Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 957- 972 2016

Biology of Indian , kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the Western Waters of Aceh

Arrafi M. 1*; Azmi Ambak M.2; Piah Rumeaida M.2, Muchlisin Z.A.3

Received: November 2014 Accepted: May 2015

Abstract A study of the biology of , Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) in the Western Waters of Aceh, was carried out from January to December 2014 and a total of 1343 Indian were collected randomly twice a month. The allometric coefficients (b) in the present study were between 2.625 and 3.449 with coefficient of determination (R2) values that range between 0.612 and 0.984. The condition factor (K) ranged from 0.9176 - 1.4509. Asymptotic length (L∞) and growth

coefficient (K) and t0 were estimated at 27.3 cm (TL) 0.56 y-1 and - 0.526 y, respectively. The sex ratio of male to female was 1 : 1.02. Overall, the sex ratios were not different significantly (χ2 = 26.757; df = 11 ; p<0.05). The data suggest that there are two spawning seasons, the first is from January to March and the second is from August to October. The monthly mean GSI values ranged from 0.32 to 3.37. The Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 observation of length at first maturity of female was estimated as 19.58 cm (TL). The fecundity of R. kanagurta varied from 28,542 to 123,760 with an average of 56,635 eggs.

Keywords : Biology, Rastrelliger kanagurta, Aceh

1-Deptartment of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Teuku Umar, Meulaboh, Indonesia 2-School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences, University Terengganu, Malaysia 3-Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 958 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

Introduction poor. There was only one study by The Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger Hariati and Fauzi (2011) in northern kanagurta (Cuvier, 1817) is a small waters of Aceh and it was limited to pelagic schooling scombroid fish fecundity and length at first maturity widely distributed in the parameters. and Indo‐West Pacific region. Indian An understanding of the mackerel is a very important of reproductive biology and population commercial fisheries for the countries dynamics of a species is important for bordered with Indian Ocean, Indonesia, future management of fisheries Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, resources (Morgan, 2008; Amin et al., Myanmar, Thailand (Collete and 2014). The present study aimed at Nauen, 1983; Devaraj et al., 1997; Al- investigating the length-weight Mahdawi and Mehanna, 2010; relationship and condition factor, age Jayabalan et al., 2014). and growth parameters, reproductive Indian mackerel as a type of small biological aspects i. e. sex ratio, gonad pelagic fish resource has an important maturity level, gonadosomatic index role in the production of marine (GSI), length at first maturity and fisheries in Western Aceh, which is fecundity of the Indian mackerel. known locally as “Kembung” or “Jenara”. This species supports a rich Materials and methods commercial fishery a contribution to the Fishes were collected twice a month at total production of Western Aceh Ujong Baroh fishing port, Meulaboh, varying from 4.68 to 7.15% between Aceh from January to December 2013, 2003 – 2012 (MFAA, 2013). where all the catches from the western Studies on the biology and waters of Aceh were landed. All fish

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 population characteristics of Indian samples were captured mainly by mackerel have been conducted from fishing vessel using boat seine with different regions of the Indian Ocean, one day fishing trip around latitudes including reports by Gopakumar et al. 04°00.349' - 04°05.461' N and (1991), Noble et al. (1992), Mehanna longitudes 95°58.312' - 96°04.005' E, in (2001), Rohit and Gupta (2004), a depth range of 5 to 30 m in fish Sivadas et al. (2006), Abdussamad et aggregating areas shown on device. al. (2006) ; Abdussamad et al. (2010), Also, purse seine with more than one Al-Mahdawi and Mehanna (2010), day fishing was used in the process. Ganga (2010) and Al-Mamry et al. Fish were randomly chosen from (2011). Unfortunately, information on different buckets on boats. Samples the biology and population were collected prior to sorting by characteristic of R. kanagurta from the fishermen to avoid bias on size. waters of Aceh areas especially in the After collection the fish were western waters of Aceh region immediately put in ice box and bordering the Indian Ocean is very transported to the laboratory. A total of Iranian Jouranal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 2016 959

1343 Indian mackerels were sampled in The study of reproductive biology this study (24 - 312 fishes were used included sex ratio, gonad maturity monthly). level, gonadosomatic index (GSI),

