For Official Use Only

REPORT ~, ON FOREST RESOURCES OF DARJEELING DISTRICT

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE CALCUTTA 1997 For olnclal use only

REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES OF DARJEELING DISTRICT

FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE CALCUTTA 1997 PART -I

(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS,CHARTS & DIAGRAMS) PREFACE

This report presents information and data on Stale of Forest Resources in Darjeeling district of West Bengal. The report is based on forest inventory carried out by the Forest Survey Of India in 1992-93. It gives the details of the area surveyed, methodology adopted, results/ findings and comparison with fast survey results. The last inventory was carried out. during 1974 in high forest areas of Singalila and Tonglu ranges of the district. Another plantation survey was carried out in Darjeeling and Kalimpong Divisions in the year 1981-83, with a different emphasis. Thus, the present report pertains to the first complete inventory of forest resources in the district.

The recorded forest area of Darjeeling district is 1204 sq.kms., constituting 38.23% of the total geographical area. The per capita forest area in the district is only 0.0926 ha. The total growing stock of forest in the entire district is estimated at 14.98 million cubic meters. The number of stems per hectare is estimated at 238. The growing stock of these forests is 124.48 m 3/ha.

The staff of Eastern Zone of Forest Survey Of India who were entrusted with carrying out the inventory work and bringing out the report in this form, deserve appreciation. The cooperation and help extended by State Forest Department, West Bengal, is thankfully acknowledged.

It is hoped that the report will provide necessary inputs for the forest resource management and development planning in the area.

( Dr. S.N. Rai ) Director. CONTENTS

Para Page No. ~ FOREST INVENTORY AT A GLANCE (DARJEELING DISTRICT)

CHAPTER: I INTRODUCTION: General 1.0 1 Situation and boundary of project area 1.1 1 Brief history of the area 1.2 1 Physical features 1.3 2 Geology, rock and soil 1.4 3 Climate, rainfall,temperature and humidity 1.5 4 Forests 1.6 5 Forest cover 1.6.1 6 landuse categories 1.7 7 Area,populalion and socio-economic profiJe 1.8 8

CHAPTER: II DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY: Maps 2.1 13 Gridding of maps 2.2 13 Precision and accuracy ot survey 2.3 14 Marking of plot centre 2.4 14 laying out of the plot 2.5 14 Data collection 2.6 14 Plot approach form 2.6.1 15 Plot description form 2.6.2 15 Plot enumeration form 2.6.3 15 Sample tree form 2.6.4 16 Bamboo enumeration and bamboo weight 2.6.5 16

CHAPTER: III DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION: Data processing 3.1 17 Manual processing 3.1.1 17 Processing on Electronic Computer 3.1.2 17 Are a 3.2 18 Calculaliuon of growing stock 3.3 18 . Volume table 3.3.1 18 Tree volume 3.3.2 19 Plot volume 3.3.3 20 Stand tables 3.4 20 Analysis of growing stock 3.5 20 Err a r computation 9. 6 20 ( ii)

Para Page No. No. CHAPTER: IV RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY:

P.D.F.Analysis (Analysis of Plot Description Form) 4.1 21 Distribution of forest by landuse classes 4.1.1 22 Distribution of forest area by legal status 4.1.2 22 Distribution of forest area by topography 4.1.3 23 Distribution of forest area by aspect 4.1.4 23 Distribution of forest area by slope 4.1.5 23 Distribution of forest area by rockiness 4.1.6 24 Distribution of forest area by soil consistency 4.1.7 24 Distribution of forest area by soil texture 4.1.8 25 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion 4.1 .9 25 Distribution of forest area by origin of stand 4.1.10 25 Distribution of forest area by crop composition 4.1.11 26 Distribution of forest area by size classes 4.1.12 26 Distribution of forest area by regeneration 4.1.13 27 Distribution of forest area by injuries to crop 4.1.14 27 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence 4.1.15 27 Distribution of forest area by grazing incidence 4.1.16 28 Distribution of forest area by plantation potentiality 4.1.17 28 Distribution of forest area by canopy layer 4.1 .18 28 Distribution of forest area by degradation status 4.1 .19 29 Tree density study 4.2 29 Stratum I upto 900 m.altitude, high forest 4.2.1 29 Stratum II 901 to 1500 m.altitude, high forest 4.2.2 30 Stratum III 1501 to 2400 m.altitude,high forest 4.2.3 31 Stratum IV 2400 m.and above altitude,high forest 4.2.4 31 Stratum V plantation forest 4.2.5 32 Total stems 4.3 32 Volume studies 4.4 34 Stratum I upto 900 m altitude 4.4.1 34 Stratum II 901 to 1500 m altitude 4.4.2 34 Stratum III ,1501 to 2400 m altitude 4.4.3 35 Stratum IV, 2401 m and above altitude 4.4.4 35 Stratum V, Plantation ,irrespective of altitude 4.4.5 36 Distribution of volume by different dia.classes 4.4.6 36 Total volume 4.5 37 Error calculation 4.6 38 (i ii)

Page No.

CHAPTER: V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 39

COMPARISON WITH PAST SURVEY RESULTS 40

BIBLIOGRAPHY 42

LIST OF TOPOSHEETS USED IN DARJEELING DISTRICT 43

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 44

LIST OF MAPS. DIAGRAMS AND CHARTS

1. Map of India showing project area in Darjeeling District. (Map No.1.) 2. Map of West Bengal showing project area in Darjeeling District. (Map No.2) 3. Inventory Design( Diagram No.1) 4. Darjeeling District showing grids,roads and rivers.( Map No.3) 5. Darjeeling District, Grids surveyed showing strata.(Map No.4) 6. Darjeeling District,Grids surveyed showing landuse classirication.( Map No.5) 7. Pie chart showing distribution of forest area by land use. 8. Pie chart showing distribution of forest area by crop composition. 9. Pie chart showing distribution of forest area by size classes. 10. Bar charts showing distribution of total stems and total volume by diameter classes (altitude 900 m and below, 901 m to 1500 m, 1501 m to 2400 m, 2400 m and above, Plantation irrespective of altitude ). FOREST INVENTORY AT A GLANCE (DARJEELING DISTRict)

1. Geographical area 3149 sq.km. 2. Forest area 1204 sq.km. 3. a) Percentage of forest area to the geographical area: 38.23 b)Percentage of the forest area of the district to lotal forest area 10.14 of the Stale 4. a) Percentage of dense forest area to the total forest area of the district( canopy density 70% and above) 22.31 b) Percentage of rT'lOderately dense forest area to the total forest area of the district (canopy density 30-69%) 43.85 c) Percentage of open forest area to the total forest area of the district (canopy density 5-29% ) 21.54 d) Percentage of scrub forest area to the total for.est area of the district 3.08 e) P~rcentage of balTlboo brakes area to the total forest area of the district Negligible. f) Percentage of area of young plantation of foreslry species to the tolal forest area of the district 3.85 g) Others(grass land, barren land, habitation, water l;>odies etc.within forest area) 5.37

5. Tree data:

i) No.of stemslha.(in 80S;) 237.748 ii) Total stems('OOO nos.) 28624.948 iii) Volume/ha.(in m3). 124.482 iv) Total volume('OOO m3) . 14987.697 CHAPTER: f

INTRODUCTION

1.0 General:

Assessment :of forest resources, both. ql!~n~itative and qualifative, is made by' Forest 'Survey of Ifldia. at periodical intervals ~y , carrying out ground inventory. This 'exercise gives information on Jorest· resoUrces within specified limits of ,precision so ,as, tq ~nsure t~at the, data/information are useful for ,State and National leVel plal1ning.. N~JI;JJ~lIy, these outputs integrated together, form the basis of.de'ielop!11el}t p.L~Dning and management of this important resource in the largerJnter~~ts of society· and nation as a whole. Inventories are carried out as per statistical design aaopted arid this design depends on. 'several aspects, suc!). ·a~ objectives of inventory, priorities assigned, nature of p~oblems to. be solved. The pres,e~t inventory of Darjeeling district was 'und~rt~,k~n by r9res, ~urvey ) of India, Ea'stern Zone, Calcutta in the year 1992~~3. _

1.1 Situation and boundary of project 'area:

The project area is' the foresf.area(r,ecorded as 1204 sq.km.) of 'Darjeeling ,district within the limits 'of 260 27' and 270 13' north latitud~s a~d 8r59' and 88°53~ ,east longitudes. The .district is bO,u'nded ,by N~pal on soUth-West, o'n the south by West Qinajpur inte[c;epted . RY ~t'le Mahananda 'river and on the ea'st by Bangladesh and Jalpaiguri district. The surveyed area falls in three forest division's viz.Oarjeeling forest div'ision, Kalimpong forest divn.,and Kurseong forest division.

'1.2 Brief history of tho nrea :

'The' name Oarjeeling is thought to be a derivation of "Oprjeli[lg", meaning the place of the Dorje, ·the majestic thunaer.b.olt of I.he ,1amaist religion', In fact, the Jamcius Buddhist' Mona~tery 'standing at the, top .of the observatory hill was' knqwn by. this name:, The qistrict was, the part of .the dominions of 'the Raja ,of S ikkifn upto the beginning .of th~ 18th, C~n~LJry. The preserit Kalimpong sub..,division of the district was taken f~om th~ Raja of the Sikkim by the Bhutanese in 1706. The Gorkhas .seized power- in ,Nepal and invaded Sikkim in '1780 .and 'overran Slkkim next thirty years. ' The present district of Darjeeling is. a creati,on of the J)i.nele .en~h , century by the British Indian Govt.. In 1817., th.e. :East' Inc.tia_ CqJJ1P.?f"!y struggled with Himalayan ,States on behalf of Raja of Sikkim. The Raja of Sikkim restored the coun'try Q~twee.n the Mechi and the Tista i,i.v~rs< .This wa~ the result of lhe. treaty cif Tilaliya,of 1817. Ten years :after .the Jeeaty, gisputes on the Sikkim- Nepal frontiers arose a'nd the then .Governor Gene[a.1 s~flt tWQ Officers viz,Captain. 2

Lloyd and Mr. Grant. They recommended the present place of Darjeeling as a site for a sanatorium. The Governor General then deputed Captain Herbert, the Oy.Surveyor General to examine the country. The court of Directors approved the project. . General lloyd was directed to start negotiations with Raja of Sikkim and he' succeded in obtaining the execution of a deed grant by the Raja of Sikkim on 18th February, 1835.

The district was in the Rajshahi sub-division till October, 1905 and as a sequence of Bengal partition in 1905, the district was transferred to the Rajshahi division in March, 1912. The district was formerly a Non­ Regulation district, that is, Acts and Regulations did not come into force in the district in line with rest of the country unless they were extended to it. Darjeeling had no representation in the legislative Council. It was excluded and declared a backward tract. In 1935, the district was made partially excluded area by act.

