Institute of Botany Slovak Academy of Sciences

CENTRAL EUROPEAN diversity and threat

Dedicated to Ivan Pisut

Edited by Anna Lackovicova, Anna Guttova, Eva Lisicka and Pavel Lizoii

Mycotaxon, Ithaca 2006 Central European lichens - diversity and threat 119

The distribution of the species of the genera and () in Austria

2 ROMAN TORK1 AND wALTER 0BERMAYER

Turk R. & Obermayer W. 2006. The distribution of the species of the genera Physcia and Physconia (Physciaceae) in Austria. In: Lackovicova A., Guttova A., Lisicka E & Uzoi'i P. (eds.), Central European lichens - diversity and threat, p. 119 - 152. Mycotaxon Ltd., lthaca. Abstract - The distribution of the species of the genera Physcia and Physconia in Austria is presented by means of grid maps. The occurrence of the particular spe- cies depends on climatic factors and/or the presence of suitable substrata. Species which are able to grow also on man made substrates are generally more frequent and show a wider range of distribuLion than species with a high substrate specificity. Key words - lichens, mapping, distribution maps

Introduction

Moberg (1977, 2002) summarised in his works on the Physcia and its related genera in Fennoscandia the specific characteristics and the ecology of the treated species. Otte et al. (2002) presented the world distribution of the Europaean spe- cies of the genus Physconia with a description of the ecological behaviour of the species. The distribution of the taxa of the lobate genera , Hetero­ dermia, and in Austria was already presented by Turk & Obermayer (1998). In this paper, the distribution patterns were interpreted as be- ing dependent on the habitat requirements of the lichens and the ecological fea- tures of the sites. The present paper deals with the distribution based on the data hitherto known and the ecology of taxa within the genera Physcia and Physconia in Austria. Species characters are not given here but they can be found in detail in Poelt (1969), Moberg (1977, 2002) and Wirth (1995).

Distribution data from Austria The distribution maps are based on data gathered from herbarium material, field observations and literature records (starting with the year 1993). Literature cita- tions before 1993 are only given, if they are not mentioned in Turk & Poelt (1993).

1University of Salzburg, Department of Organismic Biology, He/lbrunnerstrafte 34, A ·5020 Salzburg, Austria [email protected] 1UnivmityofGraz, /nsrirure of Plant Sciences, Holteigasu 6, A-8010 Graz, Austria • [email protected] Central European lichens - diversity and threat 120 about the For each species only those citations are used in which the information sites and/or the ecological behaviour can be found.

Physcia R. Moberg (Fig. 1) Physcia adscendens H. Oliv. belt (up to 1950 Distribution: Widespread in Austria from the colline to subalpine probably caused by meters). The distribution gap in the eastern parts of Austria is P. adscendens is missing in map- insufficient mapping records. In the western parts m. ping grids containing areas with altitudes solely above 2000

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Fig. 1. Distribution of Physcia adscendens in Austria.

P. adscendens is resistant to an- Ecology and substrate: Being rather toxitolerant, survive in areas with thropogenic influences in general and is able to grow and to in urban and in- a high level of nutrients and dust of various chemical composition on , con- dustrial areas. P. adscendens prefers well-lit substrata and occurs and also along crete, asbestos-cement, tree trunks, branches, timberwork, sites over sili- dusty roads. At the timberline P. adscendens occurs also on perching ceous and calcareous rocks. It is very rare in shady forests. & Turk 1993: 139; References: Hofmann 1993: 270; 1994: 79; 1997: 38; Neuwirth 1994a: 26; 1999b: Obermayer 1993: 132; Pfefferkom & Turk 1993: 153; Hafellner 03d: 90; Hafellner & 34; 2000: 93; 2002a: 45; 2002c: 104; 2003a: 34; 2003b: 59; 20 al. 1994: 474; 1998: Maurer 1994: 116, 122, 128; Turk & Breuss 1994: 93; Turk et Central European lichens - diversity and threat 121

114; 2001: 25; 2004: 284; Berger & Turk 1995: 201; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; Ri.icker & Wittmann 1995: 185; Baumgarmer & Turk 1996: 343; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; 2004: 62, 63, 64; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 118; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Turk 1996: 28; Gruber & Turk 1998: 87; Gi.inz1 1998: 60; Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998a: 40; 2005: 382; Pfefferkorn- Dellali & Turk 1999: 97; 2005: 179; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; 2005: 119; Berger 2000: 428; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 18; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 40; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 28; Hafellner & Tlirk 2001: 103; Schli.isslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Ublagger 2001: 311; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 380; Mayer & Turk 2002: 112; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Pfosser et al. 2003: 192; Soukup & Tlirk 2003: 19; Sterner & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Taurer-Zeiner & Pichorner 2003: 342; Anonymus 2004: 18; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98; Komposch et al. 2004: 544; Turk & Antesberger 2004: 67; Turk & Pfefferkorn-Dellali 2004: 487; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 115; Obermayer 2006: 24.

Physcia aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fi.irnr. (Fig. 2) Distribution: P. aipolia has higher demands on humidity than the P. adscendens. It is absent in areas with dryer climate in the eastern parts of Austria and in the cooler parts of the Central Alps from the colline to the monrane belt. Ecology and substrate: On nutrient rich bark of tree trunks, preferably on the rain exposed part of the trunks, on wood of fences in the zone of dripping water from the crown, occasionally on alkaline siliceous rocks, up to an altitude of 1.650 meters.