Parameters a and b of the length (L) length at first maturity (Lm) and - weight (W) relationships is expressed fecundity. Sexual characteristic of fish by equation, W=aLb (Jennings et al., was identified internally by observing 2001) and estimated from the intercept their gonad. From the total samples, we and slope of the linear regression were able to determine the sex for only analysis on the log-transformed weight 618 specimens of which 310 (50.16%) and length data, i.e. : ln (W) = ln a + b were females. The proportion of the ln L. where, (W) is the total weight (g), two sexes relative to one another was (L) is the total length (cm), (a) the used to calculate the sex ratio. Monthly intercept and (b) the slope coefficients. sex ratio that departured from the Total lengths of individuals were expected 1:1 ratio was tested. The Chi measured using a ruler to the nearest square test was used to assess sex ratio 0.1 cm and total weight was taken by an deviation from a 50 : 50 (Wooton, electronic balance of 0.001 g accuracy. 1998). Maturity stage (immature, The condition factor which indicates maturing, ripe and spent) was recorded the condition of fish was calculated by based on macroscopic observations of the following formula (Pauly, 1983) : the gonad such as the size of ovary in W relation to abdominal cavity and its Kx 100 L3 appearance (whether bulging, half Where K = condition factor; W = shrink or flaccid; the presence of blood weight of fish (g) ; L = length of fish vessels on the ovary and colouration of (cm) the gonads) primarily based on the

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 The lengths were grouped into 1 cm maturity stages developed by Ganga class intervals to estimate the von (2010) for Indian mackerel. Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) Gonadosomatic Index

parameters L∞, K and t0 (GSI) were estimated based on females.

K() t t0 This was calculated for each maturity Lt  L 1  e  stage of female using gonads in fresh Where Lt=predicted length at age t condition. The GSI and its variation L∞=an asymptotic length over the 12 months sampling period K= growth constant was calculated following the equation t0= the age of fish at length zero given by Wooton (1998) as : The von Bertalanffy growth parameters Gonad weight (g) GSI = x 100 were determined for the data set for Somatic weight (g) each year separately using the ELEFAN Where somatic weight = body weight - program available in FiSAT FAO- gonad weight ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools (FiSAT) II. 960 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

Only females of R. kanagurta in stage observed with R2 values that range III and above were considered as between 0.612 and 0.984. The condition mature to determine the length at first factor (K) ranged from 0.9176 - 1.4509. maturity. The size of maturity was The lowest K value was found in analyzed using the equation below November and the highest was in (King, 2007): August. P = 1 / (1 + exp[-r (L-Lm)]) The size of frequency distribution of Which: R. kanagurta in the commercial catches P = probability (%) ranged from 7 to 26 cm of TL during r = slope of the curve 2013 (Fig. 2). Fishes in the size class L = length of the fish of 15.00-15.99 cm dominated the Lm = length of fish at specific gonad catches which accounted for about maturity Q 13.48% of the catch. Fishes in the size The fecundity of R. kanagurta was higher than 19.50 cm collectively determined in the present study from formed about 30.19% of the catch. the examination of 75 fishes with a total Asymptotic length (L∞) and growth

length range of 18.7- 26.0 cm. Ovaries coefficient (K) and t0 were estimated at of the stages III and IV (ripe and spent) 27.3 cm (TL) 0.56 year-1 and - 0.526 y were only used for fecundity respectively (Fig. 3). The lengths of R. estimation. Estimates of the fecundity kanagurta in western waters of Aceh of each individual female was obtained which are converted into age using the from the average of the three sub- growth parameters (Fig. 4) showed samples of eggs from different parts of growth at the end of first, second, third the ovary (Murua et al., 2003) : and fourth years as 15.68, 20.67, 23.51 CnO/ Wn and 25.14cm, respectively. Fecundity   Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 n The observed sex ratio was not different Cn = counted number of eggs in sub- from the expected ratio of 1:1 (male : sample n, O = ovary weight, Wn = sub- female). From the total samples, 308 sample weight and n = number of sub- (49.84%) were males and 310 (50.16%) samples. were females showing aratio of 1 : 1.02. The overall the sex ratio was not

