DOCSLIB.ORG

The Aramaic Bible 11

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THEARAMAIC BIBLE 0 THE TARGUMS e PROJECT DIRECTOR Martin McNamara, M.S.C. EDITORS Kevin Cathcart 0 Michael Maher, M.S.C. Martin McNamara, M.S.C. EDITORlAL CONSULTANTS Daniel J. Harrington, S.J. * Bernard Grossfeld The Aramaic Bible Volunqe 11 The Isaiah Targum Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes BY Bruce D. Chilton p Michael Glazier, Inc. c2 . ;,: 4":> -- Wilrnington, Delaware About the Translator: Bruce D. Chilton is a Lillian Claus Associate Professor of New Testament in the Divinity School of Yale University. He holds degrees from Bard College, and General Theological Seminary and Cambridge University. Among his publications are God in Strength: Jesus' Announcement of the Kingdom. First published in 1987 by Michael Glazier, inc., 1935 West Fourth Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19805. @Copyight 1987 by Michael Glazier, Inc. All rights reserved. Library of Cong- Cataloging in Publication Data Bible. O.T. Isaiah. English. Chilton. 1987. The Isaiah Targum. (The Aramaic Bible ; v. 11) Translation of the Aramaic Targum of Isaiah, which is itself a translation from Hebrew Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. I. Bible. O.T. Isaiah. Aramaic-Translations into English. 2. Bible. O.T. Isaiah. Aramaic- Criticism, Textual. I. Chilton, Bruce. 11. Series: Bible. O.T. English. AramaicBibie. 1986 ; v.11. BS895.A72 1986 Voi. 11 221.42 s 86-45346 [BS1513] [224'.1M2] ISBN 0-89453-480-7 Logo design by Florence Bern. Printed in thc United States of America. For E. B. and C. f? D. M., with gratitude. TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS' FOREWORD ..................................................................................... ix PREFACE ............................................................................................................ xi ... INTRODUCTION xi11 The Theology of the Isaiah Targum xiv Distinctions of Emphasis within the .............................. xviii The Formation and Historical Circumstances of the Targum ........................... xx The Importance of the Targum for the Study of Early Judaism and of the New Testament ............................. xxv Early Citations and Manuscripts of the Targum ....................................... xxviii Editions and Translations of the Targum xxxi The Format of the Present Volume xxxiii TRANSLATION, NOTES AND APPARATUS ............................................. I INDICES ........................................................................................................... 129 Index of Primary Sources ................................................................ 129 Index of Secondary Contributions ................................................................ 129 Index of Targumic Subjects ............................................................................ 130 EDITORS' FOREWORD While any translation of the Scriptures may in Hebrew be called a Targum, the word is used especially for a translation of a book of the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic. Before the Christian era Aramaic had in good part replaced Hebrew in Palestine as the vernacular of the Jews. It continued as their vernacular for centuries later and remained in part as the language of the schools after Aramaic itself had been replaced as the vernacular. Rabbinic Judaism has transmitted Targums of all books of the Hebrew Canon, with the exception of Daniel and Ezra-Nehemiah, which are themselves partly in Aramaic. We also have a translation of the Samaritan Pentateuch into the dialect of Samaritan Aramaic. From the Qumran Library we have sections of a Targum of Job and fragments of a Targum of Leviticus, chapter 16, facts which indicate that the Bible was being translated in Aramaic in pre-Christian times. Translations of books of the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic for liturgical purposes must have begun before the Christian era, even though none of the Targums transmitted to us by Rabbinic Judaism can be shown to be that old and though some of them are demonstrably compositions from later centuries. In recent decades there has been increasing interest among scholars and a larger public in these Targums. A noticeable lacuna, however, has been the absence of a modern English translation of this body of writing. It is in marked contrast with most other bodies of Jewish literature for which there are good modern English translations, for instance the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, Josephus, Philo, the Mishnah, the Babylonian Talmud and Midrashic literature, and more recently the Tosefta and Palestinian Talmud. It is hoped that this present series will provide some remedy for this state of affairs. The aim of the series is to translate all the traditionally-known Targums, that is those transmitted