The freedom movement in the district was much tempered by its moderate political ideology. One outstanding incident connected with the "terrorist movement" was the attempt on the life of Sir John Anderson, the Governor of Bengal, on May 8, 1934 by Bengali terrorists. The district with the rest of India attained independence as part of India in August 1947. According to the Constitution of India, the district no longer enjoys special privileges and all statutes, except the Bengal Tenancy act in certain of its particulars, apply to it. However, the recent movement has led to the formation of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council. This has resulted in more autonomy at the regional level with the partiCipation of local people through their elected representatives by forming local council for management and development of the area.

1.3 Physical features:

The Oarjeeling district with a geographical area of 3,149 sq.kms., is an irregular triangle in shape. The northern boundary commences on the west at the peak of Phalut nearly 3657.6 meters high, the junction of the boundaries of Nepal and Sikkim. This boundary runs east from Phalut along a ridge descending to the Ramam river. From there, the boundary follows the course of that river until it joins the Rangit and then follows the great Rangit until it reaches the Tista. Proceeding east of that junction, the boundary follows the Tista upstream until its junction with the Rangpochu, thence it proceeds first up the Rongpochu and then up the Rushattchu, thence the Rushattachu and Sikkim and Bhutan boundary as marked by pillars to the Nechu, then the Nechu to its junction with the Dochu or Jaldhaka, thence in that river southward until the Jalpaiguri district is reached in the Khumani forest.

On the west, the district is bounded by Nepal. From Phalut, the western boundary follows the southward ridge until it joins the Mechi river which continues as the boundary right upto the plains, thence by the boundary of Nepal the south-western corner of the district. On the south lies 3

the districts of Purnea and West Dinajpur intercepted by the Mahananda river and on the east, the district ;s bounded by 8angaladesh and the Jalpaiguri district. Th~ natural features consist of a portion of the outlying Ilills of lowor Hilllllloy09 and 0 str otch or torritory lying olol1g tho bose of 1116 hills known as the Tarai. The Tara; is only 91 meters high above sea level, but there are parts of the district in the hills which are nearly 3657.6 meters high. The hill portion of the district is like a labyrin\l1 of ridges and narrow valleys. There are no open valleys or plains or lakes. Most of the ridges are forest clad and in the lower slopes, tea plantations and the crop cultivation are done.

The rivers of the district drain ultimately to the south, through the west to ridge across it causes a series of Tista tributaries rising on its northern face to flow northwards and others flow east or west before joining the main river. The rivers of the district are, Tista which rises in glacier in north Sikkim, 21 000 ft above sea level, Great Rangit, Jaldhaka, Mahanadi, Balason and Mechi.

1.4 Geology. Rock and soil

Geologically, the district may be divided into four tracts. which are, from north to south, the hard rock area, the bhabar belt, the Tarai belt and the alluvial plains. In the hard-rock region, the southern portion is covered with sedimentary rocks while the northern part is composed of Metamorphic rocks. The Bhabar bell comprises rock-fragments, big boulders and fine grained clastics derived from the hard-rock area and is characterised by rather steep slopes, bouldary surfaces and forests of tall trees. The terai belt is the zone of rejected recharge and as such, has developed swampy condition and is composed mostly of coarse granular materials alternating with finer clastics. The alluvium consists of a succession of layers of sand, silt and clay with occasional gravel beds and lenses of peaty organic malter. The thickness of the alluvium is variable but it is supposed to increase towards the south.

The superposition of the stratigraphical units found in the district is the result of overfolding or overthrust of the mountains. The geological formations occurring in the area are shown below :

Recent Recent alluvium Pleistocene and subrecent Older alluvium,boulder beds and other sands and gravels (Orin formation)

UNCONFORMITY

Miocene and Pliocene Upper tertiary sandstones, Mud-stones,shales (Siwaliks) and pebble beds within bands of limestone and lignite. 4

F,\~LT CONTACT

Upper Paleozoic or permian Hard and sort sandstones,quartzites, (Damuda series or lower carbonaceous shales,sIates,limestones and semi­ Gondwana) anthracitic coal with basic intrusives.

THRUST FAULT

Pal eozoic(Pre-c8mbriall. J Buxa series of slntcs,schlsls,quartzites and dolomites as a narrow band. Archaeans(Daling and Darjiling gneiss,schists,slates and phyllites Oarjiling series) . with bands of qU31tziles and folialed granites.

The soils of the uplands is usually red and gritty while that of the plains is dark and more fertile. Along the banks of the Tista, silt or silty loam predominates. Red and yellow soils have developed on the gneisses and schists in the higher slopes of the Darjeeling Himalaya. The greater portion of the hill area lies on Oarjeeling gneiss which most commonly decomposes into a stiff reddish loam but may also produce almost pure sand or a stiff red clay. River alluvium is found in the southern most part of the district. The commonest form of alluvial soils in this area is light sandy loam, the fertility of which varies according 10 its different types. The Podzolic soils in the hilly areas are suitable for cultivation of tea. The brick-red coloured clayey-loam soil is found on the surface of the Piedmont drift formation. Parent material variations exert a stronger influence on soil characteristics of the Darjeeling Himalayas than climate or vegetation.

1.5 Climate, raillfaU, temperature and humidity:

The Oarjeeling district presents a great variation of climate. As the district consists of two distinct tracts, the ridges and deep valleys of the lower Himalayas and the altitude varies between 300 m and 3,600 m. rn the Tista valley, the climate is substropical while in the hills, it is temperate. The bulk of the forest areas witness temperate climate although considerable local changes in the configuration and aspect influence the climatic condition which often varies through a wider range. The winter in Darjeeling is extremely cold and extends from December to March. The Summer spreads from April to mid June and during this period, Darjeeling is delightfully cool. The rainy months are June to September when most of the rainfall occur with appreciable amounls in May and October as well. The annual rainfall and the maximum and minimum temperature as furnished below, give a fair idea of climatic condition prevailing there.

Annual rainrall (il1ll1ililllctersl

Slalions Annual Normal 1990 1991 1992 Darjeeling 3212 3810 3843 2729

Source: Agricultuml Meteorological Seclion,W.B. and Meteorological DcpU.Govl.of Illdia. 5

, f Maximum and Minimum temperatureCin celsius) Stations 1989 I 1990 1991 Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min Kallmpong 25' 7 28 8 30 4 Darjeellng 35 15 30 2 34 3 ------... ----~ .. ----... --....------._------_._----- Source: (1 )Directorate of Regional Meteorological Centre,and (2) Statistical Hand Book,1992.Bureau of Applied Economics and Statistics,GovLor West Bengal.

Over the northern tracts of the district, the atmosphere is highly humid throughout the year, the relative humidity ranging between 90 and 95 percent during the rainy season. In the low-lying tracts to the South, the relative humidity is slightly less, the driest months there being March and April when they vary between 45 and 60 percent.

1.6 For est s :

(A) Natural forests:

The natural forests of Oarjeeling district may be grouped into following broad categories: a) Tropical semi-evergreen forest

These type of forests are restricted to foothills. The important species are Michelia champaca, Terminalia myriocarpa, Ailanthus grandis, Phoebe species. All these species yield valuable commercial timbers. b) Tropical moist deciduous forest:

Moist deciduous forests have Shorea robusta as important species. Among its associates, the species like Michelia champaca, Schima wallichii and Chukrassia velutina which are interspersed with riverain forests of Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo and Bombax ceiba, exist. c) Sub-tropical hill forest:

These forests occur upto an elevation of 1.824 m (refer under sub-tropical broad-leaved hill forests by Champion and Seth, 1968). The common species are Betula cylindrostachys and Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii and Engelhardtia spectata etc. G d) Eastern Himalayan wet temperato forest:

These forests occur from about 1,824 m and extend upto 3000 m (refer under Montane wet temperate forests by Champion and Seth, 1968). The major species are Michelia excelsa, Abies densa, Tsuga brunoniana and species of Machilus, Acer, Quercus(oaks) etc. e) Alpine forest:

These forests are found over 3000 rfl (refer sub-alpine, dry and moist alpine forests of Charnpio'n and Seth, 1968). The characteristic stunted species are Rhododendron, Salix, Berberis, often Junipers, Abies and Tsuga.

(8) Manmade Forests:

The valuable indigenous species form the main component of the plantations in the district. An exotic conifer, Cryptomeria japonica, has done exceedingly well in the hill forests of the Darjeeling district. Other exotic conifers like Pinus petula, Cupressus species etc. have also shown great promise in the region.

1.6.1 Forest cover:

A rapid forest cover appraisal using satellite imageries gives a fair idea of forests and forest cover in the district.

Forest Survey of India has been assessing forest cover of the entire country on a 2 year cycle through interpretation of satellite data. The statewise and district-wise data on the extent of forest cover (both dense forests and open forests) are also given in the publication named "State of Forest Report". The last such report was published in 1993 which incorporates data interpreted and checked in field during 1990-92. According to this report, extent of dense forests and open forests in Darjeeling district amounts to 1093 sq. krn. and 362 sq.krn. respectively and tile total forest cover is assessed at 1455 sq.km. in the district.

A second set of data has been generated by forest cover mapping by West Bengal State through digital image processing of Indian Remote Sensing satellite data and forest change detection studies on nine districts of West Bengal through digital image processing between 1988 and 1991 which were accomplished in joint colloboration between Forest Department, West Bengal and Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Kharagpur, Indian Space Research Organisation, Government Of India. The findings of this project are summarised below : District: Darjeeling: "Illu'nl!llnl "rlt .. 19HH AI'I"'ni~1I1 ~l'lIr 1991 (icograpiticallllca{Sll·klll.) J 1·1l) )149 Recorded foreSI(sq.klll.) .­ 1204 1204 % of recorded foresl CO\'er .1IUJ 38.23 Fvrcsllll ca as per ItS.u.lIa 1609, (i(, IG7() . ~2 % of forest cover 51.11 53.05

Source: Report on forest change detection studies between 1988 and 1991 based on Satellite Imageries conducted by Forest Deparlment,Govl.of W.B.and . RRS.S.C.Kharagpur,Govl.of India.

The forest cover of 1670 sq. km. appraised for the year 1991 in the above table includes 1057.98 sq.km. on dense forests, 391.24 sq.km.of open forests and 221.30 sq.km. of rivers water bodies within forest areas. Excluding the water area within forests, the extent of forest cover amounts to 1449.22 sq.km. which is not much different from that assessed by F.S.1.

1.7 Landuse categories:

The study. based on satellite Imageries, conducted by Forest Oepartment,W.B. and R.R.S.S.C. Kharagpur, reveals the following information.