different significantly (χ2 = 26.757; df = Results The allometric coefficients (b) in the 11 ; p<0.05). present study were between 2.625 and The data suggest that there are two 3.449. The lowest b-values were found spawning seasons of R. kanagurta, the in June and September (2.631 and first is from January to March and the 2.625, respectively), whereas the second is from August to October (Fig. highest values were found in January 5). and May (3.416 and 3.449 respectively). The LWRs were 961 Arrafi et al., Biology of IndianIranian Mackerel, Journal of Rastre Fisherieslliger Sciences kanagurta 15( (Cuvier,1817)3) 2016 in the... 961

Ujong Baroh Landing Port, Meulaboh

Figure 1: Research location in the Ujong Baroh Landing Port of Aceh, Indonesia.

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Figure 2 : Length frequency distribution of R. kanagurta of total catch in western waters of Aceh, Indonesia during 2013 (n = 1343).

962 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

Figure 3 : Growth parameter estimates (L∞=27.3 cm and K=0.56 year-1) for R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh (2013).

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Figure 4 : The von Bartalanffy growth curve fitted to length at age data for R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh (2013).

Iranian Jouranal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 2016 963

Figure 5: Monthly distribution of different maturity stages of ovary of R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh. The monthly mean GSI values (TL), while the length of mature ranged from 0.32 to 3.37. The lowest female was observed to be between GSI value was recorded in November, 18.7 and 26.0 cm. The fecundity of R. while the highest was in March. There kanagurta varied from 28,542 - were no gonads available or 123,760 with an average of 56,635±SD undeterminated condition for April. eggs. The fecundity was correlated with GSI values of R. kanagurta ovary the fish length, weight and gonad showed correlation with the maturation weight. The results indicated that the of gonads (Fig. 6). number of eggs per female increased

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 The observation of length at first with the increasing of length, body maturity was estimated as 19.58 cm weight and ovary weight.

Figure 6: Trends GSI of various maturity stages of female R. kanagurta (Mean ± SD). 964 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

Discussion The length range of fishes in this The observed length-weight study was similar to those found in relationship (LWRs) was with R2 other studies. Hulkoti et al. (2013) and values ranging between 0.612-0.984. Amin et al. (2014) have observed R. These results clearly shows that kanagurta from , India and coefficient of determination for LWRs Sabah, Malaysia respectively with the was high which indicated an increase in size ranging between 11 and 26 cm length with increase in weight. (TL), while Oktaviani et al. (2014) According to Biswas (1993) if the value estimated that the range was between of „R2‟ is higher than 0.5, then the 6.3 and 26.0 cm (FL) from Mayalibit length-weight relationship is positively Bay, Indonesia, which is the same range correlated. The b value is close to 3 in size found in this present study. Fishes this study, indicating that fish grow in the size lower than 19.50 cm isometrically. Compared to the results collectively formed about 67.98% of from previous studies from different the catches. while fishes in the size water bodies, the power equation higher than 19.50 cm collectively describing the length-weight formed about 32.02%. This showed that relationship of R. kanagurta in the proportion of immature fish in the catch western waters of Aceh shows a b value was dominant. Indian mackerel caught between theose found in the pervious around western waters of Aceh tend to studies (Edwards and Shaher, 1991; be smaller than those from other Mehanna, 2001; Sivadas et al., studies. In comparison, the study from 2006Rahman and Hafzath, 2012; Andaman Islands by Luther (1973), Jayabalan et al., 2014). Difference in b showed that more than 50 % of the fish values in each month can be attributed are mature at the total length range of