by Rabbinic Judaism, into modern English idiom, while at the same time respecting the particular and peculiar nature of what these Aramaic translations were originally intended to be. A translator's task is never an easy one. It is rendered doubly difficult when the text to be rendered is itself a translation which is at times governed by an entire set of principles. All the translations in this series have been specially commissioned. The translators have made use of what they reckon as the best printed editions of the Aramaic Targum in question or have themselves directly consulted the manuscripts. The translation aims at giving a faithful rendering of the Aramaic. The introduction to each Targum contains the necessary background information on the particular work. In general, each Targum translation is accompanied by an apparatus and notes. The former is concerned mainly with such items as the variant readings in the Aramaic texts, the relation of the English translation to the original, etc. The notes give what explanations the translator thinks necessary or useful for this series. Not all the Targums here translated are of the same kind. Targums were translated at different times, and most probably for varying purposes, and have more than one interpretative approach to the Hebrew Bible. This diversity between the Targums themselves is reflected in the translation and in the manner in which the accompanying explanatory material is presented. However, a basic unity of presentation has been maintained. A point that needs to be stressed with regard to this translation of the Targums is that by reason of the state of current targumic research, to a certain extent it must be regarded as a provisional one. Despite the progress made, especially in recent decades, much work still remains to be done in the field of targumic study. Not all the Targums are as yet available in critical editions. And with regard to those that have been critically edited from known manuscripts, in the case of the Targums of some hooks the variants between the manuscripts themselves are such as to give rise to the question whether they have all descended from a single common original. Details regarding these points will be found in the various introductions and critical notes. It is recognised that a series such as this will have a broad readership. The Targums constitute a valuable source of information for students of Jewish literature, particularly those concerned with the history of interpretation, and also for students of the New Testament, especially for those interested in its relationship to its Jewish origins. The Targums also concern members of the general public who have an interest in the Jewish interpretation of the Scriptures or in the Jewish background to the New Testament. For them the Targums should be both interesting and enlightening. By their translations. introductions and critical notes the contributors to this series have rendered an immense service to the progress of targumic studies. It is hoped that the series, provisional though it may be, will bring significantly nearer the day when the definitive translation of the Targums can he made. Kevin Cathcart Martin McNamara, M.S.C. Michael Maher, M.S.C. PREFACE When Martin McNamara informed me of plans to render the Targums in English, I was excited. When he asked me to look after the Isaiah Targum, I was thrilled. Although I had then been working with the document for some time, in connection with my study of Jesus' preaching, the opportunity to order and develop my thoughts for a translation and commentary was a timely stimulus. No scholar could ask for a more rewarding challenge than Prof. McNamara gave me, and I remain most grateful to him. In accordance with the aims of The Aramaic Bible project, the present volume is designed with the English-speaking reader primarily in view. Some of the material in the Apparatus and Notes may nonetheless be of use to Aramaists and more advanced students of the Targum. Those among the last group mentioned may in any case have recourse to my earlier book, The Glury of'lsrael. The Theoloxy and Provenience of'the Isaiah Targum. The present contribution brings up to date and extends the discussion I have been concerned to develop, without superseding the detailed work of the previous study. Much of this volume was written while I was a visitor at Union Seminary in Richmond; I am particularly grateful to Patrick Miller, who was then Dean, for his arrangement of the visit, and for a research grant from Sheffield University. While this volume was being produced, 1 took up a position at Yale University, where two students helped to deal with the proofs. Emily Holcombe has exercised her eagle's eye, and Gay Forsstrom has prepared the indices. Progress in theology is difficult to attain. One might imagine that one should
Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti

