to three-year-old nursing calves was understated due to the comparatively short time that they spent on the surface during group movements in the water. In addition, calves typically press tightly to females, which at times use their bodies to shelter the calves. It is also difficult to count the calves on land since nursing females try to remain at the waterline and therefore practically do not come within the counters' field of vision.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 18 2.1.3. Mortality and Causes of Death. During the period of observation, 13 walruses were registered as having been harvested by hunters from the village ofUelkal in the local waters, and two newborns (one male and one female) were caught at the Meyechkyn haul-out and at the haul out on Kosa Utinaya. Two walrus corpses were also found, one of which likely died from wounds inflicted by a killer whale (puncture and tearing wounds on the flippers, swelling on the left side, battered larynx). The other walrus corpse was found at the haul-out on the first day of observations.

It was not possible to establish the cause of its death, which occurred long before the researchers arrived on the island.

Notable among the potential reasons for natural walrus deaths in the Gulf of Anadyr is predation by killer whales and polar bears. Individual polar bears were observed in the haul-out a total of l1 days, or 14.7 percent of the total period of observation. Four instances were observed when the walruses took fright and entered the water as a result either of direct attacks by polar bears or of their approach to the haul-out.

Brown bears were also observed frequently (12 days, or 16 percent of the period of observation) in the area of the haul-out or nearby (three to five kilometers distant), although not a single instance of an attack on walruses or of them approaching the haul-out was registered. On

July 26, the crew of the small fishing boat Aterina counted eight brown bears in different spots on

Kosa Meyechkyn Island.

Killer whales inflict significant casualties on the Meyechkyn haul-out community of walruses.

In 1999, the whales were observed in the local waters for 17 days (22. 7 percent). From July 17 to

20, an individual male killer whale was observed almost constantly in the area of the haul-out. On

July 26 and 28, and again on August 6 and 9, a pair of males was observed. On August 2, 6 and 7, and on September 10, an individual female was observed. On September 11 and 21, a killer whale with a "small fin," presumably an immature animal, was observed. On September 9, three killer whales (two females and one male) were observed, and on September 24, eight killer whales approached the haul-out from the north (three pairs of adult males, a lone female and a lone male).

On that day, walruses were observed actively coming to the haul-out from the feeding waters (in 30

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 19 minutes of observation, 154 walruses carne to the haul-out), which was undoubtedly caused by the predators' hunting. We had observed a similar scene in 1997 (Srnirnov, 1997).

Four instances of killer whales hunting walruses were observed, along with one instance in which the killer whales hunted a gray whale. At and around the haul-out on various days, five walruses that had been wounded by killer whales were observed. These walruses were young, in the four- to five-year-old and six- to nine-year-old categories. As was noted at the beginning of this section, of two walruses that had died, at least one had injuries and wounds typical of those that would be received from an attack by a killer whale.

2.1.4. Sources of Disturbance. Over the entire period during which the Meyechkyn haul out was under observation, there were eight registered instances of panic and partial withdrawal of walruses from land into the water. Four times, the disturbances were caused by aircraft flying on the Anadyr-Provideniya-Lavrentiya route at an altitude of about 5,000 meters. On August 10, the walruses left land when a hunting whaleboat from the village of Uelkal carne within 300 to 500 meters of the haul-out. In two instances, panic and withdrawal of a small number of walruses into the water was prompted by a polar bear, and once (onAugust4) the walruses were frightened by the cries of brown cranes as they flew en masse over the haul-out.

Twice all the walruses left the haul-out due to a disturbance. In one case (September 21 ), the source of the disturbance was the crew of the small fishing boat Aterina and representatives of the firm Zooleks, who were capturing calves at the Meyechkyn haul-out. In the other instance, on July

30, a polar bear chased away the entire haul-out. Each withdrawal by the walruses was short-lived, and the animals returned to the haul-out almost immediately.

2.2. RUDDERSKOYE HAUL-OUT

2.2.1. Migration and Population Dynamics. We did not arrive in time for the initial period of formation at the haul-out on Kosa Redkin. Aerial observation during a flight over the southern coast of Chukotka on June 29 showed that the Gulf of Anadyr was clear of ice within the field of

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal 1f!alrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 20 vision. The only major field of close pack ice (rating five to six points) that remained was at the entrance to the Gulf of Kresta, stretching in a narrow band to the south along the coast to Cape

Povorotnyi. There was also a small field of two- to three-point rated ice in the eastern section of the

Kaman'avyt Strait. There were no walruses at the haul-out, although according to sea hunters from

Enmelen, there were already concentrations swimming in the area ofKosa Redkin. The same hunters said that the walruses began coming onto the beach on July 2, and in the first half of July their numbers reached a peak of 10,000 individuals.

Our observations began on August 6, at a time when there were no walruses at the haul-out.

On that same day, walruses began concentrating at sea near the tip of the sandbar, reaching 100 individuals by evening. On the morning of August 7, a small group (about 40 walruses) came ashore, but after a few hours, for unclear reasons, all the animals went back into the water except for three, two of which had been injured by a killer whale. The walruses began coming on shore en masse the next day, on August 8.lllustration 9 shows the subsequent dynamics of their numbers.

The walruses came on shore for the last time on August 22, after which the haul-out was not occupied through September 30, when the observations ended. Walruses were also not observed in the coastal zone after August 23. In all, walruses were in the area of Kosa Redkin during August and September for 18 days, 11 of which they were observed on shore. During this 18-day period, there were three days when no walruses were visible. It is likely that on these days the herd was feeding far outside the boundaries of the area around the haul-out.

During August, there were three clearly defined peaks in the numbers of walruses on the beach, with an average interval between peaks of 5.5 days (Illustration 8). The periods during which the walruses were absent from the beach were apparently due to feeding, and if we exclude an instance when three animals hauled out during the longest feeding period, these absences averaged three days. The duration of each interruption in the functioning of the haul-out from the first mass arrival until the departure of the last animal was, on average, 3.3 days (lim 3-4).

Judging from a variety of indications, one herd of walruses inhabited the area around the haul-out throughout August. In particular, throughout the entire season an old male with distinctive

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 21 Kosa Redkin, 1999

rJ:l tl) 1,000 rJ:l - 2 800 "'"" p- 600 r-- ...... ~ 0 ..... 400 tl) ..c I' E 200 :1 ...... I ln...... , z 0 l'- 6Aug 9 12 15 Datl!S 21 24 I c:::::::J Beach -sea

Illustration 8. Seasonal dynamic of walrus numbers at Kosa Redkin haul-out in 1999.

