Distribution, Use and Ecological Roles of the Medicinal Plants Confined to Freshwater Ecosystems in South Africa

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DISTRIBUTION, USE AND ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS CONFINED TO FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

Report to the Water Research Commission

J Wentzel and CE van Ginkel

WRC Report No. KV 300/12

August 2012

Obtainable from

Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 SOUTH AFRICA

This report emanates from a project titled Distribution, use and ecological roles of the medicinal plants confined to freshwater ecosystems in South Africa (WRC Project No. K8/971)

DISCLAIMER

This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC)

and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents

necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of

trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or

recommendation for use

ISBN 978-1-4312- 0312-3 Printed in the Republic of South Africa

Executive summary

The aim of this study was to assess the current knowledge on the distribution, ecological role and use of indigenous plants utilised for medicinal purposes that occur in freshwater ecosystems. It is in support of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) 10-year Innovation Strategy and the ‘Farmer to Pharma’ Grand Challenge, which focuses on unlocking the value of our biodiversity, indigenous knowledge and traditional medicine.

For the purposes of this study, the definition of freshwater ecosystems were obtained from a study initiated by SANBI (2009).This study used the Hydrogeomorphic Model as basis and was the author’s opinion that this model would give a good indication of plant habitat. Plants utilised for medicinal purposes were then classified according to this system.

In this study, emphasis was placed on the current indigenous knowledge as well as the biodiversity that represents the plants utilised for medicinal purposes. An attempt was also made to identify plants that could be subjected to more detailed biotechnological research.

A brief discussion of the relevant legislation namely the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) and the National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) is included. More than 80 publications were consulted regarding the medicinal use of plants associated with freshwater ecosystems.

During a workshop held on February 15th, 2011 at the Water Research Commission (WRC) offices in Pretoria, the preliminary results of the study regarding the current knowledge on the distribution, ecological role and use of indigenous plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems, were discussed with other role players in this field (see Appendix 1).

After the workshop, a list of medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems was compiled that contains more than 200 plants species (Appendix 3). Information on habitat and ecological role was not always readily available and the author’s experience in this regard was incorporated in the list. These plant species were classified according the SANBI (2009) classification. The data were analysed to determine the most important or threatened plant group and to identify the most important habitats.

Various other plant species that are suspected of having medicinal properties were also identified, but due to a lack of confirming data, they were removed from the main list, but listed in Appendix 4.

Various areas of research were identified and discussed. The most pressing short-term aim should be the protection of the wild populations of medicinal plants that can ensure long-term sustainable utilisation. The best way to achieve this is to establish holding nurseries on a regional scale where local THPs and plant gatherers can obtain stock that they can propagate themselves. This would imply that training in this regard should be provided on a national scale to prospective growers of medicinal plants.

It is concluded that the medicinal properties of plants are well documented and many research programmes are aimed to broaden this knowledge base. What is lacking is a thorough understanding of the ecological role of these plants as well as their habitat requirements.

It is also concluded that plants are harvested in the wild at an unsustainable rate. This can only be addressed by ex situ propagation of these plants and currently no commercial nurseries produce seedlings to support commercial propagation of indigenous medicinal plants in South Africa. Ex situ propagation will only succeed if the habitat of these plants is better understood. It is also of vital importance that THP’s are consulted in this regard to ensure that cultural practices can be incorporated in the process.

Table of Contents

Executive summary ...... i Table of Contents ...... iii List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... v 1 Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Terms of Reference ...... 2 1.3 Aims of this project ...... 2 1.4 Importance of freshwater ecosystems ...... 2 1.5 Target users of this report ...... 3 2. Approach to this project ...... 4 2.1 Review of literature ...... 4 2.2 Collaboration and consultation...... 4 2.3 Workshop ...... 4 3 The extent of this project ...... 6 3.1 Legal background ...... 6 3.1.1 National Water Act Protection...... 6 3.1.2 National Environment Management Act (Act No. 107, 1998) ...... 8 3.2 Freshwater ecosystems ...... 9 3.2.1 Channel (river, including the banks)...... 9 3.2.2 Channeled valley-bottom wetland...... 11 3.2.3 Unchanneled valley-bottom wetland...... 11 3.2.4 Floodplain wetland ...... 11 3.2.5 Depression ...... 13 3.2.6 Flat ...... 13 3.2.7 Hillslope seep ...... 15 3.2.8 Valleyhead seep ...... 15 3.3 Ecological role of medicinal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems...... 17 3.3.1 Water purification ...... 18 3.3.2 Flood protection ...... 18 3.3.3 Shoreline and riverbank stabilisation ...... 19 3.3.4 Water recycling (including groundwater recharge and streamflow maintenance)...... 19 3.3.5 Biodiversity support ...... 19 3.3.6 Economic benefits ...... 20 3.3.7 Other benefits ...... 20 3.4 Data analysis ...... 21 3.4.1 Plant type ...... 21 3.4.2 Species distribution according to freshwater ecosystems...... 22 3.4.3 Species distribution per freshwater ecosystem...... 23 4. Identification of medicinal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems .. 29 5. Recommendations...... 39 References ...... 42 Internet Websites ...... 45

iii

Appendices ...... 45

Appendix 1: Outcome of Workshop held at WRC on 15 February 2011...... 46

Appendix 2. Literature consulted to compile list of medicinal plant species associated with freshwater ecosystems...... 50

Appendix 3: List of medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems ...... 56

Appendix 4: List of plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that might be utilised for medicinal purposes...... 128

Appendix 5: List of exotic plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that is utilised for medicinal purposes...... 175

List of Figures

Figure 3.1. River channel, including banks...... 10 Figure 3.2. Channeled valley bottom wetland near Dullstroom, Mpumalanga ...... 10 Figure 3.3. Unchannelled valley bottom wetland near Badplaas, Mpumalanga ...... 12 Figure 3.4. Floodplain wetland, St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal...... 12 Figure 3.5. Small depression in the Steenkampsberg foothills, Mpumalanga ...... 14 Figure 3.6. Flat in the vicinity of Chrissiesmeer, Mpumalanga...... 14 Figure 3.7. Hillslope seep in the Verlorenvallei Nature Reserve outside Dullstroom, Mpumalanga...... 16 Figure 3.8. Valleyhead seep in the foothills of the Steenkampsberg, Mpumalanga...... 16 Figure 4.1. Distribution of plant types across the spectrum of freshwater ecosystems. The most used plants are perennial herbs and trees...... 21 Figure 4.2. Plant distribution as per freshwater ecosystem. The river channel and hillslope seep stand out as dominant ecosystems...... 22 Figure 4.3. Plant type distribution in an unchannelled valley bottom wetland...... 24 Figure 4.4. Plant type distribution in a channelled valley bottom wetland ...... 24 Figure 4.5. Plant type distribution in a river channel and associated banks...... 25 Figure 4.6. Plant type distribution in a lake...... 25 Figure 4.7. Plant type distribution in flat wetland ...... 26 Figure 4.8. Plant type distribution in floodplain wetland ...... 26 Figure 4.9. Plant type distribution in a depression ...... 27 Figure 4.10. Plant type distribution in a valleyhead seep...... 27 Figure 4.11. Plant type distribution in a hillslope seep...... 28

List of Tables

Table 3.1. Ecological function of plants in freshwater ecosystems ...... 17 Table 4.3. An analysis of the relationship between Ecosystem and Plant Type ...... 23 Table 4.1. List of medicinal plant species occurring in freshwater ecosystems, traded on the Eastern Seaboard in 2003. (Von Ahlefeldt et al, 2003) ...... 30 Table 4.2. Most utilised medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal occurring in Freshwater ecosystems. (Diederichs, 2006) ...... 34 Table 5.5 Forest and woodland species that warrant further research (Lawes, 2004): ...... 40

Abbreviations

Bot Botswana DST Department of Science and Technology DWA Department of Water Affairs DWE Department of Environmental Affairs EC Eastern Cape EGSA Ecological goods and services attributes FS Free State F2Ph Farmer to Pharma GA Gauteng HGM Hydrogeomorphic Model IKS Indigenous Knowledge Systems KZN KwaZulu-Natal Les Lesotho LP Limpopo MP Mpumalanga Nam Namibia NEMA National Environmental Management Act NW Northwest NWA National Water Act SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute Swa Swaziland THP Traditional Health Practitioner WC Western Cape

1 Introduction

1.1 Background

It is estimated that South Africa has more than 200 000 Traditional Health Practitioners (THPs) that utilise, inter alia, indigenous and exotic plants associated with both terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems for medicinal purposes. Approximately 30 million people make use of their services and in many instances it is their only recourse to medicinal care. In 2000, it was estimated that the annual local trade in medicinal plants amounted to 20 000 tonnes, representing 574 species (Laws et. al, 2004, SAAW&K 2010).

The topic of medicinal plants and its uses has been widely researched in South Africa with emphasis on its use (Arnold et al., 2002, Dugmore & Van Wyk, 2008; Hutchins et al., 1996, Kellerman et al., 2002, Neuwinger 1994, Cunningham 2001, SAAW&K 2010, Van Wyk et al., 2000; Van Wyk & Gericke 2002, Van Wyk et al. 2003, Van Wyk & Wink 2004, Watt & Breyer-Brandwijk 1962) and biological activities (Watt and Breyer Brandwyk 1962, Eloff 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, Eloff et al. 2001, 2005, 2008, Eloff & McGaw 2006). Efforts have also been made for ex-situ propagation of certain endangered plants with medicinal properties, especially in KwaZulu-Natal (Geoff Nicholls, pers. comm.).

The University of the Western Cape is very actively involved in research on medicinal plants occurring in that region (The Pharmacopoeia Monograph Project, developed by South African Traditional Medicines Research Group School of Pharmacy: University Of The Western Cape), the Universities of Pretoria (Phytomedicine Programme), Venda, Medunsa and KZN also undertake medicinal plant research based on various aspects covering ethnobotany, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, ecology. Science councils such as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) are also undertaking similar studies. The ecological role of medicinal plants associated within freshwater ecosystems has not yet been established and researched per se, although the ecological role or function of freshwater and wetland plants have been studied extensively (Dada et al. 2007, Dickens et al. 2003, Sainty and Jacobs 1994). However, the fact that some freshwater ecosystem plants are used as medicines does not imply that they have a unique ecological role or function. However, if their habitat, ecological role and conservation status are known, they can be protected, both under the National Water Act (NWA and the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA).

This study will explore a variety of indigenous plants associated with freshwater ecosystems (rivers, wetlands, etc.) that are used as herbal medicines and will also record their known uses and ecological roles. The study is in support of the ’Farmer to Pharma‘ Grand Challenge of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) 10- year strategic plan. The grand challenge focuses on developing the bio-industry and indigenous knowledge to beneficiate indigenous biodiversity and develops a leading pharmaceutical industry in South Africa.

1.2 Terms of Reference

The terms of reference for the project are as follows:

a) Distribution, use, and ecological roles of indigenous medicinal plants as well as management of the freshwater ecosystems associated with medicinal plants.

b) Identification of and providing recommendations for areas that warrant further research in the fields listed in (a) above.

c) Identification of specific plants that need further detailed research on the effectiveness of the medicinal uses and special protection measures.

1.3 Aims of this project

The aims of the project are as follows:

a) To assess the current knowledge on medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystem.

b) To assess to what extent current national legislation can be utilised for the protection of herbal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems.

c) To identify areas of research that can enhance our understanding the role of medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems

Where applicable, the focus will be on distribution, use, protection and propagation of known medicinal plants.

1.4 Importance of freshwater ecosystems

Freshwater ecosystems differ greatly from one another depending on type, location, and climate (see Chapter 3.2), but they nevertheless share important features. In addition, because freshwater ecosystems are dynamic, all require a range of natural variation or disturbance to maintain viability or resilience. Water flows that vary both season-to- season and year to year, for example, are needed to support plant and animal communities and maintain natural habitat dynamics that support production and survival of species. Variability in the timing and rate of water flow strongly influence the sizes of plant and animal populations and their age structures, the presence of rare or highly specialized species, the interactions of species with each other and with their environments, and many ecosystem processes (Ecological Society of America. (2003)).

This spatial and temporal variability ensures the species richness of these habitats.

In the initial compilation of a plant list reflecting plants used for medicinal purposes and that are suspected to occur in freshwater ecosystems, 492 plants were identified. Using certain criteria (see Chapter 4), the list was narrowed down to 229 plants. This is a substantial fraction of the 470 plants listed by SAAW&K ( 2010) that were considered

to be used medicinally. This list includes many of the most important medicinal plants as identified by Von Ahlefeldt et al. (2003) and Diederichs (2006). Although the freshwater ecosystems in which these plants occur, are not defined by plants with medicinal properties, the medicinal plants still occupy a very specialised habitat and it is important that this habitat be understood so that protection measures can be put into place to ensure their survival. As already indicated, these ecosystems show great temporal and spatial variations and this ensures the variety and survival of the plants. Many of these plants are very habitat specific such as certain ground orchids, pineapple lilies and red-hot pokers. It is also suspected that many of these plants have a symbiotic relationship with certain fungi in the soil that ensures their survival as well as their propagation in nature. An example of the latter also includes ground orchids, but there certainly is more. This has the implication that these plants will only be propagated ex situ with great difficulty. Their sustainable use and protection is therefor of paramount importance.

1.5 Target users of this report

The main target users at this stage are:

• Researchers, including academic institutions • Ecologists • Government Departments • Licensing authorities • Horticultural trainers • Relevant stakeholders

2. Approach to this project

2.1 Review of literature

More than eighty publications on indigenous plants were consulted during the study. Of all the literature used in this study, none addresses only medicinal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems, neither is there a comprehensive publication on South African wetland and riverine plants. However, regional lists were consulted and detail will be supplied where relevant.

In order to maximise the information available in the literature, the following approach was adopted: From the annotated checklist of medicinal plants compiled by Arnold et al. (2002), plants deemed to occur in freshwater ecosystems were selected. Plant use described as “magical” were not included in the list if that was the only identified use. Other publications were then consulted to confirm or expand the information (See Appendix 2). The approach led to the identification of approximately 500 herbal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems.

2.2 Collaboration and consultation

A meeting was arranged with Mr. Geoff Nichols, well-known horticulturist, who established and was in charge of Silverglen Nursery situated in Chartsworth near Durban, KwaZulu-Natal for nearly twenty years. The nursery focused on the propagation of medicinal plants originating from the Eastern seaboard. The nursery was the first of its kind and is still operational today. The horticulturalist in charge of Silverglen Nursery today, Mr. Brian Abrahams, was also visited. The aim of the visit was to establish the status quo regarding plant propagation, current interaction with herbalists as well as the lessons learnt over the past 25 years that the nursery has been operational.

Detail discussions were held with a herbalist, Mr. Jabulani Mabanga, about current herbal practices. Mr. Mabanga also attended the workshop that was held on 15 February 2011.

Due to budgetary constraints, wider consultation was not possible. Since Silverglen Nursery has been in existence for more than 25 years, their views were regarded as representative of a very wide segment of the herbal community. The recommendations that emanated from the discussions are outlined in Chapter 6.

2.3 Workshop

A workshop (see Appendix 1) was held on 15 February 2011 at the offices of the Water Research Commission in Pretoria to obtain inputs from other role players that could not be consulted in person regarding the approach and outcomes of this project. The participants were chosen across a broad spectrum of expertise to ensure that the discussions were multi-faceted. The recommendations that emanated from the workshop have been incorporated into the report.

It must be noted that one of the main concerns that was raised during this workshop is that medicinal plants are currently harvested at unsustainable rates in the wild. In fact, some important plant species utilised for medicinal purposes are already considered extinct outside protected areas in KwaZulu-Natal, such as the wild ginger (Siphonochilus aethiopicus), the pepper bark tree (Warburgia salutaris) and the black stinkwood (Ocotea bullata).

3 The extent of this project

3.1 Legal background

Since one of the aims of this study is, inter alia, the legal protection of medicinal plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems, the definitions of “wetland” and “riparian habitat” were taken from the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) and are as follows:

``wetland'' means land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water, and which land in normal circumstances supports or would support vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soil.

``riparian habitat'' includes the physical structure and associated vegetation of the areas associated with a watercourse which are commonly characterised by alluvial soils, and which are inundated or flooded to an extent and with a frequency sufficient to support vegetation of species with a composition and physical structure distinct from those of adjacent land areas;

Based on these definitions it was decided at the workshop, that for the purposes of this document, to include plants associated with a “freshwater ecosystem” would be defined as follows:

“Plants that occur in freshwater habitats associated with riparian and wetland ecosystems, that survive permanent or temporarily saturation and anaerobic conditions – excluding coastal estuarine systems.”

“Medicinal plants” were defined as follows: “Plants containing chemical compounds with therapeutic properties.”

Protection of these plants can legally be accommodated under the NWA and under NEMA, as will be discussed in the following sections.

3.1.1 National Water Act Protection.

In Chapter 3 of the National Water Act, (Act 36 of 1998) provision is made to classify a resource, in order to ensure its long-term sustainable use. It is stated:

“12. (1) As soon as is reasonably practicable, the Minister must prescribe a system for classifying water resources. (2) The system for classifying water resources may - (b) In respect of each class of water resource - (iii) set out water uses for instream or land-based activities which activities must be regulated or prohibited in order to protect the water resource; and (c) provide for such other matters relating to the protection, use, development, conservation, management and control of water resources, as the Minister considers necessary”.

Based on this, the DWA developed a National Water Classification System (Dollar et al., 2006) where the socio-economic component must be evaluated as follows:

Step 1: Socio-economic component

Six sub-steps and two combined sub-steps are required for the socio-economic component of Step 1. The sub-steps are:

Step 1a: Describe present socio-economic status of the catchment; Step 1b: Divide catchment into socio-economic zones; Step 1e: Describe communities and their wellbeing; Step 1f: Describe and value the use of water; Step 1g: Describe and value the use of aquatic ecosystems; and Step 1j: Describe present-day community wellbeing

Step 2a: Rationalise the choice of ecosystem values to be considered based on ecological and economic data

The objective of rationalising the choice of ecosystem values to be considered based on ecological and economic data is to decide on the values on which to concentrate efforts for the catchment configuration scenario analysis.

It is recommended that a table be constructed with the following (value) information: • Description of value; • Probable significance in the catchment; • Data requirements from the ecological component of the classification procedure; • Possibility of being able to obtain relevant ecological data; • Other data required (social, agronomic etc.); and • Possibility of being able to obtain other relevant data.

Step 2b: Describe the relationships that determine how economic value and social wellbeing are influenced by ecosystem characteristics and the sectoral use of water

The descriptions and values could be categorized according to EGSAs that contribute to social wellbeing and economic prosperity, EGSAs that result in costs avoided/incurred and therefore contribute to economic prosperity, intangible use and non-use values, and sectoral turnover that contributes to economic prosperity and social wellbeing.

For valuing EGSAs that contribute to social wellbeing and economic prosperity, the following could be considered: • Flow contribution to floodplain agriculture; • Livestock production; • Tourism and recreation; • Refugia, nursery areas and export of sediment and nutrients; • Value of harvested goods; and • Domestic use of instream water.

For valuing intangible use and non-use values that contribute to social wellbeing, the following could be considered: • Cultural and spiritual value; • Educational and scientific value; and • Option and existence value.

The study linked up strongly with this mandate where the sustainable use of medicinal plants that occur within the ecological environment (aquatic, riverine and wetland) can be given legal protection and, under Resource Quality Objectives, provided that they have been incorporated into the Classification of the resource.

3.1.2 National Environment Management Act (Act No. 107, 1998)

In the preamble to the NEMA, it is stated that:

‘Everyone has the right to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations through reasonable legislative and other measures that— prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development’

In Chapter 1, it is, inter alia, stated that:

(2) Environmental management must place people and their needs at the forefront of its concern, and serve their physical, psychological, developmental, cultural and social interests equitably.

4(d) Equitable access to environmental resources, benefits and services to meet basic human needs and ensure human well-being must be pursued and special measures may be taken to ensure access thereto by categories of persons disadvantaged by unfair discrimination.

4(r) Sensitive, vulnerable, highly dynamic or stressed ecosystems, such as coastal shores, estuaries, wetlands and similar systems require specific attention in management and planning procedures, especially where they are subject to significant human resource usage and development pressure.

From the above, it is evident that the intention of the Act is the sustainable utilisation of our natural resources with emphasis on the previously disadvantaged.

This concept is taken further in the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004) as amended in 2009, where it states that the Act should provide for: 2 (a) (ii) the use of indigenous biological resources in a sustainable manner; and (iii) the fair and equitable sharing among stakeholders of benefits arising from bio-prospecting involving indigenous biological resources;

In Chapter 4, Part 2, the Act also makes provision for the protection of threatened species, that is, it also regulates the trade in such species.

Chapter 6 expands on the conditions related to bio-prospecting, access and benefit sharing of our natural resources. This section would be very relevant if plant material, collected in the wild, could be subjected to further scientific research regarding their medicinal properties.

3.2 Freshwater ecosystems

For the purposes of this study, freshwater ecosystems are considered to be wetlands, rivers and associated riparian zones. (See 3.1 for a formal definition as proposed at the workshop).

SANBI (2009) proposed a classification system for wetlands that actually addresses all the habitats of importance in this study. Their proposed Classification System also considered the requirements of the NWA and NEMA. It follows a hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach, which uses hydrological and geomorphological characteristics to distinguish primary wetland units. The HGM approach is based on factors that influence how wetlands function and not based on structural features such as size, depth, vegetation cover and presence of surface water (Cowardin et al. 1979).

The Classification System proposed by SANBI (2009) recognised three systems that are divided into six levels each. Level 4 of the Inland System is relevant to this study and eight primary HGM Types are recognised at this level of the Inland System:

3.2.1 Channel (river, including the banks).

An open conduit has clearly defined margins that: • Continuously or periodically contains flowing water, or • Forms a connecting link between two water bodies.

Dominant water sources include concentrated surface flow from upstream channels and tributaries, diffuse surface flow or interflow, and/or groundwater flow. Water moves through the system as concentrated flow and usually exits as such but can exist as diffuse surface flow because of a sudden change in gradient. Uni-directional channel- contained horizontal flow characterises the hydrodynamic nature of these units. Channels generally refer to rivers or streams that are subject to concentrated flow on a continuous basis or periodically during flooding, as opposed to being characterised by diffuse flow (see unchannelled valley-bottom wetland). As a result of the erosive forces associated with concentrated flow, channels characteristically have relatively obvious active channel banks.

The entire active channel (including wetlands occurring on the banks, i.e. in the riparian zone) is treated as a unit.

Figure 3.1. River channel, including banks.

Figure 3.2. Channeled valley bottom wetland near Dullstroom, Mpumalanga

3.2.2 Channeled valley-bottom wetland.

A valley-bottom wetland is dissected by and typically elevated above a channel (see channel). Dominant water inputs to these areas are typically from the channel, either as surface flow resulting from overtopping of the channel bank/s or as interflow, or from adjacent valley-side slopes (as overland flow or interflow). Water generally moves through the wetland as diffuse surface flow, although occasional, short-lived concentrated flows are possible during flooding events. Small depressional areas within a channeled valley-bottom wetland can result in the temporary containment and storage of water within the wetland. Water generally exits in the form of diffuse surface flow and interflow, with the infiltration and evaporation of water from these wetlands also being potentially significant (particularly from depressional areas). The hydrodynamic nature of channeled valley-bottom wetlands is characterised by bidirectional horizontal flow, with limited vertical fluctuations in depressional areas.

3.2.3 Unchanneled valley-bottom wetland.

An unchanneled valley-bottom wetland does not have a major channel running through it. It is characterised by an absence of distinct channel banks and the prevalence of diffuse flows, even during and after high rainfall events. Water inputs are typically from an upstream channel, as the flow becomes dispersed, and from adjacent slopes (if present) or groundwater. Water generally moves through the wetland in the form of diffuse surface flow and/or interflow (with some temporary containment of water in depressional areas), but the outflow can be in the form of diffuse or concentrated surface flow. Infiltration and evaporation from unchannelled valley-bottom wetlands can be significant, particularly if there are a number of small depressions within the wetland area. Horizontal, uni-directional diffuse surface-flow tends to dominate in terms of the hydrodynamics.

3.2.4 Floodplain wetland

The mostly flat or gently sloping wetland areas are subject to periodic inundation by overtopping of the channel bank. For purposes of the classification system, the location adjacent to a river in the Lowland or Upland Floodplain Zone is the key criteria for distinguishing a floodplain wetland from a channeled valley-bottom wetland. Water and sediment input to floodplain wetland areas is mainly via overtopping of a major channel, although there could be some overland or subsurface flow from adjacent valley side- slopes (if present). Water movement through the wetland is dominantly horizontal and bidirectional, in the form of diffuse surface flow and interflow, although there can be significant temporary containment of water in depressional areas (within which water movement is dominantly vertical and bidirectional). Water generally exits as diffuse surface flow and/or interflow, but infiltration and evaporation of water from a floodplain wetland can also be significant, particularly if there are a number of depressional areas within the wetland.

Figure 3.3. Unchannelled valley bottom wetland near Badplaas, Mpumalanga

Figure 3.4. Floodplain wetland, St. Lucia, KwaZulu-Natal.

3.2.5 Depression

A depression is defined as a landform with closed elevation contours that increases in depth from the perimeter to a central area of greatest depth, and within which water typically accumulates. Dominant water sources are precipitation, ground water discharge, interflow and (diffuse or concentrated) overland flow. For ‘depressions with channeled inflow’, concentrated overland flow is typically a major source of water for the wetland, whereas this is not the case for ‘depressions without channeled inflow’. Dominant hydrodynamics are primarily seasonal vertical fluctuations. Depressions may be flat-bottomed (in which case they are often referred to as ‘pans’) or round-bottomed (in which case they are often referred to as ‘basins’), and may have any combination of inlets and outlets or lack them completely. In ‘exorheic depressions’ water exits as concentrated surface flow, while, for ‘endorheic depressions’ water exits by means of evaporation and infiltration.

3.2.6 Flat

A flat is a near-level wetland area (i.e. with little or no relief), with little or no gradient, situated on a plain or a bench in terms of landscape setting. The primary source of water is precipitation, with the exception of flats along the coast (usually in a plain setting) where the water table (i.e. groundwater) may rise to the surface or near to the surface in areas of little or no relief because of the location near to the base level of the land surface represented by the presence of the ocean.

Figure 3.5. Small depression in the Steenkampsberg foothills, Mpumalanga

Figure 3.6. Flat near Chrissiesmeer, Mpumalanga.

3.2.7 Hillslope seep

A hillslope seep is located on (gently to steeply) sloping land, which is dominated by the colluvial (i.e. gravity-driven), uni-directional movement of material down-slope. Water inputs are primarily from groundwater or precipitation that enters the wetland from an up-slope direction in the form of subsurface flow. Water movement through the wetland is mainly in the form of interflow, with diffuse overland flow (‘sheetwash’) often being significant during and after rainfall events. Water leaves a ‘hillslope seep with channeled outflow’ mostly by means of concentrated surface flow, whereas water leaves a ‘hillslope seep without channeled outflow’ by means of a combination of diffuse surface flow, interflow, evaporation and infiltration.

3.2.8 Valleyhead seep

The valleyhead seep is a gently-sloping, typically concave wetland area, often located on a valley floor at the head of a drainage line, with water inputs mainly from subsurface flow (although there is usually also a convergence of diffuse overland water flow in these areas during and after rainfall events). Horizontal, unidirectional (down-slope) movement of water in the form of interflow and diffuse surface flow dominates within a valleyhead seep, while water exits at the downstream end as concentrated surface flow where the valleyhead seep becomes a channel.

Figure 3.7. Hillslope seep in the Verlorenvallei Nature Reserve outside Dullstroom, Mpumalanga.

Figure 3.8. Valleyhead seep in the foothills of the Steenkampsberg, Mpumalanga.

3.3 Ecological role of medicinal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems.

The term, ecology, describes the study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment. (Oxford Dictionary of Geography – http://www.answers.com/topic/ecology-1#ixzz1FWUNpkUI; and the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ecological).

This interaction can be either biotic or abiotic. McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia (http://www.answers.com/topic/ecology-1#ixzz1FWUGIUO8) states that abiotic components include temperature, wind, inorganic chemicals, and radiation. The biotic components of the environment include the organisms. A somewhat more general term for these interactions is habitat, which refers in a general way to where an organism occurs in an ecosystem, the environmental factors present there and the interaction between them.

There is, therefore, an understanding that the environment affects the organism, in this case the freshwater plants used medicinally, just as these plants affect the environment.

It must also be noted that plants used for medicinal purposes do not have a unique ecological role associated with them and must be evaluated as part of the bigger ecological community.

Because of the inter-connectedness of the different components of freshwater ecosystems, interference with one component, e.g. the harvesting of medicinal plants, can affect the functioning of the other components. Proper management is therefore needed to ensure the sustainability of the freshwater system as well as the sustainable use of the medicinal plants.

The following classification was used to determine the ecological function of each plant listed in Appendix 3.

Table 3.1. Ecological function of plants in freshwater ecosystems

Bank stabiliser Plants that grow on river banks Soil stabiliser Plants that grow in grassland, woodland and floodplains Water quality Plants that are primarily aquatic or definite wetland plants Water cycling Plants that are broad leaved or trees that may contribute through transpiration Flood retention Plants that grow in aquatic environments, vleis, marshes, floodplains, etc. and may play a role in retaining water for groundwater recharge; or may have an impact on wave and high flow actions to prevent erosion Species diversity Plants that may in many ways have an impact on habitat, as food support source or as nesting material utilised by other organisms Parasitic Plants that are parasitic on other plants Insectivorous Plants that use other sources for nutrients

Alternatively, the role of these plants can also be expressed in terms of environmental benefits that plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems can deliver.

This may be a more practical way to visualise the role of these plants, rather than highlighting the ecological function as set out in Table 3.1.

A detailed discussion of these roles follows. The environmental benefits will obviously be a function of the type and extent of a particular wetland (See Chapter 2.3).

3.3.1 Water purification

Aquatic and wetland plants are known to protect or improve water quality (Dada et al. 2007, Sainty and Jacobs 1994), by trapping sediments and retaining excess nutrients and heavy metals within the wetland.

In the catchment human developments, agricultural and forestry practices may carry sediment to the water resources. This sediment is often associated with nutrients and toxic heavy metals, which enters the freshwater ecosystem as runoff. Streambed gravel and wetland plants trap this high influx of sediment and the slowing down of water in these ecosystems allows the sediments to settle. This leads to the reduction of these pollutants (nutrients and heavy metals) from the water or the conversion to less harmful chemical forms (http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/sea/wetlands/functions.html, Dickens et al. 2003, Dada et al. 2007, Sainty and Jacobs 1994,).

Plants that are important in this regard are for example the aquatics (e.g. Aponogeton distachyos), sedges (many Cyperus spp.), bulrushes (Typha capensis) and reeds (Phragmites australis and Phragmites mauritianus). Detail can be found in Appendix 3. According to Sainty and Jacobs (1994), both submerged and emergent bank floating plants contribute towards water purification. Torenia thouarsii and Gunnera perpensa are important in this regard, respectively as submerged and as emergent bank stabilisers.

3.3.2 Flood protection

Most wetlands provide a measure of flood protection by holding back excess water after storm events (Dickens et al. 2003). Pools, pans and floodplains absorb or dissipate surface water and attenuate peak flows in the process (Dada et al. 2007). The water is then released slowly after the storm event. The size, shape location, soil type, plant type and plant coverage determine the capacity to reduce local and downstream flooding. The wetland soils and wetland plant mass acts as sponges to hold back much more water than in other habitat types. When aquatic plants are considered, the submerged plants reduce erosion by reducing flow rates and trapping suspended sediments (Sainty and Jacobs 1994).

Plants that fulfill an important role in this regard are the willows (Salix sp.), cyperaceae (e.g. Cyperus articulates and Cyperus fastigiatus) and the reeds (Phragmites australis and Phragmites mauritianus).

3.3.3 Shoreline and riverbank stabilisation

Wet areas along the shoreline of lakes and the banks of rivers assist in the protection of these areas against erosive wave and current actions during high rainfall events (Dickens et al. 2003). The wetland plants act as a buffer by minimising the water’s energy and providing stabilisation through binding the soils with their extensive root systems and dense plant cover. The important aquatic and wetland plants for shoreline and riverbank stabilisation are the rooted emergent, riparian zone, and floating plants (Sainty and Jacobs 1994).

Plants that are important in this regard have shallow, dense root systems such as Berula erecta, willows (Salix sp), River bushwillow (e.g. Combretum erytrophyllum) and the Oldwood (Leucosidea sericea).

3.3.4 Water recycling (including groundwater recharge and streamflow maintenance)

Through interflow, many of the high altitude wetlands provide a source of water for downstream streams and rivers. Through the retentive properties of the soil in the wetland, water can be supplied over a much longer period thereby sustaining ecosystems downstream.

The transpiration of aquatic and wetland plants can contribute largely to the recycling of groundwater resources into the air phase of water. For instance, in the Okavango Delta the trees ‘pump’ out water at such a rapid rate that the water table beneath the swamp islands are substantially lower than in the swamp itself (Ellery & Ellery, 1997).

However, the aquatic and wetland plants can also maximize the time that water stays within these wet areas and this makes the recharge of the aquifers possible. The rooted emergent, riparian zone and floating plants may under certain circumstances also reduce evapotranspiration (Sainty and Jacobs 1994).

3.3.5 Biodiversity support

A study by Bertoli (1996) highlighted the fact that standing waters like lagoons, dams and small streams (lentic habitats) provide habitat for larger species diversity than the larger rivers and streams (lotic habitats). Aquatic and wetland systems, through habitat types and plant diversity, provide a wide variety of habitats for plants and associated specific animal life. Some species use these systems for their complete life cycle and food sources, while other organisms can migrate and redistribute nutrients. It can also act as corridors that connect terrestrial ecosystems to freshwater ecosystems. In many areas, these also act as exclusive breeding area for fauna. (Cowan 1995).

Wetlands are known to possess a magnificent number of plants that are adapted to grow under the anoxic conditions that pertain within a wetland. Similarly, the aquatic or obligate plants are adapted to grow with their roots under constant wetness within the water column. Examples are the pineapple lilies (Eucomis sp), red-hot pokers (Kniphofia sp.) and some ground orchids.

3.3.6 Economic benefits

One of the major economic benefits of freshwater ecosystems is the value that tourists put on pristine aquatic and wetland sites. These include wilderness areas that are used for hiking, camping and other eco-tourism activities.