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Fig. 2. Distribution of Physcia aipolia in Austria (dosed circle), report before 1990 (open circle). Central European lichens - diversity and threat 122 & Hofmann 1993: 270; 1997: 38; Neuwirth References: Tobolewski 1984: 640; 154; Hafellner 1994: 19, 21; 1999: 34; 1993: 140; Pfefferkorn & Turk 1993: Turk & Maurer 1994: 34; 2003b: 59; 2003c: 90; Hafellner 2000: 93; 2002a: 45; 2003a: & al. 1994: 474; 1998: 114; 2004: 84; Berger 128; Turk & Breuss 1994: 93; Turk et & Turk 1996: 343; Boom Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; Baumgartner Turk 1995: 201; 87; Turk 1996: 28; Gruber & Turk 1998: et al. 1996: 644; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; 1998: 40; 2005: 382; Hartl & Turk Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth & Wieser 2000: 18; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 1999: 214; Berger 2000: 428; Hafellner 28; Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104; Schli.issl- 2001: 40; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 312; Antesberger & Ttirk 2002: 380; Mayer mayr 2001: 78; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 66; Hafellner et al. 2003: 202; 2005a: & Ttirk 2002: 113; Schinninger & Turk 2002: Sterner & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Taurer- 2005b: 118; Soukup & Turk 2003: 19; 87; et al. 2004: 544; 2003: 342; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98; Komposch Zeiner & Pichomer & Pfefferkorn-Dellali 2004: 487; Mayrhofer Ttirk & Antesberger 2004: 67; Turk & & Turk 2005: 179. Unger 2005: 115; Pfefferkorn-Dellali

(Fig. 3) Physcia aipolioides (Nadv.) Breuss & Turk eastern parts of Austria the planar and colline belt of the warmer, Distribution: In Inn precipitation rate, one site close to the with continental climate and low annual valley in Upper Austria.

9 . • 7 A u T R I A • t s • • • • • • • • •• - • • • . - • ••••••• . • • •••• ., 7 • ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • 1!!11. • ••• • •t •• •• ~ I .. .. • •.. • -... , 11 t : I ' ft " ~ - M Q ~ " M q ~ U R " M M - N M M M - Q q ft.H h ~ H D H - in Austria. Fig. 3. Dimiburion of Physcia aipolioides Central European lichens- diversity and threat 123

Ecology and substrate: On nutrient rich bark of deciduous trees, resistant to an- thropogenic influences like herbicides, fungicides and dust of different chemical composition, in areas with high level of agricultural influence the sole epiphytic macro lichen. References: Neuwirth & Tt.irk 1993: 140; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Turk et al. 1998: 114; Hafellner & Tt.irk 2001: 104; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98.

Physcia albinea (Ach.) Nyl. (Fig. 4) Distribution: In Tyrol, Salzburg and Styria, from the montane to the alpine belt (2.700 m), very rare. Ecology and substrate: Over slate and siliceous rocks in well-lit sites. References: Hafellner 2001: 18; 2002b: 104; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Hafellner et aJ. 2005b: 118.

u .. iM u _... :102 ... lN _...... _ ...... •• ...... , .. AUSTRIA .

m !ii ... In "" " • .

11!!1 ~~ I _AO!I_ 1- ... ~· • I• 1- -...... ~-,.. a• n ...... H

Fig. 4. Distribution of Physcia albinea in Austria.

Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. var. biziana (Fig. 5) Distribution: From the colline to the montane zone, absent in the western part of Austria, a rare macrolichen in Austria. Ecology and substrate: On bark of deciduous trees in warmer sites with high air humidity, mainly along rivers and streams, rarely on wood. European lichens - diversity and rhreat 124 Cenrral & Hafellner References: Hafellner 1997b: 22; Turk er al. 1998: 116; 2004: 285; Turk & Turk 1999: 210; Obermayer 2001: 16; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Antesberger 2002: 380; Mayer & Ttirk 2002: 113.

0 - U U H - q - ~ q M - M K H - " U N K U H H H M ... "

71 A U S T R I A ... - ... • . , .. .. •• • • .. .. • 07

Fig. 5. Distribution of Physcia biziana var. biziana in Austria.

Physcia biziana (A. Massal.) Zahlbr. var. phyllidiata Poelt & Vezda (Fig. 6) D istribution: Once found in the montane zone in Styria, very rare. Ecology and substrate: Siliceous rocks. 18; Hafellner References: Turk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: & Turk 2001: 104.

7) (Hoffm.) Fiimr. var. caesia (Fig. in some areas Distribution: From the colline to the nival zone, wide spread and (Calcareous Alps) common, lacking in extreme dry areas. are well Ecology and substrate: On well-lit, nutrient rich sites. Natural substrates . As a pollu- fertilized calcareous rocks, basic siliceous rocks and saxicolous mosses roofs, asbes- tion tolerant species it occurs synanthropic on top of walls, concrete and on tree tos cement, gravestones, on dust impregnated timberwork and iron, bases. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 125

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75 78

77 77

711 711 •• •• u d - .. ;; ...... - 87 ... • " •• •• ... u os ..

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Fig. 6. Distribution of Physcia biziana var. phyllidiata in Austria.

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Fig. 7. Distribution of Physcia caesia var. caesia in Austria.