August 13-15 (n=67) II August 21 (n-73) ~ 40 00 , i' ~ 40,00 .,..------0"' 3S 00 1' ii 35,00 +------ "'2 30.00 • ! 2 ~o.oo +------! ~ 2~.00 1 ... 25.00 +------ .... 20.00 e: a,oo +---- I 0 ~ 1S.OO c 1S.OO +---- .0s" 10.00 ..15 10.00 +----- :::1 s.oo :z § 5.00 +----~ 0.00 z o.oo ------Age

August 1999 (n=144) 40.00 '1/1 I I 35.00 I -:::: l ! 0 I 30.00 "! C) "''/)

2 25.00 ~

~ 20.00 '- ....0 C) 15.00 .0 E z::3

o 3 4·5 8·8 10·1S 15• Age :~------. 11'1 Both 0 Females • Males

Illustration 9. Age-sex structure of walrus haul-out at Kosa Redkin in 1999.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 22 wounds to the head caused by a killer whale was observed. The absence of any real change in the age-sex composition of the haul-out in the second and latter thirds ofAugust serves as confirmation of this (Illustration 9).

The feeding area of this herd apparently encompassed the area around the haul-out. Some of the animals fed directly in Rudder Bay. For example, on August 12 a large group of walruses

(more than 60) slowly moved from the side ofKaimatkyn Lagoon to the entrance of the bay. The animals stayed close together and often bellowed. The entire area of the bay was surveyed during passes on August 17 and 18. Concentrations of walruses, both individuals and groups of from two to 12 (in all, about 40 head), were found in the more sheltered eastern section of the bay, at Kaimatkyn

Lagoon. In the remainder of the bay's waters, walruses were noted infrequently, separately and moving in the direction of this lagoon. Thus, most of the herd went into the open sea beyond the bay to feed.

The number of walruses in the area of Kosa Redkin apparently remained unchanged throughout August. The sharp decline in the number of walruses relaxing on the beach from August

15 to 17, in comparison to the previous peak, can be explained by the f~t that only a portion of the initial herd came ashore, those that fed directly in Rudder Bay. These animals left the haul-out on

August 18, and from August 20 to 22 walruses came ashore that had fed in the open seas at a great distance from the sandbar. The total number of walruses that came ashore during these two time periods roughly coincides with the maximum number of animals at the haul-out from August 7 to

10 (Illustration 8).

2.2.2. Age-Sex Structure. Illustrations 9 and 12 show the age-sex structure of the haul-out.

Despite the relatively small size of the sample, it constituted 14 percent of the maximum size of the herd and is fairly representative. This is confirmed by the fact that the results of counts separated by significant time intervals turned out to be practically identical (Illustration 9). No particular category of animals was clearly predominant. The most numerous were elderly mothers older than I 0 years

(31.94 percent), most of which were older than 15 years (78.26 percent). The next most numerous category comprised sexually mature females older than six years (27.78 percent). Immature calves

Environmental Monitoring a_( Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfo.( Anadyr, 1999 Page 23 aged four to five years and males younger than physical maturity (six to nine years) constituted

24.31 percent of the sample.

Among the adult females, 42.5 percent were sterile, pregnant or had lost their young, while the remaining females were with calves younger than four years old. The proportion of lactating females could be somewhat lower since most of the three-year-olds on Kosa Redkin were independent, that is, we did not observe any clear guardianship over them on the part of females, including in cases of conflicts with other walruses. Females with newborns constituted 12.5 percent of the total number of sexually mature females.

2.2.3. Food. No special research into the food of walruses in the area of the haul-outs was conducted, but we believe that it would make sense to address one interesting observation. Judging by sea wastes, the predominant species ofbivalvular mussels in Rudder Bay is Mutilus edulis L.

This species is not included in current lists of foods for Pacific walruses (Nikulin, 1941; Krylov,

1971; Fay, 1982). However, its biomass is so high along the coast of the Gulf of Anadyr that in many areas it constitutes the most substantial species in the environment (Kusakin, lvanova, 1978).

We believe that the walruses feeding in Rudder Bay used the mussel as their primary food source.

This mussel is also plentiful in the shallow Kaman'avyt Strait that sets apart Kosa Meyechkyn, while in the pebbly soils along the coast of the inner part of the Gulf of Kresta, the biomass of the mussels amounts to 16.39 kg/m2, or 96 percent of the biomass ofthe animal life (Chepiga, 1978).

Thus, it is quite likely that this mussel plays an important role in the summer diet of the walruses that use the coastal haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr. The absence of the mussel in the stomachs of previously studied walruses is due to the fact that the samples were taken during harvesting by ships either in the Chukchi Sea, where the mussels are very rare, or in the Bering Sea during the spring, when the coastal area is covered with neve ice and when the walruses are feeding in deeper waters where the mussels are absent.

2.2.4. Mortalitv and Causes of Death. Five instances of walrus deaths were registered during the period of observation. We did not measure the extent of mortality since we did not have information on the maximum size of the haul-out or the dates of the animals' deaths. The age

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr. 1999 Page 24 composition ofthe dead animals was as follows: two newborns [born in 1999]; two young animals aged three years and four to five years old; and one female aged six to nine. All the animals died in

July, that is, prior to the start of observations. We discovered three of them upon our first survey of the sandbar on August 5. One corpse (a female, aged four to five), half washed over with beach pebbles, was located three kilometers from the haul-out on the sea side of the sandbar. It had been eaten by a brown bear. The other two (a newborn male and a female aged six to nine years) were at the haul-out. The nature of the wounds on the body of the newborn showed that it was crushed by other walruses. The adult female had been partially eaten by a bear, while hunters had cut off its head. However, signs of bites on one of the rear flippers led us to believe that the animal was attacked by a killer whale.

On August 21, after a storm, the skeleton of a newborn washed up onto the haul-out, along with the skull and parts of the skeleton of a three-year-old animal. It was possible to conclude from the level of preservation of the remaining meat that both walruses died in 1999. Apparently both animals were also victims of.killer whales.

Thus, the cause of death for at least three of the five walruses was a predatory attack by a killer whale. A group of these whales (possibly the same group) numbering three individuals, including an adult male, regularly was observed in the coastal waters. On the evening of August 6, this group was observed two to three kilometers from the haul-out on the sea side. The whales spun in place and frequently jumped out of the water, particularly the male. The behavior was undoubtedly hunting in nature. We believe that in this case the whales were attacking walruses, although we could not see the victims because of the great distance. The whales' behavior when catching humpback salmon, observed several days later and at a closer distance, was quite different: circular movements with frequent dives into the water, and without jumping. In addition, on the day after the hunt, that is, on August 7, when there was no mass concentration of walruses at the haul-out, three walrus came onto the beach, and two of them had clear wounds. One of them, a male aged ten to 15, had on its forehead a long, roughly two-centimeter-round gash resembling a blowhole. The second, a male older than 15 years, had a large, fresh wound on the left side of its head: the skin was

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 25 tom from its face, one eye was missing, and meat hung off in shreds. The end of the left tusk was broken off, and the area of the break looked fresh. Apparently a killer whale had inflicted these wounds during the hunting that we had observed.