Apart from the economic value of plants that are used for medicinal purposes, freshwater ecosystems are known to produce plants that are used for food production, building materials, fuel, fibre, craft manufacturing and animal fodder. All these offer a large economic value, which has become a reliant source of livelihoods.

3.3.7 Other benefits

Other benefits associated with freshwater ecosystems include the aesthetic value, clean air (carbon sequestration), recreational, religious and spiritual significance.

3.4 Data analysis

Medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems were grouped into the following plant types: • Annual herbs • Aquatic (submerged and free floating) • Ferns • Geophytes • Grasses • Perennial herbs • Sedges • Shrubs and • Trees.

This information was also captured in the table in Appendix 3.

For a description of freshwater ecosystems as defined in this study, the reader is referred to Chapter 3.2.

The purpose of this data analysis was to establish whether a partiicular plant group (such as bulbs) plays a dominant rolle or whether some freshwater ecosystems, (as defined in this study), are more prominent in terms habitat for plants with medicinal properties.

3.4.1 Plant type

In Figure 4.1, the plant type utilised for medicinal purposes, as listed in Appendix 3, in all the freshwater ecosystems is expressed as a percentage of the total number of plant species.

Figure 44.1. Distribution of plant types across the spectrum of freshwater ecosystems. The most used plants are perennial herbs and trees.

From the above, it is evident that perennial herbs are the most utilised plant type followed by trees, geophytes and shrubs.

From a propagation point of view, perennial herbs grown from seed or cuttings can be utilised within 1 to 2 years, geophytes 3 to 4 years and trees 5 to15 years, depending on which part of the plant is used.

3.4.2 Species distribution according to freshwater ecosystems

Figure 44.2. Plant distribution as per freshwater ecosystem. The river channnel and hillslope seep stand out as dominant ecosystems.

When the plants were classified according to their occurrence in freshwater ecosystems, it was difficult to distinguish between hillslope seeps and valleyhead seeps. In the context of this study, this differentiation is probably not important.

As is expected, most plants utilised occur within wetlands associated with valleys. Of these, the channel (river plus banks) is the most important. An intereesting aspect is the amount of plants that occur in hillslope seeps, if the surface area that they occupy relative to the other freshwater ecosysstems is taken into account.

3.4.3 Species distribution per freshwater ecosystem

Data was also analysed to determine the plant type distribution per freshwater ecosystem as indicated in Table 4.3. In the last column of the table, the amount of species that occur in a particular freshwater ecosystem is indicated. Plant type occurrence per freshwater ecosystem is expressed as a percentage of the total number of plants in a specific freshwater ecosystem.

Table 4.3. An analysis of the relationship between Ecosystem and Plant Type

Ecosystem/ Chan Chan- Depres- Flat Flood Hillslope Valley- Lake Unchan n Plant type nel neled sion plain seep head seep neled valley wet- valley bottom land bottom Annual herb 30,0 0,0 10,0 0,0 10,0 20,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10 Aquatic 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 100,0 0,0 1 Climber 25,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 41,7 16,7 0,0 0,0 16,7 12 Fern 14,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 71,4 14,3 0,0 0,0 7 Geophyte 0,0 18,2 0,0 4,5 0,0 45,5 4,5 0,0 27,3 22 Grass 25,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 25,0 12,5 0,0 0,0 37,5 8 Perennial 8,1 16,3 0,0 0,0 7,0 37,2 4,7 2,3 24,4 86 herb Sedge 25,0 25,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 50,0 8 Shrub 18,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 27,3 36,4 0,0 4,5 13,6 22 Tree 87,2 4,3 0,0 0,0 6,4 2,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 47

To make the results displayed in Table 4.3 more accessible, a graph of plant type per freshwater ecosystem was compiled.

3.4.3.1 Unchanneled valley bottom

The unchanneled valley bottom wetland has a fairly even distribution of species, with grasses and sedges the most dominantt. It is also rich in geophytes.

Unchanneled valley bottom 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0

20.0 Unchanneled valley bottom 10.0 0.0

Figure 44.3. Plant type distribution in an unchannelled valley bottom wetlland.

3.4.3.2 Channeled valley bottom

The channeled valley bottom wetland sees the emergence of some trees, but with geophytes, perennial herbs and sedges dominant.

Figure 44.4. Plant type distribution in a channeled valley bottom wetland

3.4.3.3 Channel

In the channel (and associated banks), trees are by far the most dominant plant type. Trees make up about 20% of all medicinal plant use and this is therefore a very important habitat to protect (Lawes et al., 2004).

Figure 44.5. Plant type distribution in a river channel and associated banks.

3.4.3.4 Lake

Lakes constitute a very small fraction of wetlands in South Africa and are therefore not very important in this analysis.

Figure 44.6. Plant type distribution in a lake.

3.4.3.5 Flat

The water content in flat wetlands can vary considerably and that makes the establishment of plants that require moisture regularly, diffficult. That is why geophytes are the dominant specie in this habitat. Although not shown, annual herbs can also be expected in this habitat.

Figure 44.7. Plant type distribution in flat wetland

3.4.3.6 Floodplain wetland

Floodplain wetlands also contain a largge variety of plant species, with climbers, grasses and shrubs the most dominant.

Figure 44.8. Plant type distribution in floodplain wetland

3.4.3.7 Depression

Due to their geomorphic composition and soil characteristics, depressions and in particular pans, have very poor vegetation cover. Areas surrounding some of these pans may be very rich in flora, such as the area surrounding Lake Chrissie in Mpumalanga.

Figure 44.9. Plant type distribution in a depression

3.4.3.8 Valleyhead seep

In the context of this study, the valleyhead seep and hillslope seep are considered together.

Figure 44.10. Plant type distribution in a valleyhead seep.

3.4.3.9 Hillslope seep

This habitat is, apart from trees, one of the most diverse concerning the occurrence of plant species utilised for medicinal purposes.

Figure 44.11. Plant type distribution in a hillslope seep.

4. Identification of medicinal plants associated with freshwater ecosystems

Von Ahlefeldt et al. (2003) compiled an extensive list of plants that were traded in KwaZulu-Natal prior to 2003. Table 4.1 is an extract from that list of medicinal plants occurring freshwater ecosystems. In this publication, uses were not specified and were obtained from other sources.

Diederichs (2006) listed the seventy most utilised medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal. The plants listed in Table 4.2, extracted from that list, occur in freshwater eco systems (also see Lawes, 2004).

From the most used medicinal trees traded in the Eastern Cape, three can be associated with freshwater ecosystems, namely Ilex mites, Rapanea melanophloeos and Trichillia emetica (Lawes, 2004).

It must be noted that plants with medicinal properties that occur in freshwater ecosystems are restricted to areas with relatively high rainfall. Areas such as the Karroo and parts of the Eastern, Northern and Western Cape were not considered in this study. Many medicinal plants occur in these areas, but few, if any, are not associated with freshwater ecosystems.

Table 4.1 List of medicinal plant species occurring in freshwater ecosystems, traded on the Eastern Seaboard 2003. (Von Ahlefeldt et al, 2003)

Family Genus and specie Other names Plant type Water Distribution Disease symptoms: Literature name resource Plant parts used reference with Page no. ALLIACEAE Tulbaghia E: Scented wild garlic; Sw: Geophyte Hillslope seep EC, FS, KZN, Snake repellent: 8(510), 10(127), ludwigiana Harv. ingotjwa, sikwa; Z: MP, LP, Les & Depressed fontanel: 23(NA), 34(956), umwelela-kweli-phesheya Swa Plant Menstrual 53(120), 66(NA), problems, chest 69(174) problems, fever, asthma, ulcers, constipation, stomach problems AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum moorei E: Moore`s river lily, Geophyte Channeled EC, KZN & GA Swelling , urinary tract 1(52), 3(), 8(350), Hook.f. (RDL) Inanda/Natal/Ngomi lily; A: valley bottom problems: bulb 10(12), 31(76), Bos/Natal lelie; Z: umnduze wetland decoctions 69(176)

ANACARDIACEAE Protorhus E: Red Cape beech, red Tree Channeled EC, KZN, MP, Stroke, ulcers, 10(108), 11(), longifolia (Bernh.) beech; A: harpuisboom, valley bottom LP & Swa abdominal pains, 21(49), 23(NA), Engl. rooibeukehout, wetland stomach disorders, 34(117), 37(86), rooiboekenhout; X: backaches and chest: 66(NA, 69(130)) umHlutthi, uZintlwa, Bark iKhubalo, umHluthi-wezinja, umKhambathi, isifuce; Z: unHlangothi, umHluthi, umPhuza, isiFuze, isiFico- sehlathi, umKhumizo, umuThibomvu, umhlangothi

APIACEA Pimpinella caffra Z: Ibheka Perennial Hillslope seep Unspecified: intestinal 1(224), 21(1041), (Eckl. And Zeyh) D. herb worms 69(22) Dietr.

APIACEAE Alepidea E,Z: Kalmoes, kalmos; X: Perennial Hillslope seep EC (Amatolas), Respiratory ailments, 1(223), 10(16), amatymbica Eckl. iqwili; Z:ikhathazo herb FS, KZN, MP, influenza: roots raw or 31(194), 21(1032), & Zeyh. var. LP, Les & Swa cooked, as snuff or 69(180) amatymbica burned roots inhaled ; Stomach, abdomen pain, rheumatism, asthma, sore throat, fever, bleeding wounds, headache, disinfectant: powdered root(rhizomes); Tonic - small dose, purgative - large dose: ? APOCYNACEAE Mondia whitei E: White's ginger; Z: umondi Climber Floodplain Roots: chewed for 1(249), 69(182) (Hook. f.) Skeels wetland stomach disorders

APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia caffra E: Quinine tree; A: Tree Channel (river WC, EC, KZN, Hysteria: Bark 10(109), 20(112- (L.) Sond. kinaboom, koorsboom, plus banks) MP, LP, NW, Insomnia: Bark 114), 21(95 & 96), waterboekenhout; X: GA & Swa Headaches: Dried leaves 23(NA),24(170), umThundisa, umJelo, Fever: 34(164), 37(358), umThondisa, umJele; Z: Malaria: Bark 46(10), 66(NA), umHlambamanzi, Heart failure: Bark 69(134) umKhadluvungu, umJela, Skin disease: latex in umHlambamze leaves Ascaride: Root & bark Leg sores: Powdered inflorescence APOCYNACEAE Voacanga thouarsii E: Quinine tree; Z: Inomfe Tree Unchanneled KZN,Swa Fruit: food Latex: bird 3(506), 69(134) Roe. And Schult. valley bottom lime wetland ARACEAE Zantedeschia E: Arum lily; A: Perennial Unchanneled Mp, WC Sores and boils: leaf 21 (115), 69(184) aetiopica (L.)Scott witkvarkoor;; Z:ikalamuzi herb valley bottom wetland

CELASTRACEAE Maytenus undata E: Koko tree; Z: idohame Tree Channel (river EC, KZN, MP, Bark: unspecified 1(183), 69(142) (Thunb.) Blakelock plus banks) LP & Swa CUCURBITACEAE Lagenaria E: Wild melon; Z: iselwa- Creeper Floodplain Leaves or roots: infusion 1(306), 69(82) sphaerica makhosi, uselwa wetland in hot water taken for swelling

ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum S: khongoana-tsa-ngoana; Z: Geophyte Hillslope seep EC, FS, KZN, Earache, barrenness in 8(90), 10(61), 15()), ornithogaloides incameshela MP & Les women:? 69(204) Baker EUPHORBIACEAE Bridelia micrantha E: Mitzeeri, coastal Tree Channel (river EC, KZN, MP, Stomach complains: 1(165), 2(73), (Hochst.) Baill. goldenleaf, sweetberry; A: plus banks) LP & Swa; Roots ; Sore eyes: Leaf 3(230), 10(62), blousoetbessie, p230(3), p73 sap ; Headache: 69(146) bruinstinkhout: (2), EC to trop powdered root mixed S:umhlalamagcwababa; X: Afr with fat topically umhlahlungulu; Z: incinci, applied ; Burn wounds: umshonge, umhlahle Powdered bark promote healing; Sterility, respiratory complaints, induce abortion: root and bark (also used in other parts of Africa) EUPHORBIACEAE Macaranga E: Wild poplar; Z: iphubane Tree Channeled EC,KZN,Swa Bark: skin disease and 1(167), 69(148) capensis (Baill.) valley bottom sunburn benth. Ex Sim wetland FABACEAE Adenopodia E: Spiny splinter bean; A: Climber Floodplain KZN, Swa, MP, Root: chest pain 1(127), 69(152) spicata (E. Mey.) C. rivierboontjie; Z: ibobo wetland LP Presl FABACEAE Philenoptera E: Apple leaf; A: Appelblaar; Tree. Channel (river MP, LP, Bot, Roots & leaves 1(), 8(), 10(101), violaceae Z: umphanda plus banks) Nam & Swa 23(NA), 34(539), (Klotzsch) Schrire 37(458), 69(210)

FABACEAE Psoralea pinnata L. E: Fountain bush, fountain Shrub Hillslope seep WC, EC, KZN, Hysteria: Roots 10(108), 21(641), var. pinnata tree, blue pea; A: bloubos, MP, LP, Les & Medically: whole plant 23(NA), 34(543), fonteinbos, bloukeur, Swa 37(460), 42(), keurtjiebos, fonteinhout, 44(37), 49(284), pinwortel; X: umhlonitshwa, 53(166), 56(150), umhlonishwa; Z: 60(99, 69(46) umhlongani, umHlonishwa

JUNCACEAE Prionium serratum A: Palmiet Perennial Channel (river Food, fibre 69(50) (L.f.) Drege ex E. herb plus banks) Mey

RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus E: Common buttercup; A: Perennial Channeled WC, EC, FS, Cough, Vomiting, 8(252), 10(109), multifidus Forssk. botterblom, kankerblaar, herb valley bottom KZN, MP, LP, Diarhoea, Dyspepsia, 21(880), 23(NA), geelbotterblom; SS: hlapi; wetland NW, GA, NC, Sore throat ,Cancer, 25(241), 34(810), Sw: uxhaphozi; Z: ishasha- Les, Nam & Scabies, Mumps, 39(570), 44(33), kazane, isijojokazane, Swa Venereal sores, Syphilis: 46(85), 49(186). uxhaphozi Whole plant: 53(156), 54(213), 61(112&1131), 69(64)

RUBIACEAE Alberta magna E: Krantzflame-tree, Natal Tree Channel (river Scattered Bark is reported to be 1(297), 3(538), E.Mey. flame bush; A: breekhout; X; plus banks) distribution in used medicinally 10(119), 21(896), umabophe, isiqalane; Z ECP & KZN; 69(168) ibutha-elikhulu, p538(3) igibampondo

RUTACEAE Vepris lanceolata E: White ironwood; A: wit Tree Channel (river WC, EC, KZN, Colic: Roots 8(), 10(128), (Lam.) G.Don ysterhout plus banks) MP, LP & Swa Influenza: Roots 21(925), 23(NA), 34(851), 37(396), 66(NA), 69(234)

Table 4.2. Most utilised medicinal plants in KwaZulu-Natal occurring in Freshwater ecosystems. (Diederichs, 2006)

Genus and specie Short plant Disease symptoms: Literature with Family Other names Habitat Distribution name description Plant parts used Page no. Respiratory ailments, APIACEAE influenza: roots raw or cooked,as snuuf or burned Margins of forest, EC (Amatolas), FS, roots inhaled ; Stomach, Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. E,Z: Kalmoes, kalmos; X: damp and grassy 1(223), 10(16), Perennial herb KZN, MP, LP, Les & abdomen pain, & Zeyh. var. amatymbica iqwili; Z:ikhathazo slopes, near 31(194), 21(1032) Swa rheumatism, disinfectant: streams powdered root(rhizomes); Tonic - small dose, purgative - large dose: ? Painful menstruations: E: Red-hot poker, fire lily, Root & bulb; Constipation; 8(30), 10(81), 21(707), torch lily, Cape poker; A: Wet places on Abdominal pain; Stomach 23(NA), 43(86), 44(6), ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken vuurpyl, ghoesghoeroe, Perennial herb. WC, EC & NC sandstone slopes complaints; blood purifier; 49(72), 51(49), 56(60), rooisoldate, vuurlelie, cleaning of wounds, sore 62(30) stinkaalwyn; Z: icacane chest: leaves & bulb E: green thorn, y-thorn General tonic and Hot low altitude torchwood; A: panacea: cooked bark; Balanites maughamii bushveld, sand KZN, MP, LP, GA, Bot 1(151), 2(61), 9(52), BALANITACEAE groendoring, fakkelhout; Tree Ritual emetics: bark end Sprague ssp. maughamii forest often at & Swa (P61 (2)) 10(40),21(1065)? Sw: umnulu; Z: ipamu, root decoction; Cough riverbanks umgobandlovu treatment: fruits Malaria and as E: fever tree; A: Bushveld KZN, MP, LP & Swa; prophylactic: powdered koorsboom; S: riverbanks, low P45 (2) p124 (1), root, stem and bark; umkhanyakudze; S,Z: 1(124), 2(45), 3(188), FABACEAE Acacia xanthophloa Benth. Tree swampy areas, p188 (3), (N Abdominal pain: cold root umhlosinga; Z: 10(67), 21(553) nearly always near Zululand, excl infusion as washes?; umhlofunga, umdlovune, water coastel belt) Fever, eye complaints: umkhanyakude bark

E: African walnut, African greenheart, tree fuchsia, weeping boerboon, South African greenheart, Hottentot's bean tree, Heartburn: Bark weeping boer-bean, River and 10(111), 21(645 & EC, KZN, MP, LP, GA Hangover: Bark FABACEAE Schotia brachypetala Sond. fuchsia tree; A: boerboon, Tree streambanks in 646), 23(NA), 24(134), & Swa Nervous conditions: Bark huilboerboon, valleys 34(548), 37(424) Diarrhoea: Plant huilboerboom; S: molope; X: umGxam, iShumnumyane, umfofofo; Z: umGxamu, uVovo, iHluze, uvovovo; Induce labour,antenatal - to tone uterus, expulsion of placenta; stomach E: river pumpin,wild problems, rheumatic fever rhubarb; A: rivier swellings, mentrual pain, GUNNERACEAE pampoen; S: qobo; Sw: Marshy areas, WC, EC, FS, KZN, MP, stomach 1(220), 8(578), 9(142), Gunnera perpensa L. uqobho; V: rambola- Perennial herb, along stream LP, NW, GA, Les & bleeding,kidney,bladder 10(82), 11(), 31(192), (HALORAGACEAE) vhadzimu; X: iphuzi banks Swa; p142 (9) complaints, psoriasis: 66(NA) lomlambo; Z: imfe-yesele, Infusion or decoction of ug(h)bo; rhizome, taken orally or as enema. Externally applied for wound dressing (also used with other species); Fevers: bulbs small quantities in emetics,enemas; Coughs,respiratory ailments; bulb decoctions taken; E: pineapple fower/plant; Damp places, EC, FS, KZN, MP, LP, Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Biliousness,lumbago : bulb 1(42), 9(130), 10(84), HYACINTHACEAE A: wildepynappel; Z: Geophyte grassland, rock NW, GA, Bot, Les & Chitt. ssp. clavata decoctions as enemas; 28(138) umathunga outcrops Swa Syphilis, blood disorders: unspecified parts; Venereal disease, preventing premature childbirth, diarrhoea: ?(bulb used)

E: Dragon's head lily, parrot lily, Natal lily, Treat fertility in women, sword lily; A: FS, KZN, MP, LP, NW, colds , dysentery : root Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel Summer rainfall LILIACEAE swaardlelie;S: khahle-e- Geophyte GA, Bot, Les, Nam & decoctions. Colds ; 1(63), 8(44)?, 10(87) ssp. dalenii grasslands kholo; Sw: sidvwana; Z: Swa inhaling of smoke of isidwi esibomvu, burning corms (21) undwendweni Chest complains: bark with crocodile fat; Internal E: broad-leaf wild quince; pains, muscular cramps, A: breëblaarkweper, urinary tract diseases, In forest on 1 (107), 2(), 3(106), LAURACEAE Crypotcarya latifolia Sond. basterswartysterhout; Tree KZN & EC; p 106 (3) uterine spasm, menstrual watercourses 10(92),21(531) X,Z: umthungwa; Z: pains: bark; bark umhlangwenya sometimes used as substitude for bark of Ocotea bullata As an emetic, dysentery, heartburn: bark; Cough, E: Cape ash, dog plum; A: WC, EC, KZN, MP, LP, dysentery, gastritis, essenhout; S: GA, Bot & Swa; headache,scabies: roots; Forest, riverine, 1(157), 3(218), 10(96), MELIACEAE Ekebergia capensis Sparm. umnyamatsi; T: anthoma; Tree p218(3), (Coast to Abscesses, boils, pimples, bushveld 15(), 21(744)31(202) X: ungwenyobomvu; Z: midlands in KZN & blood purification, uvungu, umthoma WC) listlessness: ground bark; Skin ailments, chronic coughs, headaches: leaves Venereal disease: Root Expeltion of placenta: 2(), 3(), 8(560), E: Bulrush; A: papkuil, Root Wounds: Flowers 10(127), 15(178), vleibiesie; SS: motsitla; Along water Typha capensis (Rohrb.) WC, NC, Bot, Les, Diarhoea: Rhizome 21(1031), 23(NA), TYPHACEAE Sw: ibhuma; X: Perennial herb.. courses in marshy N.E.Br. Nam & Swa Urinary problems: 24(192), 25(258), ingcongolo, umkhanzi; Z: areas Rhizome 34(1213), 43(68), ibhuma Bleeding: Rhizome 50(107), 53(103) Swelling: Rhizome

The plants identified in the two tables give a very good indication of the most important plants utilised in the medicinal trade and that are associated with freshwater ecosystems.

However, for the purpose of this study, Arnold et al. (2002) was used as the primary source to identify plants that are considered to be of medicinal value that occurs in freshwater ecosystems. Plant use described as “magical” were not included in the list if that was the only use for the plant.

More than eighty other publications were also consulted to identify medicinal plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems (Appendix 2). This information was also evaluated against personal experience and informal consultations with various stakeholders (J. Mabanga, G. Nicholls, pers. comm.).

It is not always straightforward to classify plants on a regional basis, based on their habitat. Plants may be associated with freshwater ecosystems in one region, but could be considered a grassland species in another region. It is therefore inevitable that some of the plants that are included (or excluded, for that matter) are based on the author’s personal knowledge.

Based on the above assumptions, a provisional list of plants was compiled that could be considered to comply with the requirements of this study. After the workshop, where the criteria were more strictly quantified, the list was reduced. Where information about the following was lacking or uncertain, the plants were removed from the list: • The medicinal use of the plant is not clear • Plants that are not indigenous or • Where the habitat is uncertain.

The information gathered from the literature regarding individual plant species was recorded as follows: • Family. • Genus and specie name. • Other names. This includes local names in various languages. Although local names are not always plant-specific, it is a very handy aid when talking to non- botanists. • Plant type. A standard description was compiled from the short plant description obtained from literature (see Chapter 4.1). • Freshwater ecosystem. From the habitat and personal experience, a freshwater ecosystem, as discussed in Chapter 3.2, was allocated to each specie. The most dominant ecosystem was listed. • Habitat. The habitat was obtained from literature • Ecological Role. The ecological role, as discussed in Chapter 3.4, was used to assess every plant. • Distribution. Distribution at this stage is per province. • Disease symptoms: Plant parts used. The disease that is treated is listed first and then the plant part used for that purpose. • Literature with page number. The literature cited with an accompanying page number is listed. The complete list of references can be found in Appendix 2.

The table in Appendix 3 reflects the data available in the literature as well as the personal experience of the authors and is not necessarily complete.

In order not to lose information that might be of use for further research, plants with insufficient information, but that might have medicinal value, are listed in Appendix 4.

Appendix 5 lists exotic plants utilised for medicinal purposes.

5. Recommendations.

Formal liaison with Herbalists and Traditional Healers

The recommendations and outcome of this project can only be successful if the role- players and stakeholders form an integral part of the planning and execution of these recommendations.

Plant distribution within freshwater ecosystems

The occurrence of medicinal plants should be linked to habitat and role. If this is understood better, propagation requirements as well as resilience to change in habitat can be assessed.

Ecological role of medicinal plants within freshwater ecosystems

The ecological role that medicinal plants play within a particular habitat need to be quantified. Since most medicinal plants only occur in small numbers and low concentrations, it is considered to be important to understand the ecological niche that these plants occupy. It must be noted that there are exceptions where plants can cover fairly large areas. Examples are Gunnera perpensa and Typha capensis.

Species sensitivity to natural or induced changes to environment

Protection should not only be in terms of overharvesting, but we need to understand the life history of the plant and its ecological requirements in terms of survival when natural conditions change or disappear.

Ex-situ and in-situ propagation (taking distribution and ecological role into account)

Based on the understanding of the plant habitat, ecological role and sensitivity, ex situ and possibly in-situ propagation techniques can be developed.

Experience in KwaZulu-Natal (Brian Abrahams, pers. comm.) has indicated that the establishment of a nursery that could supply THPs is not very successful. What is successful is to establish a holding nursery where THPs can acquire stock plants to grow on themselves.

Emphasis should therefore be on the training of THPs and herb gatherers to enable them to propagate their own medicinal plants.

Chemical analysis of selected species.

Although the medicinal use of plants are well documented, only a small percentage of plants utilised for medicinal purposes and associated with freshwater systems have been subjected to detailed scientific scrutiny.

A large number of trees have also been studied for their medicinal properties. Often the plants are medicinal when alkaloid-, glucoside-, terpenoid- esters, acids or volatile oil compounds are found in the plants.

Plants that are considered important in this regard are listed in Table 5.5. This list is by no means exhaustive.

Table 5.5 Forest and woodland species that warrant further research (Lawes, 2004):

Plant Name Part to be investigated Apodytes dimidiata Leaves Cryptocarya woodii Bark/leaves Ekebergia capensis Bark/roots Phygelius capensis Leaves Trichilia emetica Leaves, bark Trichilia dregeana Bark

Alternative plant parts that can be utilised

In those cases where some of the medicinal plants are difficult to propagate, or raw material become scarce, alternatives should be investigated, such as using the leaves instead of bark and roots to ensure survival of the plants. The University of Pretoria is currently involved in such studies, but not necessarily related to plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems.

Plant protection measures

With a thorough understanding of the plant habitat, ecological role and sensitivity, ex situ plant protection measures should be developed. Also given that higher plants such as trees take a relatively long time to mature if domesticated, sustainable harvesting regimes should be practiced and rolled out.

Knowledge dissemination

Knowledge dissemination should focus on the following: Understanding plant habitat, ecology and protection Training in propagation techniques Importance of correct harvesting times Importance of correct harvesting techniques

Regional assessment

From the current desktop study, it would appear that the medicinal plants occurring in KwaZulu-Natal have received the most attention due to the large quantity of plants in this high rainfall region of South Africa.

It is recommended that other regions also be identified and that focus be placed on them.

Due to the fact that this study focuses on medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems, these areas will have to comply with these criteria. Possible areas could include: Western Cape Mountains Barberton Centre Wolkberg centre Soutpansberg centre Sekhukune centre (Van Wyk and Smith, 2001)

Pilot projects

Once regional studies that complement existing studies have been identified, pilot projects could be initiated in these areas. It could focus on freshwater associated plant studies in respect of use, habitat, propagation and awareness building.

Ideally, these projects should be linked to local tertiary institutions, for example, a pilot study in the Soutpansberg and Wolkberg can be under the auspices of the University of Venda; and a study in the Western Cape mountains can be under the auspices of the University of the Western Cape.

Concluding remarks

It must be accepted that the use of plants for medicinal purposes is ingrained in the fabric of our society. What is needed is the assurance that our children (and their children…..) will still be able to reap the benefits that nature provides.

Freshwater ecosystems, as described in this paper, play a crucial role, since almost half of the plants used medicinally, occur in these habitats.

Since this market/trade operates predominantly in the informal sector, there are still many unknowns and ample opportunity for research.

One of the biggest short-term challenges is the assurance of supply of the raw material. Most of the raw material is gathered in the wild where it is known that the populations are declining at an alarming rate (Lawes, 2004). However, there are sufficient laws in place in South Africa to ensure the protection of medicinal wetland plants. What is required is the cooperation of the THPs and herb gatherers to harvest in a sustainable manner.

Certain herbs and bulbs can be grown ex situ and can be market-ready within 2 to 3 years. The same is not true for most trees where the bark is utilised. Trees may take up to 15 years to be mature enough before they can be harvested again. For example, Ocotea bullata (black stinkwood) is, for practical purposes, extinct in KwaZulu-Natal outside protected areas. Bark is currently imported from Swaziland and Mozambique. The harvesting in these countries is also not sustainable and importation is not a long- term solution.

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Appendices

The following appendices are attached:

Appendix 1: Outcome of Workshop held at WRC on 15 February 2011. This is a summary of discussions and recommendations that emanated from the workshop

Appendix 2: Literature consulted to compile list of medicinal plant species associated with freshwater ecosystems.

Appendix 3: List of medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems

Appendix 4: List of plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that might be utilised for medicinal purposes.

Appendix 5: List of exotic plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that is utilised for medicinal purposes.

Appendix 1: Outcome of Workshop held at WRC on 15 February 2011.

Contract K8/971: Distribution, use and ecological roles of the medicinal plants confined to freshwater ecosystems in South Africa

Discussion notes from the workshop that took place on 15 February 2011 from 09:00 to 13:00 at the offices of the Water Research Commission, Pretoria.

Present: 1. Prof Kobus Eloff University of Pretoria 2. Ms Althea Grundlingh Agricultural Research Commission 3. Mr Judd Kirkel Private Sector, Consultant 4. Mr Jabulani Mabanga Herbalist 5. Ms Carina Malherbe Department of Environmental Affairs 6. Mr Gary Marneweck Private Sector, Consultant 7. Mr Masilo Mashatole Department of Environmental Affairs 8. Dr Lyndy McGaw University of Pretoria 9. Mr Eric Munzhedzi SANBI 10. Mr Ntambudzeni Nepfumembe Department of Environmental Affairs 11. Mr Ramogale Sekwele Department of Water Affairs 12. Mr Peter Tshisikhawe University of Venda 13. Dr Carin van Ginkel Researcher and co-leader of the project 14. Dr Johan Wentzel Project Leader 15. Ms Annette Wentzel Scribe

Background

Drs Johan Wentzel and Carin van Ginkel are currently busy with a desktop study on the distribution, use and ecological roles of medicinal plants confined to freshwater ecosystems in South Africa. (Water Research Commission contract K8/971) The aim of the workshop is to discuss the results of the project and to obtain the input of other specialists regarding the aims of the current study).

Arnold et al (2002) compiled an annotated checklist of all medicinal plants recorded in South Africa. This list was used to select medicinal plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems and other references were consulted to expand on this. In the desktop study the team made use of numerous publications on the subject. The list also reflects the personal experience of the authors as well as that of various other experts in the field. A list of almost 500 plants were recorded, including the plant family; genus and specie names; synonyms; other indigenous/common names; classification; description of the plant; habitat; disease symptoms and plant parts used; provincial distribution; and relevant publications where the information was found.

Recommendations from the participants to the project team: • The information collected and the list produced by the team, through the desktop study is very important.

• The focus should be to look at the sustainable use of the medicinal plants and how to protect the plants and their habitats. The project should not lose sight of the need to protect the habitat and the plants. • More Herbalists and Traditional Healers should be consulted to get their inputs on which plants are used and what are, in their views, the priorities. • Although there is a concern that collectors may not be sensitive to the sustainable utilisation of the medicinal plants, it is balanced by the knowledge of the Herbalists and Traditional Healers, who are the buyers and consumers. • The project should take note of the fact that through the research done by universities it has been proven that many of the diseases can be cured by using the leaves of the plant, instead of the bark or roots, which are a very destructive way of collecting. • The project should not only address research but the knowledge/ information should be made available to benefit the communities. • It is important to state that the project will only deal with indigenous plants. • The correct definition for “.. plants confined to freshwater ecosystems in South Africa” should be used in line with SA legislation to reduce the current list. • Freshwater ecosystems: “Plants that occur in freshwater habitats associated with riparian and wetland ecosystems, that survive permanent or temporarily in saturated anaerobic conditions – excluding coastal estuarine systems.” • The definition of “riparian” and “wetland” should be taken from the national Water Act. • Medicinal plants: “Plants containing chemical compounds with therapeutic properties.” • Plants that do not “qualify” in terms of the above definitions should be taken out of the current list. • Criteria selection: Make use of the IUCN threatened or protected list (TOPS). • The project team will send the reduced list to the participants of the workshop to request comments. • The project team could also consult the internet; the Medical Research Council web site; and Vinesh Maharaj at CSIR. • The project team should then try to discuss the reduced and amended list with Prof Ben-Erik van Wyk to assist with the classification as well as to prioritise plants in terms of further research.. • Any information that has been published about medicinal value and use of plants may be used. However, should the project require the use of new indigenous knowledge, the Department of Environmental Affairs (Ms Carina Malherbe) should be consulted about the process that needs to be followed. • For further research it is important to look at the possibility of plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems but which have not been recorded with medicinal value. • Although exotic and invasive plants already occur in freshwater ecosystems and are used for medicinal purposes, it is important to state that the optimal use of these plants should be encouraged but not the propagation thereof.

• The importance of the plants in terms of their ecological functioning should get attention in a next phase of the study.

Road ahead: • Emphasis should be on the sustainable use as well as the protection of the plant species and their habitats. • Further research is needed on species with potential medicinal value but has not been recorded as such. • Safety and toxicity: exclude plants with a narcotic potential. • In those cases where some of the medicinal plants are difficult to propagate, alternative sustainable uses should be investigated, such as using the leaves (or extracts from the leaves) instead of bark and roots. • The possibility of cooperation with the Council of Traditional Healers should be investigated. The formal structures should be involved. They are an important partner in this project. • The project should focus on traditional medicinal uses only, and exclude plants with magical properties at this stage. • Special attention should be given to threatened plants. • The project can consider compiling a list of the most important plants [perhaps 10] that can be considered for further research. • Protection should not only be in terms of overharvesting, but we need to understand the life history of the plant and its ecological requirements in terms of survival when natural conditions change or disappear. • The change of natural conditions and the impacts thereof on medicinal plants in freshwater ecosystems has apparently not been investigated and research in this regards is of the utmost importance to South Africa. • It is important that the project develop knowledge that will bring a better understanding of the ecological niche of the medicinal plants confined to freshwater ecosystems. • Understanding the conditions under which these plants grow, will also assist in those cases where it is difficult to propagate the medicinal plants confined to freshwater ecosystems. • The list of plant species should specify the plant use categories. This could assist when alternative species are proposed for the same use. • Harvest times of the plants are an important factor that needs to be considered. Plants can be destroyed if they are harvested at the wrong time of the year. • Propagation of plants can be done in situ by communities, and ex situ by nurseries. Priority should be given to those medicinal plants that are worth spending research time on and plants that will be to the benefit of the communities. • The project must caution against in situ propagation that has the potential to destroy the ecosystem where the plants occur. • Cultivating medicinal plants at the many sewage works in South Africa has the potential of job creation and should be investigated.