Category/Class Appraisal year· 1991 2 Area (km ) Percentage

Dense Sal 279.39 8.87 Dense mixed forest 120.02 3.81 Open Sal 67.09 2.13 Open mixed forest) 147.91 4.70 Mixed bamboo '-"'1 25.17 0.80 Dense broad leaved 240.64 7.64 Open broad-leaved 136.20 4.33 Dense conifer/oak 209.50 6.65 Open conifer/oak 40.04 1.27 Alpine meadow 26.43 0.84 Rhododendron 40.21 1.28 Teak 143.05 4.54 Village orchards 66.77 2.12 Orange orchards 3.82 0.12 Tea gardens 408.26 12.97 Degraded 104.50 3.32 Agriculture 873.66 27.75 Waterbodics 63.65 2 .02 Sandy areas 83.70 2.66 Landslide 27.62 0.88 Rock outcrop 19.25 0.61 Built upmeCls 20.65 0.66 Uncia ssi Ii ed/oille rs 1.17 0.04 Tolal: 3148.74 100.00 8

An abstract of the above table Is furnished below:

Category Area in sq.km. Percenla_g_e Dense forests 1057.96 33.60 Open forests 391.24 12.42 RiversIWater bodies' within forest 221.30 7.03 areas Others 1473.22 46.95 Tolal area 3148.74 100.00

1.8 Area, population and socia-economic profile:

The relevant information on area and population are given below: ------_--- District Population as Geographical Recorded forest Percentage of per 1991 Area area forests Census (in sq.km) (ill sq.km.) ------Darjeeling 13,36,000 3149 1204 ------38.23 The population pressure has greally increased in the district over the years. This trend may be seen in the table given below: ---_ ------Subject As Qer Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 Total popula- 460 625 782 1024 1336 tion( In'OOOs) Density of 149 203 254 325 424 population (no.of persons per sq.km.) ------Such demographic pressure has resulted into enough pressure on existing resources including the forest resources in the area. The distribution of population in different categories of occupation as per 1991 Census is given below:

------Occupation ( in nos.) Cultivators Agricultural Household Marginal Other Non labourers industries workers workers workers Rural 1,08,176 47.005 3,405 9,378 1,57.413 6 ,00,038 Urban 1,109 1,737 3,362 919 1,18,555 2,84,521

The literacy rates (for ages above 5) among males and females in the district have been recorded as 58.1 % and 36.2% respectively.

As far as composition of the population is concerned. the Nepalese constitute the largest group. Others include Lepcha, Bhutia, Tibetan (mostly Khampas) Sikimese, tribes from Indian plains(like oraon,Munda,Santhal and Malpaharia)BengaJi, Christian.s etc. 9

Agriculture and irrigation

The physical c6nfiguration of the district makes agricultural conditions extremely diverse. While the Terai contains stretches of alluvial soil admirably suited for rice cultivation, there are also poor sandy tracts which cannot be brought under cultivation. Nothing except scrub jungle grows on the stony inclines but the land is of good fertility on the gentler slopes and in the upper valleys. No crops are usually grown above 3000 m .:,' -; ~.~ sea level owing to cold. Potatoes are grown upto that height but the' upper limits for rice, maize and millet are much lower. Tea usually does not grow above 2200 m. The crops of the district fall into two groups. the plantation crops like tea and Cinchona and Non plantation crops like rice. maize, potato, wheat, barley and Sugarcane. Rice is grown extensively in the plains of the district while maize, potatoes and Cardamoms are grown in the hills wherever practicable. Subsidiary crops like cotton. jute,pulses,oil seeds and sugarcanes are also grown in the plains. The Darjeeling tea is much acknowledged tea crop of India. The tea gardens cover an area of 408 sq.km. of area.

As far as irrigation is concerned, the two big projects - the Jaldhaka project (which is mainly a hydroelectric undertakings) and the Tista valley project(which extends irrigational benefits) provide enough scope for exploitation. As per 1988 report of State water investigation Directorate of W.B, there are 4 deep tubewells, 21 Electric Shallow tubewells, 99 diesel shallow tubewells and 692 manual shallow tubewells in the district. There are also 303 dug wells. The area irrigated by GovLcanals in the district is as follows:

Year Area ( in hectares) 19aO-81 813 1985-86 2323 1988·89 7764 1989-90 5651 1990-91 647 1991·92 546 Source: Irrigation and Waterways Dlrectorate,W.B.

It may be noted that only 10.82 percent of the lotal cultivable land in the district are irrigated. Horticulture:

A large variety of fruits such as Pine apples, Oranges, Plums,Peaches,Apples etc. are grown in the valleys and on the slopes under moderate rainfall. None of the these except the Oranges are of excellent quality. The better orangeries usually occur at elevations of 650 m to 1300 m. The traditional orange orchards cover about 3.82 sq.km. of area. Mirik in Kurseong SUb-division is supposed to be the most flouri~hing orange growing area in the district. 10

Industries:

There are' no large scale industries in the district. But the small scale industries have ·been flourishing all over the district. In 1990, there were 211 registered working factories and the total nos. of workers in these factories were 10,355. A large no.of these factories i.e. 116 of them belong to Tea industry, meant for tea processing. Thus, the tea industry is the main industry of the district. After tea, Cinchona is the most important plantation industry,. Small scale industries like Rice and Flour Mill, Hand~aft, woodcraft, furniture, shoe-making, Bakery, Tailoring,Radio and batteries, weaving, Engineering goods, Printing press, Book binding etc. have also come up. Since a considerable area come under forests, the wood based industries like Saw mills, plywood and furniture making factories have also been set up. Other important industries of this area relate to Fruit preservation and canning, Umbrella assembly, soap making etc. Among the cottage industries, the principal products of utility are blankets, woolen knitUed articles, handloom fabrics, kukris, various indigenous tools, mats and ropes etc.

Trade and Commerce:

The main items of district's imports are rice, wheat, pulses, sugar, potato, oils, salt, chillies, spices, molasses and other items of consumption and household utility.

There are some trade centres dealing with the chief items of agricultural produce of the district. The Tista, Rambi and Panighata deal mainly with Oranges. The seed potatoes are sold from Bijanbari, Darjeeling and Ghum. The Cardamom are brought to Sukhiapokri market first and then exported to different places of the country through Sonada and Kalimpong. There is a wholesale market at Siliguri from where the large quantity of Pineapples are exported. The Jute are exported from Siliguri , Naxalbari and Khribari market. The district produces quality tea which are exported to foreign countries also. The district is rich in forest products and these are exported to different parts of the country. In addition, the district is sol~ producer of Quinine salts, Cinchona febrifuge powder and tablets and tota quina tablets which are exported.

The geographical pOSition of the district has led it to maintain close commercial relations with Nepal and Bhutan also.

Rail. Road and Aviation:

Of the four sub-divisions, three are connected by rail. Siliguri, the sub-divisional headquarters is connected by North East Frontier railway. The sub-divisional headquarters and a large portion of it and the district HQ.,Darjeeling are connected by Siliguri- Darjeeling Section of N.F.Railway. II

Darjeeling because of its strategic location has a very good network of roads. The Tista valley road, a distance of 75 kms. was built in 1850. This road connects Slliguri with Rongpo. The old military road or Pankhabari road constructed in 1842, was the first modern long distance road in the district under British ru_le. The Hill Cart road, some 17.70 kms. long, from Darjeeling to the cane bridge over Rangit river, about 1829 meters below Oarjeeling town, is an excellent hill road in the district. The Tista p-ftdge served as an important junction where the roads to Darjeeling and Kalimpong met with the Tista valley road. There is a 32 kms. long road connecting Kalimpong with Tista bridge by bridging the Tista. This road is known as Rishi road. The district covers 66 kms. National Highways and 171 kms. State Highways. The most important thorough fare in the district is NH 31 (Ganges Darjeeling Road). The NH 37 , 31 A, 30, 33,34 and 2 have met in Siliguri which in turn, has become a most important commercial node of N.Bengal. The Public Works Deplt., Govt.of W.B., maintained 799 kms. of road in 1992.

The 8agdogra Airport near Siliguri (96 kms. from OarjeeJing)connects Darjeeling by air.

Tourism:

Darjeeling is a well known place for tourism. It is considered as one of the most attractive hill stations of the country. One cannot only see a magnificient landscape and views of mountains and forests but will find within its limits parks, gardens and museum. The notable places in the town are Lloyd Botanical gardens, Natural History museums, Himalayan Mountaineering Institute and Himalayan Zoological park. Other important places to be seen are Tiger hill(2590 m),Ghoom Monastery, Batasia loop, Lebong racecourse, Tea Estates, Observatory hill, Senchal Lake, Dhirdham temple etc. The tomb of General Lloyd and the tomb of Alexander Cosma De Koros at Darjeeling have been declared as centrally protected monuments.

The next interesting spot of the district is KaHmpong (elevation ranging between 1200 m and 1696 m). Another place of interest is Kurseong ( at an elevation of 1481 m). The peaks of Kanchanjunga are viewed through the gap between Ghum and Senchal. Damsong in Kalimpong P .S. contains old fort of Bhutanese origin. Mirik situated at an elevation of 1524 m is an attractive tourist spot. It has a Lake with charming forests. Phalut is situated at an elevation of 3596 m at the extreme North-west corner of the district. The place offers the magnificient views of snowy peaks and glaciers. Situated at an elevation of 3650 m, Sandakphu commands the finest view of Himalayas. In the background, it has the view of Kanchanjunga. 12

Administrative set -UP,:

The administrative set up is basicany the same as followed by and large in other districts of W. B. and other States:

There are 19 no.of Gram Panchayats, 2 nos. of Panchayat Samiti and one no.of Zila parishad in the district. One remarkable feature of Darjeeling is the formation of Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council which is working through their representatives by forming local council for management and development of the area. 13

CHAPTER: II

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Field inventory is one of the major activities of Forest Survey Of India. The main objective of the field inventory is to collect qualitative and quantitative information about the forest resources within certain specified precision limits required to serve the data needs of development planning and management. r The approved manual of instructions for field inventory by Forest Survey Of India, Oehradun, has been followed for carrying out the survey work. The areas treated as forest areas for the purpose of inventory are:

areas shown in green wash on the Survey of India toposheets, all areas shown as thick jungle, thick forest, dense jungle, open forest, open forest with bamboos etc. all areas indicated by dotted line,spotted line or a pillar line as 'forest areas.

other areas reported to be forest areas by local Forest Department.

SAMPLING DESIGN:

2.1 Maps:

Latest available toposheets of Survey of India on 1: 50,000 scale have been used (list of toposheets at page 43).