2.2.5. Sources of Disturbance. During our observations, we witnessed five panics at the haul-out. In all instances, people were the source of the disturbance. On August 9, during three hours the walrus went into the water three times due to whaleboats from Enmelen passing 200 to

300 meters from the haul-out. After each panic, about one-fourth of the walruses remained on the beach, and the haul-out began to fill again almost immediately. In one case, the panic rose again and the walruses completely left the beach when the hunters came ashore 200 meters from the tip of the sandbar and moved to push into the water the corpse of a walrus located 60 meters from the edge of the haul-out. Fewer than half of the walruses that had been at the haul-out in the morning remained by evening. By morning of the next day (August l 0), the number of walruses rose somewhat, but soon all the animals, except for five individuals, went into the water due to a whaleboat.

After this, the haul-out remained vacant for four days. On August 16, a small panic occurred during filming by three cameramen from the English company Anglia Survival. About 60 animals went into the water. The passing of a motorized sailboat about one kilometer from the haul-out did not panic the walruses even though the motor was operating.

3. DISCUSSION

An analysis of our materials, together with data from the Chukotka Fisheries Inspectorate, allows us to conclude that beginning in the 1980s the number of walruses at haul-outs in the Gulf of

Anadyr fell markedly, reaching the lowest level at the beginning of the 1990s. In the subsequent period, the trend was for an insignificant increase in numbers, particularly notable based on the peak levels in July and August at the Rudderskoye haul-out (Illustration 10). While in the mid-

1980s the number of walruses here reached 25,000, or even 35,000 (Mymrin, Grachev, 1986; Grachev,

1988; Myrnrin et all, 1990), in the 1990s the maximum number never exceeded 10,000 individuals.

Environmental Monitoring o{Coaslal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 26 Mean data for both haul-outs show that the greatest number of walruses living in the Gulf ofAnadyr during the summer in the 1990s returned to the level of the 1960s and 1970s (Table 2). In 1999, despite an unexpected sharp increase in the numbers of the Meyechkyn herd (Illustration 2), the total number of walruses in the Gulf ofAnadyr remained low, not exceeding 25,000 to 30,000 head.

Table 2. Average Maximum Number of Walruses at Haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr. (R = Rudderskoye, M = Meyechkyn)

---~----~ Period July August Se~tember October 1960s - 1970s 4,000 (M) 9,500 (R+M) 10,815 (R+M) 3,700 (R) 1980s 22,610 (R+M) 19,738 (R+M) 13,416 (R+M) 10,455 (R+M) 9,680 (R+M) 4,984 (R+M) ------1990s . ___ _!~JJ5jg~_¥) 271 (R)

Judging by the data from the counts, in recent years the walruses have begun to actively leave both haul-outs in September and continue leaving until the beginning of October. In all likelihood, throughout the feeding period certain groups of walruses alternately join both haul-out communities, Rudderskoye and Meyechkyn. At the same time, the fact that certain walruses, which we identified by natural markings, were constantly at the haul-outs allows us to presuppose that walruses have a geographical preference for one haul-out or the other. By autumn (the last ten days of August and the beginning of September), the mobility of the walrus herds in the northern part of the Gulf ofAnadyr increases, the degree of conservatism with regard to the haul-outs decreases and mixing among walruses from different communities takes place more frequently and more actively.

The autumn increase in the dynamics of the haul-out communities of walruses is apparently due to the decline of the food supply in the nearest feeding areas and the onset of the storm season. Probably during this period the herd moves to other living areas. During this time, walruses are observed at other (temporary) haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr: Retkenskoye (or Firanskoye), the eastern tip of

Kosa Meyechkyn Island, Kosa Kitovaya, Kosa Utinaya and a range of other random areas. For example, in the second half of August 1998, the walruses finally left both of the haul-outs being described here and apparently in the autumn formed a joint haul-out on the eastern end of Kosa

Meyechkyn Island (Cape Retkyn). According to an oral report from V.N. Goltsev, in September

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 27 r July August I 1999 m.o UlH I 1~7 1Q97 u 1995 1915 6.2 1993 1993

1~2 1992 19$10 19!10 1M9 1988 .... 11188 13,0 .... "'~ ~"" 1!187 1987 10,0 ~ ~ 1965 tHIS 25,0 1984 1984 20,0 1983 24,0 1913 8,0 198Q I ;tO 1975 1975 1S64 19114 1960 19GO 5,5

0 5 10 15 20 25 )(,) 36 401 ll 5 10 HI 20 25 30 35 401 Number ofwahuses ('OOOs) I Number of walruses ('OOOs)

September October

1999 11198 1997 3,2 111111 0,3 19&5 1993 1.& 19112 3,3 -1!iln 1990 3,7 1IIIICI 0..3 1989 1988 "'.... :';! -.. 1987 0,0 ~ 111117 I~ 1985 11,0 TIM u 1984 18,0 1114 ( I Hl83 15,0 I 1M3

1960 1flell 1975 , I 11Jl'S ,964 1114

1960 5,5 11111(1

0 5 10 15 20 25 lO 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 :II 3S ..o• Number of walruses ('OOOs) ~\I Number of walruses ('OOOs) i ~t I

Illustration 10. Maximum number of walruses on Kosa Redkin.

Environmental Afonitoring of Coastal Tl'cJ!rus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 28 Kosa Redkin, 1999 Wrangellsland, 1989-1997 (n=l44) (n=l,572) 40.00

35.00 ;I! 30.00 I~ 30.00 g 25.00 25.00 ~ 20.00 20.00 0 IJ'" .8 15.00 '.8 15.00 .E :1 10.00 z 10.00

5.00 5.00

0.00 0.00 4-5 6-9 10-15 15+ Age Age

C Females • Males 111 Females/mal .. C Females • Males

Illustration 11. Age-sex structure of walrus haul-out on Kosa Redkin and Wrangel Island.

1985 1986 1,077) (n=l,488) females. > 10 years, 48o/o malt:S >10 years 16

7% YOUilJ:,!. young. 3-9 year;, 3-9 years 7% 20~. 13%

1989 1999 (n=662) (n=I44) females females males males >10 years >Wycars 22%

2% ynung. 3-9 4% 37% 6%

. I '

-Iflustration 12. Dynamic of age-sex structure at walrus haul-out on Kosa Redkin.

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 29 there were as many as 3,000 walruses there, including females with nursing young.6 Similarly, at the end of August 1999, the walruses ceased coming to the Rudderskoye haul-out and were not seen in the area throughout September. It is quite possible that a portion of this herd moved and formed a mixed haul-out on Kosa Utinaya, where V.N. Goltsev caught a newborn on September

22-23 (V.S. Tyneskin, oral report). The absence of walruses on Kosa Redkin in September had previously been observed only once before, in 1988 (Grachev, Mymrin, 1991 ). All indications are that, in this way, the walruses of the Gulf of Anadyr, during their summer feeding period, are year by year systematically moving into all the accessible feeding areas.