• The project has the potential to change the important contribution of our indigenous plants in terms of their medicinal value. • Development of publications [brochures] could be one of the outcomes of the project. These publications should communicate the findings of the project in a way that will benefit communities. • It should be recognised that different regions have different traditional knowledge of the medicinal plants, but that the project should serve the whole country. • An important factor that needs to be investigated is how the medicinal plants, confined in freshwater ecosystems, are distributed. Some wetland plants only occur at certain locations. There are three riparian zones where plants occur and this aspect has not been addressed. The value of this information, should it become available, is extremely important as it can be incorporated into the national RDM process and as well as the RQOs. • The project can make use of the vegetation map that was published in 2006 (Mucina and Rutherford)to indicate distribution of the plants nationally. This information should be taken one step further, namely also indicate the different zones where it occurs. • The project should be linked to the legislative mandate of the Department of Environmental Affairs, using the Biodiversity Management Plans as a starting point and use plants that occur in freshwater ecosystems that are under threat. • For this project the plants are important and not necessary the application [people and/or animals]. • Field work/visits should be part of the project, as new plant materials are still discovered, for example De Hoop Dam. • A photo data base of the plants, bark, leaves, etc. should be kept updated during field work. • Marketing should not be part of this project.

Project team should include, but not limited to the following:

• Scientists actively involved in multidisciplinary medicinal plant research • Government representatives, including Water Affairs, Environmental Affairs, Health, Provincial Government. • Wetland ecologists. • Botanists/SANBI. • Research institutes such as the ARC, CSIR [Vinesh Maharaj). • Universities. They should use the information from the project to transfer knowledge. Specific names mentioned: Prof Roy van Brmmelin; Gerhard Prinsloo. • Council of Traditional Healers. Specific name to be provided by Carina Malherbe.

Appendix 2. Literature consulted to compile the list of medicinal plant species associated with freshwater ecosystems.

The number in brackets refers to the reference provided in Appendix 3.

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Appendix 3: List of medicinal plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

MALVACEAE Abutilon austro- None None Shrub Lakes/pools Soil NAM,BOT,S Abortifactant (not 10(94) africanum Hochr. stabilizer; WZ,NNP,N med proven) flood WP,GAU,M retention; PU,KZN,NC species P diversity support FABACEAE Acacia robusta Acacia clavigera E: River Acacia; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Chest compaints: 1(123), subsp. clavigera E.Mey; Acacia Smalpeulpronkdoring, (river plus stabilization, LP, GA, Bot, steam from crushed 4(180), (E.Mey.) Brenan clavigera subsp. brakdoring; S: mooka; banks) water cycling Nam & boiled bark inhaled; 5(360), clavigera E.Mey. T: mvumbangwenya; Swa; Skin ailments: bark 10(67), X:umngampunzi; Z: p180(4)? decoction applied 21(537) umngamanzi topically FABACEAE Acacia None E: fever tree; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Malaria and as 1(124), xanthophloa koorsboom; S: (river plus stabilization; LP & Swa; prophylactic: 2(45), Benth. umkhanyakudze; S,Z: banks) water P45 (2) powdered root, stem 3(188), umhlosinga; Z: quality; p124 (1), and bark; Abdominal 10(67), umhlofunga, water p188 (3), pain: cold root 21(553) umdlovune, cycling; flood (N infusion as washes?; umkhanyakude retention; Zululand, Fever, eye complaints: species excl coastel bark biodiversity belt) support FABACEAE Adenopodia Entada spicata E: Spiny splinter Climber Floodplain Bank KZN, MP, Root: chest pain spciata (E. Mey.) (E.Mey.) Druca bean;A: rivierboontjie; wetland stabilization; LP & Swa C. Presl Z: ibobo flood retention

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

ASTERACEAE Adenostemma Adenostemma Z: umahogo Perennial Channeled Bank var Influenza, infusion 1(313), caffrum DC. Var. caffrum DC. herb valley bottom stabilization; caffrum? taken as emetics, 10(26) caffrum wetland water quality EC, KZN, administered to improvement MP, LP, children as enemas: ; flood NW, GA, unspecified parts retention; NC, Bot, water Nam & Swa cycling; species diversity support ASTERACEAE Adenostemma Adenostemma Z: umahogwe Perennial Channeled Bank EC, KZN, Probably as A caffrum 1(313), viscosum dregei; herb valley bottom stabilization; MP & LP 10(26) J.R.Forst. Adenostemma water quality natalense; improvement Adenostemma ; flood perrottetii retention; water cycling; species diversity support ROSACEAE Agrimonia E.eupatoria L.; A. E: Agrimony; A: Perennial Channeled Bank EC, FS, KZN Vermifuge,eg. 1(117), bracteata E.Mey nepalensis Don akkermonie, geelklits; herb valley bottom stabilizer; & MP Tapeworm: pounded 10(118), ex C.A.Mey Z: umakhuthula, wetland water leaves; Expectorant 21(885), quality; flood for 39(573) retention; coughs,stomachic: ? species diversity support

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

RUBIACEAE Alberta magna None E: Krantzflame-tree, Tree Channel Soil Scattered medicinally ?: bark 1(297), E.Mey. Natal flame bush; A: (river plus stabilizer; distribution 3(538), breekhout; X; banks) water in ECP & 10(119), umabophe, isiqalane; Z cycling; flood KZN; 21(896), ibutha-elikhulu, retention; p538(3) 80(168) igibampondo species diversity support ROSACEAE Alchemilla woodii Archiemilla wilmsii None Perennial Unchannelled Bank EC, FS, KZN, Relieve headche: 10(119), Kuntze Engl. herb valley bottom stabilizer; MP, LP & inhale smoke 21(886), water Les cycling; flood retention; species diversity support APIACEAE Alepidea Alepidea E,Z: Kalmoes, kalmos; Perennial Hillslope Soil EC Respiratory ailments, 1(223), amatymbica Eckl. amatymbica Eckl. & X: iqwili; Z:ikhathazo herb seep stabilization, (Amatolas), influenza: roots raw 10(16), & Zeyh. var. Zeyh. flood FS, KZN, or cooked,as snuuf or 31(194), amatymbica retention MP, LP, Les burned roots inhaled ; 21(1032), & Swa Stomach, abdomen 80(180) pain, rheumatism, disinfectant: powdered root(rhizomes); Tonic - small dose, purgative - large dose: ? RANUNCULA- Anemone fanninii None E: wild anemone; A: Perennial Unchannelled Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN Roots propably same 1(98), CEAE Harv. Ex Mast. anemoon, syblom; Z: herb valley bottom & Les; way as A. caffra ( A. 8(138), amanzamnyama wetland 8(138) caffra: )Colds, 10(117) headache: root powdered as snuff, smouldering root smoke inhaled; Pain :

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

leaf paste applied; Toothache: ground inner root ) GENTIANACEAE Anthocleista Anthocleista E: Forest big-leaf, Tree Channel Bank MP, LP & Treat malaria: bark 3(486), grandiflora Gilg. zambesiaca Baker; forest fever-tree, (river plus stabilization; Swa; p and leaves Treat 10(80), Anthocleista cabbage tree; A: banks) water 486(3) roundworm 21(727) insignis boskoorsboom, quality; grootblaarboom; S: water umhobohobo, luvungu cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support ICACINACEAE Apodytes E: white pear; A; Tree Channel Soils WC, EC, Intestinal parasites: 1(187), dimidiata E.Mey. witpeer; S: (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, root, bark infusion as 2(56)?, Ex Arn. ssp. kgalagangwê; SW: banks) water cycling LP, NW, GA enema; Ear 3(),4(286), dimidiata umdzakane; V: & Swa; inflammations: leaf ; 5(200), tshiphopha-madi; X,Z: p200(5), 4 Stomach complaints: 10(86), umdakane (286) bark decoction 21(501)31( 184)? APONOGETONA Aponogetom Aponogetom E: Cape hawthorn, Geophyte Channeled Bank WC & MP Sores, burns: leaves 8(), 10(18), CEAE distachyos L.f. distachyos var. Cape pondweed, dog- valley bottom stabilization; used as poultice 21(112)25( lagrangei Andrews with-two-tails, ; A: wetland water quality 58) waterblommetjie, improvement wateruintjie, vleikos, ; flood waterblom, retention; watereendjies, water waterlelie( Bron?) cycling; species diversity support SCROPHULARIA Aptosimum None Z: nsindwane Shrub Floodplain Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Fever stomach: 1(), 2(), 3(), CEAE albomarginatum wetland NW, NC, emetic 10(126), Marloth & Engl. Bot & Nam 39(605)

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

ASTERACEAE Arctotis Osteospermum A: Bittergousblom, Perennial Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, Antibiotic Same as A. 10(27), arctotoides (L.f.) arctotoides L.f., botterblom; S: valley bottom stabilization; KZN, MP, stoechadifolia 39(302) O.Hoffm. Venidium putswa-pududu; Z: wetland flood NW, GA & arctotoides (L.f.) ubushwa retention NC Less., V. decurrens Less. IRIDACEAE Aristea ecklonii None Z: ikhambi Perennial Unchannelled Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Sickness occompanied 8 (454); 10 Baker elilulaza,umafosi herb valley bottom KZN, MP, by fever, coughing: (86), 21, wetland LP & Swa leaf infusion as (504),31(8 enema; Siphilis: 6) IRIDACEAE Aristea gerrardii None Z: umabhanjana Perennial Hillslope Bank and soil KZN & EC Medicinally ?: 1(60), 8 (?), Weim. herb seep stabilizer rhizomes 10 (86), 39(72) ASTERACEAE Artemisia afra Artemisia afra Jacq. E: African wormwood; Shrub Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, (Various repiratory, 1(327), Jacq. ex Willd. ex Willd. A: wilde-als; S: (river plus stabilization KZN, MP, gastro-intestinal 9(44), lengana; Z: banks) LP, NW, GA, ailments), 10(27), umhlonyane NC, Bot, anthelmintics, 21(199), Les, Nam & emetics, gout, 28(84), Swa haemorroids, 39(291) ear/toothache, headaches, colds, measles, fevers, including malaria: leafs crushed, or steam of infusion inhaled; Constipation, intestinal worms in children: ground plants, suspended in water/milk administered; Blood purifiers,acne, boils,diabetes:

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium Tarachis adiantum- None Fern Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Antilmintic enema: 8(), 10(26), adiatum-nigrum nigrum (L.) Presl; seep KZN, MP, rhizome 21(1084), L. var. adiatum- Asplenium luridum LP, GA & 39(14) nigrum Burm.f.; Asplenium Les tabulare Schrad.; Asplenium argutum Kaulf.; Asplenium rawsonii Bak.; Asplenium adiantum-nigrum var. obtusum (Kit. ex Willd.) Sim ; Asplenium marlothii Hieron. ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium Asplenium E: Mother fern; A: Fern Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Treat colds:smoke 8(), monanthes L. monanthemum L. Moedervaring seep KZN, MP, leaves 10(26),21( LP & Les 1084) 28(54) CONVOLVULA- Astripomoea Astrochlaena E: Common star- Perennial Floodplain Soil KZN & Nam Swelling and 8(148), CEAE malvacea malvacea ipomoea herb wetland stabilization inflammation: 10(51),21( (Klotzsch) (Klotzsch) Hallier crushed roots; eyeball 306) A.Meeuse f.; Breweria inflammation: sap of malvacea Klotzsch leaf and flower. SCROPHULARIA Bacopa monnieri Lysimachia None Perennial Unchannelled Soil KZN Potent diuretic, 10(127), CEAE (L.) Pennell monnieri L.; herb valley bottom stabilizer; cardiac tonic, 25(244), Moniera cuneifolia wetland water tranquilizer, nerve 23(NA) Michaux quality; tonic:; Purgative , skin water lotion: plants boiled in cycling; flood water retention; species diversity support

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

BALANITACEAE Balanites Balanites dawei E: green thorn, y-thorn Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, General tonic and 1(151), maughamii Sprague torchwood; A: (river plus stabilization; LP, GA, Bot panacea: cooked bark; 2(61), Sprague ssp. groendoring, banks) water & Swa (P61 Ritual emetics: bark 9(52)?, maughamii fakkelhout; Sw: quality; (2)) end root decoction; 10(40),21( umnulu; Z: ipamu, water Cough treatment: 1065)? umgobandlovu cycling; flood fruits retention BEGONIACEAE Begonia Begonia caffra E: Wild begonia; A: Perennial Hillslope Soil EC, KZN, Emetic for chest 1(209), homonyma Meisn. wilde begonia Z: idlula herb seep stabilization MP & LP; ailments: root 8(408), Steud. 8(408) infusion 10(41) BEGONIACEAE Begonia Begonia buttonii E: wild(orange) Perennial Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Emetics, heart burn, 1(209), sutherlandii Irmsch; Begonia begonia; A: herb seep stabilization MP, LP, GA haematemesis: leaf , 8(68?), Hook.f. Ssp. dissecta Irmsch; Sutherlandbegonia & Swa, (p stem infusion (21) 10(41)? ,31 sutherlandii Begonia Z :uqamamawene 209 (1)) (210)? suffruticosa Meisn. var. gueinziana A.DC. ASTERACEAE Berkheya Crocodilodes E: spiny berg thristle; Perennial Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN Medicinal use?: 8(336), multijuga (DC.) grandifolium A: doringrige herb seep stabilization; & Les leaves , stem 10(28), Roessler Kuntze; bergdissel; S: water quality 28(146) Crocodilodes mhatollontsoa-ntsane- improvement multijugum Kuntze; ea-loti; Z: imboziso- ; flood Stobaea grandifolia emhlophe, ukhakhasi retention; DC.; Stobaea water multijuga DC. cycling; species diversity support

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

ASTERACEAE Berkheya radula Berkhyea adlamii T: diphate Perennial Hillslope Bank EC, FS, MP, Back pain over 10(28), (Harv.) De Willd. Hook.f.; Berkheya herb seep stabilization; LP, NW, GA, kidneys: decoction 21(204), radula (Harv.) water quality Bot & Swa 39(294) Burtt Davy; improvement Crocodilodes radula ; flood (Harv.) Kuntze; retention; Stobaea radula water Harv. cycling; species diversity support APIACEAE Berula erecta Berula thunbergii E: water parsnip; A: Perennial Unchannelled Bank subsp? ?P5 Toothache: fresh (Huds.) Coville (DC.) H. Wolf; Sium tandpynwortel; Z: herb valley bottom stabilization; 8 (9), p225 rhizome chewed ; 1(225) ,8(2 subsp. thunbergii thunbergii DC ibophwani; S: lehlatso wetland water quality (1) WC, EC, Headaches: body 96?), 9(58), (DC) B.L. Burtt improvement MP, LP, wash ; Ferile ailments: 10(16), ; flood NW, GA & taken in hot milk ; 21(1034)2 retention; NC Reported vlei 5(55)? water poisoning in stock cycling; animals species diversity support BLECHNACEAE Blechum Lomaria punctulata S: lehorometso Fern Hillslope Bank WC, EC, anthelmentic 10(41),21( punctulatum Sw. (Sw.) Kunze seep stabilization; KZN, MP, enema:rhizome 1086), var. punctulatum water LP, Les & 39(18) quality; Swa water cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

RUBIACEAE Breonadia Adina galpinii Oliv.; E: Breonadia, Tree Channel Soil KZN, MP, Tonic for children, 1(295), 2 salicina (Vahl) A. microcephala Transvaal teak, wild (river plus stabilizer; LP & Swa; p stomach ailments, (72), Hepper & (Delili.) Hiern var. oleander, matumie; A: banks) water 230 (6), heart ailments: bark; 6(228), J.R.I.Wood galpinii (Oliv.) mingerhout; SW: cycling; flood P72 (2) Colic: roots; Dental 10(120) Hiern; Breonadia umhlume; T: mhlume; retention; hygiene: twigs used as microcephala (Del) V: mut u-lume; Z: species toothbrush; Ridsdale umfala,umfula, diversity Tachycardia: root support decoction EUPHORBIA Bridelia Bridelia stenocarpa E: Mitzeeri, coastal Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Stomach complains: 1(165), CEAE micrantha Mull. Arg; goldenleaf, (river plus stabilization; MP, LP & Roots ; Sore eyes: Leaf 2(73), (Hochst.) Baill. Candelabria sweetberry; A: banks) water Swa; sap ; Headache: 3(230), micrantha Hochst ? blousoetbessie, quality; p230(3), powdered root mixed 10(62), bruinstinkhout: water p73 (2), EC with fat topically 80(146) S:umhlalamagcwababa cycling; flood to trop Afr applied ; Burn ; X: umhlahlungulu; Z: retention; wounds: Powdered incinci, umshonge, species bark promote healing; umhlahle biodiversity Sterility, respiratory support complaints, induce abortion: root and bark (also used in other parts of Africa) BUDDLEJACEAE Buddlja None E: sagewood, butterfly Shrub Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Tonic: in small doses, 1(240), salviifolia (L.) bush; A: saliehout, (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, leaves and flowers 2(75), Lam. witsalie;S: lelothwane, banks) water LP, NW, GA, steeped in water and 7(98), molalatau; X: ilothane, quality; Les & Swa; sweetened with 10(44), igqange; Z: igqange, water P75 (2) honey ; Eye lotion: 34(176), iloshane, mupambati cycling; flood leaf infusion ; Coughs, 21(727) retention; colic, flatulence, species diarrhea: root biodiversity decoctions; Wash support sores: extract of fresh flowers

Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

RHIZOPHORA- Cassipoureagum According to 91 E: large-leaf Tree Channeled Bank KZN & EC, bark used medicinally 1(213), CEAE miflua Tul. var. this is a synonym onionwood; A: valley bottom stabilizer; EC to trop 3(396), verticillata for Cassipourea grootblaaruiehout; X: wetland water Afr, 396 (3) 10(118) gummiflua Tul. umbetyana,umkhanga; cycling; flood Z: isinuka, umbhovane retention; species diversity support AMARANTHA- Centrostachys Achyranthes None Perennial Channel Soil BOT Venereal diseases: 10(11), CEAE aquatica (R.Br.) aquatica R. Br. herb (river plus stabilizer, Roots 25(53), Wall. Ex Moq banks) water 81(NA) quality, flood retention; species diversity support DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria Cephalaria E: false Scabiosa Perennial Floodplain Soil SWZ,MPU,F Cold: Leave infusion 8(204), oblongifolia attenuata (L.f.) herb wetland stabillizer ST,KZN,ECP 10(59), (Kuntze) Szabó Roem. & Schult. 34(419), var. oblongifolia 39(400), Kuntze 61(198&19 9) DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria None Z: uzondle Perennial Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Blood purifier, 1(302), zeyheriana Szabó herb seep stabilization; MP, LP, swelling, pain, 10(59) water NW, GA, syphilis, TB: root quality; Les & Swa. decotions water p106(5) cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support GENTIANACEAE Chironia krebsii None E: Kreb`s Chironia; S: Perennial Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Colic, diarrhoea in 1(242),8(4 Griseb. lehlapahali, herb seep stabilization; MP, LLP, children: Relieve 14), 9(80),

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mamorulane; Z: flood Les & Swa; uneasiness in 10(80), umanqunduswazi retention; (Subsahara pregnacy: 21(448),31 species Africa p242 (226) biodiversity (1)) support GENTIANACEAE Chironia Chironia humilis E: Dwarf chironia Perennial Valleyhead Bank FS, KZN, Stomach complaints: 1(242), purpurascens Gilg I.Verd. herb seep stabilization; MP, LP, NW infusions taken as tea 8(414)?, (E.Mey.) Benth. & flood & GA 10(80), Hook.f. ssp. retention; 23(NA), humilis (Gilg) species 39(478) I.Verd. biodiversity support COMBRETA- Combretum C. glomeruliflorum E: bushwillow, Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Venereal diseases, 1(214), CEAE erythrophyllum Sond. rivercombretum; A: (river plus stabilization; MP, LP, purgative : roots ; 3(404), (Burch.) Sond. riviervaderlandswilg; banks) water cycling NW, GA, Facilitate labour: 5(362), S:umdvubu;T: & flood NC, Bot, unspecific parts ; 7(162), mbvuva; V: muvuvhu; retention Nam & Swa, Sores: dried 10(50) X: umdubu; Z: p 404(3), powdered gum ; umbondwe P89 (2) ; Coughs, abdominal p214 pain : leaves (1),p364(5) COMBRETA- Combretum Combretum E: flame-creeper, Climber Channel Soil p 406 (3); Expel retained 3(406), CEAE microphyllum paniculatum Vent. flame climbing (river plus stabilization KZN, MP, placenta:, Treat 7(100), Klotzsch Subsp. bushwillow; A: banks) LP, GA & mentally disturbed 10(50) microphyllum vlamklimop; S: Swa, people: (Klotzsch) Wickens umhlalanyosi; Z: (Maputhula iwapha nd to trop Afr) APIACEAE Conium Seseli S: lefokodi Perennial Unchannelled Soil WC, EC, FS, wash feverish patient: 8(160), chaerophylloides chaerophylloides herb valley bottom stabilization KZN, MP, lotion 10(16),21( (Thunb.)Sond. Thunb. wetland NW, GA, NC 1036) & Les ASTERACEAE Conyza scabrida Baccharis ivaefolia E: ovenfbush; A: Shrub Floodplain Bank WC, EC, FS, Colds, coughs: leaf 1(315), DC. L.; Canyza ivifolia bak(besem)bossie, wetland stabilization; KZN, MP, infusion as enema; 10(29),

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(L. ) Less; Pluchia galsiektebossie; Z: water quality LP, NW, GA, Pleuretic pain in 39(301) scabrida DC. uhlabo, improvement NC, Bot, children:charred root umanzimnyama ; flood Les, Nam & powder rubbed in; retention; Swa Headaches:leaves, water ground and snuffed; cycling; Chest,heart species complains,delayed diversity expulsion of placenta: support Inflammation : leaf poulticesapplied; convulsion in children: leaf decoctions administered; ASTERACEAE Conyza ulmifolia Baccharis ulmifolia Z: umchakaza Perennial Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, catarrh,coughs:leaf 1(315), (Burm.f.) Kuntze Burm.f.; C. incisa herb valley bottom stabilization KZN, MP, decoctions taken 8(310), Ait.; Erigeron wetland LP, NW, GA 10(29),21( incisum Thumb. & Swa 221) BORAGINA- Cordia ovalis None (Cordia E: Sandpaper cordia, Tree Channel Bank p508(3), Widely used in 1(260), CEAE R.Br. Ex A.DC. monoica - sandpaper saucer- (river plus stabilization; KZN (in Africa; 3(508), misapplied name) berry, anot berry; A: banks) water Ndumo, Abortifacient:roots 10(42),21( growweblaarpieringbe quality; may occur chewed; Healing of 148) ssie, snotbessie; S: water bushveld wounds: roots; Anti- lilovu-lelimyana; Z: cycling; flood outside emetic: powdered ilovu-elimnyama retention; Eshowe), root taken as porridge species MP, LP, Bot, (Zim); Rabies: biodiversity Nam & Swa unspecified parts support (Nam) ASTERACEAE Cotula Artemesia nilotica A: tuingras;S: hlapi-e- Perennial Floodplain Soil WC, EC, FS, Colds: as tea, enemas 1(326), anthemoides L. L.; Cotula chinensis nyenyane Z: herb wetland stabilization, KZN, MP, to children Colic: leaf, 10(29), Kitam; Cotula umhlonyane flood LP, NW, GA, root decoction. 21(221),25 dichrocephala retention NC, Bot, Substitute for (65) Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich.; Les, Nam & Artemesia afra Cotula Swa

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microcephala DC. CRASSULACEAE Crassula Crassula galpinii S: mohata-metsi Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Fever and pain: root 10(54),21( peploides Harv. Schonland herb seep MP & Les 322) AMARYLLIDA- Crinum C. capense sensu E: river lily, wild Geophyte Channeled Water FS, KZN, Haemorrhoids, 1(52), CEAE bulbispermum Herb. C. amaryllis, valley bottom quality, bank MP, NW, backache: roasted 8(348), (Burm.f.) Milne- longiflolium (L.) Vaal/Orange wetland stabilization; GA, NC, Les bulbs applied ; Septic 10(12) Redh. & Thunb. rivierlelie; S: lelutha, nutrient & Swa ; p sores ,abscesses : Schweick. mototse; Z: umduze extraction 52 (1) roasted bulbs as poultece ; Rheumatic fever: chopped leaf decoction ; Swollen joints,sprains: flowers bound on ; Kidney, bladder infection:bulbs ; Earache: leaf sap; AMARYLLIDA- Crinum Crinum gouwsii E: Mac Owen`s river Geophyte Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Swelling, urinary tract 1(52), CEAE macowanii Baker Thunb.; Crinum lily; A: boslelie; X: seep stabilization MP, LP, problems: bulb 8(350), macowanii Baker intelezi; Z: umduze NW, GA, decoctions; Itchy 9(94), ssp. confusum Nam & rashes, as emetic, 10(12), I.Verd. Swa ; p52 stimulate milk supply, 31(76) (1) venereal diseases, increase blood supply, compress for backache: bulb; Scrofula, micturition, rheumatic fever, blood cleansing, kidney, bladder diseases, glandular swelin,fever, skin problems,boils, acne: bulb /leaves mixed with other ingredients

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AMARYLLIDA- Crinum moorei Crinum imbricatum E: Moore`s river lily, Geophyte Channeled Bank EC, KZN & Swelling , urinary 1(52), CEAE Hook.f. (RDL) Baker; Crinum Inanda/Natal/Ngomi valley bottom stabilization GA tract problems: bulb 8(350), schmidtii Regel lily; A: bos/Natal lelie; wetland decoctions 10(12), Z: umnduze 31(76), 80(176) IRIDACEAE Crocosmia Antholyza E: falling stars, pleated Geophyte Valleyhead Soil FS, KZN, Dysentery, diarrhoea: 1(62), paniculata paniculata Klatt; leaves; A: waaierlelie; seep stabilizer, MP, Les & corm decoctions 3(),8(42), (Klatt) Goldblatt Curtonus S: khahla-ea-bokone, flood Swa taken and followed by 10(86) paniculatus (Klatt) moloke; Z: umlungu, retention enema. Infertility: ? N.E. Br undwendweni IRIDACEAE Crocosmia pottsii Gladiolus pottsii E: Slender crocosmia; Geophyte Channel Soil stabilizer ECP & Dysentery, diarrhoea: 1(62), (McNab ex Macnab; Z: umlungu, (river plus KZN, P42 corm decoctions 8(42), Baker) N.E.Br. Montbretia pottsii undwendweni banks) (8) taken and followed by 10(86) (RDL) Macnab ex Baker; enema. Infertility: ? Tritonia pottsii (Macnab ex Baker) Baker EUPHORBIA- Croton Croton gubouga E: large feverberry; A: Tree Channel Bank MP, LP, GA, Purgative, fever: 10(62), CEAE megalobotrys S.Moore grootkoorsbessie (river plus stabilization; Bot & Nam; seeds, bark and roots; 15() Müll.Arg. banks) water P104 (2) Abortifacient: bark ; quality; Malaria fever and water prophylactic: Seeds, cycling; flood bark retention; species biodiversity support LAURACEAE Crypotcarya None E: broad-leaf wild Tree Channel Bank KZN & EC; Chest complains: bark 1 (107), latifolia Sond. quince; A: (river plus stabilizer; p 106 (3) with crocodile fat; 2(), 3(106), breëblaarkweper, banks) water Internal pains, 10(92),21( basterswartysterhout; quality; muscular cramps, 531) X,Z: umthungwa; Z: water urinary tract diseases, umhlangwenya cycling; flood uterine spasm, retention; menstrual pains: bark;

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species bark sometimes used diversity as substitude for bark support of Ocotea bullata LAURACEAE Crypotcarya Cryptocarya E: bastard camphor Tree Channel Bank SWZ,MPU,K Different parts are 1(107), woodii Engl. acuminata Schinz tree,river wild -quince; (river plus stabilizer; ZN,EC, KZN, used medicinally 3(108), A: Kaapse kweper; S: banks) water MP, Swa & 10(92), umncabe; X; quality; Moz; p108 37(198) umthungwa; Z: water (3) umngqabe, cycling; flood umthongwane retention; species diversity support CYATHACEAE Cyathea dregei Alsophila dregei E: Tree fern; A: Fern Channel Bank WC, EC, Ensure easy 1(6), 8(), Kunze (RDL) (Kunze) R. Tryon boomvaring; Z: (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, childbirth: 10(56) inkomankoma banks) water LP, NW, GA unspecified parts; quality; & Swa Anthelminthics : dried water root cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support CYPERACEAE Cyperus None E: Aldrue, jointed Sedge Unchannelled Bank EC, KZN, Anthelmintic 1(20), articulatus L. flatsedge valley bottom stabilization; MP, LP, Bot, properties;For varius 10(57), wetland water Nam & Swa cures?: rhizomes, 15(), quality; anti-emtic and 21(373),25 water sedative, abdominal (89) cycling; flood disorders, snakebite: retention; root species biodiversity support

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CYPERACEAE Cyperus None S: mothoto Sedge Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Relieves pain: inhale 3(), 10(57) fastigiatus Rottb. valley bottom stabilization; KZN, MP, smoke wetland water LP, NW, GA, quality; NA, Les & water Swa cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support CYPERACEAE Cyperus longus L. None E: Sweet cyperus; A: Sedge Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, Stomach ailments in 1(22), var. longus waterbiesie,dooiworte valley bottom stabilization; KZN, MP, childen: tuber 8(560)?, l; Z: indawo wetland water LP, NW, GA, infusion 10(57)?, quality; NC, Bot, administered ; Colds: 15(), species Les, Nam & chewed or powdered 25(91)? biodiversity Swa; p 20 tubers blown in ear support (1) and nose ; Used as diaphoretic in Europe ; Sap of plant poisenous CYPERACEAE Cyperus None E; papyrus; A: papirus; Sedge Channel Bank and soil KZN, MP, Cough: Outer stem 8(504), papyrusL. T:adumu; Z: ibumi (river plus stabilizer; LP, Bot & 10(57), banks) water Nam 15(210), quality; 18(68), water 21(493), cycling; flood 25(92) retention; species diversity support

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CYPERACEAE Cyperus None E: sedge, water grass; Sedge Channel Bank EC, KZN, Stomach ailments in 1(21), sexangularis A: biesiegras, (river plus stabilization; MP, LP, childen: Roots 10(57) Nees matjiesgoed banks) water NW, GA, ingredient in enemas ; quality; NC, Bot & Lumbago: powdered water Swa roots mixed with cycling; flood crocodile backbone by retention; Kxatla species biodiversity support AMARYLLIDA- Cyrthanthus Anoiganthus E: fire lily, ;wild Geophyte Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Treat ringworm, 1(53), CEAE brevifolius Harv. breviflorus (Harv.) crocus; A: seep stabilization MP, LP, tapeworm: bulb 8(232), Bak.; Anoiganthus geelvuurlelelie; Sw: NW, GA, infusion taken ; 10(12) gracilis Harms; umpimpilizi; Z: injobo, Les & Swa Poisonous plant Anoiganthus luteus uvelabahleke (Bak.) Bak.; Cyrtanthus luteus Bak. POACEAE Dactyloctenium None E: Coast button grass, Grass Unchannelled Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S emetic for cough in 10(109), aegyptium (L.) coast grass, common valley bottom WZ,NNP,N children: decoction 11(), Willd. crowfoot, crowfoot wetland WP,GAU,M relieve pain in kidy 21(464), grass, duck grass, PU,FST,KZN region: decoction 39(148) Egyptian fingergrass, ,ECP,NCP L.M. Grass, starfish grass; A: gewone honderspoor gras, honderspoorgras, natalkweek; Z: ungwengwe EBENACEAE Diospyros Diospyros bicolor E: african-ebony, Tree Channel Bank & soil MP, LP, GA, Bruises and wounds: 1(234), mespiliformis Klotzsch; D. hotzii jackalberry; A: (river plus stabilization Bot, Nam & bark extract ; 6(212), Hochst. ex A.DC. Gurke; D. sabiensis jakkalsbessie: T banks) Swa, Ringworm, dysentery 10(60),21( Hiern; D. mokochong: Z: p212(6), and fever: leaves, 388) senegalensis Perr. umtoma P119 (2) twigs, bark ; Dental:

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ex DC twigs as toothbrush; Antbiotic,antimetazoa l, inseticidal properties? ORCHIDACEAE Disa Disa natalensis E: Honey disa; Z: Geophyte Unchannelled Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, loss of voice after 1(66), polygonoides Lindl. ihlamvu elibomvu, valley bottom LP, NW & illness: tuber infusion 8(48), Lindl. umklakleshe wetland GA 10(103), 31(102)

MELASTOMATA Dissotis Dissotis incana E: Ordeal bean, wild Shrub Unchannelled Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, Dysentery, diarrhoea: 1(220), CEAE canescens (Naudin) Triana lasiandra, pink wild valley bottom MP, LP & bruised leave infusion 8(410), (E.Mey. ex tibouchina, marsh wetland Swa as enema; 10(96), R.A.Graham) dissotis; Sw: Hangovers:? 31(192),21 Hook.f. sichobochobo; Z: imfe- (743) yenkala, uhlazifukwe oluncane

BORAGINA- Ehretia amoena Ehretia goetzei E: Sandpaper puzzle- Shrub Floodplain Bank EC, KZN, Pain: warmed sticks; 1(261), CEAE Klotzsch Ehretia Gürke; Ehretia bush, sandpaper-bush; wetland stabilization; MP, LP, GA, 3(510), obtusifolia mossambicensis A: skurweblaarbos: S: water Bot, Nam & 10(42), Hochst. ex DC Klotzsch; Ehretia libhungela, umklele; Z: quality; Swa; p 510 15(),21(14 sthulmannii Gürke umklele-omkhulu, water (3) 9) umlovo cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support MELIACEAE Ekebergia E.meyeri C.Presl & E: Cape ash, dog plum; Tree Channel Bamk WC, EC, As an emetic, 1(157), capensis Sparm. C.DC.; Trichilia A: essenhout; S: (river plus stabilizer KZN, MP, dysentery, heartburn: 3(218), ekebergia E. Mey. umnyamatsi; T: banks) LP, GA, Bot bark; Cough, 10(96), ex Sond. anthoma; X: & Swa; dysentery, gastritis, 15(), ungwenyobomvu; Z: p218(3), headache,scabies: 21(744)31( uvungu, umthoma (Coast to roots; Abscesses, 202)