References: Klement 1964: 176, 183; Obermayer 1993: 133; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Turk & Breuss 1994: 93; Witrmann & Turk 1994: 190; Berger & Turk 1995: 201; Hafellner & Turk 1995: 630; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; 1998: 161; Berger 1996: 60, 75; 2000: 428; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; 2004: 64; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 118; Hafellner & Wittmann 1996: 10, 19, 22, 23; Egger 1997: 49; Hofmann 1997: 38; Gruber & Turk 1998: 87; Gi.inzl 1998: 59; Kaufmann & Central European lichens - diversity and threat 126

Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 1998: Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998: 40; 2000: 5; 116; 2004:118, 285; Hartl & 27; 2005: 179; Santesson 1998: 17; Turk et al. 1998: 85, 86, 119; Berger & Priemetz- Turk 1999: 214; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; 2005: 2003a: 34; 2003c: 90; Hafellner hofer 2000: 64, 73; Hafellner 2000: 93; 2002b: 104; 40; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; & Wleser 2000: 18; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: Turk & Ublagger 2001: 312; Priemetzhofer & Berger 2001a: 362; 200lb: 378; 113; Schinninger & Ttirk 2002: Amesberger & Turk 2002: 380; Mayer & Turk 2002: 2003: 16; Anonymus 2004: 18; 66; Hafellner 2003b: 59; Sterner & Mayrhofer Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98.

(Fig. 8) Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fiirnr. var. rhaetica Frey the subalpine up to the alpine Distribution: Very rare in Tyrol and Carinthia in belt.

•• • AUSTRI A ' . c •:.,., ..• • • ' • " ,. I ... '" • fl: .. ~ . • •. ~~ ISI,1i I . . - ft . " , -

Fig. 8. Distribution of Physcia caesia var. rhaerica in Austria.

rich siliceous substrates. Ecology and substrate: On mica slate and carbonate 22; Turk & Hafellner 1999: References: Tobolewski 1984: 640; Hafellner 1997b: 285; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 210; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Turk et al 2004: 2005: 180. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 127

Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Fiirnr. var. ventosa (Lynge) Frey (Fig. 9) Distribution: Rare in the central parts of the Eastern Alps in the subalpine to al- pine belt.

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~ ~

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0011 ..• • • " . . " =----=• ·- ., .,, ••., .•. " u - - .. A M a - M N M M M q Q ~ - ~ M A M M M M U ~ M M ...H

Fig. 9. Distribution of Physcia caesia var. ventosa in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On limestone. References: Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104; Ttirk et al. 2004: 285; Hafellner et al. 2005: 118; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Ttirk 2005: 180.

Physcia clementei (Sm.) Maas Geest. (Fig. 10) Distribution: Very rare in Upper Austria in the submontane belt. Ecology and substrate: On the bark of deciduous trees, e. g. Quercus robur. References: Gruber & Ttirk 1998: 87; Ttirk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104. ·

Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. var. dimidiata (Fig. 11) Distribution: Colline (rarely montane) belt; on sun exposed rocks in dry sites; this lichen can occur up eo 1.200 m. a. s. l., from Tyrol to the Burgenland; relatively abundant in the granite areas along the Danube Valley in Upper Austria and Lower Austria and in the southern dryer parts of the Central Alps. 128 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

40 4 44 46 40 4 :: AUSTRIA " ~''" i ::

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fl !~ i ~- •• •• I 07 •• •• ••

Fig. 10. Distribution of Physcia clementei in Austria.

., 222A26 1t000 .. li4 MH 40 ...... •• •• .. .. .,...... 7' A U S T R I A 7' - ·~~'I~ ~::

70 ..• Ieo

" • I , ,.. ,.. "' ... ·,.. Zi .. iii 34 a; ... .. 42 •• .. •• .. -.., •• •• .. ••

Fig. 11. Distribution of Physcia dimidiata var. dimidiata in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On siliceous rocks (granite, slate), with occasional slight content of carbonates in xerothermic habitats. References: Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Wittmann & Turk 1994: 198; Berger & Turk 1995: 201; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; 1998: 161; Berger 1996: 65, 69; 2000: 428; Turk et al. 1998: 116; 2004: 285; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; 2005: 84, 119; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 18; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104. Central European lichens- diversity a:nd threat 129

Physcia dimidiata (Arnold) Nyl. var. ornata (Nadv.) Moberg (Fig. 12) Distribution: Very rare in Tyrol and in Lower Austria from the colline to the subalpine belt.

u &4 a& ae ae »a ~ H H

7ll ., .

. 11 .. 1.. ..., I I•• "' ,.. .. n .,. ·,.. ,...,...... M

Fig. 12. Distribution of Physcia dimidiata var. ornata in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On carbonate rich schist and dolomite in dry, south ex- posed sites References: Hafellner 2001a: 18; Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104.

Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau var. dubia (Fig. 13) Distribution: Widely spread in Austria but outside the Alps in some areas very rare, from the montane to the alpine belt. Ecology and substrate: On nutrient-rich and nutrient enriched non-calcareous and slightly calcareous rocks, on building materials in well lit sites, on roofs, on bird-perch stones, timberwork and mosses over dust-impregnated bark; in the subalpine and alpine belt on nutrient-enriched mosses on the top of rocks. References: Tobolewski 1984: 640; Hofmann 1993: 270; 1997: 38; Obermayer 1993: 133; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Ttirk & Breuss 1994: 93; Ttirk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 119; Berger & Ttirk 1995: 201; Hafellner & Ttirk 1995: 601, 604, 614, 630; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; 1998: 161; Berger 1996: 53, 63; 2000: 428; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; 2004: 64; 130 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

32 " AUSTRIA " . 7' ...... • '1'5 i•i•i••l•l•.•••••••••• .l""ll . ""l,..l!". . "l""l...... -~ 77 . ..l ..ll ..l"l"l" uia~•iuiui•i•iiii"ii••~•oi•~• • • • • • ••••• 77

~ ...... 079 i ...... "' .• • ...... , ...... • • 07 " • • • • ...... • • ...... • .• , ... .. ':.'. • • • • • .• • •. •. .•••• ...... •...... ~· . . . n -":~It~~~~~~~~~It·l·~·~·~·g·i!·~·~·i~·;·~~... ~~,~~tt~~ 05 U ~ D a M R M M M " Q ~ - ~ M A ~ M M M U U M M

Fig. 13. Distribution of Physcia dubia var. dubia in Austria (closed circle), report from 1900-1950 (open circle).

2005a: 87; 2005b: 119; Hafellner & Wittmann 1996: 10, 11; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Berger et al. 1998: 409; Gruber & Turk 1998: 87; Gi.inzl 1998: 60; Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998a: 40; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 1998: 27; 2005: 180; Santesson 1998: 17; Hanl & Turk 1999: 214; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; 2005: 82, 88, 199; Berger & Priemetzhofer 2000: 61, 64, 76; Diirharnmer & Turk 2000: 346; Hafellner 2000: 93; 2002a: 45; 2002b: 104; 2003a: 34; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 40; Breuss & Brunnbauer 2001: 1038; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 28; Hafellner & TLirk 2001: 104; Priemetzhofer & Berger 2001a: 362; Reiter & Turk 2001: 939; Turk & Ublagger 2001: 312; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 380; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Soukup & Turk 2003: 19; Anonymus 2004: 18; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 115.

Physcia dubia (Hoffrn.) Vain. var. intermedia (Vain.) comb. ined. (Fig. 14) Syn.: Physcia intermedia Vain. Distribution: Very rare in the central parts of the Alps from the montane to the alpine belt.

Ecology and substrate: Cherry-, carbonatic phyllites and intermediary gneiss.

References: Turk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner 200la: 19; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Turk er al. 2004: 285. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 131

...... 32 .. A U S T R

•• ..oa - •• " •• • • .. ...

U U H H M ~ M M M ~ Q M ~ ~ " A U K H H Q ~ M Q fi.H

Fig. 14. Distribution of Physcia dubia var. intermedia in Austria.

Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Vain. var. teretiuscula (Ach.) Clauzade & Cl. Rou.x (Fig. 15) Distribution: Widely spread but rare from the montane to the alpine belt. Ecology and substrate: On siliceous rocks.

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•' • .. -~ "... - . m ~- • lt

.. • . . • ' • . • • .." . - ...H

Fig. 15. Distribution of Physcia dubia var. teretiuscula in Austria. 132 Central European lichens- diversity and threat

References: Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104; Hafellner 2002a: 45; Ttirk et al. 2004: 285; Hafellner et al.: 2005b: 119; Priemetzhofer 2005: 84, 120; Obermayer 2006: 25.

Physcia leptalea (Ach.) DC. (Fig. 16) Distribution: Very rare in the Rhine Valley and the southernmost parts of Austria, from the colline to the lower montane belt.

... ,.. .. ae ae 3Z 34 96 " 40 42 44 4. 48 ...... " 6t l'i!l ' .. I•• !!l;!l 7 AUSTRI A ~~-~~:~ ?5 - .,.., • ;:,., .. I .. ., ,., .. , ~ ' .. .. 191 .. IH ...... ;,., .2< ... :., ...... ··c· ·.a eo :.. :...... "" ......

Fig. 16. Distribution of Physcia leptalea in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On bark of deciduous trees. References: Ttirk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 386; Ttirk et al. 2004: 285; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Ttirk 2005: 180.

Physcia magnussonii Frey (Fig. 17) Distribution: In the central parts of the Alps and in the granite mountains of Upper Austria, from the colline to the montane belt. Ecology and substrate: On dry, overhanging areas of siliceous rocks. References: Wittmann et al. 1989: 467; Wittmann & Ttirk 1994: 198; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; 1998: 161; Berger 1996: 53, 69, 70; 2000: 428; Ttirk & Hafellner Central European lichens- diversity and threat 133

1999: 210; Berger & Priemetzhofer 2000: 64, 73; Hafellner & Tt.irk 2001: 104; Turk et al. 2004: 285; Priemtzhofer 2005: 120.

H ae !le~ M ae.n4e4a 44 4& 48 ... CO $2 ... .. "" "" "" 54 ... " .. A U S T R I A ~· ~ I?a .,.. In . I.,. ,. • •• ... I ....

"=m•• lt I 93 ••

a• ~ ...... •• .. S

Physcia phaea (Tuck.) J.W. Thomson (Fig. 18) Distribution: In the dryer parts of the Central Alps from the subalpine to the nival belt.