Hydrological phenomena can also radically affect the size and nature of the summer distribution of walruses in the Gulf of Anadyr. For example, a storm in the autumn of 1996, unprecedented in its strength, caused the mass discharge of bottom-dwelling aquatic life along the entire coastline of the Gulf of Anadyr, as a result of which the next year, 1997, the number of walruses at the Meyechkyn haul-out dropped sharply and the haul-out emptied out by mid-August

(Illustration 4) (Smimov, 1997; Smimov et al, 1998). Similarly, the Rudderskoye haul-out ceased functioning in August 1999, but we are still unable to say what the exact reason for this might have been.

The seasonal dynamic in the numbers of walruses at the Meyechkyn and Rudderskoye haul-outs on the whole correspond to the period of the 1980s, when the maximum number of animals came out onto the beach in the beginning phase of the haul-out's formation, with the number of animals gradually decreasing due to the out-migration of small groups of walruses toward the

Bering Strait (Grachev, 1988; Myrnrin et al, 1990). Only in 1997 was the opposite scenario observed at the Rudderskoye haul-out (Illustration 4), with a summer increase in numbers observed due to walruses coming from the Meyechkyn haul-out on Kosa Redkin. It is curious that at the

Arakamchechen haul-out, which is unique for the gradual increase in the number of walruses during

6 V.N. Goltsev caught two calves at this haul-out in September 1998.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 30 the summer, in 1997 there was observed, on the contrary, a decrease in numbers over the emire period that the haul-out was functioning.

In analyzing the extent to which the walruses use the waters adjacent to Kosa Redkin, we limited ourselves to examining only that period when the observations were carried out in 1999, that is, August and September. We compared the duration of the period during which the walruses concentrated in the area of the haul-out and the number of days when they were on the beach. In

1999, these indicators were the lowest of the five seasons when the timings of observations coincided

(Table 3).

Table 3. Comparison of How the Walruses Used the Haul-out on Kosa Redkin from 1992 to 1999 (duration of observation: 56 days).

-- --·------Number of Period of Time Spent on Days When Concentration as Beach as a Period ofWalrus Walruses a Percentage of Percentage of Concentration, Were Total Duration Total Period of days Observed on of Observation, Concentration, Year the Beach o;o o;o 1992 36 30 64.29 83.33 ... ------1993 32 28 57.14 87.50 ------1995 51 33 91.07 64.71 1997 56 42 100.00 75.00 ------1999 18 11 32.14 61.11 ------~-- ··------

Thus, from the mid-1980s to the beginning of the 1990s, the significance of both coastal haul-outs under study gradually declined for the walruses of the Gulf ofAnadyr. The walruses used the haul-outs most intensively in the mid-1980s, when their numbers were the highest for the entire

60-year period during which Pacific walruses have been studied, and when more than half the population of Pacific walruses spent their summer feeding period in the northern part of the Bering

Sea and in the Bering Strait. But the end of the 1980s already saw a decline, and throughout the

1990s walrus numbers were at the level of the 1960s. By the end of the 1990s, the haul-outs began to be occupied on an unstable basis.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 31 This situation can be explained in the following way:

The walruses' shoreline haul-outs apparently are located nearby the richest bottom-dwelling fauna in sections of the sea, and the walruses feed there throughout the entire summer season. The high concentration of walruses around Russkaya Koshka, Kosa Redkin and Kosa Meyechkyn Island in the rnid-1980s naturally led to the depletion ofthe food supply in the areas immediately surrounding the haul-outs, which in tum caused a redistribution of the animals within their summertime geographic range. On the one hand, in the 1990s it began to be noticed that the walruses were departing for other sections of the Gulf of Anadyr and the southern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula (in the shallows in Kengynin Bay, on the eastern end ofKosa Meyechkyn Island [Cape Retkyn], the delta ofSeutakan River [Kosa Kitovaya], the Mezhgomoye Lake area [Kosa Utinaya] and Cape Baklanii in Rudder Bay [P.V. Grigorovich, unpublished data; A.V. Kharitonov, V.N. Goltsev, V.S. Tyneskin, personal reports; data from the Provideniya District Fisheries Inspectorate]). On the other hand, it would be logical to assume that, over the time period analyzed, there would have been an increase in the proportional share of the entire population of Pacific walruses migrating for the summer period to the Chukchi Sea.

The peak in walrus numbers at haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr was reached in the mid-

1980s, when the entire Pacific population was on the increase and its numbers were estimated at

250,000 (Fedoseyev. 1981, 1984). However, even in this period a decline in the pace of reproduction was noted, along with other signs of a reduction in numbers (Mymrin et al, 1990). Aerial surveys of walruses throughout their entire geographic range in 1990 confirmed a decline in their numbers by

20 percent (Gilbert et al, 1992). There were no aerial surveys after 1990, but a range of indicators points to a continued depression in walrus numbers (Kelly et al, 1999). Thus, the current situation at the haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr could simply be a consequence of this process.

Some people are of the opinion that a redistribution of walruses and a change in the boundaries of their geographic range occur periodically and that this is related to the long-term dynamics of ice formation in the Chukchi and Bering seas (Fedoseyev, 1990; Fedoseyev, 1990). In other words, periods of high and low ice formation in the Chukchi Sea alternate at different intervals (from 15 to

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 32 30 years), probably depending on the cycles of solar activity and the intensity of that activity in peak years (Kochnev, 1995c). Accordingly, during periods of high ice formation, the walruses' geographic range moves to the south, and the number of animals that remain in the Bering Sea for the summer increases. And, on the contrary, in periods oflow ice formation, most walruses migrate to the Chukchi and Eastern Siberian seas, while an insignificant number of animals remain in the

Bering Sea, and the southern boundary of the walruses' geographic range moves to the north. An analysis of the ice situation over the past 20 years speak in favor of this hypothesis. While from

1980 to 1989, only one time was the Chukchi Sea completely free of ice to the latitude ofWrangel

Island, from 1990 to 1999 this occurred eight times, of which on six occasions the southern edge: of the ice was situated far to the north of Wrangel Island. From this position, it is easy to explain the significant decline in the number of walruses remaining in the Gulf ofAnadyr for the summer in the

1990s compared to the 1980s. This hypothesis also helps to explain the fact that walruses practically disappeared from Kamchatka in 1999 (I. Testin, V.N. Burkanov, personal reports). The phenomenal increase in the number of walruses in 1999 at the Meyechkyn haul-out might to some extent have occurred precisely because of the migration of walruses from Kamchatka haul-outs. During visual surveys, the observers noted on several occasions that groups of older males were coming to the haul-out from the south, which is completely atypical for this haul-out and which had been noted only once previously during the entire period that research has been going on, in 1987 (G.P. Smirnov, unpublished data). The predominance of sexually mature males in the structure of the haul-out community could serve as confirmation of our explanation.