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midlands in boils, pimples, blood KZN & WC) purification, listlessness: ground bark; Skin ailments, chronic coughs, headaches: leaves RUTACEAE Empleurum Empleurum E: false buchu, willow Shrub Hillslope Soil WC & EC Used as substitute for 10,21,23(N unicapsulare serrulatum Sol. ex buchu seep stabilizer; Buchu A) (L.f.) Skeels Aiton water cycling; flood retention; species diversity support ONAGRACEAE Epilobium None E: salt of the Perennial Unchannelled Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Cure warts, bathing 8(410), hirsutum L. shepherds; S: mosika- herb valley bottom KZN, MP, sick babies: 10(102) nokan, noha; Z: wetland LP, NW, GA, icikiciki, itswayi NC & Les lentaba EQUISETACEAE Equisetum None E: horsetail fern, Sedge Unchannelled Bank EC, FS, KZN, Toothache, wound: 1(6), ramosissimum scouring rush; A: valley bottom stabilization; MP, LP, sap extraction 10(61),21( Desf. ssp. bewwerasiegras, wetland water NW, GA, applied ; Abdominal 1082) ramosissimum drilgras, dronkgras, quality; NC, Les, upsets in children: lidjiesgras, perdestert; water Nam & powdered stem Z: ishobalehashi, cycling; flood Swa; p 6 infusion with milk or isikhumukele retention; (1) water as enema; species Infertility: rhizome biodiversity decoctions; Venereal support diseases, diarrhoea, septic inflammations, glandular swellings, earache, diuretics, ; Toxic to animals

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ERIOSPERMACE Eriospermum E.coerulescens S: khongoana-tsa- Geophyte Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Earache, barrenness 8(90), AE ornithogaloides Poelln.; E. ngoana; Z: seep stabillizer MP & Les in women: 10(61), Baker haygarthii Baker; E. incameshela 80(204) microphyllum Baker ASTERACEAE Ethulia Ethulia conyzoides E: Carter`s curse,blue Perennial Unchannelled Soil EC, KZN, Intestinal 1(309?),8(4 conyzoides L.f. L.f. weed, todd`s folly; Z: herb valley bottom stabilization; MP, LP, GA, parasites,colic,general 40)? ssp. conyzoides umsokosoko wetland water Bot & Nam stomach ailments, 10(31)? cycling; madness : unspecified species parts; med. use in diversity other African support countries HYACINTHA- Eucomis Eucomis clavata E: pineapple Geophyte Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Fevers: bulbs small 1(42), CEAE autumnalis Baker; E. regia fower/plant; A: seep stabilization; MP, LP, quantities in 9(130), (Mill.) Chitt. ssp. auct.; E. robusta wildepynappel; Z: water NW, GA, emetics,enemas; 10(84), clavata Baker ; E. undulata umathunga quality; Bot, Les & Coughs,respiratory 28(138) sensu Letty & water Swa ailments; bulb sensu Trauseld, cycling; flood decoctions taken; non Aiton retention; Biliousness,lumbago : species bulb decoctions as biodiversity enemas; Syphilis, support blood disorders: unspecified parts; Venereal disease, preventing premature childbirth, diarrhoea:(bulb used) HYACINTHA- Eucomis bicolor None EL: forest pineapple Geophyte Hillslope Bank KZN, FS & Colic, purgative: ? 1(42), CEAE Baker flower; A; seep stabilizer Les; p 8(98),10(8 bontpynappelblom, 98(8), 4),21(698) bospynappellelie; S: kxampumpu-ya-thaba; Z: umbola, imbola

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HYACINTHA- Eucomis comosa Eucomis punctata E: Slender pineapple Geophyte Unchannelled Soil ECP & KZN Rheumatism: root; 1(42), CEAE (Houtt.) Wehrh. L’Hér; Eucomis flower; A: krulkoppie, valley bottom stabilizer; Teething babies: bulbs 8(98),10(8 var. comosa comosa(Houtt.) pynappellelie; X,Z: wetland water docoction in enemas 4), 13(), Wehrh. ubuhlungu- becanti quality; flood 14() retention; species diversity support ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia E. arenaria (Lindl.) E: bell orchid; Z: Geophyte Unchannelled Soil stabilizer KZN Impotence, 1(69), culcullata (Afzel. Bolus; Limodorum amabelejongosi, valley bottom barrenness: bulbous 8(372), Ex Sw.) Steud. cucullatum Afzel. ex undwendweni wetland root 10(103) Sw.; Lissochilus arenarius Lindl. FABACEAE Faidherbia albida Acacia albida Del.; E: ana tree; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, LP, Diarrhea: bark 1(124), (Delile) A.Chev. A. mossambicensis anaboom; Z: (river plus stabilization; NC, Bot & decoction (1) Prevent 2(147), Bolle umhallankwazi, banks) water Nam; P147 stomach disorders in 3(198), umkhaya-womfula quality; (2), p124 infants: bark as 10(72,73) water (1), p 198 ingredient in soft cycling; flood (3) porridge; Venereal retention; diseases: Bark species decoctions biodiversity administered ; Dental: support barkstrips as `dental floss`; Diarrhoea: bark decoctions; Used med. In different parts of Africa MORACEAE Ficus sur Forssk. Numerous (See 91) E: bloomcluster fig, Tree Channel Bank and soil WC, EC, Numerous ailments in 1(75), 2 bush/Cape fig; A: (river plus stabilizer KZN, MP, humans and animals; (158), besemtrosvy, komaan, banks) LP, GA & Cataracts, sore eyes: 10(99), suurvy; S: mphayi, Z: Swa; p158 latex; `Lung 21(773),31 ingobozweni, intombi- (2) ulceration`: root, bark (132) kaybhinci, umkhiwane decoction administered

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MORACEAE Ficus sycomorus Numerous (See 91) E: sycomore fig; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Diarrhea: bark, latex; 5(366), L trosvy,geelstamvy; S: (river plus stabilizer; LP, Bot, Chest, throat and 10(99),21( mohlole; T: nkuwa; banks) water Nam & gland ailments: bark, 780) V:mutole; Z: quality; Swa; latex; Inflammation: umncongo water p368(5), latex; Milk production cycling; flood p159 (2) stimulated: cold water retention; infusion species diversity support CLUSIACEAE Garcinia Garcinia angolense E: African/lowveld Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Antibiotic: extracts of 1(204), linvingstonei Vesque magosteen; A: (river plus stabilization; LP, Bot, leavf and flower ; 2(161), T.Anderson Afrikageelmelkhout;T: banks) water cycling Nam & Abdominal pain in 10(49), motsaudi: Z: & flood Swa; P161 pregnancy: root 21(495) isihlumanye, retention (2) decoction ; Coughs, ugobandlovu, fever, internal umphimbi parasites: fruits and stems; Med. used in Africa GERANIACEAE Geranium Geranium S: lehlwele Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC Bronchitis: root also 10(81), canescens L’Hér. gladulosum Eckl. & herb seep colic,dysenetery,fever 21(450), Zeyh. 23(NA) GERANIACEAE Geranium None S: bolila-ba-litsoene, Perennial Unchannelled Soil EC, KZN & Common Zulu 1(148), flanaganii chechane; Z: ikhambi herb valley bottom stabillizer; Swa household remedy, 8(398), R.Knuth lesihlungu wetland water specific use not 10(81), quality; recorded,. Lotion for 31(158) species running nose:? diversity support

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GERANIACEAE Geranium Geranium incanum None Perennial Floodplain Soil EC, FS, KZN Dysentery, 8(398), multisectum Burm.f. var. herb wetland stabilizer; & MP constipation, 34(567), N.E.Br. glabrius R.Knuth; water tuberculosis 70(178,211 Geranium incanum cycling; flood ,329) Burm.f. var. retention grandicalyculatum R.Knuth; Geranium incanum Burm.f. var. purpureum Burtt Davy GERANIACEAE Geranium Geranium S: makorotswane Perennial Unchannelled Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Coryza in childern: 1(148), ornithopodon knysnaense herb valley bottom MP, LP & leaf 10(81), Eckl. & Zeyh. R.Knuth wetland NC 21(451), 23(NA), 66(NA) ROSACEAE Geum capense None None Perennial Hillslope Soil EC, KZN, Blood and kidney 8(254), Thunb. herb seep stabilizer; MP & Les cleaning: Bark 10(119), species 21(365), diversity 66(NA) support IRIDACEAE Gladiolus None Sw:sidvana; Z: isihlazi Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, KZN, Fevers and as 1(63), aurantiacus Klatt seep MP & Swa emetics:? 8(44), 10(87), 66(NA) IRIDACEAE Gladiolus ecklonii Gladiolus inclusus E: sheated gladiolus, Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Rheumatism: corm 8(572), Lehm. F.Bolus speckled gladiolus; S: seep MP, LP, 10(87), kxahla, litsoantsoang, NW, GA, 31(96), makhabebe; Sw: Bot, Les & 66(NA) sidvwana Swa THYMELAEA- Gnidia tomentosa None S: moomang, Z: indolo Shrub Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC Constipation: roots 10(133),21 CEAE L. seep (1023), 66(NA)

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GUNNERACEAE Gunnera None E: river pumpin,wild Perennial Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, Induce 1(220), ? perpensa L. rhubarb; A: rivier herb (River plus stabilization; KZN, MP, labour,antenatal - to 8(578), (HALORAGA- pampoen; S: qobo; Sw: banks) water LP, NW, GA, tone uterus, expulsion 9(142), CEAE) uqobho; V: rambola- quality; Les & Swa; of placenta; stomach 10(82), vhadzimu; X: iphuzi water p142 (9) problems, rheumatic 11(), lomlambo; Z: imfe- cycling; flood fever swellings, 31(192), yesele, ug(h)bo; retention; mentrual pain, 66(NA) species stomach biodiversity bleeding,kidney,bladd support er complaints, psoriasis: Infusion or decoction of rhizome, taken orally or as enema. Externally applied for wound dressing (also used with other species); CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia Maytenis E: confetti spike-thorn; Tree Floodplain Soil KZN, MP, (Used for wide range 1(183), senegalensis senegalensis (Lam.) A: rooipendoring, wetland stabilization; LP, GA, Bot, of ailments) Colds, 6(114- (Lam.) Loes. Exel vierkantstampdoring; water Nam & coughs,: extracts from 116), Z: ubuhlangwe, cycling; flood Swa; root, thorns; Pain, 10(48),21( isihlangu retention p116(6) constipation, 183) diarrhoea, shistosomiasis,I nferility, night blindness, preventing abortion: roots; Snakebite treatment: ?; Ear ache, menorrhagia, sore throat: leaves

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ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria Bonatea foliosa S: mametsane, Z: Geophyte Unchannelled Soil EC, FS, KZN, Emetic: root infusion 1(65), epipactidea (Sw.) Lindl.; umabelebuca omkhulu valley bottom stabililzer MP, LP, 10(104), 21 Rchb.f. Bonatea foliosa wetland NW, GA, (811)31(11 (Sw.) Lindl. Var. Bot, Les, 8) pauciflora Sond.; H. Nam & Swa epipactidea Rchb.f. var. schinzii (Rolfe) Kraenzl.; H. foliosa (Swartz) Reichb.f.; H. hircina Rchb.f.; H. perfoliata Kraenzl.; H. polyphylla Kraenzl.; H. rautanenii Kraenzl.; H. schinzii Rolfe Orchis foliosa Sw. [see 10(104) SCROPHULARIA Halleria lucida L. None E: tree-fuchsia, white Tree Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Eardrops: infusion of 1(282), CEAE olive; A: notsung, (river plus stailization; KZN, MP, roots and leaves; Skin 2(173), kinderbessie; S: banks) Water LP, NW, GA, complaints. 3(530), umbinta, libinda; X: cycling; NC, Bot, Les 10(127), umbinza, inkobe; Z: & Swa; 21(938), iminza, ubutshwala- p173 (2), p 28(72), benyoni, unondomela 530(3) 31(254) ASTERACEAE Helichrysum H. infaustum Z: impepho Shrub Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Headache, flu, 2(), 3(), cymosum (L.) J.M.Wood & M.S. seep stabilization MP & Les respiratory problems: 8(312)?, Don ssp. calvum Evans var. discolor All parts 10(33), Hilliard Moeser 34(238), 39(315), 66(NA)

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ASTERACEAE Helichrysum Gnaphalium E: Everlasting; A: Shrub Unchannelled Soil WC, EC, FS, Headache, flu, 2(), 8(312), cymosum (L.) cymosum L.; kooigoed; X,Z : valley bottom stabilization KZN, MP & respiratory problems: 9(148), Don ssp. Helichrysum imphepho wetland Les All parts 10(33)?, cymosum cymosum Don 34(238), 66(NA)

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum H. flavum Burtt Z: imphepho Perennial Channeled Bank KZN,EC, Headache, flu, 1(319), 5(), epapposum Bolus Davy; H. inerme herb valley bottom stabilization; KZN, MP, respiratory problems: 10(33), Moeser excl. var. wetland water LP, NW & All parts 23(NA), brachycladum quality; Swa 34(239), Moeser water 39(316), cycling; flood 66(NA) retention; species biodiversity support ASTERACEAE Helichrysum None S: phefo-ea-liliba Perennial Unchannelled Water EC, FS, KZN, Headache, flu, 1(), 2(), 3(), mundtii Harv. herb valley bottom quality; MP, LP, respiratory problems: 6(), 8(214), wetland water NW, GA Les All parts 10(33), cycling; flood & Swa 21(238), retention; 23(NA), species 34(241), biodiversity 39(318), support 66(NA) ASTERACEAE Helichrysum None Z: imphepho Perennial Channeled Bank KZN Headache, flu, 1(319), natalitium DC. herb valley bottom stabilization; respiratory problems: 10(33), wetland water All parts 23(NA), quality; 34(241), water cycling 66(NA)

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IRIDACEAE Hesperantha Hesperantha S: qelo, kahhla-e- Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Chest complains: 1(61), baurii Baker ssp. subexerta Baker nyenyane; Z: idwa seep MP, LP, NC, pounded corm 8(352)?, baurii Les & Swa infusion as emetics 10(87)

MALVACEAE Hibiscus trionum None E: Bladder hibiscus, Annual Hillslope Soil stabilizer NAM, BOT, Dressing for septic 8(286), L. bladder weed, flower- herb seep SWZ, LES, wounds, roundworm 10(95), of-an-hour; A: NNP, NWP, remedy: leaves 17(), Terblansbossie, GAU, MPU, 21(739), uurblom; S: solwane; FST, KZN, 23(NA), X: iyeza-lentshulube; ECP, NCP, 34(625), Z: uvemvane olukhulu WCP 61(138&13 9) ARALIACEAE Hydrocotyle Hydrocotyle A: varkoortjies Perennial Unchannelled Soil ECP, KZN malnutrition, debility; 10(17), bonariensis Lam. bonariensis var. herb valley bottom stabilization naso-pharyngeal 25(63), multiflora (Lam.) wetland affections; pulmonary 81(NA) Don; Hydrocotyle troubles; skin, bonariensis var. mucosae; vermifuges: texana J.M. Coult & leaf sap Rose; Hydrocotyle multiflora Ruiz & Pav; Hydrocotyle polystachya var. quinqueradiata Thours ex A.Rich.; Hydrocotyle tribotrys Ruiz & Pav.; Hydrocotyle umbellata var. bonariensis (Lam.) Spreng.; Hydrocotyle umbellata var. bonariensis Don;

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Hydrocotyle verticillata var. bonariensis (Lam.) Urb.; Hydrocotyle yucatanensis Millsp. HYPERICACEAE Hypericum Hypericum E: St John's wort; A: Perennial Floodplain Soil stabilizer Back pain due to - 1(203), aethiopicum aethiopicum Thunb. Johanneskruid, herb wetland SWZ,LES,N kidney, abdominal 8(290), Thunb. ssp. var. glaucescens seeroogbossie, sint- NP,NWP,FS complains: roots as 9(154), sonderi (Bredell) Sond. ; H. sonderi janskruid, T,KZN,ECP, enemas; Ear 10(85), N. Robson Bredell vlieëkosbossie;S: GAU,MPU complaints, venereal 19(),21(49 bohoho,hoila,tabane disease: unspecified 5) Z: isimayisane, parts; Fevers, isimonyoi treatment of wounds: HYPERICACEAE Hypericum None E: Laland`s St Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Used by Sotho- no 8(290), lalandii Choisy Johnswort; A:Laland- herb seep KZN, MP, details (21) 10(85), se- Sint Janskruid LP, NW, GA, 21(495), NC, Bot, 28(140), Les, Nam & 31(204), Swa 34(583) HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis villosa None A: inkbol, S: modi- Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Immune booster: Bulb 1(), 10(86), L.f. letaha seep KZN & Swa Hypertension: bulb 21(41), 66(NA),

AQUIFOLIA- Ilex mitis(L.) Ilex capensis Sond. E: Cape holly; A: Tree Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Emetics for fever: 1(181), CEAE Radlk. var. mites & Harv.; Ilex waterboom, without; (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, bark infusion ; Rashes 2(181), moticola Tul.; S: libota, inchitsamuti; banks) water LP, NW, GA, and sores: ground 3(288), Sideroxylon mite L.; X: umduduma; Z: recycling Les & Swa; bark paste. 10(18),21( Sideroxylon iphuphuma P181 (2), p Rheumatism : 112) nigricans 288 (3) unspecified parts ; Dum.Cours Body wash for flu: pounded bark and leaves ;

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Colic in children: bark chewed as purgative, or bark extract as enema; Rashes ,sores: pastes of?; Rheumatism: unspecified parts BALSAMINA- Impatiens I. capensis Thunb.; E: Impatiens, wild Perennial Hillslope Soil WC, EC, FS, Form of Eczema : Leaf 1(192), CEAE hochstetterii I. dutieae L. Bol.; I. balsam, touch-me-not; herb seep stabilization KZN, MP, and stem infusions 8(406)?, Warb. ssp. marlothiana A: kruidjie-roer-my- LP, Les & 10(41) hochstetteri G.M.Schulze nie; Z: umadolwana Swa; (p 192 (1)) POACEAE Imperata I. arundinacea Cyr.; E: cottonwool grass, Grass Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Hiccups: crushed root 1(17), cylindrica (L.) I. cylindrica (L.) Ramsammy grass,silky valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, infusions taken; 10(110), Raeusch. Raeuschel var. grass; A: donsgras, wetland water LP, NW, GA, Childrens chest cold, 15(), africana ( Anderss.) sygras, lalanggras; S: quality; NC, Bot, indigestion, angina: 21(474,493 C.E. Hubb.; I. mohlorumo, Z: water Les, Nam & root ) cylindrica (L.) umthente cycling; flood Swa Raeuschel var. retention; major (Nees) C.E. species Hubb. diversity support FABACEAE Indigofera None None Perennial Channel Soil stabilizer MP, LP, Bot Heart problems 10(73), astragalina DC. herb (river plus & Nam 34(514), banks) 39(451), 66(NA) CONVOLVULA- Ipomoea Ipomoea natans E: Water Ipomoea Perennial Unchannelled Bank KZN, MP, Cultivated in Asia as 8(420), CEAE aquatica Forssk. Dinter & Suess.; I. herb valley bottom stabilization; Bot & Nam medicine? 10(52), reptans Poir.; I. wetland water 25(76) sagittaefolia Hochr. quality; water cycling; flood retention; species

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biodiversity support CONVOLVULA- Ipomoea cairica Convolvulus Z: ihlambe, ijalambu, Climber Channel Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, Relief of body rashes: 1(258), CEAE (L.) Sweet cairicus L.; I. umaholwana (river plus MP, LP, NC leaves; Highly 8(420), palmata Forssk. banks) & Swa purgative . 10(52), 21(308) SCROPHULARIA Jamesbrittenia Chaenostoma E: Cape saffron; A: Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,L Saffron contains many 8(74), CEAE aurantiaca aurantiacum; geelblommetjie, herb seep ES,NNP,NW plant derived 10(79), (Burch.) Hilliard Lyperia multifida ; safraanbossie; S: phiri- P,GAU,MPU, chemical compounds 23(NA), Manulea multifida; ea-hlaha-e-nyenyane KZN,EC, that are known to 34(876), Sutera aurantiaca; KZN, MP, have anti-oxidant, 67(NA) Buchnera LP, NW, GA, disease preventing aurantiaca; Lyperia NC, Bot, Les and health promoting pinnatifida var. & Nam properties macrophylla OLEACEAE Jasminum Jasminum E: Wild jasmine; Climber Floodplain Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, Snake bite: Root, 2(), 3(), fluminense Vell. fluminense Vell.; Other: motsweketsane wetland LP, Bot, leaves & bark; Teeth 10(80), ssp. fluminense Jasminum Nam & Swa cleaning: Wood 15(165), fluminense Vell. ssp. 16(78), holstii ; Jasminum 21(), holstii 23(NA), 34(), 66(NA) JUNCACEAE Juncus effusus L. Juncus communis E: Soft rush Sedge Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Diuretic: 1(), 8(506), E.Mey. valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, Urinary problems: 10(80), wetland water LP, NW, GA 18(212), quality; & Les 21(513), water 25(153) cycling; flood retention; species diversity support

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BIGNONIACEAE Kigelia africana Numerous (See 91) E: Sausage tree; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Abscesses, ulcers, 10(80), (Lam.) Benth. worsboom, (river plus stabilization; LP, GA, Bot, sores, venereal 15(123), kalabasboom; N: banks) water Nam & Swa diseases : dried 20(236), umvebe, mubvee; T: quality; powdered fruits ; 21(143), mpfungurhu; V: water Rheumatism, 23(NA), mutshato, muvevha; Z: cycling; flood backache : poultices of 24(200), umzinngulu, retention green fruits and 34(312), umvongothi, leaves applied ; 45(44), belendhlovu Toothache : bark 46(13) decoction gargled ; Skin lotion, skin cancer : fruit extact ASPHODELA- Kniphofia Kniphofia E: Common marsh Perennial Hillslope Bank WC, EC, FS, Immunity booster: 8(30), CEAE linearifolia Baker linearifolia var. poker; A: Vuurpyl; Z: herb seep stabilization; KZN, MP, Leaves High blood 10(80), kuntzei A.Berger; icacane, umathunga water quality NC, Les & pressure: Leaves 23(NA), Kniphofia improvement Swa Blood purifier: Leaves 31(11), linearifolia var. ; flood Skin purifier 44(6), montana A.Berger; retention; 49(72), Kniphofia longiflora water 53(120), Baker; Kniphofia cycling; 66(NA) longistyla Baker; species Kniphofia diversity rhodesiana Rendle support ASPHODELACE Kniphofia None E: Giant poker, Perennial Unchannelled Bank FS, KZN, Magical protection: 8(226), AE multiflora tokolosh, torch lily; A: herb valley bottom stabilization; MP & LP bulb 10(81), J.M.Wood & reusevuurpyl; S: wetland water quality 23(NA), M.S.Evans isigqungusika; Sw: improvement 66(NA) tokoloshi ; water cycling; species diversity support

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ASPHODELA- Kniphofia Kniphofia conrathii E: Red-hot poker; A: Perennial Unchannelled Bank EC, FS, KZN, Constipation; 8(226), CEAE porphyrantha Baker Hoeveld vuurpyl; Z: herb valley bottom stabilization; MP, GA, Les Abdominal pain; 10(81), Baker icacane, umathunga; wetland water quality & Swa Stomach complaints; 23(NA), Other: licaca- improvement blood purifier; 49(74), latokoloshi ; water cleaning of wounds, 61(42&45), cycling; sore chest: leaves & 66(NA) species bulb diversity support ASPHODELA- Kniphofia rooperi Kniphofia E: Winter poker; A: Perennial Unchannelled Bank EC & KZN Constipation; 8(30), CEAE (T.Moore) Lem. longicollis Baker; lentevuurpyl; Z: herb valley bottom stabilization; Abdominal pain; 10(81), Tritoma rooperi icacane, umathunga wetland water quality Stomach complaints; 23(NA), T.Moore ompofu improvement blood purifier; 31(19), ; water cleaning of wounds, 66(NA) cycling; sore chest: leaves & species bulb diversity support ASPHODELA- Kniphofia Aletris sarmentosa E: Roggeveld poker Perennial Hillslope Bank WC & NC Shoulder pains: 10(81), CEAE sarmentosa Andrews; Tritoma herb seep stabilization; leaves to make tea- 21(707), (Andrews) Kunth sarmentosa water quality like concoction 23(NA), (Andrews) Skeels; improvement 49(74) Veltheimia ; flood sarmentosa retention; (Andrews) Willd. water cycling; species diversity support

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ASPHODELA- Kniphofia tysonii Kniphofia tysonii E: Tyson's poker Perennial Floodplain Soil stabilizer KZN & Swa Medicinal for woman 8(30), CEAE Baker ssp. Baker herb wetland 10(81), lebomboensis 21(707). Codd 23(NA), 49(72), 74(124), 75(NA) ASPHODELA- Kniphofia uvaria Kniphofia aloöides E: Red-hot poker, fire Perennial Hillslope Bank WC, EC & Painful 8(30), CEAE (L.) Oken Moench; Aloe lily, torch lily, Cape herb seep stabilization; NC menstruations: Root 10(81), longifolia Lam.; poker; A: vuurpyl, water quality & bulb; Constipation; 21(707), Aloe uvaria L.; ghoesghoeroe, improvement Abdominal pain; 23(NA), Kniphofia rooisoldate, vuurlelie, ; water Stomach complaints; 43(86), bachmannii Baker; stinkaalwyn; Z: cycling; blood purifier; 44(6), Aletris uvaria icacane species cleaning of wounds, 49(72), (L.)L.; Tritoma diversity sore chest: leaves & 51(49), burchellii Sweet ex support bulb 56(60), Lindl; Tritoma 62(30) uvaria (L.) Ker Gawl.; Tritomanthe uvaria (L.) Link; Tritomium uvaria (L.) Link; Veltheimia uvaria (L.) Willd. CUCURBITA- Lagenaria Lagenaria E: Wild melon; A: Climber Floodplain Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Leaves or roots: 1(306), CEAE sphaerica (Sond.) mascarena Naudin; wildekalbas; Z: iselwa- wetland KZN, LP & infusion in hot water 80(82) Naudin Lagenaria makhosi, uselwa, Bot taken for swelling sphaerocarpa uthangazane olukhulu E.Mey. ex Arn.; Luffa sphaerica Sond.; Sphaerosicyos meyeri Hook.f.; Sphaerosicyos

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sphaericus (Sond.) Hook.f.; HYACINTHA- Ledebouria Scilla cinerascens E: Cooper's squill, wild Geophyte Unchannelled Soil WC, EC, FS, Pregnancy, blood 8(344), CEAE cooperi (Hook.f.) Scilla cooperi squill; S: lepjetlane, valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, purifier, constipation, 10(81), Jessop Scilla glaucescens phetola; Z: wetland water LP, NW, GA, immune booster, 21(714&71 Scilla inandensis icubudwana, quality; flood NC, Bot, Les backaches: bulbs 5), 23(NA), Scilla petiolata icukudwane retention; & Swa 49(88), Scilla pusila species 53(122), Scilla rogersii diversity 61(36), Scilla rupestris support 66(NA) Scilla saturata Scilla adlamii LEMNACEAE Lemna minor L. Numerous E: Duckweed; A: Aquatic Lakes/pools Specie EC, KZN, Remedy for dropsy 10(81), damslyk diversity MP, NW, GA and rheumatism; used 21(669), support & Les by Chinese as internal 23(NA), diuretic, antiscorbic 25(159) and antisyphilitic; externally for eye disease and carbuncles ROSACEAE Leucosidea None E: Chechebush, Tree Channel Soil EC, FS, KZN, Eye inflammation: 10(81), sericea Eckl. & oldwood, troutwood; (river plus stabilizer; MP, LP, leave paste applied ; 21(889), Zeyh. A: broshout, dwadwa, banks) water NW, GA, intestinal worms: 23(NA), geelhout, oubaas, cycling; flood Les & Swa ; leaves 37(440), oubos, oudehout, retention; P192 (2) 53(162), ouhout, varingboom; species 61(120&12 S: cheche, mosino; X: diversity 1) isi-dwadwa, umtyityi, support intshitshi, isidwadwa; Z: umtshitshi

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ALISMATACEAE Limnophyton None E: Water plantain Perennial Unchannelled Bank Bot Wounds: Ash of plant 10(81), angolense herb valley bottom stabilization; used externally 15(143), Buchenau wetland water quality 23(NA, improvement 25(50) ; flood retention ALISMATACEAE Limnophyton Alisma kotschyi None Annual Channel Soil KZN, MP, Pain stillers 10(82), obtusifolium (L.) Hochst; Alisma herb (river plus stabilizer; LP, Bot & 25(51), Miq. obtusifolium (L.) banks) water Nam 81(NA) Thwaites; Alisma quality; saggitifolium water Willd.; Alisma cycling; flood saggitifolium retention; Thwaites; Caldesia species saggitarioides diversity Ostenf.; support Dipseudochorion saggitifolium Buch.; Limnophyton obtusifolium var. lunatum; Limnophyton parvifolium Peter; Saggitaria nymphyaeifolia Hochst; Saggitaria obtusifolia L. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia erinus L. Lobelia bicolor E: Edging lobelia; SS: Perennial Hillslope Bank WC, EC, FS, Colds 8(496), Sims. mahlo-a-konyana, herb seep stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(83),23( Lobelia erinus L. napjane-ea-phiri, water LP, NW, GA, NA), var. bellidifolia tsoninyane; Z: quality; NC, Bot, 34(608), (Thung.) Sond. impenjane, species Les, Nam & 49(336) Lobelia erinus L. incamathela, diversity Swa grandiflora Paxton isidalaesiluhlaza support

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Lobelia erinus L. schrankii (Sweet) E.Wimm Lobelia erinus L. var. subvillosa E.Wimm. Lobelia filiformis Lam. var. natalensis (A.DC.) E.Wimm. Lobelia krookii Zahlbr. Lobelia lavendulaceaKlotzs ch Lobelia lydenburgensis E.Wimm Lobelia montaguensis E.Wimm. Lobelia nuda Hemsl. Lobelia oranjensis E.Wimm Lobelia parvisepala E.Wimm. Lobelia rosulata S.Moore Lobelia senegalensis A.DC. var. senegalensis Lobelia transvaalensis Schltr.

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Lobelia tysonii E.Phillips Lobelia wildii E.Wimm.

LOBELIACEAE Lobelia patula Dortmannia patula None Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC Sore mouths: infusion 10(84), L.f. (L.f.) Kuntze; herb seep of pounded leaves 23(NA), Lobelia genistoides 26(12) (C.Presl.) A.DC; 34(609) Rapuntium genistoides C.Presl.; Rapuntium patulum C.Presl. FABACEAE Lotus discolor Lotus tigrensis E: Coral plant; Z: Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Chest trouble: 8(150), E.Mey. ssp. Baker isiphungu, herb seep KZN, MP, pounded leaves boiled 10(84), discolor umhlambaluku, LP, GA & and allowed to cool 23(NA), umhloboluku Swa down 34(532)

EUPHORBIACEA Macaranga Macaranga E: Wild poplar, Spiny Tree Channeled Bank EC,KZN,Sw Bark: skin disease and 1(167), E capensis (Baill.) bachmannii Pax; macaranga; A: valley bottom stabilization; a sunburn 23(NA), benth. Ex Sim Macaranga wildepopulier; X: wetland water 80(148) var. capensis inopinata Prain; umBengele; Z: quality; Macaranga iphubane, water multiglandulosa umFongamfonga, cycling; flood Pax & K.Hoffm.; iPhumela, retention; Macaranga umPhumelele, species ruwenzorica Pax; umFongofongo, biodiversity Macaranga unOmpumelelo support usambarica Pax & K.Hoffm.; Mallotus capensis (Baill.) Müll.Arg.; Mappa capensis Baill.

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SCROPHULARIA Manulea Manulea crassifolia S: Fukuthwane, Perennial Hillslope Soil WC, EC, FS, Swollen umbilicus: 10(85), CEAE crassifolia Benth. Benth nohana-metsana herb seep stabillizer KZN & Les Leaves & stem 21(938), ssp. crassifolia Headache: Leaves & 23(NA), stem 34(883) CELASTRACEAE Maytenus undata Numerous E: Koko tree; A: Koko; Tree Channel Bank EC, FS, KZN, Bark: unspecified 1(183), (Thunb.) Z: idohame (river plus stabilization; MP, LP, GA 23(NA), Blakelock banks) water cycling & Swa 80(142) & flood retention ASTERACEAE Melanthera Lipotriche brownie; None Annual Hillslope Bank EC, KZN, External wounds: Leaf 8(318), scandens Pseathurochaeta herb seep stabilization MP & Swa & flower 10(85), (Schumach. & dregei DC. Stop bleeding: Leaf & 21(250), Thonn.) Roberty. Trigonotheca flower 23(NA), ssp. dregei (DC.) natalensis Sch.Bip. Sore eyes: Leaf 34(256) Wild Coughs: Leaf Stomach disorders: Leaf MELIANTHA- Melianthus major None A: Kriekiebos, Shrub Channel Bank and soil WC, EC & Wounds: whole plant 10(86), CEAE L. krikkiebos, (river plus stabilizer NC Syphilis: whole plant 21(7,8,32,1 kruidjiebos, kruidjie- banks) Lupus: whole plant 50,755), roer-my-nie, truitjie- Old sores: leaves 23(NA), roer-my-nie; S: Snakebite: leaves 24(200), undiyaza; X: Toxic: root bark 34(631), ubuhlungubemamba Internal: bark 46(71), Back pain: Leaves 49(272), Boils: Plant part 50(94), 54(131 & 132), 66(NA) POACEAE Melinis Numerous E: Brazilian stink Grass Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, Tsetse fly repellent: 8(), 10(86), minutiflora grass, dordura grass, seep MP, LP & Whole plant 21(477), P.Beauv. efwatakala grass, Swa Diarhoea: Plant 23(NA), gordura grass, honey 34(1175), grass, molasses grass; 39(174)

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A: heuning gras, melassegras, stinkgras LAMIACEAE Mentha aquatica Mentha E: Water mint, Perennial Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Tonic: Leaves 8(424), L. dumetorium Schltr. aromatic thyme, wild herb valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, Milk flow: Leaves 10(86), var. natalensis Briq. mint, wild thyme; A: wetland water LP, NW, GA, Narcotic: Leaves 21(522), waterment, quality; NC, Bot, Les Coughing: Oil from 23(NA), kruisement, water & Swa leaves Headaches: 25(157), kruistement; S: koena- cycling; flood Oil from leaves 34(590), e-nyenyane, koena-ya- retention; Heartburn: Oil from 46(60), libida; X: ityaleba; Z: species leaves Vomiting: Oil 49(420) iMbozisa, umaliwane, diversity from leaves umayima, umnukani support Itching: Plant Diarhoea: Bark LAMIACEAE Mentha longifolia Mentha capensis E: Wild spearmint, Perennial Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Chest complaints: 8(184), (L.) Huds. ssp. Thunb. wild mint, horsemint; herb valley bottom stabilizer; NW, NC & Infusion 10(86), capensis Mentha longifolia A: kruisement, wetland water Les Wounds: Infusion 21(522), (Thunb.) Briq.; (L.) Huds. ssp. balderjan, ballerja, quality; Headaches: Infusion 23(NA), ssp polyadena bouvieri (Briq.) kruie, kruistement, water Stomach pains: 24(128&18 (Briq) Briq Briq. wildekruisemunt; S: cycling; flood Infusion 8), 34(590), Mentha longifolia bohatsu, koena-ya- retention; Pregnancy: Infusion 46(60), (L.) Huds. ssp. thaba koena-ya-libida, species Epilepsy: Roots 49(420), capensis (Thunb.) kerena; X: inxina, diversity Insomnia: Infusion 50(94) Briq. var. cooperi inzinziniba; Z: support Hysteria: Infusion Briq. ex T.Cooke ufuthane, lomhlanga Cystitis: Infusion Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. doratophylla Briq. Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. obscuriceps Briq.

