Year of the Dwarves: Ceres and Pluto Take the Stage
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Curriculum Vitae
DANTE S. LAURETTA Lunar and Planetary Laboratory Department of Planetary Sciences University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721-0092 Cell: (520) 609-2088 Email: [email protected] CHRONOLOGY OF EDUCATION Washington University, St. Louis, MO Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1997 Thesis: Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Fe-Ni-S, Be, and B Cosmochemistry Advisor: Bruce Fegley, Jr. University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Depts. of Physics, Mathematics, and East Asian Studies B.S. in Physics and Mathematics, Cum Laude, 1993 B.A. in Oriental Studies (emphasis: Japanese), Cum Laude, 1993 CHRONOLOGY OF EMPLOYMENT Professor, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Dept. of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; 2012 – present. Principal Investigator, OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission, NASA New Frontiers Program, 2011 – present. Deputy Principal Investigator, OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission, NASA New Frontiers Program, 2008 – 2011. Associate Professor, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Dept. of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; 2006 – 2012. Assistant Professor, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Dept. of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ; 2001 – 2006. Associate Research Scientist, Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ; 1999 – 2001. Postdoctoral Research Associate, Dept. of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ Primary project: Transmission electron microscopy of meteoritic minerals. Supervisor: Peter R. Buseck; Dates: 1997 – 1999. Research Assistant, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO Primary project: Experimental studies of sulfide formation in the solar nebula. Advisor: Bruce Fegley, Jr.; Dates: 1993 – 1997. Research Intern, NASA Undergraduate Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Primary project: Development of a logic-based language for S.E.T.I. -
Dwarf Planet Ceres
Dwarf Planet Ceres drishtiias.com/printpdf/dwarf-planet-ceres Why in News As per the data collected by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft, dwarf planet Ceres reportedly has salty water underground. Dawn (2007-18) was a mission to the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt - Vesta and Ceres. Key Points 1/3 Latest Findings: The scientists have given Ceres the status of an “ocean world” as it has a big reservoir of salty water underneath its frigid surface. This has led to an increased interest of scientists that the dwarf planet was maybe habitable or has the potential to be. Ocean Worlds is a term for ‘Water in the Solar System and Beyond’. The salty water originated in a brine reservoir spread hundreds of miles and about 40 km beneath the surface of the Ceres. Further, there is an evidence that Ceres remains geologically active with cryovolcanism - volcanoes oozing icy material. Instead of molten rock, cryovolcanoes or salty-mud volcanoes release frigid, salty water sometimes mixed with mud. Subsurface Oceans on other Celestial Bodies: Jupiter’s moon Europa, Saturn’s moon Enceladus, Neptune’s moon Triton, and the dwarf planet Pluto. This provides scientists a means to understand the history of the solar system. Ceres: It is the largest object in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It was the first member of the asteroid belt to be discovered when Giuseppe Piazzi spotted it in 1801. It is the only dwarf planet located in the inner solar system (includes planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars). Scientists classified it as a dwarf planet in 2006. -
The Solar System Cause Impact Craters
ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomy Class 12 Solar System Survey Monday, February 5 Key Concepts (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. (2) The Jovian planets are made primarily of hydrogen and helium. (3) Moons (a.k.a. satellites) orbit the planets; some moons are large. (4) Asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects orbit the Sun. (5) Collision between objects in the Solar System cause impact craters. Family portrait of the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (Eris, Ceres, Pluto): My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nine (Extra Cheese Pizzas). The Solar System: List of Ingredients Ingredient Percent of total mass Sun 99.8% Jupiter 0.1% other planets 0.05% everything else 0.05% The Sun dominates the Solar System Jupiter dominates the planets Object Mass Object Mass 1) Sun 330,000 2) Jupiter 320 10) Ganymede 0.025 3) Saturn 95 11) Titan 0.023 4) Neptune 17 12) Callisto 0.018 5) Uranus 15 13) Io 0.015 6) Earth 1.0 14) Moon 0.012 7) Venus 0.82 15) Europa 0.008 8) Mars 0.11 16) Triton 0.004 9) Mercury 0.055 17) Pluto 0.002 A few words about the Sun. The Sun is a large sphere of gas (mostly H, He – hydrogen and helium). The Sun shines because it is hot (T = 5,800 K). The Sun remains hot because it is powered by fusion of hydrogen to helium (H-bomb). (1) The terrestrial planets are made primarily of rock and metal. -
ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES in METEORITIC CHONDRULES Abstract Approved: Redacted for Privacy Roman A
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF THOMAS WARD OSBORN III for the Doctor of Philosophy . (Name) (Degree) in Chemistry presented on September 28, 1971 (Major) (Date) Title: ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES IN METEORITIC CHONDRULES Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Roman A. Schmitt High-precision instrumental neutron activation analysis has been used to determine Al, Na, Mn, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, and Ni in a suite of more than 500 chondrules from 26 distinct meteorites. These meteorite specimens represent the H, L, LL and C chemical classes and most of the petrologic types. In addition radiochemical activation analysis has been used to determine K, Rb and Cs in a suite of chon- drules from the LL chemical class. To a limited extent trace element data on individual chondrules were correlated with petrographic obser- vations on the same chondrules. I. In general it was found that the siderophilic elements Fe, Co, Ni and Ir are depleted in chondrules compared to the whole chon- drite. The lithophilic elements Na, Mn, Sc, Cr and Al are generally enriched in chondrules compared to the whole chondrite. In contrast to the other lithophilic elements, Rb and Cs are generally depleted in the chondrules. Both major and trace elements may exhibit multi- modal population distributions for the chondrules sets. II. Petrographic observations of the same chondrules for which trace element contents were determined by INAA suggest that the trace element distribution may be consistent with the mineral assemblages except for a positive Ir-Al and Al-Sc correlations which occur in many chondrule sets. Correlations between chondrule mass and Al, Na, Sc, Co, Lr and Cu contents were observed for certain chondrule sets. -
Download Student Activities Objects from the Area Around Its Orbit, Called Its Orbital Zone; at Amnh.Org/Worlds-Beyond-Earth-Educators
INSIDE Essential Questions Synopsis Missions Come Prepared Checklist Correlation to Standards Connections to Other Halls Glossary ONLINE Student Activities Additional Resources amnh.org/worlds-beyond-earth-educators EssentialEssential Questions Questions What is the solar system? In the 20th century, humans began leaving Earth. NASA’s Our solar system consists of our star—the Sun—and all the Apollo space program was the first to land humans on billions of objects that orbit it. These objects, which are bound another world, carrying 12 human astronauts to the Moon’s to the Sun by gravity, include the eight planets—Mercury, surface. Since then we’ve sent our proxies—robots—on Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune; missions near and far across our solar system. Flyby several dwarf planets, including Ceres and Pluto; hundreds missions allow limited glimpses; orbiters survey surfaces; of moons orbiting the planets and other bodies, including landers get a close-up understanding of their landing Jupiter’s four major moons and Saturn’s seven, and, of course, location; and rovers, like human explorers, set off across the Earth’s own moon, the Moon; thousands of comets; millions surface to see what they can find and analyze. of asteroids; and billions of icy objects beyond Neptune. The solar system is shaped like a gigantic disk with the Sun at The results of these explorations are often surprising. With its center. Everywhere we look throughout the universe we the Moon as our only reference, we expected other worlds see similar disk-shaped systems bound together by gravity. to be cold, dry, dead places, but exploration has revealed Examples include faraway galaxies, planetary systems astonishing variety in our solar system. -
Ice Ontnos: Focus on 136108 Haumea
Ice onTNOs: Focus on 136108 Haumea C. Dumas Collaborators: A. Alvarez, A. Barucci, C. deBergh, B. Carry, A. Guilbert, D. Hestroffer, P. Lacerda, F. deMeo, F. Merlin, C. Snodgrass, P. Vernazza, … Haumea Pluto (dwarf planets) DistribuTon of TNOs Largest TNOs Icy bodies in the OPSII context • Reservoir of volales in the solar system (H2O, N2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H6, NH3OH, etc) • Small bodies populaon more hydrated than originally pictured – Main-belt comets (Hsieh and JewiZ 2006) – Themis asteroids family (Campins et al. 2010, Rivkin and Emery 2010) • Transport of water to the inner terrestrial planets (e.g. talk by Paul Hartogh) Paranal Observatory 6 SINFONI at UT4 7 SINFONI + NACO at UT4 8 SINFONI = MACAO + SPIFFI (SINFONI=Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared) • AO SYSTEM: MACAO (Multi-Application Curvature Adaptive Optics): – Similar to UTs AO system for VLTI – 60 elements curvature sensing bimorph mirror – NGS or LGS – Developed by ESO • NEAR-IR SPECTRO: SPIFFI (SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging): – 3-D spectrograph, 32 image slices, 1-2.5µm – Developed by MPE:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics + NOVA: Netherlands Research School for Astronomy SINFONI - Main characteristics • Location UT4 Cassegrain • Wavelength range 1-2.5µm • Detector 2048 x 2048 HAWAII array • Gratings J,H,K,H+K • Spectral resolution 1500 (H+K-filter) to 4000 (K-band) (outside OH lines) • Limiting magnitude (0.1”/spaxel) K~18.2, H+K~19.2 in hr, SNR~10 • FoV sampling 32 slices • Spatial resolution 0.25”/slice (no-AO), 0.1”(AO), 0.025” (AO) • Resulting FoV 8”x8”, 3”x3”, 0.8”x0.8” • Modes noAO, NGS-AO, LGS-AO SINFONI - IFS Principles SINFONI - IFS Principles (Cont’d) SINFONI - products Reconstructed image PSF spectrum H+K TNOs spectroscopy Orcus (Carry et al. -