It has been demonstrated (Smirnov, 1997) that the geographical distribution of the walrus population can be greatly affected by hydrological events, the destructive force and frequency of which have significantly increased over the past decade.

On the whole, in our opinion it is a combination of all the analyzed factors, which may be closely linked, that has affected, to one extent or another, the declining numbers of walruses at haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 33 According to G.A. Fedoseyev (1990), changes in the age-sex structure of different groups of walruses, in the Gulf of Anadyr in particular, depend on the dynamics of the ice situation. Prior to the beginning of the 1980s, it was believed that all the coastal haul-outs in the Bering Sea were formed exclusively by males, while the females and calves were believed to migrate to the Chukchi

Sea for the summer (Arsenyev, 1927; Razumovskii, 1931; Nikulin, 1941; Freiman, 1941; Vmogradov,

1949; Fay, 1957; Belkovich, Yablokov, 1961; Yablokov, Belkovich, 1962; Goltsev, 1968). In the

1930s and earlier, observations were not made at haul-outs, and the conclusion about the geographic distribution of walruses in the summer-autumn period was made based on brief visits to the haul outs in the Gulf of Bristol and on Arakamchechen Island, which even today are made up of males.

There were even assertions that only males form all the Pacific walruses' coastal haul-outs

(Belopolskii, 1939). The actual structure of the haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr in those years is not known. However, the first observations in the 1960s on Kosa Redkin confirmed the long-held view: only males were observed at the haul-out (Krylov, 1966; Goltsev, 1968). So when the research was taken up again in the 1980s after a 20-year interruption, the predominance of females with calves was all the more surprising. A similar situation was noted at the second permanent haul-out in the Gulf of Anadyr, on Kosa Meyechkyn (My1min, Grachev, 1986; Grachev, 1988; Mymrin et all, 1988; 1990; Grachev, Mymrin, 1991 ). The discovery of these changes coincided with the peak in the number of walruses at haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr, which allowed G.A. Fedoseyev

(1990) to link these two events with an increase in ice formation in the Chukchi Sea. Following this logic, in the 1990s, when the Chukchi Sea was almost annually free of ice, the haul-out on Kosa

Redkin should have again been occupied only by males. However, our observations demonstrated that this did not occur. Females and calves continued to make up the bulk of the haul-out (Illustrations

7 and 9). An analysis of published materials (Grachev, 1988; Grachev, Myrnrin, 1990) demonstrates that the structure of the haul-out was not stable in the 1980s either, and there were substantial differences even between consecutive seasons (such as 1984 and 1985) (Illustration 12). Sharp fluctuations were noted in 1988 and 1989 at the Meyechkyn haul-out, too (Table 4). It is possible

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr; 1999 Page 34 that a change in the ice situation was nevertheless the reason for a certain decline in the number of females. However, the data in hand at this point do not confirm this hypothesis.

Table 4. Dynamics of Gender Composition of the Adult Walruses at the Meyechkyn Haul out.

------~------··-· - - ~ ------1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1997 1999 Females 65% 49.40% 51.60% 8.50% 60.45% 48.45% 49.1% ···------~-:-- Males 35% 50.60% 48.40% 9T.50% 39.55% 51.55% 50.9% ------

A comparative analysis of the structure of mixed groups of walruses that migrated for the summer and autumn to the Chukchi Sea (around Wrangel Island) and that remained in the Gulf of

Anadyr (based on Kosa Redkin) also proved interesting (Illustration 11 ). The correlation of sexually mature and immature animals in both samples turned out to be close, but within these categories significant differences were observed. As would be expected, the percentage of adult males, including those six to nine years old that were not participating in reproduction, was almost three times higher on Kosa Redkin than in the Chukchi Sea. At the same time, while in the Anadyr sample the elder walruses older than 15 years clearly predominated over the younger animals, their percentage around Wrangel Island was close to, and even a little below, that of the younger walruses. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that males engaging in mating at the very end of the reproductive season (that is, in the second half of March and April, before the beginning of the spring migration) follow the females as they migrate into the Chukchi Sea. It is known that active spermatogenesis in young males begins later than in physically mature males older than 15 (Kibalchich, 1984, 1988).

In addition, later ovulation has been noted in young females, which might explain the low percentage of females older than 15 in the area of Wrangel Island while at the same time females of this age group predominate on Kosa Redkin. It seems natural for the percentage of nursing calves (up to four years old) to be twice as high on Wrangel Island than on Kosa Redkin, since the correlation of sexually active females is the same. It is interesting that given all the differences in the sex and age composition, the share of females with newborns in both samples was practically identical. What is most difficult to interpret is the predominance of sexually immature young from four to five years

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 35 old in the sample from Kosa Redkin when their percentage on Wrangel Island is half as much and falls close to the hypothetical natural structure of the population. To some extent this can be explained by the fact that the overwhelming majority of sexually immature males remain in the Bering Sea during the summer and autumn, and they account for the high percentage of this category of the animals. Although data from commercial kills contradicts this assertion (Kibalchich, 1979; 1988), nevertheless an examination of dead walruses of this age at the coastal haul-outs on Wrangel Island from 1978 through 1996 showed that males constituted only 19 percent of their numbers (n=83)

(Kochnev, currently being printed). It is likely that the information from the kills reflects the situation typical only for the middle of summer in the southeastern section of the Chukchi Sea, where the harvesting was taking place. When the edge of the ice retreats to the northwest in August, these young males most likely remain at the haul-outs around the Bering Strait (at Cape Intsova and others) and do not migrate to the west.

The data that we gathered showed insignificant natural mortality among walruses at haul outs in the Gulf of Anadyr. However, since the cause of death for most of the animals was predation by killer whales, we can say with confidence that most of the walruses that were killed either were eaten or sunk far from shore. Therefore, it is not possible to measure the real level of mortality of the walruses during the haul-out season. Observations at the Meyechkyn haul-out showed that predation by killer whales can disrupt the rhythm of walruses' trips to feeding areas and sometimes causes an increase in the degree to which a haul-out fills up (Smimov, 1997).

It should be noted that at the coastal haul-outs on Wrangel Island, the main cause of death among walruses was their wounding of each other during panic withdrawals into the water caused by attacks by polar bears (Kochnev, currently being printed). There were no polar bears on Kosa

Redkin in 1999, but in previous years they would sometimes visit the haul-out (V.Ye. Kovalenko, personal reports). At the Meyechkyn haul-out, the periodic presence of polar bears (primarily individuals) at the haul-out was noted both in the reporting year and in previous years of observation.