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Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. ssp. capensis (Thunb.) Briq. var. salicina (Burch. ex Benth.) Briq. & Mentha sylvestris L. ssp. polyadena Briq. ASTERACEAE Mikania capensis Mikania cordata None Climber Hillslope Water cycling WC, EC, Worms: Plant juices 10(87), DC. (Burmann f.) B. seep KZN, MP, Bronchitus: Plant 20(340), Linné Robinson LP & Swa juices 21(251), Mikania scandens Abdominal pains: 23(NA), (L.) Wildenow Plant juices 34(258), Eupatorium Yellow-fever: Plant 39(326) cordatum Burmann juices f. Bladder: Plant juices Mikania oxyota DC. Pocks: Plant juices Veneral disease: Leaf ASTERACEAE Mikania Mikania cordata E: Mikania; S: Climber Hillslope Water cycling KZN & Swa Urinary complaints: 8(210), natalensis DC. Hilliard udlutshani; Z: ihlozi, seep Headache: 10(87), ikhambi-lesiduli, Backache: 20(340), umdlonzo; Other: Head colds: Leaf 21(251), chinaira Horse sickness 23(NA), Snake bite: 34(258), Scorpion bite: 66(NA) Sore eyes:

SCROPHULARIA Mimulus gracillis None E: Wild monkey Perennial Channel Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Irregular 8(192), CEAE R.Br. flowers; S: sehlapetsu herb (river plus MP, LP, menstruation: 10(87), banks) NW, GA, Tired feverish 21(938), NC, Bot, patients: 23(NA), Les, Nam & 25(254), Swa 34(887)

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APOCYNACEAE Mondia whitei Chlorocodon whitei E: White's ginger; Z: Climber Floodplain Soil KZN, LP Roots: chewed for 1(249), (Hook. f.) Skeels Hook.f. umondi wetland stabililzer stomach disorders 23(NA), 80(182) LOBELIACEAE Monopsis Lobelia decipiens E: Butterfly lobelia; A: Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Colds: 1(), 8(496), decipiens (Sond.) Sond. skoenlapperplant; Z: herb seep MP, LP, Skin deseases: 10(87), Thulin isidala somkhuhlane NW, GA, Rheumatism: 21(), Les & Swa 23(NA), 34(611), 49(334), 53(216), 61(200&20 1) GERANIACEAE Monsonia glauca Monsonia ovate ssp. E: Dysentery herb, Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, Stomach complaints: 10(88), R.Knuth glauca Bowden & bushveld monsonia; A: herb seep MP, LP, GA, Plant & roots 21(398, Mull; Monsonia geitabossie, NC, Bot, Les Sleeplessness: Plant & 451 & 452), stricta R.Knuth. keitabossie, & Nam roots; Feverish colds: 23(NA), naaldebossie, Plant & Roots 34(567), teebossie, Snakebite: Leaves 39(481), assegaaibossie Diarhoea: Plant & root 46(55&66), Anthrax cure: Plant 49(204) juice MYRICACEAE Morella serrata Myrica conifera E: Mountain waxberry, Tree Channel Bank WC, EC,FS, Sore throat: Bark, 10(88), (Lam.) Killick Hutch.; Myrica lance-leaved wax- (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, leaves & fruit wax 23(NA), mossii Burtt Davy; berry; A: berg- banks) water LP, NW, GA, Diarhoea: Bark, leaves 34(745), Myrica serrata Lam. wasbessie, smalblaar- quality; NC, Les & & fruit wax 46(74) wasbessie, waterolier, water Swa Aambeie: Bark, leaves gammabos; X: cycling; flood & fruit wax umakhuhuthula, retention; Kliertuberkulose: isibhara, umaluleka; Z: species Bark, leaves & fruit umLulama, ulethi, diversity wax iyethi, umakhuthula support Wounds: Fruit wax

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FABACEAE Mucuna pruriens Numerous None Climber Channel Soil stabilizer MP Rheumatism: 10(89), (L.) DC. var. utilis (river plus Trichome 20(), (Wall. Ex Wight) banks) Antihelminthic: 21(632 & Baker ex Bruck Trichome 633), Snake-bite: Plant 23(NA), Scorpion sting: Plant 34(534), 42(?) BORAGINA- Myosotis None E: Forget-me-not; A: Perennial Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN Hysteria: Whole plant 1(), 8(468), CEAE afropalustris Vergeet-my-nie herb seep stabilization & Swa Memory 10(89), C.H.Wright development: Whole 21(150), plant 23(NA), 34(320), 46(16), 49(230) BRASSICACEAE Nasturtium Numerous E: Watercress, Perennial Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Scurvy: 1(), 8(), officinale R.Br. stercors; A: sterkkos, herb (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, Itching: 10(90), brongras, banks) water LP, NW & Antiscorbutic 17(), bronkhorstslaai, quality; Les stimulant: 21(333 & bronkosslaai, water Laxative: 1144), bronkors, bronslaai, cycling; flood Nerves: Leaves 23(NA), stercors; S: kerese retention; Brongial 'slym': 25(68), species Leaves 34(328), biodiversity 'Watersug': Leaves 36(NA), support Gall bladder 46(18), problems: Leaves 48(26), Diabetes: Leaves 83(150) Sores: Leaves NYMPHAEA- Nymphaea lotus Numerous E: White water lily, Annual Lakes/Pools Soil KZN, MP, Cystitis: Rhizome 3(), 10(92), CEAE L. lotus, Egyptian lily, herb stabilizer; LP, NW, GA, Nephritis: Rhizome 15(145), scared lotus, Egyptian water Bot, Nam & Metritis: Rhizome 21(802), water lily; A: quality; flood Swa Enteritis: Rhizome 23(NA), witwaterlelie, retention; Fever: Rhizome 25(187), waterlelie, waterlelie; species Insomnia: Rhizome 34(750), Z: amahlolwane diversity Hysteria: Leaf 47(119)

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support All parts of the plant NYMPHAEA- Nymphaea Nymphaea caerulea E: Blue water lily; A: Perennial Lakes/Pools Soil EC, FS, KZN, Coughs: Flowers 2(), 8(460), CEAE nouchali Burm.f. Savigny; Nymphaea blouwaterlelie; X: herb stabilizer; MP, LP, Colds: Whole plant 10(92), var. caerulea calliantha Conard; ikhubalo lechanti, water NW, GA, Diuretic: Roots & stem 15(145), (Savigny) Verdc. Nymphaea capensis intekwane; Z: quality; flood NC, Bot, Narcotic: Decoction of 21(801), Thunb. var. alba amazibu, izeleba, retention; Nam & Swa flower Diabetic: 23(NA), K.C.Landon; izubu; Other: tswii species Grounded plant 24(72&170 Nymphaea capensis diversity Tranquilising: Leaves ), 25(189), Thunb. var. support Asthma: Powdered 34(750), capensis; root Urinary 45(30), Nymphaea tract: Flowers 47(120), mildbraedii Gilg; 49(46), Nymphaea nelsonii 56(132) Burtt Davy; Nymphaea stellata Harv. ; Nymphaea stellata Oliv. NYMPHAEA- Nymphaea Nymphaea capensis None Perennial Lakes/Pools Soil WC, EC, FS, Coughs: 8(460), CEAE nouchali Burm.f. Thunb. var. herb stabilizer; KZN, MP, Colds: 10(92), var. zanzibarensis water LP, NW, GA, Diuretic: Roots & stem 15(145), zanzibarensis (Casp.) Conard; quality; flood Nam & Swa Narcotic: Decoction of 21(801) (Casp.) Verdc. Nymphaea colorata retention; flower Diabetic: 23(NA), Peter; Nymphaea species Grounded plant 24(72&170 stellata Willd. var. diversity Tranquilising: Leaves ), 25(189), zanzibarensis support Asthma: powdered 34(750) (Casp.) Conard root ASTERACEAE Oncosiphon Numerous A: Stinkkruid, Depression Bank WC Stuipe: Plant 1(), 10(93), africanum wildekamille; S: stabilization; Cholic: Plant 23(NA), (P.J.Bergius) tlhwenya; Z: water Sore Throat: Plant 34(263), Källersjõ isugugudane quality; Inflammation: Plant 46(33), water Narcotic: Tea made 66(NA) cycling; flood from dried flowers retention Wounds: Tooth ache:, etc.

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OPHIOGLOSSA- Ophioglossum None E: Adder's tongue Fern Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Boils: 1(), 10(93), CEAE vulgatum L. ssp seep MP, LP & 21(1087), africanum NW 23(NA), Pocock ex 34(78) J.E.Burrows var. africanum

HYACINTHA- Ornithogalum Numerous (See 91) E: African wonder Geophyte Unchannelled Soil WC Diabetes: Leaves 10(93), CEAE thyrsoides Jacq. flower, chinkerinchee, valley bottom stabilizer; 19(38), common wetland water 21(710), chincherinchee, star- quality; flood 23(NA), of-Bethlehem, wonder retention; 34(1068), flower; A: gewone species 43(92), tjienkerintjiee, diversity 49(86), tjienkerientjee, support 50(95), viooltjie, witviooltjie 54(196- 197), 56(64) ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis Buphthalmum E: Daisy, mountain Shrub Hillslope Bank WC All types of colds, Flu 10(94), asteriscoides astericoides Baill.; daisy, swamp daisy; A: seep stabilization; and other bronchial 21(201 & (P.J.Bergius) Leucanthemum belskruie water infections: Leaves 252), Less. asteriscoides (L.) quality; Body aches: Leaves 23(NA), Kuntze; Osmites water Fever: Leaves 24(222), asteriscoides cycling; flood Rheumatism: Leaves 34(263), P.J.Bergius; retention; Wounds: Leaves 43(300), Osmitopsis species Stomach complaints: 45(52), asteriscoides Cass.; biodiversity Leaves 46(35), Osmitopsis calva support 49(346 & Gand. 398)

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ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis Anthemis afra A: Kaapsebelskruie Shrub Hillslope Water cycling WC Cough: 10(94), dentata (Thunb.) Burm.f.; seep Inflammation: 21(251), K.Bremer Buphthalmum Colic: 23(NA), dentatum Baill.; 34(264) Osmites dentate Thunb.

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis semiloba None E: Transvaal sorrel, Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Thrush: Leaves 8(402), Sond. ssp. common sorrel, seep KZN, MP, 10(94), semiloba folded-leaved sorrel; LP, NW, GA, 21(812), A: suring, Transvaal Bot, Les, 23(NA), suring; S: bolila; Z: Nam & Swa 24(92), incangiyane, isibungu, 34(769), isimuncwane, 46(76), isimunyane 49(198) OXALIDACEAE Oxalis smithiana Oxalis galpinii E: Narrow-leaved Geophyte Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, MP, Tapeworm: nutlets 10(94), Eckl. & Zeyh. Schltr. sorrel; A: seep LP, Les & 21(813), klawersuring; S: bolila; Swa 23(NA), X: umuncwane, 24(92), inkolowane; Z: 34(769), inkolowane, 50(95), incangiyane 60(105), 61(128&12 9)

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POACEAE Paspalum Numerous A: Bulgras, buffelsgras, Grass Floodplain Bank WC, EC, FS, Rheumatism: 10(95), distichum L. knopgras, rooikweek, wetland stabilizer; KZN, MP, Eye disease: 21(464 & tweevingergras water LP, NW, GA, 483), quality; NC, Les & 23(NA), water Nam 25(216), cycling; flood 34(1179) retention; species diversity support POACEAE Paspalum Numerous E: Creeping paspalum, Grass Unchannelled Bank WC, EC, FS, Scorpion sting: 10(95), scrobiculatum L. ditchgrass, koda valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, Eye infections: Juices 21(464 & millet, native millet, wetland water LP, NW, GA, Childbirth: Root & 482), scrobic, water grass, quality; NC, Bot, rhizome 23(NA), wild paspalum, kodae water Nam & Swa 25(217), millet, water couch cycling; flood 34(1180) grass; A: dronkgras, retention; slootgras; Z: species isiamuyisane diversity support GERANIACEAE Pelargonium Pelargonium A: Rooirabasam, Perennial Hillslope WC, EC, FS, Headache: 10(96), grossularioides filicaule R.Knuth rooirabas, herb seep KZN, NC, Abortion: Plant 21(454), (L.) L’Hér rooirabassam, Les & Swa extract 23(NA), rooistingelhoutbas, Bronchitis: Leaves 34(572), rooipootjie Inflammation: Leaves 44(39), 46(56)

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GERANIACEAE Pelargonium Pelargonium E: Stork's bill, wild Perennial Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Dysentery: Rhizome 8(400), luridum aconitophyllum geranuim, variable herb seep stabillizer MP, LP, Nausea: Vomiting: 10(96), (Andrews) Sweet (Eckl. & Zeyh.) stork's bill, starburst NW, GA, Fever: Menstrual 21(454), Steud.; pelargonium; A: Les & Swa problems: 23(NA), Pelargonium wildemalva;Z: iShaqa, 24(130), flabellifolium Harv.; unYawolwenkukhu, 34(573), Pelargonium uVendle, vendhle, 49(206), longiscapum inyonkulu, isandla 53(168), Schltr.; sonwabu, umsongelo; 66(NA) Pelargonium Other: nyamaropa zeyheri Harv.; Pelargonium flabellifolium var. benguellense; Pelargonium flabellifolium var. flabellifolium POACEAE Pennisetum Numerous E: Elelphant grass, Grass Channel Bank WC, KZN, Eyes: Plant juices 10(97), purpureum napier fodder, napier (river plus stabilizer; MP, LP, GA 20(478), Schumach. grass, m'fufu grass, banks) water & Swa 23(NA), umfufu grass; A: quality; 25(217&21 olifantsgras, water 8), m'fufugras; Other: cycling; flood 34(1180), mufufu retention; 48(16) species diversity support POLYGONA- Persicaria Persicaria limbata E: Knot-weed: Other: Perennial Channeled Bank FS, MP, NW, Swollen neck:Leaves 8(), CEAE limbata (Meisn.) Hara; Polygonum kubutona herb valley bottom stabilizer; GA, NC, Bot 10(101), H.Hara limbatum Meisn.; wetland water & Nam 23(NA), Polygonum quality; 25(230), piliferum Hedw.; water 34(790), Polygonum schinzii cycling; flood 47(143) Hedw. retention;

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species diversity support

POLYGONA- Persicaria Polygonum E: Snake root; A: Perennial Channeled Bank EC, KZN, Depressant & can stop 1(), 8(250), CEAE senegalensis glutinosum var. Duisendknoop, herb valley bottom stabilizer; MP, LP, GA, heart systole; 10(101), (Meisn.) Soják capensis Hedw.; slangwortel wetland water Bot & Swa menstrual problems 15(171), forma Polygonum quality; and infertility in men: 23(NA), albotomentosa lanigerum var. water roots 25(231), (R.A.Graham) africanum Meisn.; cycling; flood 34(790), K.L.Wilson Polygonum retention; 83(135) senegalense ssp. species albotomentosum diversity (R.A.Graham) support Germish.; Polygonum senegalensis f. albotomentosum R.A.Graham FABACEAE Philenoptera None E: Apple leaf; A: Tree Channel Bank MP, LP, Bot, Roots & leaves 10(101), violaceae Appelblaar; Z: (river plus stabilization; Nam & Swa 23(NA), (Klotzsch) umphanda banks) water 34(539), Schrire quality; 37(458), water 80(210) cycling; flood retention; species biodiversity support FABACEAE Philenoptera None E: Apple leaf; A: Tree Channel Bank and soil MP, LP, Bot, Colds:Roots & leaves 1(), 8(), violaceae appelblaar; NS: (river plus stabilizer; Nam & Swa 10(101), (Klotzsch) mphata; Z: umbhandu banks) water 23(NA),

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Schrire quality; 34(539), water 37(458), cycling; flood 82(230) retention; species diversity support POACEAE Phragmites Phragmites E: Common reed, Grass Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Burns: Powdered seed 10(102), australis (Cav.) communis Trin. carrizo; A: Fluitjiesriet, (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, Diuretic: Rhizome 15(198), Steud. vleitjiesriet, banks) water LP, NW, GA, Diarhoea: Rhizome 18(246), sonquasriet, quality; NC, Bot, Pneumonia: Sweet 21(483 & vaderlandsriet, water Les, Nam & juice Insect 493), vinkriet, vlakkiesriet, cycling; flood Swa bite: Juice 23(NA), spens-van-die-Karoo; retention; 24(92), Other: olumbungu, species 25(219), eembungu diversity 34(1183), support 46(81), 50(97), 56(42) SCROPHULARIA Phygelius None E: River bell, wild Shrub Hillslope Soil EC, FS, KZN, Cuts & bruises: Ash of 8(72), CEAE aequalis Harv. ex fuchsia; A: foksia, seep stabilizer; MP, LP, Les roots; use for 10(102), Hiern rivierklokkie; S: mafifi- water & Swa Sangomas 23(NA), matso, metsi-matso quality; 34(891), Species 53(199), diversity 60(181), suppport 61(178&17 9), 66(NA) PHYTOLACCA- Phytolacca Phytolacca stricta E: Inkberry, wild Perennial Unchannelled Soil WC, EC, FS, Lung sickness: Roots 10(103), CEAE heptandra Retz. O.Hoffm. sweet potato; A: herb valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, Chest illnesses: 13(), 14(), Pircunia stricta boesman druiwe, wetland flood LP, GA, Les Snake-bite: 21(834 & Hoffm. inkbossie, retention & Swa Delirium: 839), inkbessiebos; S: Gonorrhoea: 23(NA), monatja; X: umnyanja Tapeworm remedy: 34(776), 39(556),

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61(104) APIACEAE Pimpinella caffra Anisum caffrum Z: Ibheka Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Unspecified: intestinal 1(224), (Eckl. And Zeyh) Eckl. And Zeyh.; herb seep MP & LP worms 21(1041), D. Dietr. Cnidium 23(NA), kraussianum Sond.; 80(22) Foeniculum kraussianum Meisn. PITTOSPORA- Pittosporum Pittosporum E: Chessewood, white Tree Channel Soil WC, EC, FS, Boils: 10(104), CEAE viridiflorum Sims abyssinicum Delile Cape beech; A: (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, Stomach problems: 13(), 17(), var. angolense Oliv.; bosbeukenhout, banks) water LP, NW, GA, Bark Fever: 21(364 & Pittosporum bosboekenhout, cycling; flood Les & Swa Bark 847), autunessii Engl.; kasuur, kersuurboom, retention Back pain: Bark 23(NA), Pittosporum witboekenhout, Respiratory diseases: 24(132), commutatum Putt.; karsuur; S: mosetlela, Plant 34(777), Pittosporum kgalagangwe; X: 53(161), loribundum Wight umGqwengqwe; Z: 60(82) & Am.; Pittosporum umFusamvu, kreugeri Engl.; umPhushane, Pittosporum umphushamvu; Other: malosanum Baker; mutanzwakhamelo, Pittosporum nkasur, mpustinya- quartinianum poqo, mulandwane Cufod.; Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims ssp. malosanum (Baker) Cufod. ; Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims ssp. quartinianum (Cufod.) Cufod.; Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims var. angolense (Oliv.) Cufod.;

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Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims var. commutatum (Putt.) Moeser; Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims var. angolense (Engl.) Moeser LAMIACEAE Plectranthus Cleus laxiflorus E: Citronella spur- Perennial Channeled Bank EC,KZN, MP Mouthwash: Roots 8(186), laxiflorus Benth. (Benth) Roberty; flower; A: sitronella, herb valley bottom stabilizer; & Swa Bleeding teeth: Roots 10(105), Germanea laxiflorus muishondblaar; Z: wetland water Fever: Powdered 21(525), (Benth.) Hiern.; udebebe, ufuthane, quality; leaves 23(NA), Plectranthus albus umadolwane, water Stomach complaints: 34(593), Gürke; Plectranthus umsuthuza cycling; flood Powdered leaves 46(61) almanii A.Chev.; retention; Colds: Powdered Plectranthus species plant glandulosus diversity Hook.f.; support Plectranthus hylophilus Gürke; PLectranthus kondowensis Baker; Plectranthus urticoides Baker; Plectranthus violaceus Gürke

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CARYOPHYLLA Polycarpaea Achryanthes None Annual Channel Soil KZN, MP, Snake-bite remedy: 10(105), CEAE corymbosa (L.) corymbosa L. herb (river plus stabilization LP, GA, Bot, Leaves 21(175), Lam. var. banks) Mos, Nam Anticartarrhal 23(NA), corymbosa & Swa remedy: Leaves 34(352), Pulmonary 39(368) tuberculosis: Leaves Hypochondria: Leaves Juandice: Leaves Boils: Leaves PRIONIACEAE Prionium None A: Palmiet; X: Perennial Channel Bank WC, EC & Food, fibre 18(266), serratum (L.f.) intsikane herb (river plus stabilizer; KZN 23(NA), Drege ex E. Mey banks) water 80(50) quality; water cycling; flood retention; species diversity support ANACARDIA- Protorhus Rhus longifolia E: Red Cape beech, red Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Stroke, ulcers, 10(108), CEAE longifolia (Bernh.) Sond. beech, purple currant; (river plus stabilization; MP, LP & abdominal pains, 11(), (Bernh.) Engl. A: harpuisboom, banks) water Swa stomach disorders, 21(49), rooibeukehout, recycling backaches and chest: 23(NA), rooibeukeblaar, Bark 34(117), rooimelkhout, 37(86), rooiboekenhout; X: 66(NA, umHlutthi, uZintlwa, 80(130)) umKhumiso, iKhubalo, umHluthi-wezinja, umKhambathi, isifuce, umkomiso; Z: isiFice, unHlangothi, umHluthi, umPhuza, isiFuze, isiFico-

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sehlathi, umKhumizo, umuThibomvu, umhlangothi ROSACEAE Prunus africana Pygeum africanum E: Red stinkwood, Tree Hillslope Soil FS, KZN & Prostatic 10(108), (Hook.f.) Hook.f.; Pygeum bitter almond tree, seep stabilizer; MP hypertrophy: Bark 21(458, Kalkman carssifolium African almond, bitter water Malaria: Bark 894 & Hauman almond, wild almond; cycling; flood Fever: Bark 1145), A: rooistinkhout, rooi- retention; Breast pains: Bark 23(NA), stinkhout, species Urinary tract 24(132), bitteramandelboom, diversity problems: Bark 34(824), bitteramandelhout, support 37(152), nuweamadelhout, 45(60), Afrika-amandel, bitter- 66(NA) amandel, wilde- kersieboom; S: mogohloro; X: umKhakhazi, iNyazangoma, umkhakhase, itywina- elikhul; Z: umDumezulu, iNkokhokho, umLalume, nGubozinyeweni, umKhakhazi, inYazangomelimnyam a, umdumizulu FABACEAE Psoralea pinnata Psoralea pinnata L. E: Fountain bush, Shrub Hillslope Bank WC, EC, Hysteria: Roots 10(108), L. var. pinnata fountain tree, blue seep stabilization; KZN, MP, Medically: whole 21(641), pea; A: bloubos, water LP, Les & plant 23(NA), fonteinbos, bloukeur, quality; Swa 34(543), keurtjiebos, water 37(460), penwortelbos, cycling; flood 42(), bloukeurboom, retention; 44(37),

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fonteinhout, species 49(284), keurboom, biodiversity 53(166), keurtjiesboom, support 56(150), pinwortel; X: 60(99), umhlonitshwa, 80(46) umhlonishwa; Z: umhlongani, umHlonishwa DENNSTAED- Pteridium None E: Bracken fern, eagle Fern Hillslope Bank WC, EC, FS, Menstrual 10(108), TIACEAE aquilinum (L.) fern, hog-pasture seep stabilization; KZN, MP, irregularity: Leaves 19(28), Kuhn ssp. brake, pasture brake; water LP, NW, GA, 21(297, aquilinum A: adelaarsvaring, quality; Les & Swa 1084, 1089, fonteinbultvaring; G: water 1090 & Adlerfern, cycling; flood 1145), Christuswurzel; Z: retention; 22(83), Ukozaniz species 23(NA), biodiversity 34(70), support 53(100), 54(84, 213, 231, 272-4 & 278), 60(12) PTERIDACEAE Pteris dentata Pteris cordemoyi None Fern Valleyhead Soil WC, EC, Tapeworm: 10(109), Forssk. C.Chr.; Pteris seep stabililzer KZN, MP, 19(109), flabellata Thunb.; LP, NW, GA, 21(1093), Pteris straminea Les & Swa 23(NA), Mettr. ex Baker. 34(83) ASTERACEAE Pulicaria scabra Erigeron scaber A: Aambeibos; Z: Annual Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, Haemorrhoids:Leaves 10(109), (Thunb.) Druce Thunb.; Erigeron isiThaphuka herb valley bottom stabilization; KZN, MP, Vagina Tumors: 21(255), scabrum Thunb.; wetland water LP, NW, GA, Powdered leaves 23(NA), Inula capensis quality; NC, Bot, Colds: Powdered 34(279), Spreng.; Pulicaria water Les, Nam & leaves 38(355), capensis DC.; cycling; flood Swa 66(NA) Pulicaria capensis retention;

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var. erigeroides species (DC.) Harv.; biodiversity Pulicaria support erigeroides DC. CYPERACEAE Pycreus nitidus Numerous A: Waterbiesie; S: leya- Perennial Channel Bank WC, EC, Chest colds: rhizome 8(562), (Lam.) J.Raynal butle, motaoa-taoane, herb (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, 10(109), motobane; Z: ikhwane, banks) water LP, NW, GA, 21(374), intsekane quality; Bot, Nam & 23(NA), water Swa 25(108), cycling; flood 34(1039), retention; 39(63) species biodiversity support RANUNCULA- Ranunculus Ranunculus E: Common buttercup; Perennial Channeled Bank WC, EC, FS, Cough: Whole plant 8(252), CEAE multifidus pinnatus Poir.; A: botterblom, herb valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, Vomiting: Whole plant 10(109), Forssk. Ranunculus kankerblaar, wetland water LP, NW, GA, Diarhoea: Whole plant 21(880), pubescens Thunb. brandblare, quality; flood NC, Les, Dyspepsia: Whole 23(NA), geelbotterblom; SS: retention; Nam & Swa plant 25(241), hlapi; Sw: uxhaphozi; species Sore throat: Whole 34(810), Z: ishasha-kazane, diversity plant 39(570), isijojokazane, support Cancer: Whole plant 44(33), uxhaphozi Scabies: Whole plant 46(85), Mumps: Whole plant 49(186). Venereal sores: Whole 53(156), plant 54(213), Syphilis: Whole plant 61(112&11 31), 80(64) MYRSINACEAE Rapanea Myrsine E: Cape beech, Cape Tree Channel Bank WC, EC, Emitic: Bark 10(109), melanophloeos melanophloeos (L.) beech tree, roode (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, Astringent: Leaves 21(787), (L.) Mez R.Br. buchu; A: beukehout, banks) water LP & Swa Antihelmitic: Fruit 23(NA), Sideroxylon boekehout, buchu- quality; 34(747), melanophloeos (L.) hout, roode bucku, water 37(202), rooiboekenhout, cycling; flood 53(190),

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swartbas, retention; 60(152), witbeukenhout, species 66(NA) witboekenhout, diversity boekenhout, support swartbasboom, rooi- buchu; S: mogônô; X: isiQwane sehlathi, isiQwandwemshube; Z: isiCalabi, uMaphipha, isiHluthi- wentaba, isiQalaba- sehlathi, uMaphiphakhubalo, uVukakwabafilikhubal o APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia caffra Numerous (See 91) E: Quinine tree; A: Tree Channel Bank WC, EC, Hysteria: Bark 10(109), (L.) Sond. kinaboom, koorsboom, (river plus stabilization; KZN, MP, Insomnia: Bark 20(112- waterboekenhout; X: banks) water LP, NW, GA Headaches: Dried 114), 21(95 umThundisa, umJelo, recycling & Swa leaves & 96), umThondisa, umJele; Fever: 23(NA),24( Z: umHlambamanzi, Malaria: Bark 170), umKhadluvungu, Heart failure: Bark 34(164), umJela, Skin disease: latex in 37(358), umHlambamze leaves Ascaride: 46(10), Root & bark 66(NA), Leg sores: Powdered 80(134) inflorescence RHAMNACEAE Rhamnus Alaternus prinoides E: Dogwood, redwood, Tree Channel Bank WC, EC, FS, Blood cleanser: Root 10(109), prinoides L'Hér Raf. glossy-leaf, Camdeboo (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, & leaves Sprains: 21(697, stinkwood; A: banks) water LP, NW, GA, Whole plant 883 & 938), blinkblaar, rooibos, cycling; flood NC, Les & Abdominal pain: 23(NA), hondepishout, retention; Swa Roots Pneumonia: 34(816), Kamdeboo-stinkhout, species Root 37(152), seerkeelboom, diversity 46(86),

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blinkblaarboom, support 50(99), Camdeboostinkhout, 53(174) hondepisboom, perdebessie, perdepisbessie; S: mofifi; X: umglindi, umlindi, umnyenyeZ: umYenye, uNyenya VITACEAE Rhoicissus Cissus cuneifolia E: Bushman's grape; A: Climber Floodplain Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Menstrual cramps: 10(109), tridentata (L.f.) Eckl. & Zeyh.; bosdruif, boesmans wetland KZN, MP, Tuber Female 20(25), Wild & Rhoicissus druif; L: momgolo LP, NW, GA, infertility: Tuber 21(1060), R.B.Drumm ssp. cirrhiflora (L.f.) pudi; Sw: sinwati; V: NC, Bot, Les Colds: Tuber 23(NA), cuneifolia (Eckl. Gilg. & M.Brand; mutumbula; Z: & Swa Bleeding peptic 24(190), & Zeyh.) Urton Rhoicissus isinwazi ulcers: Tuber 34(948), cuneifolia (Eckl. & Kidney & Bladder: 37(392), Zeyh.) Planch.; Tuber Gonorrhoea: 39(650), Rhoicissus Tuber 53(174) erythrodes Backache: Tuber (Fresen.) Planch.; Epilepsy: Tuber Rhus cirrhiflorum Insanity: Tuber L.f.; Vitis cuneifolia Blood purifying: Roots (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Vomiting: Roots Szyszyl.; Vitis erythrodes Fresen. SALICACEAE Salix mucronata None E: Cape willow, Tree Channel Soil EC, FS, KZN, Rheumatism: Branch 10(110), Thunb. ssp. Wood's willow, (river plus stabilizer; MP, NC, Les & leaves 21(925), woodii (wilmsii = Transvaal willow; A: banks) water & Swa Fever:Leaves 24(132), not current name Kaapse wilger, Natal- cycling; flood Burns: Bark 37(116), 23) wilger, Transvaal- retention; Urinary troubles: Bark 48(161 & wilger, fluitjies-wilger; species 269), S: mogokare; X: diversity 60(68) umngcunube; Z: support umnyezane, umzekana

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LAMIACEAE Salvia coccinea Numerous (See 91) E: Red salvia, scarlet Shrub Unchannelled Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, Lumbago: Leaves 10(110), Etl. salvia, South American valley bottom MP, LP, NC, Kidney disease: 21(526), sage, Texas sage, wetland Nam & Swa Leaves 23(NA), Texas salvia; A: Pulmonary 34(595), maksalie, rooisalie, tuberculosis: Leaves 39(501) vra-vir-pa FABACEAE Schotia Schotia latifolia E: African walnut, Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Heartburn: Bark 10(111), brachypetala sensu Dale; Schotia African greenheart, (river plus stabilization; MP, LP, GA Hangover: Bark 21(645 & Sond. semireducta tree fuchsia, weeping banks) water & Swa Nervous conditions: 646), Merxm. boerboon, South quality; Bark Diarrhoea: 23(NA), African greenheart, water Plant 24(134), Hottentot's bean tree, cycling; flood 34(548), weeping boer-bean, retention; 37(424) fuchsia tree; A: species boerboon, biodiversity huilboerboon, support huilboerboom; S: molope; X: umGxam, iShumnumyane, umfofofo; Z: umGxamu, uVovo, iHluze, uvovovo; Other uVovovo, nwavilombe, mulibi, munmunzwa, mununzwu CYPERACEAE Scleria Scleria centralis None Sedge Floodplain Bank stabili- EC, KZN, Dysmenorrhoea: 10(111), melanomphala Cherm.; Scleria wetland zation; water MP, LP, Bot 15(217), Kunth macrantha quality; & Swa 18(187), Boeckeler water 23(NA), (illegitimate); cycling; flood 34(1044) Scleria retention; melanochephala species Drége; Scleria biodiversity tisserantii Cherm. support