2.2 Gridding of maps:

The design is systematic grid sampling with grid distance of 2%' x 2%' of latitude and longitude with two sample plots selected from each grid, one at random and the other linked to the first in the~.opposite direction at an

I equal distance from the grid centre(refer diagram No\ ~ ) Thus, 72 plots were laid down in a toposheet consisting of 36 grids on 1 :50,000 scale. Hence, one square shaped sample plot of 0.1 ha. represents about 10 sq.km. on the ground and the intensity of sampling is 0.01 %. The length of each side of square shaped plot on the ground was 31.62 m whereas that on toposheets of scale, 1:50,000, is 0.6324 mm or say 0.6 mm. 14

2.3 Precision apd accuracy of survey

The result of the survey would bear 10% precIsIon at 95% probability level. For smaller area like Darjeeling District, it is expected to be more than the prescribed limit.

2.4 Marking of 'plot centre

The method of marking of the plot centres of these two sample plots on the,maps in each grid of 2Y:/ x 2Yz' is as under :-

First, the length and width of each grid are measured to smallest convenient scale." The length 9f the side of the plot as on the map corresponding to 0.1 ha. square plot on the· ground is calculated. Let X and Y be the length and width of the grid and S the length of the side of the plot. Substract side'S' from both sides i.e. find (X-S) and (Y-S). Let these numbers be X· and Y'. Two random numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and the other in the range of 0 to Y' are selected which gives the co-ordinates of South west corner of the plot. These numbers were called x and y respectively. Half of the side of the plot (S/2) each are added to find x+S/2 and y + S/2. Then x +S/2 and y + S/2 will be the co-ordinates of the centre of the first plot in the grid considering left hand bollom corner( Le.,SW corner) of the grid as origin of the axes. The centre of the second plot is located by joining the centre of the first plot with the grid centre (sampling unit) and extending this line in the opposite direction. A point at an equal distance from the grid centre in the opposite direction is marked which will be the centre of the second plot.

Thus, it may be seen that the sampling design adopted was a random sampling with grids as sampling units having a cluster of two plots.

2.5 Laying out of the plot :-

The plot centre is the intersection of diagonals of 0.1 ha.plot. Diagonals are aligned NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m each. After having approached the plot centre with the help of toposheets and reference point, corners of the plot are fixed with respect to the plot centre by measuring 22.36 m.in each of the directions viz.North-East,North­ West,South-East and South-West from the plot centre. The north, east south and western extremities of the plot are fixed by measuring 15.81 m (..J22 .. 36 2 12)m from the plot centre in each of these directions(see diagram.1.)

2.6 Data collection

Data were collected by inventory crew& each of which was headed by a crew leader. Field data are collected on prescribed forms. A prominent reference point as close to the plot centre as possible is selected. 15

This reference must appear on the map and should be clearly identifiable on . the ground. The reference points are usually in the form of some physical features such as

i) bench marks ii) triangulation points iii) old bridges and culverts iv) old temples, mosques and churches v) junctions of rivers or streams, roads etc. vi) milestones/kilometre stones vii) springs, ponds and wells, viii) prominent topographical features in hilly areas. ix) boundary pillars(internalional,state,district, forest etc.)

The data were collected in the following prescribed forms:

2.6.1 Plot approach form :-

It gives delails regarding the approach to the plot. Every detail starting from the camp site to the plot centre is recorded. Conspicuous reference point is mentioned alongwith bearings which could be a convenient aid to reach the plot. It is filled up by the crew leader as he proceeds from the camp to the sample plot and as he returns to the camp. This is only a descriptive form and is not used for processing and analysis. The main intention in filling this form is to record proper guidance in locating the plot during checking or resurvey in future. These forms are kept only as a record.

2.6.2 Plot description form

The form contains data on land use, crop composition, top height, density. soil,locality factors, legal status, topography, terrain, bamboo quality, regeneration, biotic interference etc. in a surrounding area of two ha. around the centre of the sample plot.

2.6.3 Plot enumeration form :-

In this form diameter of trees and bamboos{species-wise) is recorded. The trees with 10 cm. diameter and above at breast height(over bark) only are enumerated. Dead trees with utility of less than 70% are not enumerated. Trees, the stem of which touch the NW-NE and NW-SW border lines of the plot are enumerated but trees with stem touching NE-SE and SW­ SE boundary lines are not counted. Enumeration commences from North­ West quadrant of the plot. All bamboo clumps occurring in a plot are serially numbered by a jet writer pen and a separate series oj numbers are used for each different bamboo species. Similarly, trees are numbered separately and enumerated simultaneously. The diameter of a bam.boo clump is measured at its base. 16

2.6.4 Sample tree form:

This form.is filled up alongwilh plot enumeration form. In this form, data of all sample trees with a diameter of 10 cm. and above at breast height over bark(OBHOB) from North - West quadrant are recorded. For each sample tree, diameter at breast height, bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape of tree etc. are recorded. Information abstracted from this form is written on a card and such cards are nailed to the respective trees with the data of that tree. Alternatively, necessary details are marked on the sample trees.

2.6.5 Bamboo enumeration and bamboo weight :.

For this purpose, the data of individuaf culms occurring in selected clumps are recorded in clump analysis form. The data of non clump forming bamboos are also collected separately in bamboo enumeration form (non-clump forming). For determining the correlation between green and dry weights of utilisable bamboo culm length, data are collected in Bamboo Weight" form.

Since the bamboos did not occur widely (over larger area with distinct presence) in Oarjeeling district for the purpose of our survey. the details of the kind of data collected there. have not been elaborated further. 17

CHAPTER : III

DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION

3.1 Data processing:

Data processing was carried out through a combination of manual processing and processing on electronic computer. This was accomplished in two stages as narrated in the following paragraphs:

3.1.1 Manual processing:

This comprises checking of field forms related to each mapsheet. The field forms are rirst checked thoroughly incorporating omissions and corrections if any. The field form data are maintained in a register where the total number of records to be transfered to the floppy in each C8:rd design are also indicated.

Manual processing, therefore, involves the following steps:

proper documentation of field forms filling in of missing codes in the field forms checking of the field data in respective columns reconciliation and correction of the field forms in consultation with the field officers.

3.1.2 Processing on Electronic computer

The inventory data were processed on PC486 Computer system installed in the Zonal omce of F .S.1. at CalcuHa.

The major steps involved in the computer processing are summarised hereunder:

verification and correction of data for the creation of a clean file and then, transference of the same to floppy disc. consistency checking of the data correction and incorporation of missing data,if any. calculation of stem distribution preparation of stand and stock lable volume estimation based on available data analysis of plot description data. 18

3.2 Area

The forest area recorded in the State Report on West Bengal Forests, 1989-90,has been taken for the assessment of forest resources of the district. Five major strata have been identified in these forest areas. Out of these, four strata have been identified on the basis of altitudinal variations as reflected in the distribution pattern of inventoried plots in different altitudinal classes. The Working Plan of the district was also consulted for the purpose. For the sake of convenience and proper representation, the Oak-Hemlock forest (2401 to 3000 meters altitude) and Alpine forest(3000 m and above) as reflected in the working plan, have been merged and a single stratum (in the altitudinal class of 2401 m.and above) has been constituted for the present inventory. Another stratum i.e. 5 th stratum has been formed for the areas dominated by plantation species. This stratum is irrespective of altitudinal classes and are spread all over the district.

The relevant forest area by strata and altitudinal classes are furnished hereunder :-

••••••••• **.**•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Strata Altitudinal classes(in meters) Forest area(in km2) % of total forest area of the dist. •••••••••• **...... *.****.*** •• **.****•• *** ••******* •• ***•• ***.*.* J 1 to 900 426.09 35.39 II 901 to 1500 92.59 7.69 III 1501 to 2400 157.36 13.07 IV 2401 and above 129.67 10.77 V Irrespective of altitude (ror plantation) 398.29 33.08

••••••• * ••*** •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Toefll: 1204.00 100.00

3.3 Growing stock:

3.3.1 Volume table

Volume table is required for estimating growing stock from stand data. In absence of felled tree data, local volume table was developed using the volume tables generated for the "Report on Plywood Resources of Singalila and Tonglu Ranges of Oarjeeling Division,W.B., 1974-75". The following local volume equations (as in the above report) were used. 19

local volume equations for tolal limber:

Wood having diameter 20 cm. d.o.b.& above for all categories of species.

Species Equations

Acer campbelll V = -0.3077 + 0.00078 0 2 Alnus nepaulensis V= 0.7287 - 0.042628 0+ 0.00137 0 2 Cinnamonum species V = - 0.3219 + 0.00073 0 2 Machilus gameiana V = - .0672 + 0.00063 0 2 Machilus odoralissima V = - 3.511 +0.0915 0 + 35.411 11 D Michella excelsa V = 3.4152 + 0.09020 +32.479 1 /D Quercus lamellosa V = - 9.246 +0.1650 D + 134.001/0 2 Quercus lineala V = 1.4402 +0.00082 0 - 0.3431 Jjj Phoebe species V = 0.7931 + 0 .0362 D Rest of species V = - 4.0496 + 0.1003 0 + 41.727 1/0

Where V = volume(m~ D =diameter (em)

Local volume equation for small wood:

The following volume equation was accepted for small wood i.e. wood having diameter of 20 cm. d.o.b.and below upto 5 cm.d.o.b. at the thick end to 5 em. d.o.b. at thin end of all categories of species. Local volume equation for small wood has been presented hereunder:

Species Volume equations

All species taken together V = - 0.0037 + 0.0312.,[" D

Thus, total wood =tolal timber + small wood.

3.3.2 Tree volume:

Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated with the help of volume tables. The enumerated tree volumes were converted to per hectare volumes and stored on the magnetic tape in the tree volume file together with species code, tree diameter, parameters of plot description forms, stems and volumes per hectare of the sample plots. This forms the basic file for generation of stock tables by species and diameter. 20

3.3.3 Plot volume: .

Volume of 'each en!Jmeraled tree in a plot, when added up for the whole plot provides for the plol volume. U is converted to per hectare and stored in the tree/plot volume file. These plot volumes are the bases for future estimation of sampling error.

3.4 Stand tables:

The estimates of tree I plot volume from the respective volume files were utilised to classify the trees by species and diameter, crop composition etc.

Similarly, estimate of number of sIems per hectare and total stems by species and diameter classes were stored in magnetic tape. It constituted the stern file for onward generation of the stand tables viz. stem/ha. by species and diameter and total stems by species and diameter.

3.5 Analysis or growing stock:

The growing stock data viz. volume / ha., stems per hectare by species and diameter classes are further analyzed by the various vegetative strata and tables are prepared accordingly. Information on contribution of main species, regeneration status, crop in exploitable class etc. are also made available from these tables. Once growing stock is estimated and exploitable diameter and rotation are prescribed, yield can be readily projected. Knowing wood constumption, wood balance also can be calculated.