Four instances were observed when the walruses became frightened and withdrew into the water due to the approach of predators to the haul-out and due to direct attacks. Polar bears have always

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 36 fed on the corpses of walruses that died for other reasons, and in one case a bear ate eggs and chicks of herring gulls and glaucous gulls in a mixed nesting colony neighboring the haul-out. There, the bear laid down in a deep lie that it had dug out for itself, getting up and leaving unwillingly only after a great deal of effort by people who were trying to chase it away with sticks and stones. The bears only came alone, did not remain long around the haul-out and did not congregate as they did on Wrangel Island.

Lengthy concentrations of a related species, brown bears, were observed annually both on

Kosa Redkin and on Kosa Meyechkyn. In 1999, on Kosa Redkin, we counted at least four bears during three weeks (a female with a yearling cub, an adult male and an unidentified single bear).

Several bear lairs were located directly beside the haul-out, one of them beingjust 20 meters from the edge of the haul-out. On the first day (August 5), we noted many tracks around the haul-out, and both of the corpses found there had been partially eaten by the bears. Two kilometers from the haul out, an adult male bear was feeding on another walrus corpse. Most of the tracks and the lairs probably belonged to this male since after it was shot, no fresh tracks were found until August 21, when a lone bear that had recently shown up appeared there. In the 1990s, the maximum number of brown bears counted around the haul-out at one time was eight individuals (V.Ye. Kovalenko, personal report). There was even an unconfirmed report of a brown bear attacking walruses (Yu.V.

Klimenko).

During the 75 days of observation on Kosa Meyechkyn, brown bears were observed 12 times. On July 26, 1999, the crew of the small fishing boat Aterina counted eight brown bears on different parts of the sandbar. Female-cub pairs were seen twice, and the rest ofthe bears were seen on their own. They have been seen eating old corpses of walruses, although not a single instance: of them attacking the walruses or getting close to the haul-out was registered.

Based on the information in hand, the brown bears at the haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr can partially fill the polar bears' niche, although the type of pressure from predation as exists on

Wrangel Island has never been observed here. This is due to the fact that brown bears hav'e a different feeding specialization; to the constant, long-term presence on the sandbars of people,

Environmental Monitoring of'Coastal Walrus Haul·outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 37 who, for their own safety, have not allowed the bears to concentrate here; and to the competition from the use of the haul-out. Nevertheless, brown bears could be an important source of disturbance for the walruses when people are absent, and the bears could indirectly affect walrus mortality by causing panics and crushing rushes at the haul-out. Evidence of this is provided by the corpse of a crushed newborn that we found at the Rudderskoye haul-out.

Another serious factor causing disturbances is human activity in the area of the haul-out, which can also cause deaths among the animals. A regime of absolute protection for the haul-outs in the Gulf of Anadyr is necessary first and foremost because they provide habitat for a large number of females with calves, which are most vulnerable to wounds during crushing rushes.

4. CONCLUSION

Our observations at the Meyechkyn and Rudderskoye coastal walrus haul-outs in 1999, together with material from previous research, demonstrated the important trend in the reduction of the number of walruses feeding in the summer-autumn season in the Gulf of Anadyr. This is due to the combined impact of several principal factors: depletion of the food supply when the walrus population was at its peak in the mid-1980s, decrease in ice formation on the Chukchi Sea, increase in major hydrological events and a general depression in the population of this subspecies in the

1990s. The total number of walruses in the Gulf of Anadyr, based on the time period from July through August 1999, was equal to 25,000 to 30,000 individuals.

Despite the fact that the numbers of walruses hauling out in the Gulf of Anadyr declined to the level of the 1960s, the age and sex structure did not change to the all-male pattern typical of the earlier years. The proportion of females and calves remained just as high as in the 1980s, although within this category of animals there were noticeable changes. The percentage of adult males remained practically the same. Most likely this is the result of the clear predominance of females and calves in the current population of Pacific walruses, which could be normal for a polygamous species like the walrus.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 38 The primary cause of death among walruses in the Gulf of Anadyr is predation by killer whales and, to some extent, polar bears. A less significant factor is the disturbance of the walruses by people and brown bears; such disturbances can result in injuries to young animals as a result of panicked stampedes.

The level of hunting of walruses by the native population in the Gulf of Anadyr is quite insignificant. However, females traditionally predominate among those killed by hunters (Smirnov, currently being printed). Along with this, an increase has been noted in unsanctioned visits to haul outs by tourists, along with growth in the poaching of walruses and the capture of young walruses for commercial purposes. In this regard, because of the unique nature of the Meyechkyn and

Rudderskoye haul-outs for maintaining the reproductive potential ofthe entire Pacific population of walruses, both haul-outs should be put under permanent protection.

We believe it is necessary to continue regular observations of the walruses' shoreline haul outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr throughout the entire hauling-out season using standard methods. Particular attention should be paid to calculating the sex and age composition of the walruses in order to determine a possible seasonal dynamic. This would also help determine the size of annual fluctuations in the sex and age composition, which would allow us to judge the degree to which the Anadyr group of walruses is independent. It is important, in our view, to collect information on the interrelationship of walruses and predators (killer whales, brown bears and polar bears), including the specific characteristics of their behavior. This last information could help resolve the ongoing discussion on the degree to which predators influence the natural mortality rate of walruses.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Pag£· 39 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The project staff would like to express its sincere gratitude to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service in Alaska (USFWS) and the American branch of the World Wildlife Fund (USWWF), which provided the funding for research of great value both for protecting unique walrus haul-outs and for providing for the traditional requirements of the native peoples of Chukotka and Alaska.

We would like to personally thank the head of the Alaskan Walrus Haul-out Monitoring Program

(USFWS), Susan Lapkas, who helped initiate this joint project, for her friendly attitude toward her

Chukotka colleagues and her active support of our work. Separately, we would like to thank the coordinator of the Bering Sea Project (USWWF), Margaret Williams, and the head of the Marina

Mammals Administration (USFWS), Rosa Mikhan, for understanding our problems and for their practical support in implementing the project and developing it further. We are also grateful to our many volunteer assistants in Alaska, whose active participation allowed us to resolve many problems.

This includes Joel Garlich-Miller, Marina Bell (Balashova), Natasha Novik, Svetlana Potton and

Charlie Johnson.

We would like to particularly thank our old friends and assistants on Chukotka: Igor Leite,

Dmitrii Kaluzatov, Viktor Vukvukavrakhtyn, Yurii Klimenko and the sea hunters of the villages. of

Uelkal, Konergino and Enmelen. The understanding and assistance of these people saved us many times at difficult moments.

With particular affection we would like to thank ten-year-old Moscow resident Nastya

Kompantseva, who gladly observed the walruses on Kosa Meyechkyn Island together with her mother despite all the inconveniences and the complete lack of comfort.

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Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr; 1999 Page 46 APPENDICES

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page47 Appendix 1

Protocol for Collecting Information for the Database of Walrus Counts on Chukotka Haul outs.