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GENTIANACEAE Sebaea leiostyla Sebaea polyantha None Perennial Hillslope Bank WC, EC, FS, Snake-bite remedy: 10(111), Gilg. Gilg. herb seep stabilization; KZN, MP, Leaves 21(448), flood LP, GA, NC, 23(NA), retention; Les & Swa 34(564), species 53(192) biodiversity support GENTIANACEAE Sebaea sedoides Sebaea confertiflora E: Yellow wort; A: Annual Floodplain Bank EC, FS, KZN, Stomach: Plant used 8(298), Gilg. var. Schinz naeltjiesblom herb wetland stabilization; MP, LP, Les as enema 10(111), confertiflora water & Swa 23(NA), (Schinz) Marais quality; 34(565), water 49(254), cycling; flood 53(192) retention; species biodiversity support GENTIANACEAE Sebaea sedoides Sebaea schoenlandii E: Yellow wort; A: Annual Unchannelled Bank FS, KZN, Stomach: Plant used 8(298), Gilg. var. Schinz; Sebaea naeltjiesblom herb valley bottom stabilization; MP, Les & as enema 10(111), schoenlandii sedoides Gilg p.p.. wetland water Swa 23(NA), (Schinz) Marais quality; 34(565), water 49(254), cycling; flood 53(192) retention; species biodiversity support

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GENTIANACEAE Sebaea sedoides Sebaea sedoides E: Yellow wort; A: Shrub Bank stabili- EC, FS, KZN, Stomach: Plant used 8(298), Gilg. var. sedoides Gilg. naeltjiesblom; Z: zation; water MP, LP, Les as enema 10(111), isivumelwane quality; & Swa 23(NA), esikhulu, water 34(565), umanqwenyana, cycling; flood 49(254), umsolo retention; 60(158), species 61(156&15 biodiversity 7) support ASTERACEAE Senecio inornatus Senecio caulopterus S: lehlongoana-le- Perennial Channeled Soil EC, FS, KZN, Palpitations: Roots 8(324), DC. DC.; Senecio leholo; Z: inkanga, herb valley bottom stabilization MP, LP, Phthisis: Roots 10(111), diversidentatus uhlabo wetland NW, GA, Coughs: Roots 21(274 & Muschl.; Senecio NC, Les & Difficult breathing: 285), fraudulentus Swa Roots 23(NA), E.Phillips & 34(287), C.A.Sm.; Senecio 53(228) macroalatus M.D.Hend.; Senecio ommanei S.Moore; Senecio serra Sond.; Senecio sneeuwbergensis Bolus; Senecio lygodes Hiern. ASTERACEAE Senecio speciosus Senecio concolor E: Beautiful senecio, Perennial Hillslope Soil WC, EC, FS, Chest complaints: Leaf 8(444), Willd. DC. SS: sebea-molio-se- herb seep stabilization KZN, MP, & stalk 10(111), senye-nyane; X: LP, GA, NC, Dropsy: 21(284 & idambiso; Z: Les & Swa Headaches: 288), ibohlololo, idambiso, Poultices: Leaves 23(NA), inzwabuhlungu Wounds: Leaves 34(292), Swelling: Leaves 49(382), 53(229) FABACEAE Sesbania sesban None E: Egyptian sesban, Tree Floodplain Bank KZN, LP & Inflammation: 10(1112), (L.) Merr. ssp. rattlepod wetland stabilization; Nam Stomach: 15(133),

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sesban var. water Throat: 21(646), sesban quality; Gonorrhoea: 23(NA), water Syphilis: 25(135), cycling; flood Yaws: 34(550) retention; Fits: species biodiversity support POACEAE Setaria None E: Bristle grass; A: Grass Floodplain Bank EC, FS, KZN, Open wounds: 10(113), sphacelata mannagras wetland stabilizer; MP, LP, 11(), (Schumach.) water NW, GA, 15(201), Stapf & C.E.Hubb. quality; Bot, Nam & 21(485), ex M.B.Moss var. water Swa 23(NA), sericea (Stapf) cycling; flood 24(12), Clayton retention; 34(1187), species 54(221 & diversity 223) support MALVACEAE Sida dregei Burtt Sida lancifolia Burtt E: Spider-leg, Annual Valleyhead Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Sores: Leaves 8(284), Davy Davy; Sida longipes Sutherland's curse; Z: herb seep KZN, MP, Syphillis: Leaves 10(114), E.Mey. ex. Harv. umdiza wethafa LP, NW, GA, Other specie 20(549), Mos & Swa (cordifolia): 21(299 & Diarhoea: Leaves & 742), Roots 23(NA), Rheumatism: Leaves 34(627) Lung infections: Leaves Fever: Leaves Syphilis: Leaves

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ASTERACEAE Spilanthes Spilanthes africana Z: Isislili, isisinini Climber Unchannelled Water cycling EC, KZN, Toothache: Leaves, 8(), mauritiana DC. valley bottom MP, LP & root & flower 10(115), (Pers.) DC. wetland Swa Sore gums: Leaves 21(292), Sore throat: Leaves 23(NA), Pyorrhoea: Flower 25(64), Snake-bite: Plant 34(296 Headache: Flower & fruit Rheumatism: Plant, etc. EUPHORBIA- Spirostachys Excoecaria africana E: African sandalwood, Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Eye diseases: Plant 10(115), CEAE africana Sond. (Sond.) Müll.Arg.; Cape sandalwood, (river plus stabilization; MP, LP, juices 20(640), Excoecaria jumping bean tree, banks) water NW, GA, Ulcers: Plant juices 21(436), synandra Pax; African mahogany quality; Nam & Swa Abdominal pains: 23(NA), Excoecariopsis tree; A: gifboom, water Plant juices 24(212). synandra (Pax) Pax; melkhout, cycling; flood Temporary blindness: 34(471), Sapium africanum sandaleenhout, retention; Plant juices 37(108), (Sond.) Kuntze; tambotie, species Eye & skin irritations: 46(49), Spirostachys tambotieboom, biodiversity Plant juices 60(112) synandra (Pax) Pax; sandalienhout, support Tooth ache: Latex Stillingia africana tamboti, agelhout; N: Kidney problems: (Sond.) Baill.; ubande; S: morekuri; Bark Sw: umThombotsi; V: muonze; X: umThomboti; Z: umThomboti; Other: ndzopfori

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SCROPHULARIA Sutera floribunda Cheanostoma A: Kerriebos; S: Perennial Valleyhead Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Chest colds: Root; 8(190), CEAE (Benth.) Kuntze floribudum Benth. boluma; Z: usikisiki herb seep MP, LP, Les Menstrual pains: 10(119), lwehlathi & Swa 21(939) 23(NA), 34(905)

FABACEAE Sutherlandia Colutea frutescens E: Balloon pea, Shrub Channel Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, Eye ailments: Leaves; 8(58), frutescens (L.) L. camphor bush, cancer (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, Pain: Leaves; 10(119), R.Br. bush, turkey flower, banks) water NW, NC, Influenza: Leaves; 21(649), belletjie heath; A: quality; flood Bot, Les & Cancer: Leaves; Fever: 23(NA), kankerbossie, belletjie, retention; Nam Flowers; Poor 24(148), randjies, gansies, species appetite: ; Idigestion: 34(550), gansiesbos, diversity Leaves; Gastritis: 45(96), gansieskleur, support Leaves; Oesophagitis: 46(52), hoenderbelletjie, Leaves; Peptic ulcer: 49(278), Jantjie-bêrend, Leaves; Dysentery: 50(105), kiepiebos, kipkippers, Leaves; Cancer: 51(180), klapperswildekeur, Leaves; Diabetes: 53(146), hoenderkloek, Leaves; Colds: Leaves; 56(150), eendjiesblom, Small pocks: Leaves; 61(124), gansiesblom, etc. Leaves & twigs 66(NA) kalkoenbos, kalkoenbelletjieblom, kalkoentjiebos, kankerbos, belbos, Jantjiebarend, hoenderklok, kalkoenbelletjiebos,

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belletjieheide, gansbossie; X: umnwele; Z: umnwele

MYRTACEAE Syzygium None E: Water berry, water Tree Channel Bank EC, KZN, Emetic: Bark 1(), 3(), cordatum wood; A: waterbessie, (river plus stabilizer; MP, LP, Bot Stomach problems: 10(119), Hochst. ex waterbessieboom, banks) water & Swa Bark & leaves 15(133), C.Kraus waterboom, waterbos, quality; Diarrhoea: Bark & 21(800), waterhout, without, water leaves fruit 23(NA), waterhoutboom, cycling; flood Tuberculosis: Plant 24(58&134 withoutboom, retention; ), 34(749), witwaterhout; S: motu, species 37(320), mawtoo, mawthoo; X: diversity 60(144) umJoni, umSwi; Z: support umDoni MYRTACEAE Syzygium Syzygium guineense E: Bush-waterwood, Soil EC, KZN, Tuberculosis: Bark 2(), gerrardii (Harv. ssp. guineense; forest waterwood, stabilizer; MP, LP & Chest complaints: 10(119), ex Hook.f.) Burtt Acmena gerrardii; water pear; A: water Swa Bark 21(800), Davy Syzygium fourcadei boswaterhout, cycling; flood 23(NA), waterhout, retention 24(58), waterhoutboom, 34(748), waterpeer; Other: 37(322) mupone, mutuwi MYRTACEAE Syzygium Syzygium guineense E: Water pear; A: Tree Floodplain Soil KZN, MP, Dysintery: Fruit 3(), guineense (Willd.) DC waterpeer wetland stabilizer; LP & Swa Diarrhoea: Root & 10(119), (Willd.) DC water bark 21(800), ssp.guineense cycling; flood 23(NA), retention 24(58),

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34(748), 37(322), 60(144) APOCYNACEAE Tabernaemontan Conopharyngia E: Toad tree; A: Tree Channel Bank KZN, MP, Bleeding: Latex 2(), 6(), a elegans Stapf elegans (Stapf) paddaboom; Other: (river plus stabilization; LP & Swa Styptic: Latex 10(120), Stapf; muhatu, copo-copo, banks) water Pulmonary disease: 20(182), Leptopharyngia cundudzi, kapwapwe, recycling Root Other 21(81 & elegans (Stapf) mukashu, ruchena species (crassa): 82), boiteau Disinfection: Latex 23(NA), Wounds: Latex 34(173), Parasites: Latex 37(312) LAMIACEAE Tetradenia Basilicum E: Misty plume bush; Shrub Floodplain Bank KZN, MP, Coughs: 8(472), riparia (Hochst.) myriostachyum A: gemmerbos; Z: wetland stabilizer LP, Bot, Sore throats: 10(122), Codd (Benth.) Kuntze; iboza, ibozane Nam & Swa Stomach ache: 23(NA), Basilicum riparium Malaria: 34(599), (Hochst.) Kuntze; 49(420) Gumira ferruginea (A.Rich.) Kuntze; Iboza riparia (Hochst.) N.E.Br.; Moschosma riparium Hochst.; Plectranthus riparius Hochst.; Premna ferruginea A.Rich. MELIACEAE Trichilia emetica None E: Natal mahogany, Tree Channel Bank and soil KZN, MP, Rheumatism: Seed oil 10(124), Vahl. ssp. christmas bells, Cape (river plus stabilizer LP, Bot, extract 21(18, 752 emetica mahogany, red ash, banks) Nam & Swa Cuts: Seed oil extract & 878), thunder tree; A: Fractured bobe: Oil 23(NA), essenhout, extract Leprosy: 24(26&234 rooiessenhout, Oil ), 34(630), basteressenhout, Sore back: Bark & leaf 37(468) mahoniehout; S:

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mmaba, umKuhlu; Z: umKhuhlu, uMathunzi; Other: nkuhla, mutshikili, ankhulu, maawa FABACEAE Trifolium None E: African clover Perennial Hillslope Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, f 2(), 3(), africanum Ser. herb seep GA & Swa 8(388), var. 10(124), lydenburgense 21(663), J.B.Gillett 23(NA), 34(554), 49(286) ALLIACEAE Tulbaghia None E: Scented wild garlic; Geophyte Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Snake repellent: 8(510), ludwigiana Harv. Sw: ingotjwa, sikwa; Z: seep stabilization MP, LP, Les Depressed fontanel: 10(127), umwelela-kweli- & Swa Plant Menstrual 23(NA), phesheya problems, chest 34(956), problems, fever, 53(120), asthma, ulcers, 66(NA), constipation, stomach 80(174) problems TYPHACEAE Typha capensis Typha latifolia ssp. E: Bulrush; A: papkuil, Perennial Channeled Soil WC, NC, Venereal disease: 2(), 3(), (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. capensis Rohrb. vleibiesie; SS: motsitla; herb valley bottom stabilizer; Bot, Les, Root Expeltion 8(560), Sw: ibhuma; X: wetland water Nam & Swa of placenta: Root 10(127), ingcongolo, umkhanzi; quality; Wounds: Flowers 15(178), Z: ibhuma water Diarhoea: Rhizome 21(1031), cycling; flood Urinary problems: 23(NA), retention; Rhizome 24(192), species Bleeding: Rhizome 25(258), diversity Swelling: Rhizome 34(1213), support 43(68), 50(107), 53(103)

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Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

TYPHACEAE Typha Numerous (See 91) EA: Southern cattail Perennial Unchannelled Soil NW & Bot Diuretic: Leaves 8(), domingensis herb valley bottom stabilizer; Bleeding: Seed 10(127), Pers. wetland water 18(353), quality; 23(NA), water 25(258), cycling; flood 34(1213), retention; 40(NA) species diversity support LENTIBULARIA Utricularia livida Utricularia dregei E: Bladderwort; A: Perennial Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Babies to keep milk 8(486), CEAE E.Mey. Kamieński; blaskruid; S: tlamana- herb seep stabilizer; MP, LP, down: 10(128), Utricularia dregei sa-metsi; Z: intambo water NW, GA, 15(149), Kamieński var. quality; Les & Swa 23(NA), stricta Kamieński; water 25(168), Utricularia elevata cycling; flood 34(602), Kamieński; retention; 49(430), Utricularia elevata species 53(184 & Kamieński var. diversity 206) macowanii support; Kamieński; insectivouro Utricularia engleri us Kamieński; Utricularia humilus Phillips; Utricularia livida Kamieński var. engleri (Kamieński) Stapf; Utricularia livida Kamieński var. micrantha Kamieński; Utricularia livida Kamieński var.

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pauciflora Kamieński; Utricularia longecalcarata Benj.; Utricularia sanguinea Oliv.; Utricularia sanguinea Oliv. var. minor Kamieński; Utricularia transrugosa Stapf VALERIANA- Valeriana Valeriana capensis E: Cape valerian; Perennial Channeled Soil WC, EC, FS, Insomnia: Root 8(204), CEAE capensis Thunb. Thunb. A:wildebalderjan; S: herb valley bottom stabilizer; KZN, MP, tinture 10(128), var. capensis Motetele wetland water LP, NW, GA, Hysteria: Root 21(514 & quality; Les & Swa tincture 1046), water Epilepsy: Root 23(NA), cycling; flood tincture 24(174), retention; Fever (also typoid): 34(941), species Plant as diaphoretic 53(210) diversity Antispasmodic: support Essential oil from roots Illness: plant to fumigate room RUTACEAE Vepris lanceolata Vepris undukata E: White ironwood; A: Tree Channel Soil WC, EC, Colic: Roots 10(128), (Lam.) G.Don Verdoorn & C.A.Sm. wit ysterhout; Z (river plus stabilizer; KZN, MP, Influenza: Roots 21(925), isutha, umzame banks) water LP & Swa 23(NA), cycling; flood 34(851), retention; 37(396), species 66(NA), diversity 80(234) support

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ASTERACEAE Vernonia Numerous (See 91) A: Blouteebos; Other: Shrub Floodplain Bank KZN, MP, Gastro-intestinal: 10(129), amygdalina Chipanza, futsa, wetland stabilization; LP, Bot & Leaves Cleaning 15(136), Delile navate, tsonzoro water Swa teeth: Peeled bark 20(683), quality; Veneral disease: Bark 21(296), water diarhoea: Bark 23(NA), cycling; flood Bilharzia: Root bark & 24(194), retention fruit 34(307), Abortion induction: 49(356) Plant Uterine pain: Infusion of root ASTERACEAE Vernonia Numerous (See 91) Z: Ibozane; Other: lile, Shrub Floodplain Bank EC, KZN, Tonic: Root & bark 10(129), colorata (Wild.) navati, nhathela, wetland stabilization; MP, LP & Cough: Root 12(297), Drake ssp. pacha, tsondzoro water Swa 23(NA), colorata quality; 34(307), water 37(162), cycling; flood 49(356) retention ASTERACEAE Vernonia glabra Cacalia obconica None Perennial Floodplain Bank KZN, MP, Other spesie (var. 10(130), (Steetz) Vatke Kuntze; Linzia herb wetland stabilization; LP, Bot, laxa): Abortion: 23(NA), var. glabra glabra Steetz.; flood Nam & Swa Roots 34(307), Vernonia glabra retention Burns: Leaves 47(57) var. ondongensis Eye problems: Leaves (Klatt.) Merxm.; General sickness: Vernonia obconica Leaves & roots Oliv. & Hiern.; Infertility: Powdered Vernonia root Kidney ondongensis Klatt.; problems: Roots: Vernonia Sexual disease: Roots pogosperma Klatt.; Stomach problems: Vernonia Roots roseopapposa Gilli

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Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

FABACEAE Vigna luteola None Z: Isikhwali, ithangela Climber Unchannelled Soil WC, EC, Syphillis: Leaves 5(), 8(274), (Jacq.) Benth. valley bottom stabililzer KZN, MP, Ulcers: Leaves 10(134), var. luteola wetland LP, Bot & Fever: 15(178), Nam 21(889), 23(NA), 34(556) MENYANTHA- Villarsia capensis None E: Cape bogbean Perennial Channeled Bank WC & EC Antiscorbutic: 8(), CEAE (Houtt.) Merrh. herb valley bottom stabilizer; Febrifuge: 10(135), wetland water Haemorhoids: 21(449), quality; flood Ointment 23(NA), retention; 25(184), species 34(633), diversity 43(258) support APOCYNACEAE Voacanga Numerous (See 91) E: Quinine tree; Z: Tree Channel Bank EC & KZN Fruit: food Latex: bird 3(506), thouarsii Roe. Inomfe (river plus stabilization; lime 23(NA), And Schult. banks) water quality 80(134) improvement ; flood retention; water cycling; species diversity support CAMPANULA- Wahlenbergia Campanula E: Wild violet Perennial Hillslope Soil WC & EC Poultice ingredient 10(135), CEAE procumbens procumbens Thunb. herb seep stabilization 21(158), (Thunb.) A.DC. 23(NA), 34(344), 38(399), 43(278)

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Family Genus and Synonyms Other names Plant Freshwater Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name type ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no.

CAMPANULA- Wahlenbergia Wahlenbergia None Perennial Valleyhead Soil LEC, FS, Abcess on mothers 10(136), CEAE rivularis Diels tysonii Zahlbr. herb seep stabilization KZN, MP & breast: leaves 23(NA), Les Unweaned baby: Root 34(345) infusion CAMPANULA- Wahlenbergia Campanula E: Bluebell; Z: u- Perennial Valleyhead Soil WC, EC, FS, Eye infections: Lotion 10(136), CEAE undulata (L.f.) procumbens L.f.; Qhaboza. herb seep stabilization KZN, MP, Ulcers: 21(158), A.DC. Wahlenbergia LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), caledonica Sond.; NC, Bot, 34(346), Wahlenbergia Les, Nam & 49(328), dinteri Brehmer; Swa 60(203), Wahlenbergia 61(202&20 polychotoma 3) Brehmer; Wahlenbergia scoparia Brehmer ARACEAE Zantedeschia Calla aethiopica L.; E: white arum lily, Geophyte Flat Bank WC, EC, FS, Headaches: Decoction 8(84), aethiopica (L.) Richardia arum lily, calla lily, stabilization; KZN, MP, of roots 10(137), Spreng. aethiopica (L.) Egyptian lily, florist's water quality LP, NW, Les Poultice: 21(115 & Spreng.; Richardia lily, garden calla, Jack- improvement & Swa Wounds: Leaves & 116), africana Knuth; in-the-pulpit, lily-of- ; flood Bulb 23(NA), Zantedeschia the-nile, pig lily, retention; Boils: Leaves 24(202), aethiopica (L.) trumper lily; A: water Externally: Decoction 25(61), Spreng. var. minor Varklelie, witvarkoor, cycling; of roots Insect 34(972), Engl. varkoor, aronskelk, species bites: Leaves 43(80), varkiesblaar, diversity Absess & Boils: Leaves 44(2), 46(), varkiesblom, support Lung infections: Bulb 49(48), hottentotsblare, 51(38), hottentotsbrood, 53(116), varkore, varkwortel, 54(214), ystervarkwortel; S: 55(28), mhala-litoe, mothebe; 56(46), Other: umfana- 61(26), kamacejane; X: intebe; 80(184) Z: intebe emhlophe,

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ihlukwe ARACEAE Zantedeschia Richardia E: Arrow-leaved arum, Geophyte Hillslope Bank EC, FS, KZN, Miscarriage 7(), 8(86), albomaculata macrocarpa Engl. spotted-leaved arum; seep stabilization; MP, LP, Les prevention: Decoction 10(138), (Hook.) Baill. ssp. W.Watson; A: kleinvarkoor, water quality & Swa Nursing breasts: Leaf 23(NA), macrocarpa Zantedeschia witvlekvarkoor; SS: improvement poultice 24(194), (Engl.) Letty macrocarpa Engl.; mohalalithoe, ; flood 25(61), Zantedeschia mothebe; Sw: umfana- retention; 34(912), melanoleuca kamacejane; Z: intebe water 49(48), (Hook.f) var. cycling; 53(116), concolor Burtt Davy species 54(214), diversity 61(26) support

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Appendix 4: List of plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that might be utilised for medicinal purposes.

Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. PTERIDACEAE Acrostichum E: mangrove Fern Floodplain brackish or Bank and soil KZN,ECP ? 10(116), aureum L. fern wetland saline stabilizer; 25(44) marshes, in water mangrove quality; flood vegeta-tion retention; species diversity support ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda A: Tree Unchannelled ??EC, FS & ? 10?, andromeda Valsmoeraskr valley bottom KZN 23(NA) (Lindau) uid; Z: umusa wetland C.B.Clarke omncane ASPHODELA- Aloe cooperi E: Cooper`s Perennial herb Floodplain Rough Soil SWZ, NNP, Ease birth: ? 1(33), CEAE Baker ssp. aloe; Sw: wetland grassland stabilization MPU, FST, 8(32), pulchra Glen & lisheshelu: Z: and thorny KZN;? 10(24), D.S.Hardy inqimindolo, forest 8(32) 21(681) (RDS) isiphukuthwan margins e LYTHRACEAE Ammannia None Annual herb Channel (river Edge or in Soil JBOR,SWZ, ? 10(94), prieuriana plus banks) temporary stabilizer; NNP,NWP, 25(175) Guill. & Perr. pools, water GAU,MPU ditches, quality; Flood rivers retention THELYPTERIDA- Ampelopteris ? Fern Aquatic Very wet Bank and soil NNP,MPU,K ? 2(), CEAE prolifera areas stabilizer; ZN 10(133) (Retz.) Copel. water quality; flood retention; species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. BORAGINACEAE Anchusa E: Forget-me- Annual herb Channel (river Streambanks Bank and soil NAM,SWZ,L ? 10(42), capensis not, Cape plus banks) or marshy stabilizer; ES,NNP,NW 23(NA), Thunb. forget-me-not; places water P,GAU,MPU, 39(350) A: koringblom, quality; flood FST,ECP,NC vergeet-my- retention; P,WCP nietjie, species ossetongblaar, diversity ystergras support POACEAE Andropogon E: Blue grass Grass Hillslope seep Shady Soil stabilier KZN, MP, ? 1(), 8(), 9(), gayanus Kunth patches and LP,Bot, 10(108), var. polycladus in rock Nam & Swa 11() (Hack.) Clayton crevices COMMELINA- Aneilema E: Clinging Perennial herb Hillslope seep forest Soil ? 1(), 9(), CEAE aequinoctiale Aneilema; Sw: margins,mois stabilizer; SWZ,NNP, 8(222), (P.Beauv.) idangabane; Z: t humid flood MPU,KZN,E 10(50), G.Don elikhulu places retention CP; 8(222) 11() (E.Cape to tropical Africa) POACEAE Anthoxanthum E: Sweet Grass Channel (river Moist Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, ? 9(), ecklonii (Nees vernal, sweet plus banks) streamsides KZN, MP & 10(108), ex Trin.) Stapf vernal grass and grassy Les 23(NA), mountainous 39(137) slopes, extending to forest margins EUPHORBIACEA Antidesma E: Tassel Tree Floodplain Moist Soil EC, KZN, Coughs: infusion of 1(164), E venosum berry; A: wetland bushveld, stabilizer, MP, LP, Bot, root, leaves; Fertility, 5(126) ,8(), E.Mey. Ex Tul. tosselbessie, wooded water Nam & Swa menstruation 10(62),15() voëlsitboom; grassland, quality, flood problems: root , 21(397) Z: isangowane, sand forest retention; extract; Ease body isibangamloth and along species aches: root flaked and a forest diversity soaked in bath water; margins support Dysentery: rootbark;

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. Abdominal disorders: leaves mixed with other plants; Infertility, menorrhagia, dysmenorrhoea: root; Snakebite: roots chewed; Liver complaints: seed infusion; Treat hookworm: root? POACEAE Arundinella E: River grass Grass Channel (river Rivers, vleis Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 8(), nepalensis Trin. plus banks) and marshes stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(108), water LP, NW, GA, 68(205) quality; flood Les & Swa retention; species diversity support CHENOPODIA- Atriplex None Shrub Floodplain Grassland & Soil EC, FS, MP, ? 10(48)?, CEAE semibaccata wetland woodland stabilizer; LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), R.Br. var. typica along water- flood Bot & Swa 39(373) Aelle courses retention CHENOPODIA- Atriplex vestita E: Cape salt Perennial herb ? ? WP, EC, bronchitis:hot poultice 10(48)?, CEAE (Thunb.) bush; A: NW, NC & 21(185), Aellen var. kolonialebrak, Nam 23(NA) appendiculata kalonialebrakb Aellen ossie, karoobrak, brakbos, brakbossie

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. SCROPHULARIA- Bacopa crenata None Annual herb Channel (river Banks of Bank and soil KZN ? 10(127), CEAE (P.Beauv.) plus banks) pools, along stabilizer; 25(243), Hepper streams, water 34(865) ditches, at quality; flood times retention; submerged in species water diversity support LECYTHIDACEA Barringtonia E: Tree Channel (river Coastal Bank and soil KZN; P62 Malaria: fruits; 1(212), E racemosa Blackwaterma plus banks) swamps, stabilizer; (2) Insecticides: bark 2(62),10(9 J.R.Forst.? ( L. ngrove, guava, estuaries, water extract (other med 2) Roxb.) horse near water quality; uses in India, chestnut, water Madagascar, Australia) powder-puff cycling; flood tree; A: retention; poeierkwasbo species om; Z: iboqo, diversity umululuka support BEGONIACEAE Begonia E: Sonder`s Perennial herb Hillslope seep Cliffs, rock Soil 8(408) ? 8(408), sonderiana wild begonia; falls in forest, stabilizer; 10(?) Irmsch. A: rocky water quality wildebegonis outcrops in grass land ASTERACEAE Berkheya X: ignashane, Perennial herb Hillslope seep Grassy Soil EC Rash treatment: 10(27), decurrens ikhakakhaka hillsides stabilizer; Roots,leaves,pounded, 31(286) (Thunb.) Willd. flood mixed with mud retention smeared on body BRUNIACEAE Berzelia A: Knopbos, Shrub Hillslope seep Sandstone Soil stabilizer WC, EC & ? 10(44), intermedia knopbossie, slopes NC 34(330), (D.Dietr.) knoppiesbos, 38(384) Schltdl. knoppiesbossi e, kolkol, kolkolbos

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. CYPERACEAE Bolboschoenus A: snygras Sedge Channel (river Edge of pools Bank NAM,SWZ,F ? 8(566), maritimus (L.) plus banks) and vleis stabilizer; ST,ECP,WC 10(56) Palla water P,European quality; flood species ,nat retention uralised CYPERACEAE Bulbostylis None Sedge Floodplain Grassland Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S ? 8(568)?, 10 hispidula wetland and wet WZ,FST,NN (57)? (Vahl.) sandy soils P,NWP,GAU R.W.Haines ,MPU,KZN? ssp. pyriformis (Lye) R.W.Haines RUTACEAE Calodendrum E: Cape- Tree Unchannelled Forest Soil SWZ,NNP,G ? 3(204), capense (L.f.) chestnut; A: valley bottom stabilizer; AU,MPU,KZ 10(123),21 Thunb. Kaapse wetland water N,ECP,WCP, (912) kastaiing; cycling; flood 9(204) 31(200) S,X,Z: retention umbhaba; X: umsitshana; Z: umemeze- omhlophe GENTIANACEAE Chironia E: Cerise stars; Perennial herb Floodplain Damp, Bank and soil BOT,SWZ,L ? 8(414)?, palustris Burch. A: wetland marshy stabilizer; ES,NNP,NW 10(80)?,31( ssp. palustris bitterwortel; grassland water P,GAU,MPU, 226), (ssp nie in 10) S: khomo-ea- quality; flood KZN,ECP,W 39(478) sephatla, lehla- retention; CP? pahali, species lepshetlane, diversity mosia, support thatjane CYPERACEAE Cladium E: Saw-grass Sedge Channel (river shallow Bank and soil NAM,BOT,N ? 8(568), mariscus (L.) plus banks) permanent or stabilizer; NP,NWP,GA 10(57), Pohl ssp. semi- water U,MPU,KZN 15(), jamaicense permanet quality; ,ECP,WCP 25(87) (Crantz) Kük water water cycling; flood

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. retention; species diversity support COMMELINA- Commelina None Perennial herb Channel (river Along banks Soil stabilizer [Almost ? 10(51)?, CEAE diffusa Burm.f. plus banks) of rivers, pantropical 25(75), ssp. diffusa lakes, pools, , p75 (25)] 39(46) rarely grows NAM,BOT,S in water; WZ,NNP,GA sandy soils U,MPU,KZN ,ECP,WCP? COMMELINA- Commelina None Perennial herb Channel (river Permanent Bank NAM,BOT,S ? 10(51)?, CEAE diffusa Burm.f. plus banks) swamps, stabilizer; WZ,NNP,GA 25(75) ssp. scadens backwater, water U,MPU,KZN (Welw. ex along rivers, quality; flood ,ECP,WCP? C.B.Clarke) grows in retention Oberm. floating sudd vegetation

COMMELINA- Commelina E: wandering Perennial herb Floodplain Damp places Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S ? 10(35), CEAE erecta L.f. Jew wetland WZ,NNP,N 31(38) WP.MPU,KZ N,ECP ASTERACEAE Cotula E: Staggers Annual herb Channel (river Wet places, Soil ? ? 8(218)?, (Matricaria) weed; A: plus banks) vleis or edges stabilizer; 10(30,35)?, nigellifolia rivierals, of dams flood 19(), (DC.) K.Bremer stootsiektebos retention 31(272)? & Humphries sie, var. nigellifolia waterkerwel ; Z,X?: ukudliwa ngumlambo

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. ASTERACEAE Cotula E: staggers Annual herb Floodplain Damp places Soil stabilizer KZN ? 8(218)?, nigellifolia weed; A: wetland 10(30) (DC.) K.Bremer tuingras,rivier & Humphries als,stootsiekte var. tenuior bossie; x: (DC.) ukudilwa P.P.J.Herman ngumlambo, umsolo; Z: umhlonyane,u dlabose ASTERACEAE Crassocephalu E: red Perennial herb ? ? Soil stabilzer KZN emetic,biliousness: 1(328), m rubens (Juss. hawkseed; Z; pounded leaves, warm 10(30) Ex Jacq.) inkuphuyana water infusion taken S.Moore encane

ASTERACEAE Crassocephalu None Perennial herb Floodplain Damp places, Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S ? 2(), 10(30), m x wetland or where WZ,NNP,N 15(), picridifolium water stood WP,GAU,M 25(64) (DC.) S.Moore during rains PU,,KZN, but has dried ECP out FABACEAE Crotalaria A: Vuurbossie; Shrub Floodplain Wooded and Soil NAM,BOT,L ? 3(), distans Benth. S: mookana, wetland open stabillizer ES,NNP,NW 10(70)?,21( ssp. distans thotsana grassland, P,GAU,MPU, 579), sometimes in KZN,FST, 39(443) damp places KZN, FABACEAE Crotalaria E: Broad- Perennial herb Floodplain Forest Soil stabilizer NNP,MPU,K ? 3(), 8(264), pallida Aiton leaved rattle wetland margins, ZN 10(70), var. pallida pod woodland 34(502), and 39(444) disturbed places.

