A Brief History of MIGS
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Biophotonic Probes for Bio-Detection and Imaging Ting Pan1,Dengyunlu1, Hongbao Xin 1 and Baojun Li 1
Pan et al. Light: Science & Applications (2021) 10:124 Official journal of the CIOMP 2047-7538 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-021-00561-2 www.nature.com/lsa REVIEW ARTICLE Open Access Biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging Ting Pan1,DengyunLu1, Hongbao Xin 1 and Baojun Li 1 Abstract The rapid development of biophotonics and biomedical sciences makes a high demand on photonic structures to be interfaced with biological systems that are capable of manipulating light at small scales for sensitive detection of biological signals and precise imaging of cellular structures. However, conventional photonic structures based on artificial materials (either inorganic or toxic organic) inevitably show incompatibility and invasiveness when interfacing with biological systems. The design of biophotonic probes from the abundant natural materials, particularly biological entities such as virus, cells and tissues, with the capability of multifunctional light manipulation at target sites greatly increases the biocompatibility and minimizes the invasiveness to biological microenvironment. In this review, advances in biophotonic probes for bio-detection and imaging are reviewed. We emphatically and systematically describe biological entities-based photonic probes that offer appropriate optical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability with different optical functions from light generation, to light transportation and light modulation. Three representative biophotonic probes, i.e., biological lasers, cell-based biophotonic waveguides and -
RS BA Meeting.2016
Biological Action in Read-Write Genome Evolution Royal Society-British Academy, “New trends in evolutionary biology,” November 7-9, 2016 James A. Shapiro University of Chicago [email protected] www.shapiro.bsd.uchicago.edu Living Organisms Regularly Use Generic Activities to Facilitate Evolution • Taxonomic divergences and adaptive innovations often result from abrupt, widespread cell-mediated and biochemical modifications of RW genomes rather than gradual accumulation of independent localized copying errors in ROM genomes. • Abrupt genome rewriting processes include symbiogenesis, horizontal DNA transfers, interspecific hybridizations, and mobilization of repetitive DNA elements to rewire genome networks and regulatory ncRNAs. • Ecological conditions and population interactions stimulate evolutionary variation. • Conclusion: living organisms have core biological/molecular tools to rewrite their genomes actively when challenged. Well-documented classes of active RW genome inscription lead repeatedly to adaptive and taxonomic novelties: • Hereditary variation, adaptations and taxonomic originations by cell mergers (symbiogenesis); • Acquisition of evolved functional adaptations from other taxaa by horizontal DNA transfers; • Taxonomic originations and adaptive radiations by interspecific hybridizations and whole genome doublings; • Protein evolution by exon shuffling; • Amplification of so-called “noncoding” repetitive components in the genome as evolution produces increasingly complex organisms; • Mobile DNA elements rewiring taxonomically-specific -
Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology
Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology Editor Rohit Saxena Managing Editor Rajesh Sinha Editorial Committee Editorial Board Parijat Chandra Jitendra Jithani Rajvardhan Azad Vimla Menon Rasik B Vajpayee Tushar Agarwal M.Vanathi Atul Kumar Pradeep Sharma Rajinder Khanna Shibal Bhartiya Prakash Chand Agarwal Ashok K Grover V P Gupta Harbans Lal Munish Dhawan Swati Phuljhele Mahipal S Sachdev S. Bharti Amit Khosla Harinder Sethi Reena Sharma Lalit Verma Ashok Garg B Ghosh Kirti Singh Raghav Gupta Varun Gogia Sharad Lakhotia P K Pandey B P Guliani Ashish Kakkar Sashwat Ray P V Chaddha Ramanjit Sihota S P Garg Rachana Meel Saptorshi Majumdar Dinesh Talwar Divender Sood Arun Baweja Digvijay Singh Shraddha Puranik K P S Malik Rishi Mohan Sanjay Mishra Tanuj Dada Namrata Sharma Tarun Sharma General Information Delhi Journal of Ophthalmology (DJO), once called Visiscan, is a quarterly journal brought out by the Delhi Ophthalmological Society. The journal aims at providing a platform to its readers for free exchange of ideas and information in accordance with the rules laid out for such publication. The DJO aims to become an easily readable referenced journal which will provide the specialists with up to date data and the residents with articles providing expert opinions supported with references. Contribution Methodology Author/Authors must have made significant contribution in carrying out the work and it should be original. It should be accompanied by a letter of transmittal.The article can be sent by email to the Editor or a hard copy posted. Articles receive will be sent to reviewers whose comment will be emailed to the author(s) within 4-6 weeks. -
The Rewards of a Cutting-Edge Mentality