General information is recorded in the upper part of the Database Field Report. Information for each day should be recorded on a single Report.

IC Information Code- combination ofcode for location and date in the YYMMDD (year-month-date) format. For example. the code for observations on Kosa Meyechkyn Island on 12 May 1999 would be: KM990512.

Location Geographic name of the haul-out where the count was made.

Date Date in the YY/MM/DD (year/month/date) format. 12 May 1999: 99/05/12.

Time Time in the HH:MM (hour:minute) format. For example, 5 hours and 30 minutes would be 05:30, while 23 hours and 5 minutes would be 23:05. Time is noted before determining weathering conditions, that is, before filling in the next blank on the report.

Cloudiness Qualitative description of the visible sky.

C -clear, 0/8 sky covered with clouds {no clouds, no haze) [in Russian: "Ch"] · P - Partly cloudy, 118 to 2/8 cloudy ["N"] E- Equally cloudy and clear sky, 3/8 to 4/8 cloudy ["R"] S- Partly sunny, 5/8 to 7/8 cloudy ["P"] F- Fully cloudy, 8/8 cloudy ["Z"]

Wind Speed Wind speed measured using cup or petal-shape wind gauge. Result recorded as average of the maximum and minimum wind speed readings over the course of one to one-and-a-half minutes. In the absence of a gauge, speed is determined by visual estimate using Table 2 . . Wind Direction Prevailing wind direction as determined by compass.

N - north [in Russian: "S"] NW - northwest ["SZ"] W - west ["Z"] SW- southwest ["YuZ"]

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page48 S - south ["Yu"] SE - southeast ["Yu V"] E - east ["V"] NE - northeast ["SV"] V - variable ["PER"] C - calm, no wind ["NET"]

Precipitation Any precipitation, including rain, snow, rain mixed with snow, sleet, fog. Since the weather conditions may change very quickly, the presence of precipitation is determined at the time of the collection of information, that is, at the present time.

Pressure 8,00 Barometric pressure reading at 8:00 in the morning (mm of mercury)

Pressure 20 ,00 Barometric pressure reading at 8:00 in the evening (mm of mercury)

Incoming/Outgoing Tide State of tide 1s determined from published tables. In the absence of published tables, tide 1s detennined visually or by known landmarks at the edge of the water. State of the tide is determined 1.5 hours before or after the high or low tide mark. A more detailed breakdown of the daily high and low tides is shown in the illustration. For this blank, use the following four indicators:

H - High water mark [in Russian: "B"], L - Low water mark ["M"] J Incoming tide ["P"] 0 - Outgoing tide ["0"]

Temperature max Maximum temperature. Determined using a special minimum maximum thermometer. Temperature is written in pencil in OC, then, using the formula F=(9/5)*C+32, the reading is determined for Fahrenheit (in this formula, C equals the temperature in ·q.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr; 1999 Page49 In place of a special thermometer, use a regular thermometer. The maximum is defined as the maximum temperature over 24 hours or at least for the daylight period. Measured at the same time as barometric pressure. Do not forget to discard the previous thermometer reader by giving it a light shake.

Temperature min Same as above, except for minimum temperature.

Notes Notes may be recorded at any time. Here, you can indicate difficulties with observing the walruses, problems with the observation method, a need for something or details about injuries and so on. If the notes exceed the size of the box, continue on the reverse side of the Report.

Count information is written in the lower part of each Report. Each beach or haul-out goes on one line (if there are several separate lies of walruses at the haul-out being observed, each would have its own code and its own line on the Report). Before beginning the count, you must collect all data on the weather conditions.

Beach Letter code for each haul-out in the region under observation (Table 1). For example, on Cape Blossom (Wrangel Island), there could be several haul-outs.

Start of the count Time at which the count was begun, in the HH:MM (hours:minutes) format: 5 hours and 5 minutes would be 05:05.

End of the count Time at which the count was concluded, in the HH:MM (hours:minutes) format: 5 hours and 5 minutes would be 05:05.

Method Method used for the count.

C - count taken at convenient time, that is, not according to the schedule. For example, when a count was made during a walk. [in Russian, "U"] S - count made at the scheduled time, such as at 8 in the morning or 8 in the evening. ["R"] T- count taken by walruses' tracks in the sand on the beach in cases when the walruses left the haul-out due to a storm or due to some other disturbance or need. ["Sh"] A - aerial count. ["V"] G P - photograph taken from the ground. In order to distinguish the data gathered using this method from the other methods, draw a large circle with the symbol "#" in the

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulfof Anadyr, 1999 Page 50 Notes box in the General Information section. ["NF"] AP - aerial photograph. Make the same mark as for a ground photograph. ["VF"] B - count from a boat, or a whaleboat or canoe. ["L"]

Name ofObserver Initials of observer. For example, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov: III. If the count was done by a group, put a "G" in this box, followed by the number of people in the group. For example, for two people, write "G2." Write the full name(s) of the observer(s) in the Notes section.

Wind code The so-called "wind code" is determined in accordance with Table 2, based on the state of the waves on the surface water at a distance from the shore. Recorded before the count.

State of the Beach In this space, indicate the size of the waves breaking on the shore of the beach. Recorded before the count.

0 - calm. No waves. 1 - small waves up to 30 em in height. 2 - medium waves from 30 em to 1 meter in height. 3 - large waves, higher than 1 meter.

Accessibility of the Beach By this we mean access to the beach for the walruses, an aggregate indicator in percentages, taking into account the state of the weather and the stage of the tide. 100 percent access to the beach with small waves, clear weather and a calm day. For example, at low tide and with 25 percent of the beach open for observation, the aggregate indicator would be 125 percent. If, at high tide, only half of the beach is free from fog, the indicator for accessibility would be equal to 50 percent. Recorded directly before the count.

Walruses' Use ofthe Beach Approximate area of haul-out that walruses are occupying, as a percentage of the total area accessible for hauling out. For example, if only 50 percent of the area accessible for hauling out is actually occupied, write the figure 50 here.

Visibility Qualitative indicator of the visibility when counting the walruses. Recorded prior to the count.

G -good. No obstructions (physical: cliffs, sand dunes, and so on; weather: sun glare in the eyes, and so on) blocking the view of the entire haul-out. [in Russian, "Kh"]

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 51 S - somewhat blocked. For example, fog banks periodically cover the haul-out, but patches of sunshine still let you make the count. ["Ch"] D - difficult. Bad weather or sun glare does not permit you to make the count. You need to wait a certain amount of time to make certain that the conditions do not change. ["Z"]

Count on Land Number of walruses on the beach haul-out and in a 10-meter zone of the shallow waters.

Count on Water All the walruses in the water and further than 10 meters from the shoreline.

Quality of Count Subjective rating of quality of count.