22 24 "" 28HSO:MHM404Z4448490e ...... l'1)jfu ' .. ... I"" A !";1 ~ u s T R I A I~· ~ !lil 72 JW 1-n .,.. - 'I.,. In I"" 1- •• ~ I•• .. I , . I~ .. ,... .. I'"

~ "" . u· Zl IOZ u sa ... $2 .. .. ,.. •• "" .. ... •• ...... "'.. - .. ... Fig. 18. Distribution of Physcia phaea in Austria. 134 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

Ecology and s ubstrate: On cherty-limestones, carbonatic phyllites and intermedi- ary gneiss. References: Klement 1964: 186; Hafellner & Ttirk 1995: 601; Hofmann et al. 1998: 161; Turk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Turk et al. 2004: 120, 285.

Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. (Fig. 19) Distribution: Common in Austria from the planar to the subalpine belt.

A U S T R A ...... ?I ...... , ...... • • •• ... ··- ...... • • ...... n ...... ,...... •• ...... • 1111111...... • 1!. . ..•••• ...... •...... ••••• ...... Q • • • ·i· • • ~- ~- • ~~ • • • - ~- • ~ • • - • ~- ~ • -~- • • ~- ~ ...... • • . • .• .• . !.11..r7 ~tl~~~~~~Dl~~ .· ~. ·~·~· ..... ~·~· ~·t·~·~·~·~·~·~-~~· k·~~-~-~-~~~" . · ~·· ...... " •~tl~ll~~~~~§!tl~II~ ·~·~·!!· ~·~·~ ·~· ;eeeee·;·I!·~·~·~ ~-·~~~~~~~IJ~~··K U ~ U ~ U H U M H " q U « U 0 A M H H H A M M Q .....

Fig. 19. Distribution of in Austria (closed circle), repon before 1900 (open circle).

Ecology and substrate: On the upper surface of well-lit branches and twigs and the upper parts of the crown of deciduous trees, rarely on timberwork. References: Tobolewski 1984: 640; Hofmann 1993: 270; 1994: 79; 1997: 38; Neuwirth & Turk 1993: 140; Obermayer 1993: 133; Pfefferkorn & Turk 1993: 154; Hafellner 1994: 21; 1997a: 460; 1999: 34; 2000: 93; 2002a: 45; 2002b: 105; 2003a: 35; 2003b: 59; 2003c: 90; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Santesson 1994: 2; Ttirk & Breuss 1994: 93; Turk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 121, 285; Berger & Ttirk 1995: 201; Hafellner & Turk 1995: 601, 616; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; Ri.icker & Wittmann 1995: 185; Baumgartner & Turk 1996: 343; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; 2004: 64; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 119; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Gruber & Turk 1998: 88; Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998: 40; 2005: 382; pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 1999: 97; 2005: 180; Hafellner & Central European lichens - diversity and threat 135

Wieser 2000: 18; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 40; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 28; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Schliisslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 336; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 380; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Taurer-Zeiner & Pichorner 2003: 342; Soukup & Turk 2003: 19; Sterner & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Anonyrnus 2004: 18; Komposch et al. 2004: 544; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98; Turk & Antesberger 2004: 67; Turk & Pfefferkorn-Dellali 2004: 487; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 116; Priemetzhofer 2005: 120.

Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. (Fig. 20) Distribution: Widely spread in Austria from the planar to the submontane belt.

zza4ac aeoe n 04 4Z 44 4< ...... •• •• ...... •• 7 A u s T R I A I

.,., n ... IU • .. 87 107

.. I" ., I•• '- I~ .. I• j '+' '-!.. Q ..44 ... ·~ ...... •• ll6 .. 4e ...... s. sz 54 .. so ... 62 04 ...... R,H

Fig. 20. Distribution of Physcia tenella in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On the bark of deciduous trees and dust impregnated bark of conifers in well lit sites. References: Hofrnann 1993: 270; 1994: 79; 1997: 38; Neuwirth & Turk 1993: 140; Obermayer 1993: 133; Pfefferkorn & Turk 1993: 154; Hinteregger 1994: 20; Turk & Breuss 1994: 93; Turk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 285; Berger & Ttirk 1995: 201; Hofrnann et al. 1995: 233; Riicker & Wittmann 1995: 185; Baumgartner & Ttirk 1996: 343; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; 2004: 62, 63; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 119; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Gruber & Turk 1998: 88; Kaufrnann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998: 40; 2005: 382; Berger 1999: 186; 2000: 428; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 1999; 2005: 180; Priemetzhofer 1999: 136 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

135; 2005: 120; Berger & Priemerzhofer 2000: 76; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 18; Bilovirz & Mayrhofer 2001: 40; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Schliisslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 312; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 381; Hafellner 2002a: 45; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Soukup & Ttirk 2003: 19; Sterner & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Anonymus 2004: 18; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 98; Komposch et al. 2004: 544; Turk & Ancesberger 2004: 67; Turk & Pfefferkorn- Dellali 2004: 487; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 116.

Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Nyl. (Fig. 21) Distribution: Widely spread in Austria, but rare from the planar to the lower montane zone.