PRACTICE PROFILES s THE REWARDS OF A CUTTING-EDGE MENTALITY Cleveland Eye Clinic and ClearChoice Custom LASIK Center focus on collaborative care and creative marketing to fuel their growth. BY ROCHELLE NATALONI, SENIOR STAFF WRITER he Cleveland Eye Clinic, when it opened in 1945, was a har- binger of things to come. Ophthalmologists worked collaboratively with optom- etristsT from the start, and the clinic’s original owners established this mutually rewarding model. This forward-thinking paradigm continued to flourish under the leadership of cataract and refractive surgery pioneer Robert G. Wiley, MD, who became the owner of the practice in 1990. His son, William F. Wiley, MD, who acquired the practice and became medical Figure 1. Cleveland Eye Clinic and ClearChoice Custom LASIK Center headquarters. director in 2002, remains committed to the clinic’s collaborative care model, but he’s also branched out into ancil- managing to retain the casual nature started back when RK was the refractive lary ophthalmic businesses and brands. upon which it was founded. procedure of choice, and Jeff was out in Given his lineage, the younger Dr. Wiley brought in medical part- the field selling RK instrumentation. He Dr. Wiley has been involved in ophthal- ners Shamik Bafna, MD, and Thomas viewed ophthalmologists more as part- mology and refractive surgery his entire M. Chester, OD, to help manage the ners than clients.” life. He underwent radial keratotomy Cleveland Eye Clinic and Clear Choice The Cleveland Eye Clinic has seven (RK) in the pre-LASIK era; worked with Custom LASIK Center. Beyond provider locations, and ClearChoice has three. -
Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution
biology Review Living Organisms Author Their Read-Write Genomes in Evolution James A. Shapiro ID Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago GCIS W123B, 979 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-773-702-1625 Academic Editor: Andrés Moya Received: 23 August 2017; Accepted: 28 November 2017; Published: 6 December 2017 Abstract: Evolutionary variations generating phenotypic adaptations and novel taxa resulted from complex cellular activities altering genome content and expression: (i) Symbiogenetic cell mergers producing the mitochondrion-bearing ancestor of eukaryotes and chloroplast-bearing ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes; (ii) interspecific hybridizations and genome doublings generating new species and adaptive radiations of higher plants and animals; and, (iii) interspecific horizontal DNA transfer encoding virtually all of the cellular functions between organisms and their viruses in all domains of life. Consequently, assuming that evolutionary processes occur in isolated genomes of individual species has become an unrealistic abstraction. Adaptive variations also involved natural genetic engineering of mobile DNA elements to rewire regulatory networks. In the most highly evolved organisms, biological complexity scales with “non-coding” DNA content more closely than with protein-coding capacity. Coincidentally, we have learned how so-called “non-coding” RNAs that are rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences are key regulators of complex phenotypes. Both biotic and abiotic ecological challenges serve as triggers for episodes of elevated genome change. The intersections of cell activities, biosphere interactions, horizontal DNA transfers, and non-random Read-Write genome modifications by natural genetic engineering provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations. -
BMC Evolutionary Biology Biomed Central
BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences Mona Hoppenrath*1,4, Tsvetan R Bachvaroff2, Sara M Handy3, Charles F Delwiche3 and Brian S Leander1 Address: 1Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, 2Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA, 3Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4407, USA and 4Current address : Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Email: Mona Hoppenrath* - [email protected]; Tsvetan R Bachvaroff - [email protected]; Sara M Handy - [email protected]; Charles F Delwiche - [email protected]; Brian S Leander - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 25 May 2009 Received: 24 February 2009 Accepted: 25 May 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:116 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-116 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/116 © 2009 Hoppenrath et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Dinoflagellates represent a major lineage of unicellular eukaryotes with unparalleled diversity and complexity in morphological features. The monophyly of dinoflagellates has been convincingly demonstrated, but the interrelationships among dinoflagellate lineages still remain largely unresolved. Warnowiid dinoflagellates are among the most remarkable eukaryotes known because of their possession of highly elaborate ultrastructural systems: pistons, nematocysts, and ocelloids. -
BMC Evolutionary Biology Biomed Central