    An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti

    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
  • Late Aramaic: the Literary and Linguistic Context of the Zohar’, Was Conducted in the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at University College London

    Late Aramaic: the Literary and Linguistic Context of the Zohar’, Was Conducted in the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies at University College London

    As per the self-archiving policy of Brill Academic Publishers: the article below is the submitted version. The final version is published as ‘The Aramaic of the Zohar: The Status Quaestionis’, in L.O. Kahn (ed.), Jewish Languages in Historical Perspective (IJS Studies in Judaica; Leiden: Brill, 2018), pp. 9–38. The Aramaic of the Zohar: The Status Quaestionis1 Alinda Damsma Toward the end of the thirteenth century the Kabbalah in Spain reached its creative peak with the emergence of Sefer ha-Zohar, Judaism’s most important corpus of mystical texts.2 It is a 1 This is an extended version of the paper I presented at the ‘Jewish Languages’ conference at University College London (26–27 July 2016). I would like to thank the conference organisers, Dr Lily Kahn and Prof. Mark Geller, for their kind invitation as well as for the acceptance of my paper in this volume. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the conference ‘Zohar — East and West’ at Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, in conjunction with the Ben-Zvi Institute in Jerusalem (28–30 December 2015). It is a pleasure to thank my respective hosts and audiences. I am particularly indebted to Prof. Theodore Kwasman, Prof. Ronit Meroz, and Prof. Willem Smelik, for reading the draft of this paper and kindly offering their expertise. I bear sole responsibility, however, for any errors that this paper may contain. The Aramaic dialects referred to in this article are abbreviated as follows: JBA = Jewish Babylonian Aramaic. This dialect was used in Babylonia from about 200 CE until 900 CE (one of its sub-dialects is BTA= Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic, the main dialect employed in the Babylonian Talmud).
  • The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol

    The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol

    1 Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter I. Chapter II. The Ancient History of the Egyptians, 2 Chapter III. Chapter IV. Chapter V. Chapter VI. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter I. Chapter II. Chapter III. Chapter IV. The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol. 1 of 6) by Charles Rollin This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians (Vol. 1 of 6) Author: Charles Rollin Release Date: April 11, 2009 [Ebook #28558] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1 The Ancient History of the Egyptians, 3 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIANS, CARTHAGINIANS, ASSYRIANS, BABYLONIANS, MEDES AND PERSIANS, MACEDONIANS AND GRECIANS (VOL. 1 OF 6)*** The Ancient History Of The Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Macedonians and Grecians By Charles Rollin Late Principal of the University of Paris Professor of Eloquence in The Royal College And Member of the Royal Academy Of Inscriptions and Belles Letters Translated From The French In Six Volumes Vol.
  • 2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    2 the Assyrian Empire, the Conquest of Israel, and the Colonization of Judah 37 I

    ISRAEL AND EMPIRE ii ISRAEL AND EMPIRE A Postcolonial History of Israel and Early Judaism Leo G. Perdue and Warren Carter Edited by Coleman A. Baker LONDON • NEW DELHI • NEW YORK • SYDNEY 1 Bloomsbury T&T Clark An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Imprint previously known as T&T Clark 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com Bloomsbury, T&T Clark and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published 2015 © Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker, 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Leo G. Perdue, Warren Carter and Coleman A. Baker have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the authors. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: HB: 978-0-56705-409-8 PB: 978-0-56724-328-7 ePDF: 978-0-56728-051-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset by Forthcoming Publications (www.forthpub.com) 1 Contents Abbreviations vii Preface ix Introduction: Empires, Colonies, and Postcolonial Interpretation 1 I.
  • Approaching the Biblical Text Why Start with This