Ceres: a Prime Target for Robotic Sample Return and Future Human Exploration
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 3062.pdf CERES: A PRIME TARGET FOR ROBOTIC SAMPLE RETURN AND FUTURE HUMAN EXPLORATION. K. R. Fisher1 and L. D. Graham1, 1Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Division, NASA Johnson Space Center 2101 E NASA Pkwy, Houston Texas, 77058. [email protected] and [email protected] Introduction: NASA’s Dawn spacecraft was re- ing the systems previously developed for the OSIRIS- cently deactivated in November after spending three REx spacecraft. years orbiting Ceres gathering data through its remote A major component that could be re-used is the sensing instrument suite. The Dawn mission served as a OSIRIS-REx sampling system. OSIRIS-REx will uti- crucial step in furthering our understanding of small lize the Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism bodies within the Solar System and provided a wealth (TAGSAM) to acquire up to hundreds of grams of sur- of new information about Vesta and Ceres during the face material. TAGSAM includes a large collector eleven year mission. head mounted to the end of an 11 foot robotic arm. The The conclusion of Dawn should not be the conclu- collector head has multiple gas nozzles which will dis- sion of exploration at Ceres. A logical follow-on mis- pense a burst of nitrogen gas to stir up loose regolith on sion would be to return samples from the surface to the surface under the collector head [5]. A portion of provide ground truth for the orbiter data. Ceres sample this regolith will be captured in the TAGSAM collec- return is highly feasible and would benefit directly tors and stored for return [5]. -
Ceres Is the Largest Object in the Asteroid Belt, Which Lies Mainly
Dactyl, the moon of Ida, is shown below in a close-up and at its true size relative to Ida. Dactyl was the Ceres and the Asteroid Belt first asteroid moon to be discovered. Ceres is the largest object in the The best photos of Ceres (below left) and Vesta (below right) as As of 2008, only the asteroid belt, which lies mainly of 2008, from the Hubble Space Telescope (courtesy NASA/ESA) handful of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter. shown here have had Ida and Dactyl, from NASA’s Galileo Asteroids are made of various their pictures taken combinations of rocks, metals and by spacecraft flying carbon compounds that have past them. If you’re Steins, Ceres is much smaller than the Moon, which is shown below reading this panel from ESA’s Rosetta Eros, from NEAR never been captured by any after 2011, you’ve planet’s gravity. Asteroids have on the same scale as Ceres and Vesta above. Nonetheless, Shoemaker Ceres is sometimes referred to as a dwarf planet, hopefully seen better (NASA/JHUAPL) not changed much for billions of along with Pluto and a growing list of other objects. photos of Vesta, the years, making them important third-largest object in records of the formation of the the asteroid belt, solar system. The solar system taken by the Mathilde, from contains millions of asteroids Dawn spacecraft. And if you’re reading NEAR Shoemaker ranging down to the size of large (NASA/JHUAPL) this panel after 2015, boulders, as well as smaller hopefully there are objects called meteoroids. -
Planet Definition
Marin Erceg dipl.oec. CEO ORCA TEHNOLOGIJE http://www.orca-technologies.com Zagreb, 2006. Editor : mr.sc. Tino Jelavi ć dipl.ing. aeronautike-pilot Text review : dr.sc. Zlatko Renduli ć dipl.ing. mr.sc. Tino Jelavi ć dipl.ing. aeronautike-pilot Danijel Vukovi ć dipl.ing. zrakoplovstva Translation review : Dana Vukovi ć, prof. engl. i hrv. jez. i knjiž. Graphic and html design : mr.sc. Tino Jelavi ć dipl.ing. Publisher : JET MANGA Ltd. for space transport and services http://www.yuairwar.com/erceg.asp ISBN : 953-99838-5-1 2 Contents Introduction Defining the problem Size factor Eccentricity issue Planemos and fusors Clear explanation of our Solar system Planet definition Free floating planets Conclusion References Curriculum Vitae 3 Introduction For several thousand years humans were aware of planets. While sitting by the fire, humans were observing the sky and the stars even since prehistory. They noticed that several sparks out of thousands of stars were oddly behaving, moving around the sky across irregular paths. They were named planets. Definition of the planet at that time was simple and it could have been expressed by following sentence: Sparkling dot in the sky whose relative position to the other stars is continuously changing following unpredictable paths. During millenniums and especially upon telescope discovery, human understanding of celestial bodies became deeper and deeper. This also meant that people understood better the space and our Solar system and in this period we have accepted the following definition of the planet: Round objects orbiting Sun. Following Ceres and Asteroid Belt discoveries this definition was not suitable any longer, and as a result it was modified. -