3.6 Err 0 r

Statistical inference is incomplete without information on associated error. Hence, error has been calculated for every stratum. It is endeavoured that resolution should be to the stage of acceptable error. The error is in the range of .:t 10% for the entire State irrespective of the district. 21

CHAPTER: IV

'RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY

The results of the present inventory are based on the field survey of Oarjeeling district by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Calcutta during 1991-92. Data collected during field inventory were analysed and information were generated. The tables generated after analysis on computers are appended in Part II of this report. Important and relevant extracts from these tables have been produced in this chapter for necessary discussion. Plot data analysis has also been carried out. Out of a total of 146 plots, 130 plots were found to, be forested plots. The forest area has been stratified and analysed.

Area rigures amI number or sample plots in the surveyed area:

District Geographical area Forested area(sq.krn) No.of sample plots (sq.km.) (including plantation (forested) area) ------'------Darjeeling 3149 1204 130

The area of individual strata alongwilh the distribution of plots have been indicated below:

Strata Altitude in meter Forest area in km2 No.of olats(forested) I 1 to 900 426.09 46 II 901 to 1500 92,59 10 III 1500 to 2400 157.36 17 IV 2401 and above 129.67 14 V Irrespective of altitude (far 396.29 43 plantation) Total: 1204.00 130

The results of the inventory can be discussed in detail by way of P.D.F.analysis and stratum analysis for tree and bamboo crops.

4.1 P.D.F.Analysis (Analysis of Plot Description Form)

In P .D.F.analysis, the percentage occurrence of various characters is worked out and the required information is generated. The plot data collected during inventory in respect of soil, terrain condition, crop etc. were anafysed. The outcome of the same are summarised below;- 22

4.1.1 Distribution of forest area by landuse classes :­ J The pattern of utilisation of lanQ in the forest area of Oarjeeling district was analysed, 'the summary of which is produced below :

Code Land use Description No.of Area Percentage plots (sQ.km.) 01 Dense tree forest Forest with canopy 29 266.62 22.31 density 70% and above 02 Moderately dense Forest with canopy 57 527.96 43.85 tree forest densily.30% to 69% 03 Open tree forest Forest with canopy 28 259.34 21.54 density 5 to 29% 04 Scrub forest Forest with canopy 4 37.06 3.06 density less than 5% 05 Bamboo brakes Areas completely - - - covered with bamboo 06 Shifting cultivation Areas under current - - - as well as previous years shifting cultivation 07 Young plantation of - 5 46.35 3.65 forest species 08to Trees in line Trees along forest - - - 10 road canal banks, raHway lines and govt.grass land etc. 11 Barren land - 1 9.27 0.77 12 Aqriculluralland - - - - 13 Agricultural land with - - - - trees 14 Non-forest plantn. - - - - 15 Habitation - - - - 16 Water bodies - 2 16.54 1.54 18 Young crop of natural - - - - of arlilicial reqeneration Unrecorded - 4 36.84 3 .06 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.2 Distribution of forest area by legal status: Major portion of forest area comes under reserved category of forest. The percentage of protected forest and unclassed govt. forest are 2.31 % and 4.62% respectively. The following table shows the distribution.

Code Legal Status No.of I2lots Forest Percentage Area(sa.km.l 1. Reserved forest 118 1092.76 90.76 2. Protected forest 3 27.81 2.31 3. Unclassed govtJorest 6 55.62 4.62 4. National Dark - - - 5. Private forest 3 27.81 2.31 6. Private land with trees owned by Govt. - - - 7. Undetermined . ~ - Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 23

4.1.3 Distribution of forest area bv topography

The percentage of forest area by topography is given below:

Code Topography No.of plot Forest Percentage area(sQ . km~) 1 Flat 11 101.86 8 .46 2 GentlY rolli ng 14 129.67 10.77 3 Hilly 9 83.32 6 .92 4 Very hil!t_ 94 870.61 72.31 Unrecorded 2 18.54 1.54 130 1204.00 100.00

It clearly indicates that the area is very hilly and the percentage of flat area is very low.

4.1.4 Distribution of forest by aspect

The distribution of forest area by various aspect classes is stated below:

Code Aspect No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.} Percent'!.9_e 1 Northern 15 138.94 11.54 2 North-eastern 22 203.72 16.92 3 Eastern 9 83.32 6.92 4 South-ea stern 23 212.99 17.69 5 Southern 15 138.94 11.54 6 South-western 15 138.94 11.54 7 Western 7 64.77 5.38 8 North-we stern 14 129.67 10.77 9 No aspect 8 74.17 6.16 Unrecorded 2 18.54 1.54 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.5 Distribution of forest area bv slope:

The distribution of forest under different slope classes in Darjeeling district is stated below

SJ.No. Slope classification No.of plots Forest Percentage area(sq.km.) 1 Class-I(upto 30%) 37 342.66 28.46 2 Class-II(31 to 45%} 22 203.72 16.92 3 Class-III(46 to 60%1 24 222.26 18.46 4 Class-IV(61% & abovel 30 277.88 23.08 Unrecorded 17 157.48 13.08 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 24

4.1.6 Distribution of forest area by rockiness:

As per manual of instructions of F.S.1..Rockiness refers to the ,degree of presence of rock covering the land surface in 2 ha. area around the plot centre. Small pieces of broken stones, boulders and pebbles do not constitute rock. The percentage of forest area by rockiness classes is as under:-

Percentage Code Rockiness No.of plots Forest area(sq.km., 1 High 4 36.96 3.07 2 Medium 20 185.17 15.38 3 Low 12 111.13 9.23 4 No rock 92 852.19 70.78 Unrecorded 2 18.55 1.54 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 Most of the areas have no rock. Such observations may also be due to overlying soil and humus which cover rocks in and around forested plots. Therefore,rock outcrops are not frequently met with in surveyed area. The percentage of the area characterized with medium to low rocky condition is merely 24.61 %.

4.1.7 Distribution of forest area bV soil consistency

Consistency of soil is measured by recording the resistance offered by the soil to digging and rupture. Friable soils are those which crumble to even slightest pressure of the fingers. Those that require pick axes to dig. are classified as slightly compact soils. The soils in the surveyed area are found to be under the following categories

Code Soil consistency No.of plots Forest Percentage area(sq.km., 8.46 1 Friable 11 101.86 2 Slightly cornpact 114 1055.91 87.70 3 Compact 1 9.27 0.77 4 cemented - - - 5 No soil - - - Unrecorded 4 36.96 3.07 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

Majority of area corne under slightly compact category. 25

4.1.8 Distribution of.forest area by soil texture:

The dominant soil texture is loam followed by clayey loam and sandy loam.

Code Soil texture No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.) Percentage 1 Clayey ~ - - 2 Claye:,: loam 40 370.47 30.77 3 Loafll 73 676.05 56.15 4 Sandy loam 12 111.13 9.23 5 Sandy 1 9.27 0.77 6 No soil ~ ~ - Unrecorded 4 37.08 3.08 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.9 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion

Erosion means wear and tear of earth surface due to effect of wind,water and other agencies. Erosion status of surveyed area is judged by magnitude and frequency of rills, gullies, ravines and other such structures formed due to erosion. The extent of soil erosion is given below ;-

Code Soil erosion No.of plots Forest Percentage status area(sq.km.) 1 Heavy 64 592.73 49.23 2 Moderate 31 287.15 23.85 3 Mild 10 92.58 7.69 4 No erosion 21 194.45 16.15 Unrecorded 4 37.09 3.08 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

Most of the soil was recorded to be affected by heavy erosion followed by moderate erosion ..

4.1.10 Distribution of forest area by origin of stand

Most of the forests are of seed origin. The following table shows the distribution.

Code Origin of stand No.of plots Forest area{sq.km.) Percentage

1 Natural forest of 60 740.94 61.54 seed origin 2 Natural forest of 1 9.27 0.77 coppice origin 3 Manmade forest 43 398.28 33.08 Ullrecorded 6 55.51 4.61 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 26

4;1.11 DistriiJution of forest area iJy crop composition:

Forest area by crop composition have been divided into the following 6 types dominated by miscellaneous forest ( .:: 37% of total forest area). It is followed by upland hardwood (::18%) comprising Quercus lancefolia, Quercus pachyphylla, Castonopsis hystri x., Quercus lemolJosa, Machilus gammieana, Machilus odoratissima etc. and hard wood mixed with conifer comprising Rhododendron arboreum. Rhododendron griffithiaum, Rhododendron hodgysoni, Tsuga dumosa, Magnolia cambellii etc.

Code Crop No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.) Percentage composition 01-07 Conirer 12 111.13 9.23 08 Hardwood mixed 14 129.67 10.77 with conirers 09 Upland 23 212.99 17.69 hardwoods 10 Teak 15 138.94 11.54 11 Sal 12 111.13 9.23 20 Miscellaneous 48 444.64 36.93 forest Unrecorded 6 55.50 4.61 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.12 Distribution of forest area by size classes:

Depending on the use to which the tree crop of a stand can be put, the following classes have been distinguished :-

Code No.of Forest Percen- Description Size classes plots area tage (sq.km., 1 Regeneration Crop below 10 cm.dia. 9 83.32 6.92 predominating 2 Pole crop Crop between 10- 27 250.07 20.77 20cm.dia.predominaling 3 Small timber Crop between 20 to under 31 287.15 23.85 30cm. d ia. predominat i ng 4 Big timber Tree wHh d;a 30 em. and 34 314.85 26.15 over predominating 5 Mixed size Tree crop with no marked 23 213.11 1770 class domination of any size - Unrecorded 6 55.50 4 .61 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 27

4.1.13 Distribution or forest area by regencration :

Extent of. distribution of forest areas in various regeneration classes for the species mentioned in para no. 4.1 .11 may be seen in the table below :-

Code Intensity No.of plots Area(sq. km.) Percentage of regeneration 1 Adequate(More than 8 43 398.16 33.07 2 seedlings in 16 m ) 2 Inadequate(less than 8 66 611.27 50.77 seedlings) 3 Absent 4 37.08 3.08 Unrecorded 17 157.49 13.08 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.14 Distribution of forcst area by injuries to crop:

The major injuries to crop noticed during survey are given in tabular form below :

Code Injuries No.of plots Forest Percentage to CrOp(dcscr!E_tior!l areaJsq.km.) 1 Borer allack.damage 1 9.27 0.77 by otherfJesl epidemic 2 Top dying 1 9.27 0.77 3 Illicit felling 67 620.54 51.54 4 Scarring or trees . - . 5 Lo~~rorrodder 2 lB.54 1.54 6 Wind or lIood dmna~ 2 16.54 1.54 7 Wildlife or lig htening 16 148.21 12.31 d_all.!!1.u.c 8 No injlllY 35 324.12 26.92 Unrecorded 6 55.51 4.61 Total; 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.15 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence:

Percentage of area affected by fire incidence in the district is as under

Code Fire incidence No.of plots Forest Percentage area{sq.km.} 1 Heavy . - . 2 ModcrCltc 7 64.77 5.38 3 Occasional 32 296.42 24.62 4 No fire 85 787.30 65.39 Unrecorded 6 55.51 4.61 Total:- 130 1204.00 100.00 2R •

4.1.16 Distribution of forest area by grazing incidence:

The intensity of grazing for the district is as under

Code Type of grazing No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.) Percentage intensity 1 Heavy 6 55.50 4.61 2 Moderate 41 379.86 31.55 3 Light 53 490.87 40.77 4 No QraziflQ 24 222.26 18.46 Unrecorded 6 55.51 4.61 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

It can be concluded that medium to light grazing occurs over 72% of the forest area. Grazing causes harm to regeneration and also deteriorates soil conditions. It is, therefore. suggested that grazing should be minimized in areas of natural regeneration.