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Cynodon E: Couch grass Grass Channel (river Disturbed Soil NAM,BOT,S ? 2(), dactylon (L.) plus banks) areas and stabilizer; WZ,LES,NN 10(109), Pers. damp places water P,NWP,GAU 39(147), quality; flood ,MPU,FST,K 68(229) retention; ZN,ECP,NC species P,WCP? diversity support BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum E: hound`s Annual herb Floodplain Forest Soil stabilizer SWZ,LES,N ? 10(42), lanceolatum tongue wetland margins, tall NP,NWP,GA 31(220) Forssk. grasslands U,MPU,FST, KZN,ECP,W CP CYPERACEAE Cyperus None Sedge Channel (river Near water in Bank and soil NAM,BOT,N ? 3(),10(57), digitatus Roxb. plus banks) swamps or stabilizer; NP,NWP,GA 25(90) ssp. auricomis seasonally water U,MPU,KZN (Sieber ex. flooded quality; Spreng.) Kük. areas, water ditches, cycling; flood riverbanks retention; species diversity support CYPERACEAE Cyperus distans E: Slender Sedge Channel (river Wet Bank and soil BOT,SWZ,N ? 10(57), L.f. cyperus; A: plus banks) grassland, stabilizer; NP,MPU,KZ 23(NA) skraal cyperus along water N,ECP streambanks quality; and pool water edges cycling; flood retention; species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. CYPERACEAE Cyperus longus E: Sweet Sedge Channel (river Riverbanks, Bank and soil NAM,BOT,N ? 10(57), L. var. cyperus; A: plus banks) sand banks, stabilizer NP,NWP,GA 25(92), tenuiflorus waterbiesie, in seasonally U,MPU,FST, 23(NA) (Rottb.) Boeck. dooiwortel flooded areas ECP,NCP,W CP CYPERACEAE Cyperus A: Bieisie, Sedge Floodplain Temporarily Soil stabilizer NAM,SWZ,L ? 10(57), marginatus matjiesgoed wetland wet areas ES,,NWP,GA 23(NA) Thunb. U,MPU,FST, KZN,ECP,N CP,WCP CYPERACEAE Cyperus A: Sedge Channel (river Very wet Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, ? 10(57), sphaerospermu Matjiesgoed; plus banks) places, in stabilizer; KZN, MP, 25(89), s Schrad. Other: water or water LP, NW, GA, 34(1028) omafinde, growing in quality; NC, Bot, efinde mats of water Nam & Swa floating cycling; flood vegetation? retention; species diversity support FABACEAE Derris trifoliata None Climber Channel (river Along rivers, Bank and soil KZN ? 2(), 7(), Lour. plus banks) mangrove stabilizer; 8(396), swamps water 10(71),21( quality; flood 593) retention; species diversity support FABACEAE Desmodium E: Shrub Floodplain disturbed Soil stabilizer MPU,KZN,E ? 5(), 8(394), incanum DC. Sweethearts; wetland grassland, CP 10(71) Z: isinama forest FABACEAE Desmodium E: Orange Shrub Channel (river forest, Soil SWZ,NNP,N ? 2(), 8(60), repandum desmodium plus banks) especially stabilizer; WP,GAU,M 10(71), (Vahl) DC. along flood PU,KZN,EC 31(172) streams retention P,WCP

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. FABACEAE Desmodium None Shrub Channel (river Riverbanks Bank NAM,BOT,S ? 8(150)?, salicifolium plus banks) stabilization; WZ,MPU,KZ 10(71)?, (Poir.) DC. var. flood N 23(NA), salicifolium retention 39(443) SCROPHULARIA- Diclis reptans E: dwarf Perennial herb Flat Damp, shady Soil SWZ, Treat distemper in 8(190), CEAE Benth. snapdragon, places, open stabillizer LES,NNP,G dogs:? 10(127), toadflax; S: grassland, AU,MPU,FS 31(260) koenana,pony forest T,KZN,ECP, e; Z: isinama WCP

IRIDACEAE Dietes iridiodes E: Wild iris; A: Perennial herb Flat Forest, Soil WC, EC, Dysentary: inner part 1(59), (L.) Sweet ex wilde iris; Z: clearing in stabilization KZN, MP, of rhizome,infusion 10(87), Klatt indawo(- bush LP & Swa orally or as enema; 28(120), yehlathi), Childbirth? , 31(84) isishupe hypertension: somfula rhizomes; First mentruation: roots

POACEAE Digitaria E: False couch Grass Valleyhead seep Disturbed Soil stabilizer NAM,SWZ, ? 10(109), longiflora grass areas, mainly NNP,NWP, 39(150), (Retz.) Pers. sandy soils in GAU,MPU,K 68(244) damp ZN patches in shade POACEAE Dinebra E: Cat's tail Grass Flat Disturbed Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, ? 10(109), retroflexa vlei grass wet clay soils LP, NW, 68(206) (Vahl) Panz. Bot, Nam & var. condensata Swa S.M.Phillips

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. HYACINTHACEA Dipcadi viride E: Curly-curly, Geophyte Flat dry to stony Soil NAM,BOT,S gonorhoea: decoction, 1(41), E (L.) Moench green bells, grasslands? stabilization WZ,LES,NN wind in babies: ? 8(510), green P,NWP,GAU 10(83),21( hyacinth, ,MPU,FST,K 697), common ZN,ECP,NC 31(54) snakeroot; A: P,WCP gifbolletjie, slymuitjie;S: lephotoana, molubeli; Z: ikhakhakha eliluhlaza ORCHIDACEAE Disa E: Red /yellow Geophyte Valleyhead seep Damp or Soil SWZ,LES,N ? 8(48), chrysostachya torch orchid; marshy stabilizer; NP,MPU,FS 10(103), Sw. Z: areas, flood T,KZN,ECP, 31(120) uklamkleshe, marshy retention; WCP umnduze grasslands species wotshani diversity obomvu support MELASTOMATA- Dissotis E: Purple wild Shrub Floodplain Marshy areas Soil stabilizer BOT,SWA,N Vague info 8(466), CEAE princeps tibouchina, wetland NP,KZN ? 10(96)? (Kunth) Triana royal dissotis; var. princeps A: kalwerbassie; Sw: sichobochobo, umpongampo nga DROSERACEAE Drosera indica E: Sundew; A: Peren-nial herb Floodplain Grassland Soil NAM,NNP, ? 10(59), L. sondou wetland and vleis. stabilizer; MPU 34(420), insectivorous 39(401) DROSERACEAE Drosera E: Sundew; A: Annual herb Floodplain Marshes in Soil BOT,SWZ,N ? 8(384), madagascarien doublom, wetland warmer stabilizer; NP,NWP,GA 10(59), sis DC. sondou; S: areas insectivorous U,MPU,FST, 15(160), tholo-ea-metsi KZN,ECP,W 25(123), CP 34(420),

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. 39(401)

POACEAE Echinochloa E: barnyard Grass Floodplain wetland, wet Soil NAM,BOT,S ? 2(), crus-galli (L.) millet, wetland or marshy stabilizer; WZ,LES,MP 10(109), P.Beauv. cockspur grass places water U,FST,KZN 25(201) quality; flood ECP,NCP,W retention; CP species diversity support POACEAE Echinochloa E: Kalahari Grass Channel (river wet places, in Soil NAM,BOT,S ? , 10(109), pyramidalis water-grass, plus banks) water stabilizer; WZ,NNP,GA 15(), (Lam.) Hitchc. Limpopo/antel pools,ditches, water U,MPU,KZN 25(202) & Chase ope grass streams, quality; flood ,ECP,WCP rivers retention; species diversity support CYPERACEAE Eleocharis None Sedge Lakes/pools Ponds, Bank and soil KZN & Bot ? 10(57), dulcis (Burm.f.) streams and stabilizer; 23(NA), Hensch backwaters water 25(98) quality; flood retention; species diversity support POACEAE Elionurus E: Wie Grass Valleyhead seep Grassland, Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S 10(110), muticus lemongrass; A: montane and WZ,LES,NN 28(112) (Spreng.) suurpol; Z: subalpine P,NWP,GAU Kunth isiNoma, isi belts? ,MPU,FST,K Tsube ZN,ECP,NC P

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. GENTIANACEAE Enicostema None Peren-nial herb ? ? ? NAM,BOT,S ? 10(80) axillare (Lam.) WZ,NNP,M A.Raynal ssp. PU,KZN axilliare POACEAE Eragrostis A: stinkgras Grass ? ? ? NAM,BOT,S ? 1(20), cillianensis WZ,LES,NN 10(110), (All.) Vignolo P,NWP,GAU 25(196) ex Janch. ,MPU,FST,K ZN,ECP,NC P,WCP POACEAE Eragrostis ? Grass Floodplain Wet places Soil NAM ? 10(110) gangetica wetland stabilizer; (Roxb.) Steud. water quality; flood retention; species diversity support FABACEAE Eriosema A: Bootvaatjie Shrub Channel (river Riverbanks Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, ? 10(56,21(6 parviflorum plus banks) MP, LP, 98?)) E.Mey. ssp. NW, GA, parviflorum Les & Swa ERIOSPERMACE Eriospermum E: white fluffy Geo-phyte Channel (river Rocky Soil SWZ,LES,N ? 8(90), AE cooperi Baker seed; A: plus banks) grassland stabilizer; NP,NWP,GA 10(61), var. cooperi kapokblomme insectivorous U,MPU,KZN 23(NA) tjie; S: ,ECP? khongoana- tsa-ngoana ERIOSPERMACE Eriospermum None Peren-nial herb ? ? Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, ? 1(30), AE cooperi Baker MP, LP, 10(61) , var. natalense NW, GA, 23(NA) (Baker) Les & Swa P.L.Perry

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. CYPERACEAE Fuirena None Sedge Channel (river Seasonally Bank and soil BOT,NNP,K ? 10(57), umbellata plus banks) flooded stabilizer; ZN 25(105), Rottb. places, wet or water 23(NA) swampy quality; flood localities, retention; waterlogged species marshes, lake diversity edges support GERANIACEAE Geranium None Shrub Channel (river Steambanks, Soil EC, FS, KZN ? 28(158), pulchrum plus banks) vleis stabilizer; & Les 34(567) N.E.Br. water cycling; flood retention ASTERACEAE Gerbera E: Pink and Perennial herb Floodplain Grassland, Soil stabilizer Tapeworm,stomach 1(335), ambigua white gerbera; wetland woodland SWZ,LES,N ache: pounded leaf 8(220), (Cass.) Sch.Bip. A: botterblom, NP,NWP,GA infusion; Coughs: root 10(32) griekwateebos U,MPU,FST, infusion sippped hot sie; S: KZN,ECP moarubetso, seboka; Z: ihlambihlosha ne,indhlebe yempiti , iqwa, ucabazane IRIDACEAE Gladiolus E: Dragon's Geophyte Flat Summer Soil stabilizer FS, KZN, Treat fertility in 1(63), dalenii Van head lily, rainfall MP, LP, women, colds , 8(44), Geel ssp. parrot lily, grasslands NW, GA, dysentery : root 10(87), dalenii Natal lily, Bot, Les, decoctions. Colds ; 12(), sword lily; A: Nam & Swa inhaling of smoke of 23(NA), swaardlelie;S: burning corms (21) 34(1087), khahle-e- 61(90&91) kholo; Sw: sidvwana; Z: isidwi esibomvu, undwendweni

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus E: butterfly Geophyte Floodplain Marshes, Soil SWZ,LES,N ? 1(63), papilio Hook.f. glodiolus; Sw: wetland damp stabilizer; NP,GAU,MP 8(112), sidvwana; Z: grassland flood U,FST,KZN, 10(87) ibutha, retention; ECP igulusha specie diversity support AMARANTHACE Gomphrena E: Butchelor`s Perennial herb Flat Disturbed Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S none 8(134), AE celosioides button; areas WZ,LES,NN 10(11), Mart. A;kruip- P,NWP,GAU 21(18) knopamarant, ,MPU,FST,K mierbossie; Z: ZN,ECP,NC intandangulub P e, unyawo- lwengulube ASTERACEAE Grangea None Annual herb ? ? ? KZN & Nam ? 10(32), maderaspatana 11() (L.) Poir. TILIACEAE Grewia ? E: cross Tree ? ? Soil stabilizer SWZ,LES,N ? var? Dress wounds: 1(198)?, occidentalis L. berry, A: NP,NWP,GA bark bruised and soak; 2(), var. kruisbessie; Z: U,MPU,FST, Childbirth aid: root 5(106)?, occidentalis iklolo KZN,ECP,W extract; Treat 10(134), CP, impotency, sterility: 31(196) p106(5) ? plant parts?

ASTERACEAE Haplocarpha E: False Perennial herb Floodplain Grassland Soil stabilizer WC, EC, Menstruation: crushed 5() ,8(332), scarposa Harv. gerbera; A: wetland KZN, FS, leaves 10(32) bietou, MP, LP, melktou; S: NW, GA, khutsana, Les & Swa lengoako, sesweu; X: isikhali, umkhanzi

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum E: Hottento`s Perennial herb Floodplain Grassland Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Coughs,colds,chest 1(319), nudifolium (L.) tea; A: wetland KZN, MP, complains, `internal 8(314)?, Less. var. Hottentotsetee LP, NW, GA, sores`, bruises : root 10(33)?, nudifolium S: letapiso; Sw: NC, Les & decoction , infusion 39(319) ludvutfane X,Z: Swa taken, ointment; icholocholo; Z: Prolapsed rectum: isidwaba- water/ milk infusion? somkhovu

BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium A: Perennial herb Channel (river Muddy pans Soil NAM,BOT,N ? 6(), 10(42), lineare (A.DC.) Hemelstertjie, plus banks) and stabilizer; NP,NWP,FS 23()NA), Gürke hamelstertjie sometimes water T,NCP 34(317), wooded quality; flood 39(352) stony retention habitats BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium None Annual herb Channel (river Dried-up Soil NAM,BOT,N ? 10(42), supinum L. plus banks) water holes stabilizer; NP,NCP,WC 23(NA), and pools flood P 34(317), retention 38(), 39(353) BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium None Perennial herb Channel (river Dry Bank NAM,SWZ, ? 10(42), zeylanicum )Bu plus banks) woodlands, stabilizer; NNP,KZN 23(NA) , rm.f.) Lam. savannas, flood 34(317), open retention 39(353) grounds, sandy riverbanks and edges of rivers and lakes CYPERACEAE Hellmuthia A: Biesie Sedge Channel (river Coastal sands Bank and soil WC ? 10?, membranaceae plus banks) and stabilizer; 18(104) (Thunb.) bordering flood R.Haines & vleis retention; K.Lye species

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. diversity support

PONTEDERIACE Heteranthera ? Perennial herb Aquatic ? Bank and soil NAM,BOT,N ? 1(), 2(), 3(), AE callifolia Rchb. stabilizer; NP,NWP,GA 10(115) Ex Kunth water U quality; flood retention; species diversity support ARALIACEAE Hydrocotyle None Perennial herb Flat Floodplains, Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,N ? 10(17), verticillata marshes,ditc NP,GAU,MP 25(64), 81 Thunb. hes, peaty U,KZN,NCP, depressions WCP ACANTHACEAE Hygrophila None Annual herb Channel (river On water`s Bank NAM,SWZ, ? 2(), 8(488), auriculata plus banks) edge stabilization; MPU,KZN 10(7) (Schumach) water Heine quality; water cycling; flood retention HYPERICACEAE Hypericum E: St John's Shrub Channel (river forest Soil SWZ,NNP,G ? 10(85)? revolutum Vahl. wort, forest plus banks) margins, stabilization; AU,MPU,KZ 19(104), ssp. revolutum primrose; A: rocky flood N,ECP,WCP 34(583) Johanneskruid, outcrops, retention ? kerriebos, grassland Sint- and along Johanneskruid streams in ? KZN misbelt, EC

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. FABACEAE Indigofera E: trifoliate Perennial herb Flat Grassland Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Heart problems & 8(388), dimidiata Vogel Indigofera; S: MP, LP, fevers:? 10(73), ex Walp. musa-peloa- NW, GA & 66(NA), thaba Les 39(452) CONVOLVULACE Ipomoea Z: ikhambi Climber Floodplain Coastal bush Soil stabilizer SWZ,KZN,E Purgative, snake bite: 1(259), AE ficifolia Lindl. lesihlungu, wetland CP leave infusion taken, 10(52),21( umkokha indigestion:? 308) wehlathi CONVOLVULACE Ipomoea E: Natal cotton Climber Channel (river Riverine and Bank KZN ? 8(420), AE mauritiana plant; A: plus banks) swamp forest stabilizer; 10(52), Jacq. garingtou flood 23(NA), retention 34(376) CONVOLVULACE Ipomoea Z: ubhoqo Climber Floodplain Grassland, Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S Arthritis, gout, 10(52), AE oblongata wetland woodland, WZ,LES,NN rheumatism: ground 23(NA), E.Mey. ex bushland and P,NWP,GAU root decoctions taken; 21(308), Choisy disturbed ,MPU,FST,K Pain in spine: enemas 34(376) areas ZN,ECP, from root; Swollen joints, sores, abscesses: leaves as poultices

CONVOLVULACE Ipomoea E: Small blue Perennial herb Floodplain low-lying Soil SWZ,NNP, ? 8(468)?, AE wightii (Wall.) Ipomoea wetland moist places stabillizer MPU,KZN,E 10(53)? Choisy var. CP? wightii CYPERACEAE Isolepis cernua S: Sedge Channel (river Seasonally Bank and soil LES,NNP,N ? 8(), 10(57) (Vahl) Roem. & Leshomokxoa plus banks) wet salt stabilizer; WP,GAU,M Schult. var. ne marshes, flood PU,FST,KZN cernua river banks retention ,ECP,NCP,W and damp CP grassland

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. JUNCACEAE Juncus None Perennial herb Channel (river Very wet Bank WC, EC, FS, ? 1(), 10(80), oxycarpus plus banks) swamps, stabilization; KZN, MP, 18(216), E.Mey. ex. along flood LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), Kunth streams and retention NC, Bot, 25(154) river banks Les, Nam & often in Swa shallow water ACANTHACEAE Justicia E: Paper Perennial herb Channel (river Grows in Soil stabilizer NAM,BOT,S ? 8(200), betonica L. plume, leafy- plus banks) grassveld, WZ,NNP,N 10(80), bract justica open WP,GAU,M 15(165), bushveld or PU,KZN,EC 23(NA), savanna, P 47(11) often in sandy or rocky soil, and often along watercourses CYPERACEAE Kyllinga erecta E: Greater Sedge Floodplain Open wet Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, ? 18(129), Schumach. var. Kyllinga, white wetland swampy stabilizer; KZN, MP, 23(NA) erecta Kyllinga, white grassland flood LP, NW, GA, sedge; A: retention NC, Bot, biesie, uintjie, Les, Nam & wit Kyllinga, Swa wit biesie Laggera E: Silky sage Perennial herb Floodplain Grasslands Soil stabilizer FS, KZN, Used by Swati; Other 10(81), decurrens bush wetland and savanna MP, LP, spesie (crisptata): 21(207), (Vahl) Hepper NW, GA, Purgeermiddel: Roots; 23(NA), & J.R.I.Wood NC, Bot & Asthma: Leaves; 39(324), Nam Fever: Leaves 47(103)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Leersia E: Cut grass, Grass Floodplain Shady places Soil WC, EC, FS, Massage oil 10(81), hexandra Sw. rasp grass, rice wetland near water, stabilizer; KZN, MP, 15(193), grass, swamp permanently water LP, NW, GA, 18(239), cut-grass, wet places quality; flood Bot, Les, 21(463), water cut- retention; Nam & Swa 23(NA), grass, white species 24(206), grass, wild diversity 79(NA) ricegrass; A: support kweekgras, moerasgras, moerashaakbl aar, waterkweek, wilderysgras; S: mohlakamane- a-manyenyane CYPERACEAE Lipocarpha None Sedge Channel (river Aerated Bank and soil KZN, MP, ? 10(82), chinensis plus banks) water of stabilizer; LP, NW, Bot 18(133), (Osbeck) Kern streams and flood & Swa 23(NA) wet areas retention adjacent to streams VERBENACEAE Lippia javanica E: Lemon Shrub Flat Open Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Coughs: Leaves & 8(180), 10 (Burm.f.) bush, fever woodland MP, LP, stem; Colds: Leaves & (82), Spreng tree, wild tea, NW, GA, stem; Bronchial 21(1051), fever tea; A: Bot & Swa troubles: Leaves & 23(NA), beukebos, stem; Measles: Leaves 24(128&22 maagbossie; N: & stem; Lung 2), 34() umsuzwana; inflammation: Leaves Sw: & stem; Gangrenous mussutane, rectitis: Leaves & mutswane: T: stem; bokhukhwane; X: inzinziniba, umzinzinibe;

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. Z: umsuzwane

Blackwater fever: Leaves & stem; Urticaria & other diseases: Leaves & stem; Nasal haemorrhage: Leaves & stem; Malaria: Leaves & stem LOBELIACEAE Lobelia anceps E: Swamp Perennial herb Floodplain Marshy Soil stabilizer WC, EC, ? 1(), 8(494), L.f. lobelia wetland grounds KZN & Swa 9(), 23(NA), 34(607) LOBELIACEAE Lobelia flaccida E: Wild lobelia; Annual herb Channel (river Streambanks Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, ? 8(496), (C.Presl) A.DC. SS: motlapa- plus banks) in open stabilizer KZN, MP, 10(83), ssp. flaccida tsoinjane; X: grassland LP, GA, NC, 23(NA), itshilizi, Les & Swa 34(609), ubulawu; Z: 49(336), isidala 53(216) esiluhlaza ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia None Annual herb Channel (river Seasonally Soil Bot ? 10(84), erecta (L.) Hara plus banks) inundated stabilizer; 23(NA), areas along water 25(191), rivers and on quality; flood 34(754) pond retention; margins species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. LYCOPODIACEA Lycopodiella E: Nodding Fern Channel (river Continually Bank WC, EC, ? 10(84), E cernua (L.) clubmoss, fairy plus banks) moist stabilizer; KZN, MP, 21(1137), Pic.Serm. Christmas streambanks flood LP, NW, GA 22(11), tree; A: and ditches retention & Swa 23(NA), wolfsklou 34(75), 43(62), 44(1) LYTHRACEAE Lythrum E: Loosestrife, Perennial herb Lakes/pools Reedswamps, Soil WC ? 10(84), salicaria L. purple fens and stabilizer; 23(NA), loosestrife marshes, and water qualty; 25(177), along flood 34(616), margins of retention; 48(52) lakes species diversity support CAPPARACEAE Maerua juncea E: Bush-cherry Climber ? ? Soil LP, Bot & ? 8(142), Pax ssp. juncea styabilizer Nam 10(84), 23(NA), 34(349) ASTERACEAE Melanthera None Annual herb Channel (river Permanent Bank and soil Bot & Nam External wounds: Leaf 8(138), scandens plus banks) water stabilizer; & flower 10(85), (Schumach. & water Stop bleeding: Leaf & 15(169), Thonn.) quality; flood flower 21(250), Roberty. ssp. retention; Sore eyes: Leaf 23(NA), madagascarien species Coughs: Leaf 34(256) sis (Baker) diversity Stomach disorders: Wild support Leaf MELIANTHACEA Melianthus E: Maroon Shrub Moist areas FS, KZN & ? 5(), 8(536), E villosus Bolus honey flower; in forest Les 10(86), A: kruidjie- margins 34(NA), roer-my-nie; Z: 34(631), ibhonya 61(132&13 3)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. LAMIACEAE Mentha E: Wild mint; Shrub ? ? Bank and soil WC, NC & Chest complaints: 10(87), longifolia (L.) A: balderjan, stabilizer; Nam Infusion; Wounds: 21(522), Huds. ssp. nallerja, water Infusion; Headaches: 23(NA), wissii (Launert) balterja, quality; flood Infusion; Stomach 34(590) Codd kruisement, retention; pains: Infusion; kruisetement, species Pregnancy: Infusion; wildekruiseme diversity Epilepsy: Roots; nt support Insomnia: Infusion; Hysteria: Infusion; Cystitis: Infusion

POACEAE Miscanthus A: Ruigtegras Grass Channel (river River banks Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 10(87), capensis (Nees) plus banks) and forest stabilizer; KZN, NC, 12(), Andersson margins. water Les & Swa 18(242), quality; flood 23(NA), retention; 34(1177) species diversity support LOBELIACEAE Monopsis E: Wild violet. Perennial herb ? ? Soil stabilizer EC & KZN ? 10(87), scabra 23(NA), (Thunb.) Urb. 34(611) LOBELIACEAE Monopsis E: Sticky Perennial herb Valleyhead seep Swampy Soil EC, KZN, ? 8(496), stellariodes leaved grassland. stabilizer; MP, LP & 23(NA), (C.Presl) Urb. monopsis; Z: flood Swa 34(611), ssp. stellariodes inamathela retention 49(332) BORAGINACEAE Myosotis E: Wood Perennial herb Channel (river Along Bank WC, EC, FS, ? 1(), 9(), sylvatica forget-me-not plus banks) streams and stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(89), Hoffm. in vleis flood Les & Swa 23(NA), retention 34(320), 35(NA), 61(162&16 3)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. LYTHRACEAE Nesaea None Perennial herb Floodplain Moist, saline Soil stabilizer MP, LP & ? 10(90), heptamera wetland grassland Swa 23(NA), Hiern areas 34(617), 39(518) LYTHRACEAE Nesaea rigidula None Perennial herb Channel (river Moist open Soil LP, NW, GA, ? 10(90), (Sond.) Koehne plus banks) spaces on stabilizer; Bot & Nam 23(NA), margins of flood 34(617), vleis and retention; 39(518) pans species diversity support LYTHRACEAE Nesaea None Shrub Valleyhead seep Well-drained Soil stabilizer KZN Blackwater fever: ; 8(410), sagittifolia grassland Haematurias: 10(90), (Sond.) Koehne 21(732), var. ericiformis 23(NA), Koehne forma 34(617), ericiformis 39(518)

LYTHRACEAE Nesaea None Shrub Valleyhead seep Vleis and Soil MP & Swa ? 8(410), sagittifolia damp places stabilizer; 10(91), (Sond.) Koehne in open flood 23(NA), var. ericiformis grassland retention; 34(617) Koehne forma species swaziensis diversity Immelman support

LYTHRACEAE Nesaea None Shrub Valleyhead seep Damp open Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, ? 10(91), sagittifolia grassland MP, LP, 23(NA), (Sond.) Koehne NW, GA & 34(617) var. sagittifolia Swa ASTERACEAE Nidorella None Shrub Floodplain Damp sites, Soil WC & EC ? 10(91), foetida (L.) DC. wetland often seeps stabilizer; 23(NA), and marshes flood 34(261), retention 54(31)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. BUDDLEJACEAE Nuxia E: Wild elder, Tree Channel (river Coastal and Bank and soil WC, EC, ? 3(), 10(92), floribunda wild peach, plus banks) montane stabilizer; KZN, MP, 21(728), Benth. forest forests and water LP & Swa 23(NA), Nuxia,forest ravines, quality; 34(333), elder; A: vlier, growing on water 60(157) vlierwortel, river banks cycling; flood wildevlier, and in retention; bosvlier, seepage species vlierboom, areas diversity wildevlierboo support m; S: motlhabare; X: iNgqota, isiKhali; Z: umHlambandl azi, iThambo, umKhobeza, umGqwagqu, umSumuwem buzi. RUBIACEAE Oldenlandia E: False Annual herb Valleyhead seep Woodland, Bank and soil EC, FS, KZN, ? 8(202), herbacea (L.) spurry; S: roadsides, stabilizer; MP, LP, 10(93), Roxb. var. seobi rocky areas water NW, GA, 23(NA), herbacea and marshy quality; flood Bot, Les, 34(834), grassland retention; Nam & Swa 39(585) species diversity support RUBIACEAE Oldenlandia None Perennial herb Channel (river Wet Bank and soil MP, LP & ? 10(93), lancifolia plus banks) conditions: stabilizer; Bot 23(NA), (Schumach.) riverbanks water 34(835), DC. var. and spray quality; flood 39(585) scabridula zones at retention; Bremek. waterfalls species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. ASTERACEAE Oncosiphon A: Stinkkruid Annual herb ? ? Soil stabilizer WC Fits: Plant; Cholic: 1(), 10(93), glabratum Plant; Sore Throat: 21(247), (Thunb.) Plant; Inflammation: 23(NA), Källersjõ Plant; Narcotic: Tea 34(263), made from dried 46(33) flowers; Wounds: ; Tooth ache:, etc.

ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis A: Shrub Hillslope seep Moist slopes Soil WC & EC ? 10(94), osmitoides Basterbelskrui and forest stabilizer; 23(NA), (Less.) e margins flood 34(264) K.Bremer retention OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda E: Flowering Geophyte Hillslope seep Rock crevices Soil WC, EC, FS, 10(94), regalis L. fern, green in seasonally stabilization KZN, MP, 23(NA), fern, royal fern moist LP, NW, GA 34(78) grassland, & Swa but mostly along perennial streams and moist ditches; exposed or partially shaded HYDROCHARITA Ottelia ulvifolia None Aquatic Lakes/pools Still or slow Bank and soil MP, LP, GA, ? 10(94), CEAE (Planch.) Walp. flowing stabilizer; Bot, Nam & 15(147), water water Swa 23(NA), quality; flood 25(147), retention; 34(1071) species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Panicum repens E: Couch Grass Flat Wet sandy Soil stabilizer WC, EC, ? 10(94), L. panicum, soils. KZN, MP, 23(NA), creeping panic LP, NW, GA, 25(213), grass, torpedo Bot, Les, 34(1179) grass; A: Nam & Swa bamboeskwee k, grootbousaadg ras, kruipgras, kweekbuffelsg ras, varkgras POACEAE Paspalum E: Millet grass, Grass Flat Disturbed Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 10(95), dilatatum Poir. common damp places stabilizer; KZN, MP, 21(483 & paspallum, flood LP, NW, GA, 1094),23(N bastard millet retention NC, Les & A), grass, dallis Swa 25(216), grass, golden 34(1179), crown grass, 50(96), hairy-flowered 54(80 & paspalum, 239) large water grass, large water seed, water grass; A: bankrotkweek, breësaadgras, breësaadvleigr as, paspalatum gras, watergras, breëvleigras, paspalum; Other: mupunganini

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Paspalum E: Seashore Grass Floodplain Vlei margins Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 8(). 10(95), vaginatum Sw. paspalum, wetland stabilizer; KZN, GA, 23(NA), swamp coach; flood Les & Swa 25(217), A: retention 34(1180) brakpaspalum GERANIACEAE Pelargonium E: Pink Perennial herb Flat Grassland Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Fever: leaves; 8(154), alchemilloides trailling and KZN, MP, Diarrhoea: leaves: ; 10(96), (L.) L’Hér pelargonium; disturbed LP, NW, GA, Wounds: leaves 21(453), A: wildemalva; areas NC, Les & 23(NA), SS: bolila-ba- Swa 34(569), litsoene; X: 49(206), inkubele; Z: 53(167) inkubele, ishwaqa, umangqengqe GERANIACEAE Pelargonium E: Carrot- Perennial herb Hillslope seep Rocky Soil EC, FS, KZN Flushes: ; Colic: ; 8(154), bowkeri Harv. leaved grassland stabillizer & Les Diarrhoea: 10(96), pelargonium, 21(453), cat's tail 23(NA), pelargonium, 34(570), frilled 53(168) pelargonium; SS: khoara GERANIACEAE Pelargonium A: Rambossie Shrub Channel (river Forest Soil stabilizer WC Vague info on uses 3(), 10(96), papilionaceum plus banks) margins near 23(NA), (L.) L’Hér streams 34(574) GERANIACEAE Pelargonium None Shrub Channel (river Forest Soil WC ? 2(), 8(), tomentosum plus banks) margins in stabilization 10(97), Jacq. mountains 23(NA), 24(224), 34() GERANIACEAE Pelargonium None Shrub Hillslope seep Shady Soil WC ? 8(), 10(97), vitifolium (L.) ravines on stabilization 23(NA), L’Hér lower slopes 34(577)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. RUBIACEAE Pentas E: White wild Perennial herb Hillslope seep Forest Soil stabilizer KZN & Swa ? 3(), 8(202), micrantha pentas margins, 10(100), Baker ssp. shady, wet 23(NA), wyliei (N.E.Br.) places 34(837) Verdc RUBIACEAE Pentodon None Annual herb Flat Damp places Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, ? 3(), 5(), pentandrus LP & Swa 10(100), (Schumach. & 23(NA), Thonn.) Vatke 34(837) var. minor Bremek.