Gresham College
GRE SHA M . co Reproduction of this tefi, or any efiract from it, must credit Gresham College THE SKY’S THE LIMIT! A Lectire by PROFESSOR HEATHER COUPER BSC DLitt(Hon) FRAS Gresham Professor of Astronomy 16 November 1994 .,, . .. .,,... .,..’.. -. , i GRESH.4.bI COLLEGE Policy & Objectives h independently funded educational institution, Gresham College exists . to continue the free public lectures which have been given for 400 years, and to reinterpret the ‘new lehg’ of Sir ~omas Gresham’s day in contemporary terms; to engage in study, teaching and research, particularly in those disciplines represented by the Gresham Professors; to foster academic consideration of contemporary problems; to challenge those who live or work in the City of London to engage in intellectual debate on those subjects in which the City has a proper concern; and to provide a window on the City for le-ed societies, both national and international. GreshamCollege,Barnard’sInn Hall, Holbom, LondonEClN 2HH Tel: 020783 I 0j75 Fax: 02078315208 e-mail:[email protected] THE SKY’S THE LIMIT! Professor Heather Couper Why do astronomers do astronomy? A lot of people (especially cynical journalists) ask me this question. It’s often assumed that astronomy - at best - is the useless pursuit of measuring the positions of stars in the sky, or - at worst - is something to do with being engaged in a secret follow-up to President Reagan’s Star Was military prograrnme. Whatever, astronomy is believed to be other-worldly, irrelevant, a waste of money, and something that is only studied by old men with long white beards. -
Reviews the History of Astronomy
Reviews The history of astronomy by Heather Couper & Nigel Henbest Cassell Illustrated, 2007. ISBN 978- 1-84403-570-0. Pp 288 (247× 297mm), £30 (hbk). One of the great joys of the history of astronomy is that it can be treated on many different levels. You can delve deep and immerse yourself in four hundred page tomes on the significance of the ob- servations of the comet of 1577, and you can wallow in a huge three volume set of the letters of John Flamsteed, our first Astronomer Royal, or you can flit briefly and joyfully from highlight to highlight. Heather Couper and Nigel Henbest adopt the latter approach. They have travelled widely and interviewed many of the key players in recent astronomical and astrophysical history, as well as those who study the development of as- tronomy over the past few thousand years. The views of the authors and the peo- ing at some of the pictures of famous astro- ple they interviewed have then been skil- nomical scientists, one can often pick up fully knitted together to produce an im- hints of the darker side. I wonder how frus- mensely readable, easily accessible and racy trated Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bun- overview of mankind’s stumbling attempts sen felt trying to understand spectral lines to understand the cosmos. From Stonehenge before the electron had been discovered. to SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial In- Galileo Galilei looks very uncomfortable at telligence), and from black holes to Bethle- his inquisition, moving the Earth from the hem’s star, little has been overlooked. -
Ingrid J. Daubar - C.V
Ingrid J. Daubar - C.V. Ingrid J. Daubar CURRICULUM VITAE Contact Information Brown University Office: 401-863-1437 Campus Box 1846 Cell: 520-245-8608 Lincoln Field 108 [email protected] Providence, RI 02912-1846 http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~ingrid/ Education Doctor of Philosophy, Planetary Sciences University of Arizona, August 2014 Dissertation: New Dated Craters on Mars and the Moon: Studies of the Freshest Craters in the Solar System Master's of Science, Planetary Sciences University of Arizona, August 2002 Thesis: Northwest Africa 482: A Lunar Meteorite from the Highlands Bachelor of Arts, Astronomy Cornell University, May 1999 Selected Honors and Awards JPL Group Achievement Award, Juno Mission Re-Design, 2018 JPL Voyager Award, 2017 JPL Team Award, Juno Radiation Monitoring Investigation Team, 2017 JPL Team Award, Europa Clipper Investigation Scientists, 2017 Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing, Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, 2016 NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellowship, 2014-2015 Wiley-Blackwell Award, 2014 Nininger Meteorite Award, 2014 Emily Krauz Staff Endowment Fund Scholarship, 2014 Shandel Education Plus Fund award, 2012 University of Arizona College of Science Galileo Circle Scholar, 2011 Group Achievement Award, MRO HiRISE Science Team, 2011 University of Arizona College of Science Graduate Student Award for Outstanding Service/Outreach, 2011 Lunar & Planetary Laboratory Career Staff Excellence Award, 2008 Graduate Teaching Excellence Award, Spring 2000 Mission Experience 2014-current: InSight mission Co-Lead for the Impacts Science Theme Working Group Deputy Lead, Instrument Site Selection Working Group Landing site certification and safety assessment Impact detection and localization Science planning 2016-current: Europa mission Investigation Scientist for the Europa Imaging System (EIS) 1 of 11 Ingrid J.