E - Excellent [in Russian, "V"] G - Good ["Kh"] A - Acceptable ["D"] P - Poor ["P"]

If the quality is poor or acceptable, you need to explain the reasons for this in the Notes box.

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 52 Table 1. Codes for Beaches at Chukotka Haul-outs

Location Beach Code Beach

Wrangel Island BLO Cape Blossom SOM Kosa Somnitelnaya Kolyuchin Island KOL Kolyuchin Island Idlidlya Island IDL Idlidlya Island Serdtse-Kamen Cape MSK Serdtse-Kamen Cape Cape lnkigur MIR Cape lnkigur Uten UTEN Uten Cape Intsova INTs Cape Intsova Big Diomedes Island OBD Big Diomedes Island Cape Dezhneva DEZh Cape Dezhneva Nunyamo NUN Nunyamo Arakamchechen Island ARAN Arakamchechen Island Nuneangan Island ONN Nuneangan Island Kosa Ruddera KRUD Kosa Ruddera Kosa Kitovaya KKIT Kosa Kitovaya Kosa Erulya ERUL Kosa Erulya Kosa Meyechkyn Island OKM Kosa Meyechkyn Island Kosa Russkaya Koshka RUSK Kosa Russkaya Koshka Cape Navarin NAY Cape Navarin

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 53 Table 2. Wind Codes (Description)

---- Wind Speed Observable phenomena on the water Weather Code (km/hour) surface 0 <1 The sea is like a mirror. No waves. 1 1-5 Ripples or swells visible. No crests visible. ------· --~-· -- 2 6-11 Small waving, crests appear, but without white caps. Wind can be felt on the face, like the touch or brush of a blade of grass. ------3 12-19 Large waving, crests produce white caps. A light flag will straighten out in the wind. 4 20-28 Small waves, 0.5-1.25 meters in height, frequent white caps. Laundry hung out on a line begins to flap in the wind. ------5 29-38 Moderate waves, 1.25-2.5 meters in height, becoming longer in form. Many white caps, spray appears. Wind causes the eyes to water and fogging of binoculars. 6 39-48 Large, full-length waves, 2.5-4 meters in height. White caps everywhere. You cannot look into the wind without squinting. You have to bend over to fight against the wind. 7 50-61 The sea chums and rages, with waves up to six meters high. A white foam from breaking waves forms white bands. Extremely poor conditions for counting. Very difficult to hold the binoculars and keeQ them ------··----- ·------

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 54 Appendix 2 Daily Observation Report (morning) General Information: !C: Location: Date: Time: I Cloudiness: Precipitation: Incoming/Outgoing Tide:

, : Wind Speed: Temperature'"": Pressure 8 00

_ , : Wind Direction: Temperature '"'": 1 Pressure 20 00

Notes:

·-·

Walruses' Quality Stan End Name State Use Count IA=bility of of Wind of the of the of the of the of the On On Count Beach count count Method Observe code Beach Beach Beach ~sibility Land Water

I ' l ! Daily Observation Report (evening) General Information: IC: Location: Date: Time: I Cloudiness: Precipitation: Incoming/Outgoing Tide:

Wind Speed: Temperature'"'": Pressure 8,00:

Wind Direction: Temperature'"'": 1 Pressure 20,00:

Notes: I I

I Walruses' I Quality Stan End Name I State Usc Count IA=hlity of of the of the Wind of the of the of the of J On On Count Beach count count Method Observe COlle Beach Beach Beach !visibility Land Water

I r ! i 1 I :

Environmental Monitoring ofCoastal Walrus Haul-outs in rhe Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 55 Appendix 3 REPORT Registration of approach Of Walruses to Meyechkyn Haul-out

Date of observat-ion: ~------~----.---L------. Start time _ j and end time! jof observations Direction of approach:

Number including ... Of Walruses Time in group (TOTAL) elders newborns young (1-3 yrsr

j I ! ;

' _I !

I ! I I

I I ' !

i ' I i '

I '

I I i Observer: (Full Name)

I -- .. --·- - ---··-·-.--.·~----·

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 56 Appendix 4 Included in database: yes I no

Age-Sex Composition of Group Of Walruses

Year--Area ------Observer

Date Group Number Age Type of 0+ I 2 2 4-5 6-9 10-15 15+ Animals F M F M F M

Environmental Monitoring of Coastal Walrus Haul-outs in the Gulf ofAnadyr, 1999 Page 57 ~ <:: §' § Appendix 5. Seasonal multiplication ofMeyechkyn haul-out walruses in 1999. ~ ¥I.

::::~ §" ... ~· ~ bl !:; ¥I. ~ ::;- · Sept. I L 1999 - I 1:25 'Sept. 14, 1999 - 16:20 ·sept. 15, 1999- 16:30 ·Sept. 16, 1999 -17:10 B.

Sept. 17, 1999- 12:20 July 23, 1999 - 14:00 July 26, 1999 - 16:30 July 27, 1999- 14:00 July 28, 1999- 17:00

July 29, 1999- 15:30 July 31, 1999- 14:00 AYg. 01, 1999- 12:30 Allg. 01, 1999- 15:30

.Atug. 02, 1999- 16:30 Aug. 03, 1999- 13:00 Aug. 04, 1999- 15:00 Aug. 06, 1999- 12:00 Aug. 06, 1999- 13:30 Aug. 07, 1999- 15:00 Aug. 07, 1999- 15:20 Aug.07, 1999-17:00

Aug. 08, 1999- 15:00 Aug. 08, 1999 - 20:00 Aug. 09, 1999 - 14:30 Aug. 09, 1999 - 18:30

Aug. 12, 1999 Alig. 13, 1999- 16:00 Aug. 13, 1999-20:30 Aug. 14, 1999- 15:00 Aug. 14, 1999- 19:00 Aug. 15, 1999- II :30 Aug_ 15, 1999- 20:30 Aug. 16, 1999- 12:00

Aug. 16,1999-21:30 Aug. 17,1999-10:00 Aug. 17,1999-21:00

Aug. 20, 1999 - 15:00 Aug. 21, 1999- 12:00 Aug. 22, 1999 - 12:00 Aug. 23, 1999 - 14:00 Aug. 24, 1999- 14:00 Aug. 24, 1999- 21 :30 Aug. 25, 1999

Aug. 27, 1999 • 13:00 Aug. 27, 1999 - 21:30 Aug. 28, 1999- 19:30, 21:30 Aug. 29, 1999- 12:30

Aug. 29,1999-21:00 Aug. 30, 1999 · 12:00 Aug. 30, 1999-20:00 Sept. 03, 1999- 12:00 Sept. 03, 1999 - 20:00 Sept. 04, 1999- 13:00

Sept 04, 1999 - 19:00 Sept. 05, 1999- 18:00. Sept. 06, 1999 - II :00 Sept. 06, 1999 - 20:00

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