RUBIACEAE Pentodon None Annual herb Flat Damp places Soil stabilizer LP, Bot & ? 1(), 2(), 3(), pentandrus Nam 5(), 9(), (Schumach. & 10(100), Thonn.) Vatke 23(NA), var. pentandrus 34(837)

APIACEAE Peucedanum E: Wild Perennial herb ? Coastal scrub Bank EC, FS, KZN, diarrhoea: 1(), 8(296), caffrum parsley, A: in sand and stabilization MP, LP and 10(101), (Meisn.) hondewortel, in grassland Les 23(NA), E.Phillips pietersielietab on rocky 34(130), ak, slopes 53(187) tamboekietwa k; S: tloro-ea- ngoale; Z: isingcina, nhlashane POACEAE Phragmites E: Lowveld Grass Channel (river Swamps and Bank and soil EC, KZN, ? 10(102), mauritianus reed; A: plus banks) shallow stabilizer; MP, LP, 18(247), Kunth dekriet, water, at the water NW, GA, 23(NA), fluitjiesriet, edge of lakes, quality; Bot, Nam & 34(1183) laeveldfluitjies pools and water Swa riet; Other: along cycling; flood olumbungu, streams retention; eembungu, species

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. rihlanga diversity support

SCROPHULARIA- Phygelius E: Western Shrub Channel (river Streambanks Bank and soil EC, FS, KZN ? 10(102), CEAE capensis E.Mey. river bells plus banks) and forest stabilizer; & Les 23(NA), ex Benth. margins flood 34(891), retention; 49(456), species 53(199), diversity 61(178) support POACEAE Poa annua L. E: Annual Grass Flat Disturbed Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, ? 10(105), bluegrass, areas, damp KZN, MP, 21(464), annual and shady LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), meadow grass, places NC, Les, 34(1183), dwarf meadow Nam & Swa 53(111) grass, low spear grass, six week grass, winter grass; A: eenjarige blougras, straatgras, wintergras; S: joang-ba-lintja PONTEDERIACE Pontederia E: Pickerel Perennial herb Aquatic Shallow Bank and soil KZN, MP & ? 10(107), AE cordata L. var. weed; A: water, stabilizer; GA 23(NA), ovalis Solms jongsnoekkrui sometimes in water 25(234), d brakish quality; flood 34(1194), conditions retention; 48(25) species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POTAMOGETON Potamogeton E: Pondweed, Perennial herb Aquatic Deep water Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, ? 7(), 8(502), ACEAE thunbergii broad-leaved or emergent stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(108), Cham. & pondweed; A: and on water LP, NW, GA, 15(148), Schltdl. fonteingras, mudbanks quality; flood Bot, Les, 23(NA), breëblaar retention; Nam & Swa 25(238), fonteingras, species 34(1195), drywende diversity 53(104) fonteinkruid, support drywende fonteinkruidgr as; S: ntlo-ea- hlapi, sesei; X: ikhubalo lomkhondo wemphala FABACEAE Psoralea E: Naked Shrub Channel (river Streambanks Bank WC ? 10(108), aphylla L. fountain bush, plus banks) of mountain stabilization; 23(NA), leafless and low-land flood 34(542), fountain bush; fynbos retention 42(), A: kaal- 49(284), fonteinbos, 56(150) bloukeur, bloukeurboom , fonteinbos, fonteinhout, fonteinertjiebo s FABACEAE Psoralea None Shrub Channel (river Along Bank WC ? 10(108), aphylla L. x P. plus banks) streams stabilization; 23(NA), pinnata L. flood 34(542), retention 42() FABACEAE Psoralea None Shrub Channel (river Streamsides Bank and soil WC, EC & ? 10(108), oligophylla plus banks) in mountain stabilizer; NC 23(NA), Eckl. & Zeyh. fynbos flood 34(542) retention

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. LAMIACEAE Pycnostachys E: Large Perennial herb Floodplain Moist Soil MP, LP, GA ? 8(472), urticifolia hedgehog- wetland swampy stabilizer; & Swa 10(109), Hook. flower, dark grassy places water 23(NA), blue quality; flood 34(594), pycnostachys, retention; 49(426) blue boys, species hedgehog diversity sage; A: support ystervarksalie; Z: amadata, unkungwini FABACEAE Rhynchosia S: monya-mali, Climber Channel (river Caostal Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, ? 8(270), caribaea (Jacq.) moranana-oa- plus banks) forests, near stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(110), DC. liphepa, thara streams flood LP, NW, GA, 15(173), retention Bot, Les, 23(NA), Nam & Swa 34(546) CYPERACEAE Rhynchospora E: Saw grass Sedge Channel (river Swamps, Bank and soil Bot ? 8(568), corymbosa (L.) plus banks) lakes, pools, stabilizer; 10(110), Britton var. streams and water 23(NA), corymbosa rivers quality; flood 25(109), retention; 34(1040) species diversity support BRASSICACEAE Rorippa None Annual herb Channel (river Damp sand Bank Nam ? 10(110), humifusa (Guill. plus banks) on river stabilizer; 23(NA), & Perr.) Hiern banks flood 34(328) retention POACEAE Rottboellia E: Guineafowl Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, ? 10(110), cochinchinensis grass, kokoma LP, Bot, 23(NA), (Lour.) Clayton grass, shamva Nam & Swa 34(1185) grass; Other: vave

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Sacciolepis A: Kappiegras Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, ? 10(110), curvata (L.) LP & Mos 23(NA), Chase 34(1185) CHENOPODIA- Salsola kali L. E: Annual herb Floodplain Dry stony Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Cough suppressant: 10(110), CEAE Tumbleweed, wetland? places LP, NW, GA, green leaf tincture; 21(191 & classwort, NC & Nam Colds, stomach ache: 1145), prickly infusion?; Eczema: 23(NA), glasswort, plant decoctions 34(367), prickly topically; 39(375), saltwort, Remove sand worms; 48(34), rolypoly, rush- poultices ; 50(102), and- Colic,insomnia in 51(104) tumbleweed, children: leaves, twigs Russian in enemas; thistle, saltwort, Russian tumbleweed, khakibush, roly-poly; A: rolbos, kakiebos, kakiedissel, Russiese rolbossie, silwerbossie, tolbos, waaibos, rolbossie, tolbossie, waaibossie, khakibos, trekbos

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. Madness, convulsion , uterine, chesspains, fevers in infants: leaves in medicine; Many uses in rest of Africa

CHENOPODIACE Sarcocornia None Shrub ? ? Soil stabilizer WC, EC & ? 10(110), AE natalensis KZN 23(NA), (Bunge ex 34(368), Ung.-Sternb.) 51(101) A.J.Scott var. natalensis ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium None Geophyte Valleyhead seep Dry flats to Soil WC, EC, ? 10(111), bracteatum wet marshy stabilizer; KZN, MP, 13(156), (L.f.) Thunb. sites, peat flood LP & Les 23(NA), ledges and retention; 34(1148) fissures species amongst diversity rocks support AMARYLLIDACE Scadoxus E: Fire ball lily, Geophyte Flat Shady Soil stabilizer EC, KZN & Abdominal & 20(13), AE multiflorus common bushveld and Swa stomach disorders: 49(58), (Martyn) Raf. fireball, blood grassland roots Mens 66(NA), ssp. katharinae flower; Z: infertility: Bulb 81(NA) (Baker) Friis & isiphompo, Nordal isiphungo

POACEAE Schizachyrium None Grass Flat Damp places Soil stabilizer LP & GA ? 10(111), brevifolium 23(NA), (Sw.) Nees ex 34(1185), Büse 39(185) CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus None Sedge Channel (river Very wet Bank and soil KZN, MP, ? 10(111), articulatus (L.) plus banks) places stabilizer; Bot & Nam 18(164), Palla water 23(NA), quality; flood 34(1040)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. retention; species diversity support CYPERACEAE Schoenoplectus A: Steekbiesie, Sedge Floodplain Very wet Bank and soil WC, EC, ? 10(111), paludicola steekrietjie wetland marshes stabilizer; KZN & MP 18(167), (Kunth) water 23(NA), J.Raynal quality; flood 34(1041), retention; 53(115) species diversity support CYPERACEAE Scleria foliosa None Sedge Lakes/pools Seasonally Bank and soil MP, LP, GA, ? 10(111), Hochst ex shallow pans stabilizer; Bot, Nam & 18(186), A.Rich. water Swa 23(NA), quality; flood 34(1044) retention; species diversity support GENTIANACEAE Sebaea grandis E: Large Annual herb Floodplain Grassland Soil EC, FS, KZN, ? 8(164&298 (E.Mey.) Steud. flowered wetland and marshy stabilizer; MP, LP, ), 10(111), sebaea, areas flood NW, GA, 23(NA), primrose retention Bot, Les, 34(564), gentian; S: Nam & Swa 49(254) liphalana, mipa, petle, phalana; Z: umalpha omncane

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. ASTERACEAE Senecio E: Two-day Perennial herb Flat Grassland Soil EC, FS, KZN, Infected sores: Leaves; 8(328), gregatus cure; Z: and open stabilizer, MP, LP, GA Burns: Powdered 10(111), Hilliard uNsukumbili, woodland flood & Les roots; Internal 21(287 & ichazampukan retention; infections: Tea brewed 289), e, insukumbili, species from leaves; Blood 23(NA), umaphozisa, diversity purifier: Leaves 34(286), umkhuthelo support 53(227), 66(NA) ASTERACEAE Senecio A: Tabakboom, Shrub Flat Coastal sands Soil WC & EC Wounds: Leaves 10(111), halimifolius L. tabakbos stabilization 21(286), 23(NA), 34(286), 46(37), 62(212) FABACEAE Senna E: Rambling Shrub Channel (river Savanna, Bank and soil KZN, MP, ? 10(112), bicapsularis cassia plus banks) coastal bush stabilizer; LP & Swa 23(NA), (L.) Roxb. and river flood 34(548), banks retention 48(79 & 206) FABACEAE Senna E: Peanut Tree Floodplain Grassland, Bank and soil WC, EC, ? 10(112), didymobotrya butter cassia; wetland coastal bush, stabilizer; KZN, MP, 23(NA), .4( (Fresen.) A: bushveld, water LP, GA & 549), H.S.Irwin & grondboontjie roadsides, quality; Swa 37(426), Barneby botterkassia riverbanks, water 48(208) and cycling; flood disturbed retention; places species diversity support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. FABACEAE Senna hirsuta None Shrub Flat Savanna, Soil KZN ? 10(112), (L.) H.S.Irwin & coastal bush, stabillizer 23(NA), Barneby disturbed 34(549), grassland, 48(209) forest margins, roadsides and riverbanks FABACEAE Senna E: Stinking Shrub Channel (river Savanna, Soil KZN, MP, ? 10(112), occidentalis (L.) weed, wild plus banks) grassland, stabilizer; LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), Link coffee riverbanks, flood Bot, Nam & 34(549), coastal retention Swa 48(211) sandflats, roadsides, ols lands, waste land FABACEAE Senna E: Moneky Shrub Floodplain Sandy soils Soil KZN, MP, ? 10(112), petersiana pod, dwarf wetland and alluvium stabilizer; LP & Swa 23(NA), (Bolle) RoLock. cassia, eared along rivers flood 34(549) cassia, monkey retention senna; A: apiespeul; S: bohlôko; Z: umnembenem be, uhwabile Other: munembenem be FABACEAE Senna None Shrub Channel (river Forest Soil EC, KZN, ? 10(112), septemtrionalis plus banks) margins, stabilizer; MP, LP, GA 23(NA), (Viv.) H.S.Irwin savanna, flood & Swa 34(549), & Barneby riverbanks, retention 48(213) roadsides, plantations, waste ground

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. FABACEAE Sesbania E: Spiny Shrub Floodplain Moist Soil KZN, MP, ? 10(112), bispinosa sesbania; A: wetland conditions stabilizer; LP, NW, GA, 21(646), (Jacq.) stekel- flood Bot, Nam & 23(NA), W.Wright var. sesbania; retention Swa 25(135), bispinosa Other: 34(549), mositanokana 47(93) FABACEAE Sesbania Other: Annual herb ? ? Soil Nam ? 10(112), pachycarpa DC. Ombudje stabilizer; 23(NA), ssp. dinterana flood 34(550) J.B.Gillett retention AIZOACEAE Sesuvium None Annual herb Channel (river Grassland, Bank LP, NW, GA, ? 10(112), sesuvioides plus banks) edge of salt stabilizer; NC & Nam 23(NA), (Fenzl) Verdc. pan and flood 34(109). var. sesuvioides margins of retention 39(234) dams POACEAE Setaria E: Broad- Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer WC, EC, ? 10(112), megaphylla leaved setaria, KZN, MP, 23(NA), (Hocteudhst.) buffalo grass, LP, NW, GA 34(1186) T.Durand & fine sword & Swa Schinz grass, foret buffallo grass, macopo grass, ribbon bristle grass, ribbon grass, sclitz grass, solitz grass, bush buffalo grass; A: buffelsgras, breë-blaar borselgras, breëblaarsetar ia, riffelblaarsetar ia,

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. bosbuffelsgras ; Other: mufhafha

POACEAE Setaria E: Bristle Grass Flat Shady, Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Used as salt 10(114), verticillata (L.) foxtail, burr disturbed KZN, MP, 15(201), P.Beauv. bristle grass, areas LP, NW, GA, 21(485), cat's tail, NC, Bot, 23(NA), lovegrass, Les, Nam & 24(12), sticky bristle Swa 34(1187), grass; A: 50(104), katstert, 54(294) klawergras, kleefgras, klitsgras, klitsborselgras , klitskatstert, klitssetaria, siergras, steekgras, katstergras, klossiegras; Other: bogoma ASTERACEAE Sonchus None Perennial herb Channel (river Streamsides Bank WC, KZN, ? 8(), maritimus L. plus banks) stabilizer; LP, NW & 10(114), flood GA 23(NA),

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. retention 34(294)

POACEAE Sorghum E: Millet; A: Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer FS, KZN, ? 10(114), bicolor (L.) Amaquaskoor MP, LP, 11(), Moench ssp. n, NW, GA, 19(30), arundinaceum graansorghum, NC, Bot, 21(464 & (Desv. De Wet ternataanse Nam & Swa 488), & Harlan koring, 23(NA), rooikafferkori 24(14&99), ng, 34(1187), witkafferkorin 54(265 & g 269) POACEAE Sorghum E: Millet; A: Grass Channel (river Agricultural Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, ? 10(115), halepense (L.) Amaquaskoor plus banks) lands, KZN, MP, 19(30), Pers. n, disturbed LP, NW, GA, 21(464 & graansorghum, sites, NC, Nam & 488), ternataanse roadsides, Swa 23(NA), koring, grassland, 34(1187), rooikafferkori riverbanks 48(18), ng, and 54(265) witkafferkorin riverbeds g RUBIACEAE Spermacoce None Annual herb ? ? Soil stabilizer KZN, MP, ? 10(115), senensis LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), (Klotzsch) Bot, Nam & 34(840) Hiern Swa POACEAE Sporobolus None Grass Flat Disturbed Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, Wounds: ; Snake-bite: 10(116), africanus soils KZN, MP, 21(464 & (Poir.) Robyns LP, NW, GA, 488), & Tournay Les, Nam & 23(NA), Swa 34(1188) POACEAE Sporobolus None Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer FS, KZN, ? 10(117), festivus Hochst. MP, LP, 23(NA), ex A.Rich. NW, GA, 34(1188) Bot & Nam

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Sporobolus E: Cat's tail Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer EC, KZN, ? 2(), pyramidalis dropseed, cat's MP, LP, 10(117), P.Beauv. tail grass, NW, GA, 23(NA), narrow- Bot, Nam & 34(1189) plumed Swa dropseed; A: katstertfynsaa dgras, smalpluimfyns aadgras, taaipol, vleigras; Other: mixikijane LAMIACEAE Stachys None Perennial herb Channel (river Depressions Soil EC, FS, KZN, ? 1(), 8(), hyssopoides plus banks) and stabilizer; MP, LP,NW, 10(117), Burch. ex riverbanks in water GA, NC & 23(NA), Benth. clay soils quality; flood Les 34(598), retention; 39(503) species diversity support LAMIACEAE Stachys None Perennial herb Channel (river Depressions, Soil FS, KZN, LP, ? 3(), 7(), spathulata plus banks) riverbanks stabilizer; NW, GA, 10(118), Burch. ex and in water water NC, Bot & 23(NA), Benth. courses in quality; flood Nam 34(598), heavy soils retention 39(504)

POACEAE Stenotaphrum None Grass ? ? Soil stabilizer EC & KZN ? 3(), dimidiatum (L.) 10(118), Brongn. 23(NA), 34(1189)

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. POACEAE Stenotaphrum E: Buffalo Grass Floodplain Sandy coastal Bank and soil WC, EC, Diuretic: Root; Urinary 10(118), secundatum grass, Cape wetland slopes and stabilizer; KZN, Nam gravel: Tincture; 21(488), (Walter) kweek, Cape flats water & Swa Stomach pains: 23(NA), Kuntze quick grass, quality; flood Tincture; Gall stones: 24(9), carpet grass, retention; Tincture 34(1189), coarse couch species 50(105), grass, coarse diversity 56(42) quick grass, support; coastal buffalo invader grass, coast kweek, couch grass, grove kweek, mission grass, quick grass, ramsammy grass, seaside quick, St. Augustine grass, buffalo quick grass, seaside quick grass, buffalograss, coarse couch, coarse grass, coarse quick; A: Augustine- gras, buffelsgras, buffelskweek, growwekweek , kweek, lidjieskweek, olifantskweek, rivierkweek,

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. strandkweek, kweekgras, strandbuffelsk week, strandbuffelsk week, beeskweek; S: marotlo-a- mafubelu; Z: umtombo

CHENOPODIACE Suaeda A: Inkbos Shrub Floodplain Dry slopes Bank and soil WC, EC, FS, Eye ailments: Leaves; 10(118), AE fruticosa (L.) wetland and coastal stabilizer; LP, NC, Bot Wounds: Leaves; 21(192), Forssk. marshes and water & Nam Emitic: Poultice 23(NA), estuaries quality; flood 34(368), retention; 50(105) species diversity

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. support

FABACEAE Tephrosia E: Pink bush Annual herb Flat Woodland Soil WC, EC, Parasites: Roots 8(392), grandiflora pea, large and stabilizer; KZN, MP, 10(121), (Aiton) Pers. flowered roadsides flood LP, GA & 20(646), Tephrosia; A: retention Swa 21(654), rooiertjie, 23(NA), rooi-ertjie; Z: 34(552), ihlozane, 49(280) iqwnse, udabane FABACEAE Tephrosia None Shrub ? ? Soil stabilizer Nam Syphilis: boiled leaves 10(121), uniflora Pers. 23(NA), var. uniflora 34(554), 81(845) THELYPTERIDA Thelypteris E: Scaly lady Fern Floodplain Marshy areas Bank and soil WC, EC, ? 10(122), CEAE confluens fern, bog fern. wetland and swampy stabilizer; KZN, MP, 22(211), (Thunb.) stream-banks water LP, NW, GA, 23(NA), C.V.Morton quality; flood Bot, Nam & 34(85) retention; Swa species diversity support Torenia None Annual herb Aquatic Water, Bank and soil EC, KZN, ? 10(122), thouarsii marshes, stabilizer; MP, LP, 23(NA), (Cham. & swamps, water NW, GA & 25(255), Schltdl.) around pools quality; flood Swa 34(909) Kuntze and along retention; rivers, and species sometimes diversity floating support

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. AIZOACEAE Trianthema None Annual herb Channel (river Edge of pans Soil stabilizer LP ? 2(), salsoloides plus banks) in brakish 10(123) Fenzl ex Oliv. soils var. stenophylla Adamson

BORAGINACEAE Trichodesma E: Chocolate Shrub Floodplain Grassland on Soil KZN, MP, ? 2(), 5(), physaloides bells; A: wetland margins of stabilizer; LP, NW, GA 8(178), (Fenzl) A.DC. Sjokoladeklok marshes flood & Swa 10(124), kies, slankop retention 23(NA), 34(320), 54(8) FABACEAE Trifolium E: Wild clover, Perennial herb Flat Wet areas on Soil stabilizer WC, EC, FS, ? 8(388), burchellianum Burchell's forest KZN, MP, 10(126), Ser. ssp. clover; A: margins NC & Les 21(665), burchellianum wildeklawer; 23(NA), S: moqophi, 34(555), moroko; Z: 49(286), usithathi 53(165) ALLIACEAE Tulbaghia E: Wild garlic; Perennial herb Flat Dry rocky Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Snake repellent: 8(510), acutiloba Harv. A: grassland MP, LP, Depressed fontanel: 10(127), wildeknoffel; NW, GA, Plant Menstrual 21(716 & SS: Les & Swa problems, chest 717(, motsuntsunya problems, fever, 23(NA), ne, asthma, ulcers, 34(956), sefothafotha; constipation, stomach 49(52), Zulu: ishaladi problems 66(NA) lezinyoka; Other: lisela

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. Tulbaghia E: Wild garlic; Perennial herb Flat Dry to moist Bank WC, EC & Fever: Rhizome & 10(127), violacea Harv. A: stabilization KZN Leaves Asthma: 21(717), var. violacea wildeknoflok; Rhizome & leaves 23(NA), S: konofolo ya Constipation: 24(134), naga Rhizome & leaves 34(957), Snake repellent: 44(4) Rhizome & leaves Oesophageal cancer: Leaves Stomach complaints: Pulmonary tuberculosis: Bulb Antihelmintic: Bulb

LENTIBULARIAC Utricularia E: Perennial herb Hillslope seep Wet, vertical Soil EC & KZN ? 8(486), EAE sandersonii Bladderwort; rocks stabillizer; 10(128), Oliv. A: blaskruid insectivouro 23(NA), us 25(170), 34(603) ASTERACEAE Vernonia None Shrub Channel (river Mountains, Bank KZN, MP, ? 10(133), wollastonii plus banks) forest stabilizer; LP & Swa 23(NA), S.Moore margins, flood 34(309) along retention streams and in forest paths FABACEAE Vigna vexillata E: Wild- Climber Flat Grassland Soil stabilizer EC, FS, KZN, Fever: 1(), 8(398), (L.) A.Rich. var. cowpea, wild and MP, LP, 9(), vexillata sweetpea; A: woodland NW, GA & 10(134), wilde-ertjie, Swa 23(NA), wilde- 24(30), akkerboontjie; 34(557), Z: isikhwali, 49(282) ubombo,

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Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Habitat Ecological Distribu- Disease symptoms: Literature specie name ecosystem Role tion Plant parts used with Page no. umcwasibe, umnxwasibe

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Appendix 5: List of exotic plants occurring in freshwater ecosystems that is utilised for medicinal purposes.

Family Genus and Other names Plant type Freshwater Ecological Distribution Disease symptoms: Plant parts used Literatur specie name ecosystem Role e with Page no. ACORACEAE Acorus calamus L. E: sweet Perennial herb Channel (river Bank NW Chest colds, emetic, anti-sposmodic, nervous 9(28), (SIBIS) (ARACEAE calomel/flag/sedge; A: plus banks) stabilizatio disorders, tonic, stimulants, aphrodisiacs, 1(22), 80) makkalmoes; Z: n; water rheumatism, tooth-powders, carmanitive, 10(18), ikalamusi, quality; cronic dysentery,anthelmintic, dyspepsia, 25(48), indawolucwatha water flatulence: rhizomes used as ; tinctures, dried 80(184), cycling; or candied rhizomes chewed or taken as an 83(131) flood infusion retention AMARANTHA- Alternanthera None Perennial herb Channel (river Bank NAM,BOT,LES, General healing and pain killers 10(10), CEAE nodiflora R.Br plus banks) stabilizatio NNP,NNP,NWP 39(236), n; water ,GAU,FST,KZN, 81(NA) quality; NCP water cycling; flood retention AMARANTHA- Alternanthera None Perennial herb Channel (river Bank (Pantropica) General healing and pain killers: Plant sap 10(10), CEAE sessilis (L.) DC. plus banks) stabilizatio NAM,BOT,SWZ, 23(NA), n; water ,NNP,GAU,MPU 25( 52), quality; ,FST,KZN,NCP 39(236) water cycling; flood retention AMARANTHA- Amaranthus E: Cock's comb, pigweed; Annual herb Flat Soil WC, EC, FS, Stimulate uterus in delayed childbirth: leaves 8(232), CEAE thunbergii Moq. A: hanekam, misbredie; stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, 10(11), S: theepe; Z: imbuya NW, GA, NC, 23(NA), Bot, Les, Nam 39(237) & Swa ARACEAE Pistia stratiotes L. E: water lettuce, Nile Aquatic Lakes/pools Water WC, EC, KZN, Septic wounds: Dysentery: 8(506), cabbage, Nile lettuce, quality; MP, NW & Swa Insect repellent: Asthma: 10(103), shellflower, water fern, water 13(), 17(), water cabbage; A: cycling; 21(115), waterslaai; Other: Species 23(NA), okambodi, oumbodi diversity 25(61), support 34(972), 48(24)

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ASPHODELACEAE Aloe buettneri None Geophyte Floodplain Soil NAM Regulate menstrual cycle and treat infertility; 10(24), A.Berger wetland stabilizer skin trouble: burns, wounds, insect bites; 52(), 71(), Laxative: Roots & plant; Internal parasites: 72(NA), Roots & Plant; Rheumatism: Leaf ash; Cough: 73(NA) Leaf decoction; Venereal diseases and infertility: Whole plant; Cancer: Leaf decoction; Avian cholera: Leaf decoction; antihelmintic: Leaf sap

ASTERACEAE Achillea E: Common yarrow, EC, KZN, MP, Leaves and stem used for flue, coughs and 8(218), millefolium L. milfoil; A: Duisendblaar- GA & Bot fever. 10(26) achilla. ASTERACEAE Ageratum EC, KZN, MP, abdominal pain: root decoction 10(26), conyzoides L. LP, Bot & Swa 21(197), 39(290) ASTERACEAE Chromolaena E: Triffid weed, paraffin Shrub Floodplain Soil NNP,KZN ? 8(210), odorata (L.) weed; A: paraffienbos; Z: wetland stabilizer 10(29) R.M.King & H.Rob usandanezwe ASTERACEAE Eclipta prostata E: ecclipta; Z: ikhambi KZN, MP, LP, Whole plant used as traditionsl medicine; Used 1(322), (L.) L. lakwangcolosi, GA, Bot, Nam & in Africa and Indie; For skin infections:?; 8(216), iphamphuce Swa Reported promising for infective hepatitis 10(30), 25(68) ASTERACEAE Tagetes minuta L E: Tall khaki weed, Annual herb ? Soil WC, EC, FS, Nematode infections: Oil extraction; Dog fleas: 8(318), Mexican marigold, stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, Oil extraction; Chest problems: bark 10(120), stinking Roger, master NW, GA, NC, 21(983 & John-Henry, marigold; A: Bot, Les, Nam 1145), kakiebos, langkakiebos, & Swa 23(NA), Africander bossie, 24(226), kleinafrikaner, stinkbos, 34(299), stinkkhakibos, 50(105), Transvaalsekakiebos; S: 53(224), jeremane; Z: insangwana, 54(294) unukani; Other: mbanje ASTERACEAE Xanthium E: Borad coclebur, Annual herb Channel (river Bank WC, EC, FS, Diaphoretic: ; Sedative: ; Catarrh: Leaves, fruit 10(136), strumarium L. burweed, clotbur, plus banks) stabilizer; KZN, MP, LP, & root; Scrofula: Leaves, fruit & root; Leprosy: 21(299, cocklebur, cockle bur; A: flood NW, GA, NC, Leaves, fruit & root; Skin conditions: Leaves, 303, 304 groot boetebossie, retention Bot, Les & Swa fruit & root; Cancer: Leaves, fruit & root; & 1146), kankerroos, spitsklitse, Dysenteries: Leaves, fruit & root 23(NA), rivierklits, boetebos; S: 34(309), hlaba-hlabane; Other 48(37), large cocklebur 50(107), 54(17-18)

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ASTERACEAE Pseudognaphaliu E: Jersey cudweed; A: Annual herb Channel (river Bank and WC, EC, FS, Fever: whole plant Skin: whole 8(310), m luteo-album roerkruid, vaalbossie; SS: plus banks) soil KZN, MP, LP, plant Constipation, flu, colds, chest problems, 10(108), (L.) Hilliard & manku, mosuoane, toane; stabilizer; NW, GA, NC, headaches and respiratory problems: leaves & 21(234), B.L.Burtt S: impepho; Z: umgilane; water Bot, Les, Nam stem 23(NA), Other: muluvi-luvi quality; & Swa 34(276), flood 53(219) retention; species diversity support BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium None Annual herb Channel (river Soil NAM,BOT,KZN ? 10(42), indicum L. plus banks) stabilizer; 23(NA), water 34(317), quality; 39(352) flood retention CHENOPODIA- Chenopodium E: fat hen; A: Perennial herb Floodplain Soil WC, EC, FS, Blood purifier, worm infestation : decoction ?; 1(86), CEAE album hondepisbossie, wetland stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, Genital irritation in children: finelyn powdered 10(49), misbredie,varkbossie; Z: NW, GA, NC, leaf as dusting powder 16(), imbilicane, isijabane Bot, Les, Nam 23(364), & Swa 39(373), 81(843) CHENOPODIA- Chenopodium E: sandworm plant; Perennial herb Floodplain Soil WC, EC, FS, Cought suppressant: green leaf tincture; Colds, 1(87), CEAE ambrosoides L. . A:galsiektebos, wetland stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, stomach ache: infusion?; Eczema: plant 8(526), stinkblaar, NW, GA, NC, decoctions topically; Romove sand worms; 10(49) hondepisbos;S: khola- Bot, Les & Nam poultices ; Colic,insomniain children: leaves, bosiu, mokhankha; X,Z; twigs in enemas; Madness, convulsion ,uterine, insukumbili chesspains, fevers in infants: leaves in medicine; Many uses in rest of Africa CONVOLVULA- Ipomoae alba L. E: Moonflower, wooden Climber Floodplain Soil ECP, KZN ? 8(178), CEAE rose creeper; A: wetland stabilizer 10(52) maanblom

FABACEAE Indigofera E: Natal indigo; A: Shrub Channel (river Bank and KZN, MP, LP, ?( Probably) management of non- insulin 1(135), arrecta Hochst. verfbossie; Z: plus banks) soil GA, NC & Swa dependant diabetes investigated ? 10(135,136) 10(73), ex A.Rich. umphekambedu stabilizer; 21(611), water 34(514), quality; 39(451) flood retention; species diversity support

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FABACEAE Paraserianthes E: Australian albizia; A: Tree ? Bank and WC & EC Gynaecological remedy: Root 8(), lophantha stinkboon soil 10(95), (Willd.) stabilizer; 21(557), I.C.Nielsen ssp. water 23(NA), Lophantha quality; 34(537), water 48(227) cycling; flood retention; species diversity support LAMIACEAE Hyptis pectinata ? Annual herb Channel (river Soil BOT,SWZ,NNP, ? 8(184), (L.) Poit. plus banks) stabilizer MPU,KZN 10(89) PHYTOLACCA- Phytolacca E: Inkberry, pokeweed, Shrub Hillslope seep Soils WC, EC, FS, Snakebite: ; Chest complaints: ; Septic wounds: ; 8(52), CEAE octandra L. forest inkberry; A: stabilizer; KZN, MP, LP, Lung sickness: ; Siphilis: ; Emetic: 10(103), bobbejaandruif, water GA & Swa 21(834), inkbossie, cycling 23(NA), bobbejaandruiwe, 34(776), koeliedruif; X: amahashe, 48(272), ayatsala, umnanja; Z: 53(154), umnanja, umnyandla 60(72), 61(104) PLANTAGINA- Plantago major L. E: Broadleaved ribwort, Perennial herb Flat Soil WC, EC, FS, Stomach complaints: Bark; Pain & Fever: Bark; 1(), CEAE broad-leaved plantain, stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, Ear infections: Leaf juices; Malaria: Leaf juices; 8(588), broadleaf, cat-track plant, NW, GA & NC Sores: Leaves; Skin inflammation: Leaf 10(105), common or large 13(), plantain, larger ribwort 21(848), plantain, rib-grass, rib- 23(NA), wort, rippleseed plantain, 34(778), white-mans-foot, wild 50(98), sago, A: platvoet, 83(114) breeblaar, breeblaar- plantago, groottongblaar, grootweëblaar, grootweegbree tongblaar, weegbredieblaar, weegbree, grootweeg- blaar,weeblaar; weeg- bredie; SS: bolila; Z: indlebe-kathek-wane enkulu

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POACEAE Aira cupaniana ? Grass Flat Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 10(108), Guss. stabilizer KZN, NC & Les 68(150) POACEAE Anthoxanthum ? Grass Floodplain Soil EC, KZN & MP ? 10(108) odoratum L. wetland stabilizer; flood retention; species diversity support POACEAE Bromus ? Grass Channel (river Soil WC, EC, FS, MP, ? 10(109), catharticus Vahl. . plus banks) stabilizer; LP, NW, GA, 39(144) water NC, Les & Nam quality; flood retention; species diversity support POACEAE Coix lacryma-jobi E: Job`s tears; : Grass Channel (river Soil EC, KZN, MP & Teething in infants: chew seeds; ( wide use in 1(17), L. Jobskrale,tandkrale,traan plus banks) stabillizer LP world eg.bronchitis, inflammatory urinary 10(109) gras; Z: ilozisi organs, kidney and bladder conditions ,rheumatism: glumes POACEAE Pennisetum E: Kikuyu grass; A: Grass Floodplain Soil WC, EC, KZN, Eyes: Plant juises 8(), clandestinum kikoejoegras, kikuju, wetland stabilizer; MP, GA & Swa 20(478)), Hochst. ex Chiov. kikujugras: S: tajoe flood 21(483), retention 23(NA), 34(1180), 48(15), 50(97), 54(84 & 191) POACEAE Setaria italica (L.) E: Common millet, foxtail Grass ? Soil WC, EC, FS, ? 10(112), P.Beauv. millet, German millet, stabillizer KZN, MP, LP, 21(485), Hungarian grass, Italian GA & NC 23(NA), millet, Japanese millet; A: 24(12), boermanna, geelgras, 34(1186) katstert, manna, mannakoring, vingermanna, witmanna, geelboermanna, rooimanna; S: joang-ba- lipere

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POLYGONACEAE Rumex crispus L. E: Dock, curly dock, Perennial herb Channel (river Bank and WC, EC, FS, Bloedarmoede: Roots; Weakness: Roots; 10(110), curled dock, curly rumex, plus banks) soil KZN, MP, LP, Rheumatism: Roots; Brongial infections: ?; 21(527 & naroow-leaved dock, stabilizer; NW, GA, NC, Itching, sores, swelling, etc.; Bloodpoioning: 866), sour dock, yellow dock, water Les & Nam Leaves; Anthrax: Plant; Skin diseases: Rhizome; 23(NA), curled sorrel, narrow quality; Toothache: Juices 24(74), dock; A: tongblaar, flood 34(791), weeblaar, wildespinasie, retention; 39(564), suring, beesslaai, species 46(83), krulblaarrumex, diversity 48(273), krulsuring; X: support; 54(221) idololenkonyane, invader ubuklunga; Z: iDololenkonyane, ubuklunga PRIMULACEAE Anagallis arvensis E: Scarlet pimpernel Annual herb Floodplain Soil NNP,GAU,FST, Diuretic, diphoretic, expectorant, brain 8(70)?, L. ssp. arvensis wetland stabilizer KZN,ECP,WCP diseases, dropsy, liverspleen, etc. 10(115), 83(113)

VERBENACEAE Lantana camara E: Common lantana, Shrub Flat Soil WC, EC, KZN, Gastro-intestinal disturbances 8(422), L. bird's brandy, tickberry; stabilizer MP, LP, NW, 10(), 17(), A: Gewone lantana; X: GA, Bot & Swa 21(1049), ubutywala; Z: 48(118), ubukhwebezane 54(24), 60(171) CONVOLVULA- Cuscuta australis E: Beggarweed; A: Perennial herb Floodplain Parasitic BOT,NNP,GAU Urinary, kidney, spleen and liver disorders: 10(52), CEAE R.Br. Dodder wetland Whole plant 23(NA), 34(373), 39(381), 83(51) CONVOLVULA- Ipomoea indica E: Morning glory Climber Channel (river Soil SWZ.GAU,MPU, Pain; skin diseases and wounds 10(52), CEAE (Burm.f.) Merr. plus banks) stabilizer KZN,ECP,WCP 23(NA), 34(376), 75(NA), 76(NA), 77(275) POLYGONACEAE Persicaria E: Water pepper Annual herb Channel (river Bank EC, KZN & MP Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic: Infusin in cold 3(), hydropiper (L.) plus banks) stabilizer; water 8(134), SpachExotic flood 10(100), retention 17(), 23(NA), 25(229), 34(789), 83(135)

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POLYGONACEAE Persicaria E: Pale persicaria, Annual herb Aquatic Bank WC, EC, FS, Depressant & can stop heart systole; menstrual 2(), 3(), lapathifolia (L.) spotted knotweed; A: stabilizer; KZN, MP, NW, problems and infertility in men: roots 8(376), GrayExotic hanekam, tongblaar; S: water GA, NC, Bot, 10(100), khamane-ea-noka, tolo- quality; Les, Nam & 21(860), la-khongoana; Z: idolo- water Swa 23(NA), lenkonyane, cycling; 25(229), umancibikela, flood 34(789), umancibilika retention; 50(97), species 66(NA) diversity support SOLANACEAE Nicotiana glauca E: Tabacco tree, wild Shrub Channel (river Soil WC, EC, FS, Coughs: ; Colds: Leaves; Diuretic: Roots & stem; 10(91), Graham tobacco, coneton, plus banks) stabilizer; KZN, MP, LP, Narcotic: Decoction of flower; Diabetic: 20(), Mexican tobacco, flood NW, GA, NC, Grounded plant; Tranquilising: Leaves; 21(962, mustard tree, San Juan retention Les, Nam & Snakebite: Oil; Insectbites: Oil; Lice: Oil 985 & tree, tobacco plant, Swa 986), tobacco; A: Jan-Twak, 48(185), wildetabak, Graham 51(25 & tabakboom, tabakboom, 237) tabakbos, volstruisgif, volstruisgifboom, wildetwak; S: mohlafotha, tabaka bume. VERBENACEAE Verbena E: European verbena, Annual herb Flat Soil WC, EC, FS, Fever: ; Anaemia: ; Dropsy: ; Pleurisy: ; 10(128), officinalis L. vervain, wild verbena, stabilizer KZN, MP, LP, Scrophula: ; Aphrodisiac: ; Antineuralgic: ; 17(306), common vervain; A: NW, GA & NC Rheumatism: ; Wounds: ; Chronic eczema: ; 21(1054), Europese verbena; S: Chronic bronchitis: ; Menstrual disorders: ; 23(NA), seona-se-seholo Diaphoretic: ; Antihelminthic: 34(944), 83(147)

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