4.1.17 Distribution of forest area by plantation potentiality

Plantation potentiality can be judged by the following table

Percentage Code Plantation potentiality No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.) 1 Planlable 27 250.07 20.77 0.77 2 Unplantable 1 9.27 75.38 3 Not applicable 98 907.58 Unrecorded 4 37.08 3.08 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.1.18 Distribution of forest area by canopy layer :

Majority of area in the district is two storeyed followed by one storeyed forest. Area without storey are small and the same under three or more storeyed is 13.86% only. The following table shows the distribution.

Percentage Code Canopy layer No.of plots Forest area(sq.km.) 4.61 1 No storey 6 55.50 19.23 2 One storey 25 231.53 57.69 3 Two storey 75 694.59 13.86 4 Three or more 18 166.88 Unrecorded 6 55.50 4.01 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00 29

4.1.19 Distribution of forest area by degradation status

The degraded status of forest is reflected in the following table

Code Degraded status of forests No.of Forest Percentage plots area(sq;km.) A.Grazing rire,polfarding, iIIieil culling and lopping 11 Heavily degraded 17 157.48 13.08 12 ModeratelY d~graded 21 194.45 16.15 13 Mildly degraded 36 333.39 27.69 14 Not degraded 36 333.39 27.69

B. Other nalural calamities such as landslides, glaciers, flood, rainfall,natural mortality due to pathological and physiological features. 21 Heavily degraded 9 83.32 6.92 22 Moderately degraded 2 18.54 1.54 23 Mildly degraded 5 46.35 3.B5 24 Not degraded 1 9.27 0.77 Unrecorded 3 27.B1 2.31 Total: 130 1204.00 100.00

4.2 Tree density study:

The distribution of sIems per hectare which is furnished in Part II of this report has been claculated.(in Table No. 1.1 to 1.5). The number of stems per hectare by strata for the district are furnished below:

Stratum Altitude Status of forest No.of slems/ha.

I Upto 900 In High forest 178.519 II 901 to 1500m High forest 200.000 III 1501 to 2400m High forest 233.310 IV 2401 and High forest 352.294 above V Irrespective of Plantation 274.350 altitude For tile entire district 237.746

4.2.1 Tree density: StratuInpl,upto 900 m.altilude, High forest:

From tt,e analysis of the data in this s.lratum, the following conclusions may be drawn ---- 3U

a) The number of sterns per hectare in this stratum is 178.519 only. The concentration of trees in the lower diameter classes Le. 10-19cm. accounts for 48.10% of the total trees in the stratum followed by 22.24%, 10.54% and 8.07% in 20-29 cm. 30-39cm.,and 40-49cm. diameter classes respectively.

b) Therefore, it is evident, that about 70.34% of the total stems lie below 30cm.diameter class.

c) Shorea robusta is the principal species in this stratum along with various other associated species and contributes 24.22% of the total stems in the area and is present even upto 80-89 em.diameter class.

d) The stems per hectare and the percentage distribution of principal species of the stratum are given hereunder:

Name of the species No.of stems/Ita. Percentage

Shorea robust a 43.233 24.22 Castanopsis spp. 6.764 3.79 Syzygium cuminii 6.176 3.46 Schima wallichii 5.882 3.29 Careya arborea 3.529 1.98 Cedrela toona 3.529 1.98

4.2.2 Stratum-II, 901 to 1500 m.allitude.high forest:

From the analysis of the data in this stratum, the following inferences may be drawn regarding distribution of stems.

a) The number of stems/ha.in this stratum is 200.000 only. Like the previous stratum, stems are concentrated in 10-19 cm.diameter class followed by 20-29 em. and 30-39 cm.diameter classes. The percentage of stems in these diameter classes are 67.50%,13.75% and 8.75 % respectively.

b) It is also observed that stems are distributed over all the diameter classes except in 80-89 cm.and 90-99 cm. diameter classes.

c) Preponderance of trees in lower diameter classes is obvious. About 90.00% of stems lie below 30 em.diameter classes. The stem/ha.and percentage distribution of principal species of the stratum are given hereunder: 31

------_._-----_._------_____-...:...:Nnll!.!: (It :I~~,!_~ ~_'c_c_lc_s_N_u_._o_'_s II! III !i1l._IO_.___ Per c cilia Hc Schlllltl wCllllcl1il 46.250 23.13 Cnsl:H1opsls spp. 21.250 1 U.03 Elllyn jnpollicn 12.500 6.25 Mncoranga spp. 13.750 6.68

4.2.3 Stratum -III, 1501 to 2400 meter altitude,high forest:

In this stratum, the stems per heclare is recorded as 233.310. The following observations may be made from the distribution of stems in thjs stratum.

a) Stems are mostly concentrated in the lower diameter class of 10-19 cm. which constitutes 42.57% of the lotal stems in the stratum. b) Trees are present in all the diameter classes i.e. tllere is a representation of ailihe diameter classes in this stratum. c) Trees above 60 cm.dia.class constitute only 8.86% of the total number of stems. d) The main species in this stratum is Quercus lanceaefolia. Siems per hectare for some of the important species are as follows:

Species Nall1e No.of s t e..!_!Il.!.::1 S~II:..!,;l a~. __ --=-P~e r~c~e..:..:n..:..:ta:.::g=e Quercus lanceaefofia 25.997 11.14 Quercus pachyphylla 19.331 8.29 Rhododendron spp. 17.332 7.43 Eurya j

The following observations have been made in respect of this stratum: a) The number of stems per hectare is 352.294 b) Most of the stems are concentrated in the lower dia.classes,1 0- 19cm.dia.c1ass constituting 68.12% followed by 20-29 cm.and 30- 39cm.dia.c1asses wbich constitute 14.19% and 7.20% respectively. c) Trees are present over all the dia.Classes. d) The principal species in this stratum is Rhododendron arboreum followed by Abies pindrow, Rhododendron griffilhianum etc. Stems per hectare for some of the important species and their percentage distribution are furnished below: 32

Species Name Stems' ha. Percentage Rho(Jodcfldron arborculTl 159.224 45.20 Ables pilfdrow 61.536 17.47 Rhododendron griHithianum 42.306 12.01 Rhododendron hodgsoni 10.769 3.06 Syrnplocos laurina 10.769 3.06

4.2.5 Stratum - V, plantation forest

The salient features of this stratum are:

a) The number of stems per hectare in this stratum is 274.350

b) Like other strata, stems are mostly concentrated in 10-19 em. and 20-29 cm. diameter classes. 10-19 cm.dia.cJass constitutes 54.83% followed by 20-29cm.and 30-39cm.dia.classes which constitute 31.27% and 7.54% of the total stems of the stratum.

c) Trees are available in all the dia.classes. d) The stems per ha. and the percentage distribution of the principal species are given hereunder:

Name of the species No.of slemsfha•. Percentage

Cryptomeria japonica 64.402 23.47 Tectona grandis 60.915 22.20 Pinus spp. 17.903 6.53 Shorea robusta 15.610 5.76 Schima wallichii 14.648 5.34 ------. 4.3 Total stems:

The total number of stems in various strata have been furnished below :Tabel NO.2.1 to 2.5 may be refered in Part II of this report for details.

Stratum Status Altitude Total no.or of forest stems('OOO nos.)

I High rorest upto 900 m. 7606.501 II High forest 901 to 1500 m 1851.800 III High forest 1500 to 2400 m 3671.366 IV High forest 2400 m and above 4568.191 V Plantation (irrespective or altitude class) 10927.090 ------

Thus, the tolal number of stems in the Darjeeling district is estimated as 2,86,24,948 nos.with an average of 237.748 stems per hectare. 33.

The following table gives the lotal number of stems of major ',~p<;>cius ill tllo IIlJOVH !; :;tllitn £llullY with po/(.;uIltuyu uish il>utiull with IOspocl ~o lotal stems of the respective stratum:

a) Total stems,straturll-I

Species Total stems('OOOnos) Percentage with total stems of the respective stratum

Shorea robusta 1642.102 24.22 Castano psis spp. 288.220 3.79 Syzygium cuminil 263.157 3.46 Schima wallichil 250.626 3.29 Careya arborea 150.376 1.98 Cedrela toona 150.376 1.98

b) Total stellls,stratulIl : II Schlrml wnllicl1ii 428.229 23.13 Castallopsis spp. 196.754 10.63 Eurya jClponica 115.737 6 .25 Macaranga spp. 127.311 6.88 c) Total stems.straturn:UI Quercus lancearolia 409.095 11 .14 Quercus pachyphylla 304.199 8.29 Rhododendron spp. 272.730 7.43 Eurya japonica 304.199 8.29 Symplocos laurina 188.813 5.14 d) Total stems,slratum : IV

Rhododendrol1 arboreum 2064.663 45.20 Abies pindrow 797.937 17.47 Rhododendron griffilhianum 548.582 12.01 Rhododendron hodgsonl 139.639 3.06 Symplocos laurina 139.639 3.06 e) Total sterns, stratum :V

Cryptomeria japonica 2565.087 23.47 Tectona grandis 2426.184 22.20 Pinus spp. 713.039 6.53 Shorea robusta 629.697 5.76 Schirna walJichii 583.395 5.34 H.

4.4 .Volumo studies:

Volume per hectare by species and diameter classes are given in Table no.3.1.to.3.5(vide Part II of this report). The volume means underbark volume of trees of all the species having D.B.H.(OB) 10 cm.and above.

An abstract of the .volume I ha. in different strata is furnished below:

Strata Altitude Status of forest Volume/ha. tin m3)

I Uplo 900 m Higll 126.911 II 901 10 1500 m. High 82.983 III 1500 to 2400 m High 214.474 IV 2401 m and above High 153.352 V Plantation (irrespective of allitude ) Plantation 86.579 ---_._------

4.4.1 Stratum-I, up to 900 m.

3 The volume per hectare in this stratum is 126.911 m . It is observed that Shorea robusta is the main volume contributing species in this stratum and accounts for 36.86% of the stratum volume.