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 to the combination of one or more 25.0-25.9 cm. Abundance of fish was factors such as : number of specimens highest in April and lowest in August. examined, effect of area/season; In the present study, there was a large habitat; degree of stomach fullness; proportion of small fish (Juvenile) in gonad maturity; sex; health and general the length range of 7.00 - 150 mm and fish condition; preservation technique; formed about 44.97% of the total catch and differences in the observed length (Fig. 2), observed during April - May ranges of the specimens caught and October - December. We found (Wootton, 1998). Gayanilo and Pauly juveniles mainly in April-May and (1997) reported that certain factors October - December. New recruitment often affect the condition factor of a appearing in April was characterized by fish. These include pulling data, sorting the arrival of juveniles in the fishery; into classes, sex, stages of maturity and and we guess these are coming from state of the stomach. The K may also be another sites. attributed to different ecological The VBGF parameters estimated conditions. from different areas indicated variations Iranian Jouranal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 2016 965

in the parameter values. Several studies (2014) found proportion of M:F to be on growth paramaters have been 49.76 % : 50.24%. The sex ratio of R. conducted in the Indian Ocean. kanagurta in the Indian waters, was Abdussamad et al. (2010) estimated the approximately 1:1. Based on the annual

VBG parameters, L∞, K and t0 at 33.28 reports of the Central Marine Fisheries cm and 1.634 year-1 respectively and Research Institute, in 2010-2011

for t0 as -0.0018 years of R. kanagurta season, the sex ratio during the fishing exploited along the Tuticorin coast, season varied though in some landing India. This showed that R. kanagurta centres was almost equal (CMFRI, grew relatively faster and attained 105, 2011). The sex-ratio of a sample 176, 223, 254 and 303 mm, respectively analyzed at and Andra by the end of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 months. Pradesh showed the males were Jayabalan and Zaki (2014) showed slightly higher than females with 1 : growth of R. kanagurta from Sohar, 0.94 in Karnataka and 1.04 in Andra Oman at the end of first, second, third Pradesh, but in Gujarat females were and fourth years of age as 19.7 cm, higher than males (0.6). During 2011- 27.4, 30.6 and 32.0 cm respectively. 2012, the sex ratio studies indicated that Mehanna (2001) using the otolith the proportion of males was slightly analysis of age determination found that higher than females, and the sex ratio the R. kanagurta attains lengths of was 1 : 0.9 in Karnataka, 1 : 0.9 in 15.59, 22.92, 27.26 and 29.27 cm by Gujarat and 1: 0.97 at Andra Pradesh the end of the first, second, third and (CMFRI, 2012). Hulkoti et al. (2013) fourth year of life respectively for R. observed the sex ratio M:F from kanagurta from Gulf of Suez, Egypt. mangalore as 1 : 0.9. From Kuantan, From Yemeni Coast of the Al- Malaysia, Hafaz and Rahman (2012)

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 Mahdawi and Mehanna (2010) found that the proportion of males was estimated R. kanagurta growth as slightly higher than females with a 16.15, 23.29, 27.54 and 29.61 cm at the percentage 57.75% : 42.25%. end of the first, second, third and fourth According to Rahardjo et al. (2011) it year of life, respectively. can be concluded that the sex ratio of The sex ratio of R. kanagurta fish in nature is good. Observations of obtained in this study tended to be the fish sex ratio is important for similar with other studies. Sudjastani population structure studies. The sex (1974) observed the sex-ratio of Indian ratio can be predicted at equilibrium mackerel from Java sea, Indonesia to be existing in population with the 1 : 1.1. Also, in similar location, Potier assumption that the ratio of male fish and Nurhakim (1995) concluded that and females stock in nature is 1 : 1 so the sex composition of the commercial the population is in a balanced state. catches was 55% male and 45% female, The variations in maturity stages and while a recent study by Oktaviani et al. gonadosomatic index were used for discrimination between the different 966 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

conditions of the gonads in different fishes with gonads at various stages of periods, in order to identify the development observed throughout the spawning season. The spawning season year, so they assumed that an individual was determined on the basis of fish might breed several times during occurrence of individuals in maturing, the year. Rao (1967) reported the Indian mature, and spent stages. Higher values mackerel might be spawning of GSI are frequently regarded as throughout the year, though there might indicative of spawning season . The be peaks in its spawning activity. present study indicated that R. The GSI of R. kanagurta showed kanagurta spawns during all the year, two peaks, one during January - March with an intensive spawning in January, and other during August - October. The February, March, August, September GSI values ranged from 0.33 to 4.04. and October. The data suggest that The lowest GSI value was recorded in there are two spawning seasons, the December, while the highest was in first from January to March and then March. In the present study, the values from August to October. Seasonal of GSI for R. kanagurta showed variations in the values of GSI were increasing trend from immature (0.34) reported by different researchers for to ripe stage (4.90), and decreasing at different areas. However, peaks in spent stage (3.54) with the maturation spawning confined to a few months in of gonads in R. kanagurta (Fig. 6). The the year, a major peak during June- GSI obtained in the present study was August and a minor one during March- similar with values observed by Ganga April (Rohit, 2004). Mature gonads (2010) that indicated the GSI values were observed throughout the year increased from 0.38 to 5.10 and (Mosse and Hutubessy, 1996; decreased at spent stage (4.00). Atmaja