BMC Evolutionary Biology BioMed Central Research article Open Access Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences Mona Hoppenrath*1,4, Tsvetan R Bachvaroff2, Sara M Handy3, Charles F Delwiche3 and Brian S Leander1 Address: 1Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada, 2Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037-0028, USA, 3Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4407, USA and 4Current address : Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany Email: Mona Hoppenrath* - [email protected]; Tsvetan R Bachvaroff - [email protected]; Sara M Handy - [email protected]; Charles F Delwiche - [email protected]; Brian S Leander - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 25 May 2009 Received: 24 February 2009 Accepted: 25 May 2009 BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:116 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-116 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/116 © 2009 Hoppenrath et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Dinoflagellates represent a major lineage of unicellular eukaryotes with unparalleled diversity and complexity in morphological features. The monophyly of dinoflagellates has been convincingly demonstrated, but the interrelationships among dinoflagellate lineages still remain largely unresolved. Warnowiid dinoflagellates are among the most remarkable eukaryotes known because of their possession of highly elaborate ultrastructural systems: pistons, nematocysts, and ocelloids. -
Covacevich Et Al Archaea Cs
1 First Archaeal rDNA sequences from coastal waters of Argentina: 2 unexpected PCR characterization by using eukaryotic primers 3 Running title: First Archaea rDNA sequences from the Argentine Sea 4 5 Primeras secuencias de ADNr de Archaea en aguas costeras de 6 Argentina: inesperada caracterización por PCR usando cebadores para 7 eucariotas 8 Titulo corto: Primeras Secuencias de ADNr de Archaea del Mar Argentino 9 10 F Covacevich 1*, RI Silva 2, AC Cumino 1, G Caló 1, RM Negri 2, GL Salerno 1 11 12 1Centro de Estudios de Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (CEBB), Centro de Investigaciones 13 Biológicas (CIB), FIBA, Vieytes 3103 - 7600 Mar del Plata – Argentina. 14 *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] 15 2 Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Mar del Plata, 16 Argentina 17 18 Present address: F Covacevich, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA-FCA, 19 CC 276, 7620 Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 20 AC Cumino, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del 21 Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina 22 1 1 2 ABSTRACT. Many members of Archaea, a group of prokaryotes recognized three 3 decades ago, colonize extreme environments. However, new research is showing that 4 Achaeans are also quite abundant in the plankton of the open sea, where are fundamental 5 components that play a key role in the biogeochemical cycles. Although the widespread 6 distribution of Archaea the marine environment is well documented there are no reports 7 on the detection of Archaea in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. During the search of 8 picophytoplankton sequences using eukaryotic universal primers, we retrieved archaeal 9 rDNA sequences from surface samples collected during Spring at the fixed EPEA Station 10 (38º28’S-57º41’W, Argentine Sea). -
Exaptations.Pdf
Prospects & Overviews Problems & Paradigms How exaptations facilitated photosensory evolution: Seeing the light by accident Gregory S. Gavelis1)2)Ã, Patrick J. Keeling2) and Brian S. Leander2) Exaptations are adaptations that have undergone a major zone, as well as dark ecosystems illuminated by biolumines- change in function. By recruiting genes from sources cence [1, 2]. The selective advantages of exploiting this information have resulted in a great diversity of photoreceptive originally unrelated to vision, exaptation has allowed for systems (Fig. 1). Eyes (or eyespots) in animals and some protists sudden and critical photosensory innovations, such as are extraordinarily complex, and how this complexity evolved lenses, photopigments, and photoreceptors. Here we has been a longstanding question [3]. It is clear that visual review new or neglected findings, with an emphasis on systems have become superbly suited to their tasks through the unicellular eukaryotes (protists), to illustrate how exapta- gradual refinement of pre-existing features such as photo- receptors, photopigments, and lenses. But how did these tion has shaped photoreception across the tree of life. features acquire photosensory roles in the first place? Protist phylogeny attests to multiple origins of photore- Gould and Vrba coined the term “exaptation” to describe ception, as well as the extreme creativity of evolution. By traits that became used for different functions than those for appropriating genes and even entire organelles from which they had originally evolved [4]. This concept is useful foreign organisms via lateral gene transfer and endo- to explain the evolution of some important features. For symbiosis, protists have cobbled photoreceptors and instance, the feathers of Archaeopteryx were originally adapted for warmth, but through exaptation, they became eyespots from a diverse set of ingredients. -
Shapiro JA Interface Focus 2017