Volume is distributed over all the dia.classes. The volume per 3 ha.(m } and percentage distribution of major volume contributing species are given below:

3 Species Volume (m ) f ha. Percentage

Shorea robusta 46.784 36.86 Duabanga grandif[ora 8.936 7.04 Schima wallichii 7.648 6.02 Castanopsis spp. 5.391 4.25 3.542 2.79 Styrax serrulatum ------

4.4.2 Stratum-II, 901 to 1500 fTl.altitudo :

An analysis of the data in respect of volume in this stratum reveals the following: . a) Volume I ha. in this stratum is 82.988 m3 b) Volume is more or less distributed over all the dia.classes except 80 -89 cm.dia.class. J c) The volume per ha.(m ) and the percentage distribution of major volume contributing species are recorded below: 35

l Species vorumo per hectare'm ) Percentage

Schirna wallichii 16.616 20.26 Machilus species 10.065 12.15 Nyssa javonica 9.737 11.73 Betula cylindrostachys 8.357 10.07 Machilus gammilana 4.245 5.11 Phoebe goalparensls 4.138 4.99

4.4.3 Stratum-III. 1501 to 2400 m altitude:

The following observations may be made on analysis of volume data; J a) volume per hectare is 214.474 m

b) Quercus lamellosa is the major volume contributing species in this stratum followed by Quercus lineata , Quercus pachyphylla, Quercus lanceoefolia.

c) Regarding distribution of volume in different dia.classes, it is observed that volume is mostly concentrated in the dia.classes 30-39cm., 40- 49cm. 50- 59cm.and 60-69 cm. which accounts for 11.42%, 13.39%, 19.96% and 14.03% respectively. The volume is distributed over all the diameter classes.

d) The volume I ha. (mJ) and the percentage distribution of major volume contributing species are recorded below:

J Species Volume/ha.(m ) Percentage

Quercus lamellosa 35.353 16.48 Quercus lineata 25.972 12.11 QuerCllS p8cllypl1ylln 20.892 9.74 Quercus lanceacfolia 19.697 9.18 Macllilus odoratissirna 17.123 7.98 Machilus gammileana 9.812 4.57 ------4.4.4 Stratulll-IV,2401 nt.and above altitude:

An analysis of the volume data in respect of this stratum are furnished below:

a) Volume per hectare in this stratum is 153.352 m3

b) Volume is distributed upto 99 cm.dia.classes but is mostly concentrated in the dia.classes,40-49cm.and 50-59cm. and accounts for 14.57% and 13.16% of total volume respectively.

c) The volume per ha.(rn3) and the percentage distribution of major volume contributing species are recorded below: )(,

~Jlecies Volume/ha.(rn3) Percenlnge Abies pimJrow 40.075 26.1 Rhododendron arboreum 24.146 15.74 Mncllilu5 sps. 13.500 8.80 Quercus sps. 12.'141 8.11 Tsuga dUlTlosa 9.703 6.32 Vitex spp. 6.422 4.19

4.4.5 Stratum -V, Plantation, irrespective of altitude:

The observations in respect of this stratum are as under:

a) This is plantation stratum and the volume per ha. in this stratum is 86.579 m3

b) Volume is distributed upto 90-99 cm dia classes. The highest volume is contributed by the dia. class 20-29 cm. which accounts for 24.49% of the total volume of the stratum. The contribution of volume in dia.classes 10-19 cm. '30-39 cm,40-49crn., is 19.46%,15.72% and 13.72% respectively.

c) The major volume contributing species along with the 3 volume/ha.(m ) and percentage distribution are recorded below :

3 Species Volurne/ha.(m ) Percentage Cryplorneria japonica 25.324 29.25 Teclona grandis 14.846 17.15 Abies pindrow 6.661 7.69 Shorea robusta 6.380 7.37 Tsuga durnosa 5.986 6.91 Schima wallichii 4.434 5.12 ------_._-_...... ------_._------... ----_.. _------4.4.6 Distribution of volume by different dia.classes:

The distribution of volume by different diameter classes by stratum is as follows:

3 Volumo per hectare(m } pO

Diameler classes Strata {in ern.) I III IV V 10-19 9.569 "14 .928 11.048 26.715 16.850 20-29 7.658 4.322 11 .748 8.173 21.191 30-39 14.233 13.133 24.502 18.550 13.614 40-49 22.376 15.193 28.720 22.343 11.880 50-59 15.583 8.398 42.779 20.190 6 .687 60-69 18.513 8.096 30.096 15.294 7.633 70-79 19.508 10.555 19.719 9.689 4.725 80-89 9 .782 11.378 27.481 1.492 90-99 1.823 18.163 4:917 2.506 100+ 7.865 8.357 16.325 ------~------.------~.-.------.-----~----~------.-.------.------_.-- Total: 126.911 82.983 214.474 '153.352 86.579 37

Similarly. the percentage distribution by different diameter classes by stratum is given nereunder :

Percentage distribution

Diameter Class Strata I II III IV V

10-19cm. 7.54 17.98 5.15 17.42 19.46 20-29cm. 6.03 5.21 5.48 5.33 24.49 30-39cm. 11.21 15.82 11.42 12.10 15.72 40-49cm. 17.63 18.31 13.39 14.57 13.72 50-59cm. 12.28 10.12 19.96 13.16 7.72 60-69cm. 14.59 977 14.03 9.97 8.82 70-79cm. 15.37 12.72 9.19 6.32 5.46 80-89cm. 7.71 5.30 17.92 1.72 90-99cm. 1.44 8.47 3.21 2.89 100+ em. 6.20 10.07 7.61

Total: 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

[,,5 Total volume

3 Total growing stock in Oarjeeling district is 1,49,87,697 m . An abstract of total volume by strtum of the district is given below:

l Stratum Altitude class Status Total volume('OOOm )

I Upto 900 m. High 5407.530 900 to 1500 m High 768.341 "III 1501 to 2400 m High 3374.968 IV 2401 and above High 1988.518 V Irrespective of alii tude class Plantation 3448.340

Total: 14987.697

(For details refer table no.. 4.1 ... to. . .4.5., in part II of this report.)

The contribution of important species in different strata is summerize

a) Stratum I ,uPto 900 m. altitude:

Species Total volume"OOO ~J)

Shorea robust a 1993.420 Duabanga grandiflora 380.768 Schima walfichii 325.895 Castanopsis spp. 229.711 Styrax serrulatum 150.900 · 38

b) Stratum II, 901 to 1500 m altitude:

3 Species Total volume('OOO m )

Schima wallichii 155.696 Machilus species 93.378 Nyssa javonica 90.151 Betula cylindrostachys 77.382 Machilus gammilana 39.307 Phoebe goalparensis 38.310

c) Stratum III , 1500 to 2400 m altitude: Quercus larnellosa 556.314 Quercus lineata 408.692 Quercus pachyphylla 328.758 Quercus lanceafolia 309.951 Machilus odoratissima 269.451 Machilus ganmicana 154.403

d) Stratum JV ,2400 m and above altitude

Abies pindrow 519.652 Rhododendron arboreum 313.108 Machilus spp. 175.057 Quercus spp. 161 .318 Tsuga dumosa 125.816 Vitex spp. 83.278

e) Stratum V, (Irrespective of altitudinal class» :

Cryptomeria japonica 1008.646 Tectona grandis 591.285 Abies pindrow 265.294 Shorea robusta 254.103 Tsuga dumosa 238.422 Schima wallichii 176.598

4,(, Error calculation:

The standard error(i.e. S.E%) for the growing stock of Darjeeling District has been estimated as 15.58.

It is worthwhile to mention that for larger area i.e. at the state level, the percentage of error is expected to be within:!:. 10% of precision limit at 95% probability. · 31J:

CIII\P I EH : V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The geographical area of Darjeeling district is 3149 sq.km. and the forest area as recorded is 1204 sq.km., constituting 38.23% of the geographical area. Based on altitudinal variations and the processed data of inventory, four strata have been constituted for the entire forest areas as detailed below. The fifth stratum is meant for plantation area of the entire district, irrespective of altitude.

Strota Status of forests B.lliludc(in melers) Arca(sg.km.) Percentago

I High forest IIpto 900 III 426.09 35.39 II High forest 901-1800 m 92.59 7.69 III High forest 1801-2400 m 157.36 13.07 IV High forest above 2400 m 129.67 10.77 V Plantation irrespective of 398.29 33.08 alUlude. ------_.. ------_ .. ------_ .. _-- Totai: 1204.00 100.00 ------_ ... ------_ ... _...... ------_'"" ------

The per hectare stems(nos.) and volume(m1 as estimated in various strata are recorded hereunder:

3 Stmla No.of slems/ha. Volume per hectare (m )

I 178.519 126.911 Ii 200.000 82.983 III 233.310 214.474 IV 352.294 153.352 274.350 86.579 ._------V Average for 237.748 124.482 the district. ------~------..------

The total number of stems in the district is estimated as 28.62 3 million and the total volume as 14.98 million m •

Out of the total forest area, 22.31 % area is covered with Dense tree forest. The moderately dense tree forest constitutes 43.85% and the open tree forest constitutes 21.54%. The scrub forest covers an area of 3.08%. Most of the forests (i.e. 61.54%) are natural forests of seed origin. The manmade forests(i.e. by raising plantation) also cover a large area which constitutes 33.08%. 4U

. The regeneration is adequate in 33.07% and inadequate in 50.77% of area.

Only 18.46% of the ar.ea do not witness any grazing incidence. 72.32% of area is affected by medium to light grazing. 4.61 % of area is affected by heavy grazing.

The fire incidence is not very frequent. Out of the total forest area, 20.77% of the area has plantation potentiality(Le. plantable).

57.69% of forests are two storeyed while 19.23% of forests are one storeyed. 13.86% of forests are three or more storeyed.

20% of the forests are heavily degraded while moderately to mildly degraded forests conslitu\e major .area (i.e. 49.23%), 28.46% of forests are not degraded.

COMPARISON WITH PAST SURVEY RESULTS (Al High forests:

The Pre-investment Survey of Forest Resources, Eastern Zone,(presently Forest Survey Of India,Eastern Zone) carried out a survey of Forest Resources of Singalila and Tonglu Ranges of Darjeeling district over an area of 171.40 km2 in the year 1974. It is not possible to make all round comparisons of the two surveys due to many dissimilarities in priorities, area, scope and extent of survey. However, the comparison has been attempted on certain common parameters to draw some conclusion. The results of both the inventories were compared in terms of stems per ha. and volume per ha. For this purpose, the 17 plots which were surveyed in Singalila and Tonglu Ranges during th~ year 1992, were c"nsidered for 9ata analysis and subsequent comparison with past survey( 1974). This gives a fair idea of changing pattern of forest resources over a cycle of 18 years in these two ranges of Darjeeling district. This comparison has also some indicative value.