A U S T R I A ,- "~, _, . _.,.. _,.,. • ···~~~~m~-··. "

, ..D •U U M U -M H M M M - U « ·-·"U U h U ~ M H H 0 « U U Fig. 21. Distribution of Physcia tribacia in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On vertical surfaces of cherry-limestones, siliceous and calcareous rocks etc. References: Klement 1964: 183; Berger & Turk 1995: 201; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; 1998: 161; Berger 1996:54,65, 69; 1999: 194; 2000: 428; Bergeretal. 1998: 409; Turk et al. 1998: 116; 2004: 285; Turk & Hafellner 1999: 21 0; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 28; Hafellner & Ttirk 2001: 104; Priemetzhofer & Berger 200lb: 378; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 387; Pfefferkom-Dellali & Turk 2005: 180; Priemetz- hofer 2005: 116. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 13 7

Physcia vitii Nadv. (Fig. 22) Distribution: Once found in Tyrol, Otztaler Alps, in the montane belt. Ecology and substrate: Over siliceous rocks and mosses in dry, well-lit sites. References: Hofmann et al. 1998: 161; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104.

Ita ··- ~-- .. "" ...... £4 ~ 64 ...... 69 f'l u T R I f'l ~· s 17< 70 ,....

~ ..... ~ ~7 • , ~· ... •• I••

.~ .li ... I ., 87 •• " • I •• n I ~ 95 ..,. u fi 4e 44 •• .- .. •• ...... "" ...... •• ...

Fig. 22. Distribution of Physcia vittii in Austria.

Physcia wainioi Rasanen (Fig. 23) Distribution: In the northern regions of Austria, in the Danube-Valley, and in the south of the Central Alps from the colline to the low montane belt. Ecology and substrate: On alkaline siliceous rocks in warm and dry sites. Remark: Contrary to Moberg 2002: 35, who included Physcia wainioi in Physcia caesia, we regard P. wainioi as a well defined separate species. References: Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Wittmann & Turk 1994: 198; Berger & Turk 1995: 201; Berger 1996: 65, 69; 1999: 194; 2000: 429; Hofmann et al. 1995: 233; Gruber & Turk 1998: 88; Turk et al. 1998: 116; Berger & Priemetzhofer 2000: 71; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 18; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 104; Turk & Ublagger 2001:312; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Priemetzhofer 2005: 84, 88, 120. 138 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

•• ••

_.,.

"''" .. • .. • • .. " • . .. •• •• • •• .. • •

U ~ U - .. R R ~ M - M U Q " ~ U U U M M H M U « " U A.H Fig. 23. Distribution of Physcia wainioi in Austria.

Physconia Poelt Physconia americana Essl. (Fig. 24) Distribution: Very rare in the south-east areas of Austria in the colline belt. Ecology and substrate: On steep slopes of volcanic rock. References: Hafellner 2001a: 19; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105.

Physconia detersa (Nyl.) Poelt (Fig. 25) Distribution: Scattered in the south eastern parts of Austria, in the montane belt. Ecology and substrate: On deciduous trees and siliceous rocks sites. in warm, well-lit

References: Obermayer 1993: 133; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Hofmann et al. 1998: 161; Turk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner 2000: 93; Bilovitz & 2001: Mayrhofer 40; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105; Otte al. et 2002: 1126; Turk et al. 2004: 285; Hafellner et al. 2005a: 87. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 139

u "" ,. .. "" ,.. M •• ... 4& 44 ...... e t ...... i•• A U S T I A 7 R •• ~ I ., ~~~

70 711 • ' ... "' -- •• ~ gl I I•• ...87 m1... ., 192

9S I" u· 24. H 2B "' ... ,.._,.. .. -..... -. .. .•...... •• ...... A.H

Fig. 24. Distribution of Physconia americana in Austria .

•• A U S T R I A ' ~ ~Y--1". ~-·" 1-++-1--1-'~"- "" 3f",b·~ ~ ..t.d-l7.

73 I' :si > ;,;;; .,

75

'77

70 .. •• .,. • • • ili' - • .. I ••. .. ,., • • 8? • •• .. • • ili-" ~- .... • ..• •

9$

Fig. 25. Distribution of Physconia detersa in Austria.

Physconia distorta (With.) J. R. Laundon (Fig. 26) Distribution: Widely distributed in all regions of Austria except in the warm, con- tinental eastern areas, from the colline to th'e montane belt. Ecology and substrate: On nutrient rich or nutrient enriched bark of deciduous trees, mostly on trunk, rarely on branches, in well-lit sites, very rare on alkaline siliceous rocks. 140 Central European lichens - diversity and chreac

" :...... ;·~·~·!.....c-:...!""~H:-...!.. ~~-~-~:--= ==---= ..~ ..l ~··~&~·gE~·· g i .. ~·~·~~ u r A U S T R A ... ;, .. ...I f.. j6...... 3 , ~ !3:Efl3EE!3:EEl3EE!33EE!3EEEf3~...... ••• •••• ·n t ...... ~-~-~~flt~~ .~·. t ·ti.~.. tt~~±3 .~ -- .. • . • .• .• .• • .•. • •. • •. • •. • •. • • ...... 7 9 ...... k+~~~~. ~.~~~~-~.~.~·~:~:~:~:~:~:~:~: ~:~:~:~:~·~·~: ~:~.~.~:~:~:~:~:+:~:~.~~~0 ...... 7 ...... "~·~ll" l·~ ·~"~"~a.:: i;=l~:~~l·!~l..: :! :!!:·~~:~:l:!.l:l.::. l. :l :l!.l:.::. l.:i:i~:~:~...... ~..~-l-1~ .:.~~ -· ~~:...~ ~-~il ... .:. ~!l .· i': ,.,,,~~-...... " f • • • • .....• • • •

U ~ M H M R ~ M M ~ Q ~ .. U " N ~ M P " Q 00 00 M "·" Fig. 26. Distribution of Physconia distorta in Austria (closed circle), report before 1900 (open circle).