Manuscript ID RSFS-2016-0115 revised version 1 Biological Action in RW Genome Evolution Biological Action in Read-Write Genome Evolution James A. Shapiro Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Chicago GCISW123B, 979 E. 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 Interface Focus 2017 7 20160115; DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0115. Published 18 August 2017 http://rsfs.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/5/20160115 Abstract: Many of the most important evolutionary variations that generated phenotypic adaptations and originated novel taxa resulted from complex cellular activities affecting genome content and expression. These activities included (i) the symbiogenetic cell merger that produced the mitochondrion-bearing ancestor of all extant eukaryotes, (ii) symbiogenetic cell mergers that produced chloroplast-bearing ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes, and (iii) interspecific hybridizations and genome doublings that generated new species and adaptive radiations of higher plants and animals. Adaptive variations also involved horizontal DNA transfers and natural genetic engineering by mobile DNA elements to rewire regulatory networks, such as those essential to viviparous reproduction in mammals. In the most highly evolved multicellular organisms, biological complexity scales with “non-coding” DNA content rather than with protein-coding capacity in the genome. Coincidentally, “non- coding” RNAs rich in repetitive mobile DNA sequences function as key regulators of complex adaptive phenotypes, such as stem cell pluripotency. The intersections of cell fusion activities, horizontal DNA transfers and natural genetic engineering of Read- Write genomes provide a rich molecular and biological foundation for understanding how ecological disruptions can stimulate productive, often abrupt, evolutionary transformations. Keywords: symbiogenesis, hybrid speciation, horizontal DNA transfer, mobile DNA, network rewiring, non-coding RNA regulation Manuscript ID RSFS-2016-0115 revised version 2 Biological Action in RW Genome Evolution 1. -
Birthing Pains and Tribulations a Personal Account of Early Lens Implantation
CATARACT SURGERY MODERN HISTORY Birthing Pains and Tribulations A personal account of early lens implantation. BY JOHN J. ALPAR, MD, FACS, DRHC n an article summarizing his cataract operations from 1920 to 1960, my unforgettable teacher, “When I came to the US, I ... was told Professor Gusztav Horay of Hungary, expressed the hope that one of his students would solve the that ‘putting a foreign body in an eye Iproblem of aphakia.1 I was one of many ophthalmolo- was irresponsible, unethical and gists who worked to realize his wish. criminal.’” EARLY EXPERIMENTS I began experimenting with IOLs in 1955, but the Red that Henry Hirschman, MD, of Long Beach, California, Army interrupted my work and forced me to leave my had implanted after intracapsular cataract extraction. native Hungary in a hurry. When I came to the US, I When I called Henry, he graciously invited me to visit mentioned IOLs to some ophthalmologists and was him. I spent a few exciting days watching surgery, seeing told that “putting a foreign body in an eye was irre- patients (immediately and months) postoperatively, sponsible, unethical and criminal.” and talking with him. After retraining and subsequently establishing a prac- Back in Texas, I ordered some faulty lenses and prac- tice in Amarillo, Texas, my interest in IOLs was rekindled ticed implanting them into eye-banked eyes. Once I felt upon seeing a patient with well-placed Epstein lenses fairly safe, a patient permitted me to remove his cat- aract and implant an IOL just before his scheduled evisceration. Soon thereafter, in the early 1970s, I began implanting Copeland lenses in patients with macular degenera- tion. -
The Electoral System of the Russian Federation
The original of this publication was published as the research commissioned by the Policy Department for the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament within a framework contract with IRIS. The original version was published separately by the EP (Policy Department for External Policies) in 2011 (number PE 433.688). Copyrights belong to the European Parliament April 2011 THE EU-RUSSIA CENTRE REVIEW The electoral system of the Russian Federation Issue Seventeen CONTENTS Executive summary 4 Introduction 6 Background 6 The evolution of electoral law 7 Roles of legislative and executive branches 9 The Federal Assembly 9 Presidential powers 9 Elections under each President 10 The Yeltsin years 10 New constitution – President versus Parliament 10 Development of political parties under Yeltsin 11 The first three legislative elections 11 Presidential elections 1991 – 1996 13 International Reactions 13 Assessment of the Yeltsin period 15 The Putin years 16 Rise of United Russia 16 Presidential Elections 2000 - 2004 17 Changes during Putin‘s presidency 17 Control of the Media 18 International reactions 18 Assessment of Putin‘s presidency 21 Medvedev‘s Presidency 21 Modernisation Strategy 22 Electoral changes under Medvedev 22 Recent developments 23 Assessment of Medvedev‘s presidency 23 Political parties and electoral support 23 2 Russia‘s party system 23 Law on political parties 23 Funding of parties 24 Role of parties 25 Voter turnout 27 Voter attitudes 28 On political opposition 28 On electoral rules 28 On a personal cult of Putin 28 International reactions 28 Conclusion 29 Annex I: Presidential Election Results 1991-2008 33 Annex II: State Duma Election Results 1993-2007 35 Annex III: The Levada Centre surveys – Public Opinion 37 Bibliography 41 3 A study for the European Parliament by Professor Bill Bowring, Birkbeck College, London, member of the Advisory Board of the EU-Russia Centre1.