    Approaching the Biblical Text Why Start with This

    Woman in the Kingdom of God Lecture 1: Approaching the Biblical Text E4N School of Ministry Instructor: Kimberly Witkowski, MRE Spring 2020 [email protected] ​ Why start with this subject when our course subject is women and the Kingdom? Because this is the map to a ______________ shift. Remember this: The key to growth is to adapt yourself to the text and not the text to yourself. The Basics of Study: 1. Start with the ________. Adapt study habits to personal needs and preferences ​ ​ for the most successful study time. ​ ​ 2. Know ___________! ​ ​ 3. Do I study _______ in the morning or in the evening? (Or perhaps at lunchtime?) ​ ​ 4. Do I gain more when I study for one ________ period of uninterrupted time or ​ ​ several shorter periods of time? 5. Do I ______________ more information visually or orally (books/ebooks vs. ​ ​ audio books and lectures.) 6. Studies show that “doodling” while taking notes helps one retain and recall ​ ​ information. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090226210039.htm https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/39941/making-learning-visible-doodling-helps-memories -stick 7. __________ _________ are important for the enjoyment of study. Be in a ​ comfortable place; with snacks, drinks or music that you enjoy. 8. A useful way to aid in the internalization of concepts and information is to teach another what you’ve ___________. ​ ​ APPROACHING THE BIBLICAL TEXT 1 Approach the Text as an Act of Worship: 9. On a spiritual level, Study is an act of __________. In ancient times it was ​ ​ ​ considered to be the highest form of worship.
  • Manasseh: Reflections on Tribe, Territory and Text

    Manasseh: Reflections on Tribe, Territory and Text

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Vanderbilt Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive MANASSEH: REFLECTIONS ON TRIBE, TERRITORY AND TEXT By Ellen Renee Lerner Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Vanderbilt University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Religion August, 2014 Nashville, Tennessee Approved: Professor Douglas A. Knight Professor Jack M. Sasson Professor Annalisa Azzoni Professor Herbert Marbury Professor Tom D. Dillehay Copyright © 2014 by Ellen Renee Lerner All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people I would like to thank for their role in helping me complete this project. First and foremost I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the members of my dissertation committee: Professor Douglas A. Knight, Professor Jack M. Sasson, Professor Annalisa Azzoni, Professor Herbert Marbury, and Professor Tom Dillehay. It has been a true privilege to work with them and I hope to one day emulate their erudition and the kind, generous manner in which they support their students. I would especially like to thank Douglas Knight for his mentorship, encouragement and humor throughout this dissertation and my time at Vanderbilt, and Annalisa Azzoni for her incredible, fabulous kindness and for being a sounding board for so many things. I have been lucky to have had a number of smart, thoughtful colleagues in Vanderbilt’s greater Graduate Dept. of Religion but I must give an extra special thanks to Linzie Treadway and Daniel Fisher -- two people whose friendship and wit means more to me than they know.
  • From the Garden of Eden to the New Creation in Christ : a Theological Investigation Into the Significance and Function of the Ol

    From the Garden of Eden to the New Creation in Christ : a Theological Investigation Into the Significance and Function of the Ol

    The University of Notre Dame Australia ResearchOnline@ND Theses 2017 From the Garden of Eden to the new creation in Christ : A theological investigation into the significance and function of the Old estamentT imagery of Eden within the New Testament James Cregan The University of Notre Dame Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses Part of the Religion Commons COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. Publication Details Cregan, J. (2017). From the Garden of Eden to the new creation in Christ : A theological investigation into the significance and function of the Old Testament imagery of Eden within the New Testament (Doctor of Philosophy (College of Philosophy and Theology)). University of Notre Dame Australia. https://researchonline.nd.edu.au/theses/181 This dissertation/thesis is brought to you by ResearchOnline@ND. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of ResearchOnline@ND. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM THE GARDEN OF EDEN TO THE NEW CREATION IN CHRIST: A THEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION OF OLD TESTAMENT IMAGERY OF EDEN WITHIN THE NEW TESTAMENT. James M. Cregan A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame, Australia. School of Philosophy and Theology, Fremantle. November 2017 “It is thus that the bridge of eternity does its spanning for us: from the starry heaven of the promise which arches over that moment of revelation whence sprang the river of our eternal life, into the limitless sands of the promise washed by the sea into which that river empties, the sea out of which will rise the Star of Redemption when once the earth froths over, like its flood tides, with the knowledge of the Lord.
  • Read Through the Bible - 15Th Week April 5-11