References: Seitz & Schade 1976: 369; Hofmann 1993: 270; 1994: 79; 1997: 38; Neuwirth & Tt.irk 1993: 140; Obermayer 1993: 133; 1999: 8; ?fefferkorn & Tt.irk 1993: 154; Hafellner 1994: 15; 1997a: 460; 1999: 34; 2000: 93; 20G2a: 45; 2002b: 105; 2003a: 35; 2003b: 59; 2003c: 90; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Santesson 1994a: 9; Tt.irk & Breuss 1994: 93; Tt.irk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 122, 285; 2004: 62, 64; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 119; Berger & Tt.irk 1995: 201; Hofmann et al. 1995: 234; Riicker & Wittmann 1995: 185; Baumgartner & Tt.irk 1996: 343; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003: 202; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Gruber & Tt.irk 1998: 88; Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998: 40; Berger 2000: 429; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 18; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 40; Hafellner & Obermayer 2001: 28; Hafellner & Tt.irk 2001: 105; Sch!Usslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 312; Antesberger & Tt.irk 2002: 381; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Soukup & Tt.irk 2003: 19; Sterner & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Taurer-Zeiner & Pichomer 2003: 342; Anonyrnus 2004: 18; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 99; Komposch et al. 2004: 544; Turk & Pfefferkorn-Dellali 2004: 487; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 116; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Tt.irk 2005: 181.

Physconia enteroxantha (Nyl.) Poelt (Fig. 27) Distribution: Common in the warmer areas of Austria from the colline to montane belt, in the Alps scattered.

Ecology and substrate: nutrient rich bark of deciduous trees on well-lit sites. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 141

aa •• A U S T R I A • ,.,...... ,...... ,. ,, ...... ,., ...... • • . -77 .,...... • • • n • .• • ...•• ... • .. • •. . . . • ., •• • .. . . .,. ~· ...... ,...... • . - ...... • - ., ...... • ... .. • ...... • a.·• · Mf~ma.. -U U Hmelifllil P M A U M H ~ Q - Q «· H - M - U H N M H - ~-"

Fig. 27. Distribution of Physconia enteroxantha in Austria.

References: Hofmann 1993: 270; Neuwirth & Ttirk 1993: 140; Obermayer 1993: 133; 1998a: 4; 2003a: 9; Pfefferkorn & Turk 1993: 154; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; Turk & Breuss 1994: 93; Turk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 286; Berger & Turk 1995: 202; Hofmann et al. 1995: 234; Baumgartner & Turk 1996: 343; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; Berger 2000: 429; Hafellner 2000: 93; 2003b: 59; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 19; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 41; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105; Schli.isslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 314; Antesberger & Ttirk 2002: 381; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Otte et al. 2002: 1127; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 66; Hafellner et al. 2003: 202; 2005a: 87; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 100; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 2005: 181.

Physconia grisea (Lam.) Poelt (Fig. 28) Distribution: Scattered in the Alpine foothills, rare in the Alps, from the planar to the subalpine belt. Ecolo gy and substr ate: Usually on dust impregnated, basic bark of deciduous trees, mainly on the trunks, on basic siliceous rocks in well-lit sites. References: Hofmann 1993: 270; Neuwirth & Turk 1993: 140; HafeUner & Maurer 1994: 128; Turk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 116; 2004: 86; Hofmann et al. 1995: 234; 1998: 161; Pfefferkorn 1996: 104; Kaufmann & Hofmann 1998: 121; Neuwirth 1998: 40; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 19; HafeUner & Ttirk 2001: 105; Schllisslmayr 2001: 78; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 381; Mayer & Turk 142 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

,, AUSTRIA • n • ... .• .. ,. . • • • .,., • • • .. • • • •• .. . . • . -.;r '7S • • • . . .. . • • .. .. • • ,. • ...... ~7 • • ...... ,. . • • . .. •• ,, • . . .. " .. • • • .. '" •• , • • • :.1 . • • • •• " .. • ., •• • " ..n .... U ~ H U M R M M H U q - " U M U M H U - U M K - W

~.H Fig. 28. Distribution ofPhysconia grisea in Austria.

2002: 113; Otte et al. 2002: 1128; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 67; Hafellner 2003c: 90; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 100; Hafellner et al. 2005a: 87; 2005c: 433; Pfefferkorn Dellali & Ttlrk 2005: 181. -

Physconia muscigena. (Ach.) Poelt var. muscigena (Fig. 29)

aa M 20 1D 50 ...... 114 .. u ... •• .. •• R ,, - •• ...... A u s T R I A --•• ,. 71 ... .,. .,., .• ... .,. , •• .,. Q • • -· .. • ...... •• • .. • • • .. • .. ..,- • ... • • . .. • • ...... •• • • • • • •• • • • • • . • .. ... • • . • •. • •. ..• • . .• • .•. • •••. • •. • • ... " .• ...... • : ...... • ...... • • • .. .. • • • •• .. ..• •• U ItA H M M R M M M 40 q - U .. " U U U H M H U 114 U .. "·" Fig. 29. Distribution of Physconia muscigrna var. muscigrna in Austria. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 143