The following table shows the distribution of stems/ha.in different diameter classes during the two surveys : ------_ .. _-----_ .. __ .-_ .... _... _---_._----_ .. _------... __ .. ----_ .. ---_ ... --_ .. ----_ ..... ------_.------_.. ---- Diameter classes Number of stems per heclare (in em.) ------As per invenlory As per inventory carried oul in carried out in 1974 1992 -_ .. -- ... _... _--_ ..._------.. _------_ ... -... _------_ .. _------_ .. ------10-39 183.86 309.34 40-69 43.58 36.66 70·79 13.71 9.33 100+ 7.14 0.67 ----_ ...... - .. -- ... _- .---_ ... _---_ ...... --- ..... ------.---- .. -... ------_ .. --- -- ... ------_ ..------Total: 24B.29 356.00 41

It is observed that there is an increase in no.of stems per hectare in lower diameter classes(i.e. 10-39 crn.) during the 1992 inventory in comparison to the same of 1974. However, the declining trend in higher diameter classes is also obvious.

As far as volume per hectare is concerned, it was 220.075 m3 in 1974 while the same for 1992 has been estimated as 187.70 m3/ha. It seems,there is a marked deterioration of crop density in higher diameter classes over a cycle of 18 years.

(8) Plantation:

Similarly, the results of the present inventory(i.e. 1992-93)of plantation stratum were compared with the same of plantation survey of 1981-83 carried out by Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone. The following table shows the distribution of stems in different diameter classes during the two surveys.

Diameter classes No.or stems/ha. (in em.) Inventory in Inventory in 1981-83 1992-93

10-19 188.379 150.427 20-29 72.992 85.792 30-39 32.024 20.693 40-49 15.236 9 .068 50-59 5.206 3.720 60-69 1.832 2 .790 70-79 0.675 1.163 80-89 0.179 0.233 90-99 0.012 0.465 100+ 0.391

Total: 316.926 274.351

The volume per hectare in earlier survey was recorded as 94.364 m3 3 while the same in the present survey is recorded as 86.579 m •

These data may be fully interpreted by taking into consideration the various factors affecting the field situation. Such integration with a holistic approach alone may give a clear picture of the area. 42

.' BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. West Bellgal District Gazetteers. Darjeeling , Govl.of West Bengal,March. 19BO.

2. Tenth Working Plan Jor the Darjeeling Forest Division, Northern Circle, 1967-68 to 1976-77 Volume (Part I and Appendices I to XIV) Govl.of West Bengal, Directorate of Forests.

3. -Forest cover mapping of West Bengal State through digital image processing of Indian Remote Sensing Satellile data - procedural manual and Inventory - -- Joint Collaboration project of Forest Department, GovLor West Bengal and Regional Remote Sensing Service Centre, Kharagpur,Govt.of India.

4. Economic Review 1992-93 - Statisllcal Appendix, Govt.of West Bengal.

5. Introducing West Bengal --- Published by Information and Cullutal Affairs Department, Govt.or West 8engal,April, 1994.

6. Census of India, 1991 Final Population lotals Series 1, Paper 1 of 1992, VoUI - Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.

7. Report on Plywood Resources of Singalila and Tonglu Ranges of Darjeeling Division, Wesl Bengal-- Pre investment Survey of Forest Resources, Govt.of India, 1975.

8. Results of Plantation Inventory in Darjeeling and Kalimpong Divns.,of West Bengal - Forest Survey Of India, 1987

9. Dislrict Census Handbook. Darjeeling district, Census of India,1981- Series 23, West Bengal Part XIII A, Village & Town Directory. Directorate of Census Operalion, West Bengal.

10. State Report of West Bengal Forests 1992-93 & 1993-94, Planning and Statistical Cell, Principal Chief Conservator sof Forests. West Bengal.

11. Report on forest change detection studies between 1988 and 1991 based on Satellite Imageries - conducted by Forest Deptt., Govt.of West Bengal, and R.R.S.S.C.,Kharagpur,Govt.of India.

------c. 43

LIST OF TOPOSUEETS USED IN DARJEELING DISTRICT

------SI.No. Toposheel No. Scale

1. A14 1 :50,000 2. N8 - do- 3. 78 N12 - do • 4. 78 N16 - do - 5. 788/1 - do - G. 708/2 - do - 7. 788/3 - do - 8. 788/5 - do - 9. 788/6 - do - 10. 78 B/7 - do - 11. 78 B/9 - do - 12. 78 Bf13 - do ------.------44

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

The rollowing offi~lals of Eastern Zone, Forest Survey Of India were associated In the project of inventory of rorest resources of South Western districts of West Bengal and in preparation of the report thereof :

Overall In charge Shrl N. Sen, I.F.S., Joint Director.

Group Of(icers In charge,Fleld Inventory Shri S.K.Slnha, I.F.S.,Deputy Director.

Base Camp In charge Assistants in Base Camp Shrl D.K.Chakraborty,S.T.A. Shri B .Roy,Fleldman Shri D.R.Mukllerjee,S.T.A Shri T.K.Chalterjee,Dy.Ranger Shri K.P.Bose, S.T.A. Shri K.C.Naskar,Peon, Shri S.Samanta, S.T.A. Shri M.Ekka,Peon.

Crew Leaders Crew Members Shri S.Sinha,J.T.A Shri Anirnesh Ghosh,Dy.Ranger Shri RSharma, J.T.A Shri A.Bhatlerjee,Dy.Ranger, Shrl P.S.Banerjee,J.T.A Shrl A.K.Blswas,Dy.Ranger, Shri O.K.Das,J.T.A. Shri D.K. Roy,J.T.A. Shri S.S.Roy.Dy.Ranger Shri C.O.Burman,J,T.A. Shri S.Bhallacharya.Oy.Ranger, Shri AK.Hossain,J.T.A. Shrl S.Murrnu,Dy.Ranger, Sllri T.K.Dam,J.T.A. Shri B.N.Roy,Dy.Ranger, Shri S.C.DuIl11.0y.Ranger Shri R.N.Rai.Dy.Ranger Shri R.C.Chakraborty, Dy.Ranger Shri S.K.Roy,Dy.Ranger Shri S.K. Pathak.,Dy.Ranger Shri S.K.Banerjee,Dy.Ranger Shri B.K.RoY,Dy.Ranger Report preparation: Shri p.C.Das,Fieldrnan Shri S.K.Sinha,Oy.Director. Shri B.K.Mniti,Fieldrnan Slnl S.Smknr,J.T.A. Shrl B.P. Ghosh,Fleltlrnl1n Miss M.Chakrobartl, Jr.Stenographer Shri T.K.Chowdhury,Fleldrnen Shri Asokc Snrkm,Peon Shri D.K.Bcmcljee,Fieldrnan Map and CartographY Shri M.e.Das, Fieldman Shri S. Bhaltacharya,Jr.Draughtsman Shri K.C. Roy, Fieldrnan Shri B.Bhattacharya, Jr.Draughtsman Shri A.K. lahiri,Fieldrnan Shri S. Majumdar, Jr. Draughtsman Shri Mahim Ranjall Das,Fieldman Stlri MOllorolljall Dos,Fieldman Data processing Shri MOllindra Dos, Fieldman Shri S.K. Sen,J.S.A. Shri A.K.Ghosh,Fieldman Shri J.N.Sarkar.J.S.A. Shri D.Mukherjee.Fieldman Shri U.K.Dulta,D.E.O. Shri S.K.Manna,Fieldman Shri A .Dasgupla,F.M. Shri A.A.Halder,Fieldrnan Shri J.N.DeY,Fieldrnan Drivers: Srui N .Bhowmick,Fieldrnan. S/Shri D.Nayak, Shri S.C.Kesh,Fieldman S.Sardar, Shri A.K.Pal.Fieldrm1l1 A.K.Das, Shri S.D.Singh,Fieldrnan S.K.Ghosh. P. Bhattacharya, Amit Kr.Ghosh. MAP NO·-I

MAP OF INDIA

DISTRti:T

-z. •. .::1 !.,.' . ~ :.. 4 0:: 4

PROJECT MAP OF DARJEELING DISTRICT SCALE. I . 1,000,000

-.. """""'~ KoJimpong---. '\..._ ...... \' . ~. \. i ( .... --.. I ,I ._,

REFERENCE

Inlernaional Boundary --•• _

Slote Boundary

i Dislri c I Boundory i I Roilway Line [ Road !O,· r

"

:~. ,t '.,. ,ti!!t~,,~J,w" ,~· ·I I ,?$~: I ~' " I 0' ' ';""I : ~

,._.

_' ,;.'

" ,~

. ~

_'.- .., ~ .~~. ., ._-.~ .. - . FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA INVENTORY DESIGN

92° 0'_0" 92" 5'-0" 92° 2'- 30· 24° 24° 5!0" 5'- 0" GJI -

. : i1ENTRE ~lN ~4 SUB GRID

. :' Z l!1 241° 24° 2~30" 2'-30"

I l!1 " .... " , 28.. ····· ... ···· .. ·81 , ... . tj 2

24° 24° O~O· 0'- 0" 92° 0'-0" 92° 2'-30· 92° 5'- 0"

FIRST PLOT IS SELECTED RANDOMLY AND THE SECOND PLOT IS SITUATED AT AN EOUAL QISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRST PLOT TO THE CENTRE OF 2' 30·~ 2'-30" SUB GRID AND IS JUST IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION ••

31'62 M. N

:l: N '" W

'-... " DETAILS OF PLOT • r __ _. _ ._N. ------~------~------~----~~~~~U· 00' ~ ... lQ' ••• O · ... ,,' ' 1'-;:;' .':: ._. " .' . ;:oARdEEL1NG :[firsTRIC1: • MAP NO,.]

~. SCALE::: linch =32 Miles

SHOWING GRIDS, ROAD ANO RIVER • -?' ....

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<:> PART-II (STATISTICAL TABLES) (i )

LIST OF TABLES DISTRICT: DARJEELING

·... _------._------'--- Table No. Particulars Page No. Strata ------~------..- ... ---...------_ .. _------_._------1.1 Stems per hectare by species and diameter classes( in em.) 1 I. High forest 1.2 - do • 3 II. High forest 1.3 - do - 4 III,High forest 1.4 - do - 5 IV,High foresl 1.5 • do - 6 V, Plantation 2.1 Total stems('OOO nos.by species and diameter classes(in em.) 8 I, High forest 2.2 - do - 10 II. High forest 2.3 - do - 11 III, High forest 2.4 - do- 12 IV. High forest 2.5 - do- 13 V,.Plantation

3.1 Volume per hectare by species and diameter classes( in em.) 15 I, High forest 3.2 - do - 17 II, High forest 3.3 - do - 18 III. High forest IV,High forest 3.4 - do - 19 3.5 - do - 20 V, Plantation

4.1 Total volume('OOO m3)by species and diameter classes( In em.) 22 I, High forest 4.2 - do - 24 II, High forest 4.3 - do - 25 III. High forest 4.4 - do - 26 IV, High forest 4.5 - do - 27 V. Plantation.

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