    Read Through the Bible - 15Th Week April 5-11

    Read through the Bible - 15th week April 5-11 Week 15, Sunday (April 5) I King 16-18 1. Who killed Elah and reigned in his stead? ________ How long did he reign (don't blink! - I Kings 16:15)? ______ Who took his place (I Kings 16:17, 21)? ______________ (and ______________) 2. How long did Omri reign and who succeeded him? ______________, ______________ 3. How long did Ahab reign in Israel? _________ Who was Ahab's wife (I Kings 16:31)? ______________ 4. Whose prophecy did Hiel of Bethel fulfill by rebuilding Jericho (see Joshua 6:26, I Kings 16:34)? ______________ 5. Who prophesied to Ahab there would be a 3-year drought (I Kings 17:1)? ______________ During the drought, who fed Elijah at the Brook Cherith (I Kings 17:4-6)? ______________ 6. What miracle(s) did Elijah perform for the widow at Zarephath? _______________________________ 7. What atrocity did Jezebel commit (I Kings 18:4)? ______________________________ 8. Who all met with Ahab and Elijah at Mt. Carmel (I Kings 18:19-20)? ____________________________ 9. What was the people's reaction to the fire from the Lord? _____________________________ 10. T F Elijah outran a chariot (I Kings 18:45-46). Week 15, Monday (April 6) I King 19-21 11. T F Elijah ran from Jezebel. 12. To what mountain did Elijah go? _____________ What other prophet (Ex. 19:20, Mt. Horeb is also called Mt. Sinai) fasted 40 days on this same mountain? _____________ 13. What did the Lord ask Elijah in I Ki. 19:9, and again in I Ki.
  • Theatrical Drama and Franciscan Simplicity in Oratorios by Ferenc Liszt

    Theatrical Drama and Franciscan Simplicity in Oratorios by Ferenc Liszt

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology 13,2013 © PTPN & Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2013 JOANNA SUBEL Department of Musicology, University of Wroclaw Theatrical drama and Franciscan simplicity in oratorios by Ferenc Liszt ABSTRACT: The works of Ferenc Liszt are both influenced by the romantic mood and various oppos­ ing trends of the church music of his era. In his oratorios Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth and Christus, as well as in the unfinished St Stanislaus, one may discern such features as drama, mysti­ cism, universalism, and national elements. In these vocal-instrumental works the composer makes use of two languages, German and Latin, as well as of various types of the archaisms such as quotations from Gregorian melodies. In Liszt’s compositions, choral monodies become ‘motifs’ - the recurring themes which appear frequently and in a variety of versions. Dramatic expression and lyricism are particularly dominant in St Elisabeth. The Christus oratorio, which resembles a misterium, because of the absence of a libretto and the use of liturgical texts, is characterised by the abundance of harmonic solutions. The oratorios reveal both the composer’s uncommon piety and his striving to reform the church music of his times. KEYWORDS: Ferenc Liszt, oratorio, Die Legende von der heiligen Elisabeth, Christus, St Stanislaus Ferenc Liszt’s vocal-and-instrumental works remain almost unknown in Poland. His art songs are not performed and his oratorio works are presented extremely rarely, usually as part of festival programmes.
  • Who Is the Daughter of Babylon?

    Who Is the Daughter of Babylon?