Distribution: Common in the Alps but nowhere frequent from the montane to the alpine belt, very rare in the Alpine foothills. Ecology and substrate: On soil and on mosses over calcareous rocks in well-lit, fast drying sites, rarely on bare calcareous rocks. References: Klement 1964: 184; Tobolewski 1984: 640; Hartl & Ttirk 1985: 266; 1999; 214; Ttirk & Breuss 1994: 93; Hafellner & Ttirk 1995: 616; Hofmann et al. 1995: 234; 1998: 161; Hafellner & Wittmann 1996: 10, 12, 19; Hofmann 1997: 38; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Ttirk 1998: 27; 2005: 181; Ttirk et al. 1998: 117; 2004: 123, 286; Hart! & Ttirk 1999: 214; Hafellner 2000: 93; 2002b: 105; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105; Turk & Oblagger 2001: 314; Otte et al. 2002: 1130; Hafellner et al. 2003: 202; 2005a: 87; 200Sb: 119; Soukup & Ttirk 2003: 19; Stemer & Mayrhofer 2003: 16; Anonymus 2004: 18; Bielczyk et al. 2004: 100.

Physconia muscigena (Ach.) Poelt var. bayeri (Nadv.) Poelt (Fig. 30) Distribution: Rare in the central parts of the Alps, from the subalpine to the al- pine belt.

• .. . A u s T R I A fi '-·-:;;... ~ . ',,. • .,., ""

• .. ~!I ~~ !ii~~ •• :11 .• -... • • -... • • ., " • .~ • lit •• .• - "

Fig. 30. Distribution of Physconia muscigena var. bayeri in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On south exposed siliceous rocks, also on soil over calcar- eous and siliceous bedrocks and over debris. 144 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

Refere nces: Hafellner 2001a: 19; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105; Turk et al. 2004: 286.

Physconia perisidiosa (Erichsen) Moberg (Fig. 31) Distribution: Common in the Alpine foothills and in the Alps along valleys from the colline to the montane belt.

.,...... ,...... 77 ...... ,. . • .• ...... • • • • • • • • • . • • • T7 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7 • •• .• .• . •...... • . .• ..• • • .• . .• • .• .• .• •. .. • • ...... - u • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• ...... •. . • • -., . • • • • • • • • • • • . " ••• ...... ,, .,...... ::- . . . . . II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~·;·~· ~.· ~· ~·~·~· ~· ~~·"~~ft~~n- ~H U H U ~ H H M H U Q M « U P - - U H h h ~ U " A oH

Fig. 31. Distribution of Physconia perisidiosa in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On moist and rain-exposed trunks of deciduous trees with basic bark, also on mosses, very rare on mosses over siliceous rocks. References: Hofmann 1993: 270; Neuwirth & Turk 1993: 140; Obermayer 1993: 133; Hafellner & Maurer 1994: 128; TLirk & Breuss 1994: 93; Ttirk et al. 1994: 474; 1998: 117; Hofrnann et al. 1995: 234; Baumgartner & Turk 1996: 343; Boom et al. 1996: 644; Hafellner et al. 1996: 225; 2003; 202; 2005a: 87; 2005b: 119; Gruber & Turk 1998: 88; Neuwirth 1998: 40; 2005: 382; Hafellner 1999: 34; 2000: 93; 2002a: 45; 2002b: 105; 2003a: 35; 2003b: 59; 2003c: 90; Priemetzhofer 1999: 135; Berger 2000: 429; Hafellner & Wieser 2000: 19; Bilovitz & Mayrhofer 2001: 41; Hafellner & Turk 2001: 105; Pfefferkorn-Dellali & Turk 2001: 11; 2005: 181; Schliisslmayr 2001: 78; Turk & Ublagger 2001: 336; Antesberger & Turk 2002: 381; Mayer & Turk 2002: 113; Otte et al. 2002: 1131; Schinninger & Turk 2002: 67; Taurer-Zeiner & Pichorner 2003: 342; Mayrhofer & Unger 2005: 116; Obermayer 2006: 25. Central European lichens - diversity and threat 145

Physconia petraea (Poelt) Vezda & Poelt (Fig. 32) Distribution: Rare in the Central Alps and in the eastern areas of Austria from the colline to the subalpine belt.

:if ' . • .:.· ~ ~-·'J'"~·'' •. ,,,,, ',.,.71 - :'H' 7S

~r.,.,

•• ..,,; "'·- ti.'r.ft 11--·," ..•• •• a N K h - H M H M Q Q - ~ U M A ~ H N M ~ ~ H H.....

Fig. 32. Distribution of Physconia petraea in Austria.

Ecology and substrate: On siliceous rocks in warm, south facing, steep slopes. References: Wittmann & Tt.irk 1994: 199; Hofmann et al. 1995: 234; 1998: 161; Tt.irk & Hafellner 1999: 210; Hafellner 2001a: 19; Hafellner & Tt.irk 2001: 105; Otte et al. 2002: 1132.

Physconia servitii (Nadv.) Poelt Distribution: Only one site in Styria in the colline belt. Ecology and substrate: On sun-exposed siliceous rocks in warm sites. References: Otte et al. 2002: 1133. 146 Central European lichens - diversity and threat

Acknowledgements

The paper is dedicated to Dr. I van PiS ut on occasion of his 70th birthday. We thank Prof. Dr. Franz Neubauer (University of Salzburg, Fachbereich Geographie, Geologie und Mineralogie) for help with the nomenclature of several rocks.

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