    WHO IS THE DAUGHTER OF BABYLON? ● Babylon was initially a minor city-state, and controlled little surrounding territory; its first four Amorite rulers did not assume the title of king. The older and more powerful states of Assyria, Elam, Isin, and Larsa overshadowed Babylon until it became the capital of Hammurabi's short-lived empire about a century later. Hammurabi (r. 1792–1750 BC) is famous for codifying the laws of Babylonia into the Code of Hammurabi. He conquered all of the cities and city states of southern Mesopotamia, including Isin, Larsa, Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Lagash, Eridu, Kish, Adab, Eshnunna, Akshak, Akkad, Shuruppak, Bad-tibira, Sippar, and Girsu, coalescing them into one kingdom, ruled from Babylon. Hammurabi also invaded and conquered Elam to the east, and the kingdoms of Mari and Ebla to the northwest. After a protracted struggle with the powerful Assyrian king Ishme-Dagan of the Old Assyrian Empire, he forced his successor to pay tribute late in his reign, spreading Babylonian power to Assyria's Hattian and Hurrian colonies in Asia Minor. After the reign of Hammurabi, the whole of southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Babylonia, whereas the north had already coalesced centuries before into Assyria. From this time, Babylon supplanted Nippur and Eridu as the major religious centers of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's empire destabilized after his death. Assyrians defeated and drove out the Babylonians and Amorites. The far south of Mesopotamia broke away, forming the native Sealand Dynasty, and the Elamites appropriated territory in eastern Mesopotamia. The Amorite dynasty remained in power in Babylon, which again became a small city-state.
  • The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage, I-Iii (Rome, 2001)

    The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage, I-Iii (Rome, 2001)

    Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 5:1, 63-112 © 2002 by Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute SOME BASIC ANNOTATION TO THE HIDDEN PEARL: THE SYRIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND ITS ANCIENT ARAMAIC HERITAGE, I-III (ROME, 2001) SEBASTIAN P. BROCK UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD [1] The three volumes, entitled The Hidden Pearl. The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage, published by TransWorld Film Italia in 2001, were commisioned to accompany three documentaries. The connecting thread throughout the three millennia that are covered is the Aramaic language with its various dialects, though the emphasis is always on the users of the language, rather than the language itself. Since the documentaries were commissioned by the Syrian Orthodox community, part of the third volume focuses on developments specific to them, but elsewhere the aim has been to be inclusive, not only of the other Syriac Churches, but also of other communities using Aramaic, both in the past and, to some extent at least, in the present. [2] The volumes were written with a non-specialist audience in mind and so there are no footnotes; since, however, some of the inscriptions and manuscripts etc. which are referred to may not always be readily identifiable to scholars, the opportunity has been taken to benefit from the hospitality of Hugoye in order to provide some basic annotation, in addition to the section “For Further Reading” at the end of each volume. Needless to say, in providing this annotation no attempt has been made to provide a proper 63 64 Sebastian P. Brock bibliography to all the different topics covered; rather, the aim is simply to provide specific references for some of the more obscure items.
  • Bible Readings and Commentaries Book 5 of 6

    Bible Readings and Commentaries Book 5 of 6

    Bible Readings and Commentaries Book 5 of 6 Fifth Half-Year of Triennial Torah Cycle For Sabbath Service © 2005 All rights reserved Congregation Beikvot HaMashiach (Followers of the Messiah) P. O. Box 13031 Seattle WA 98198-1001 WWW.MESSIANIC.WS 1 Triennial Torah Cycle from the Ancient Holy Temple The first Sabbath of the Month Nisan (the month that begins two weeks before Passover), every third year, is the time to start the triennial Torah reading cycle. This is the reading cycle that was used in the Holy Temple, and apparently the one that Yeshua followed. As the readings progress through the three years, the subjects will be seen to correspond to times of festivals and major events. Each Sabbath's readings are called a seder (order of service). Each seder includes a portion of the Torah (meaning Instruction), Haftara (meaning Completion of the Torah -- a reading from the Prophets), and a Psalm to be sung. The cycle begins with Bereshit (In the beginning) / Genesis 1, and Psalm 1, and a portion of Isaiah on the same subject. A reading of corresponding topic from the Apostolic Writings (NT) is suggested for each Sabbath. The title of a Torah reading is the first significant word(s), which predates today’s common system of chapters and verses. The Psalms, used in numerical order, agree in subject with the Torah portions throughout the three years. These blessings are to accompany the Bible readings: Before Torah Reading: "Blessed are You, Yahweh our God, King of the Universe, Who chose us from among all peoples by giving us Your Torah.