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 Yohannan and Abdurahiman, 1998) et al. (2000) observed the mean GSI as Potier and Nurhakim (1995) reported 1.22 - 3.51 in the waters of the southern spawning peak of R. kanagurta from part of Sunda Shelf. Java Sea during March, May and Rahman and Hafzath reported GSI October/November. Mansor and Isa from Kuantan waters, Malaysia with the (1995) reported that R. kanagurta from lowest GSI observed in December and off the east coast of Peninsular January. GSI of Indian mackerel in Malaysia spawning in May - June, February was higher than March and September - October (1993) and April - April and followed by May. Hafzath May (1994). and Rahman (2012) observed GSI The results indicate the mackerel rapidly increased after January and found with varying gonadal maturity reached a peak in February (1.1958). level indicating that these fish tend to After February GSI was declining spawn as partial spawner and do so again. A positive relationship was continuously. As suggested by observed between GSI and condition Abdussamad et al. (2010), mature factor of mackerel. From Mangalore, Iranian Jouranal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 2016 967

India, Hulkoti et al. (2013) obtained reported TL for females at 17.34 cm

GSI values between 1.95 and 5.86, and with a confidence limit of Lm 17.21 and the minimum value was in January and 17.47 cm. the highest was in July. In the present study, the total

The length at first maturity (Lm) was fecundity of R. kanagurta ranged estimated as 19.58 cm (TL) and the between 28,542 and 123,760 with a smallest female was 18.7 cm (TL), mean 57,364 ± 17,897 (SD). Absolute ranging between 18.7 and 26.0 cm fecundity was determined on 75 (ripe

(TL). The values of Lm in the present and spent) females caught in January,

study showed similar results for the Lm February, March, August, September as those reported in previous studies. and October 2013. The minimum and

The estimates of Lm of R. kanagurta maximum value of eggs was calculated appeared to be around 20 cm. at 28,542 and 123,760 eggs, Information on the length at first respectively. Analysis of regression maturity of R. kanagurta is available showed that there were significant from Indonesian waters. Sudjastani relationship between the fecundity with

(1974) found the Lm in Java Sea waters the fish length (Fig. 7), body weight at 19 cm (TL). Hariati and Fauzi (2011) (Fig. 8) and ovary weight (Fig. 9). The

estimated Lm of Indian mackerel results indicated that the number of female in the waters of northern Aceh eggs per female increased with as 19.97 cm (FL). Oktaviani et al. increasing length, body weight and (2014) reported 20.71 cm (FL) from ovary weight. The length-fecundity Raja Ampat. From Indian waters, relationship showed coefficient of Pradhan (1956) suggested 22.4 cm (TL) determination (R2 = 0.564). Analysis of at maturity. The length at first maturity regression also showed that there were

Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 (Lm) of Indian mackerel exploited along a significant relationship with body the Tuticorin coast was 18.8 cm for weight and ovary weight of the fish. females during 1997-2007 High coefficient of determination as (Abdussamad et al., 2010). The length R2=0.659 and 0.887 respectively

at first maturity (Lm) monitored at compared to the body length were Kakinada during 1995-2000 by observed. Abdussamad et al. (2006) were 18.47 cm for females. Recent study by Hulkoti et al. (2013) estimated Lm as 21.00 cm (TL) for females from Mangalore, India. Ganga (2010)

reported the Lm varied during the years 2005-2008 and ranged from 16.2 to 19.6 cm (TL). Rohit and Gupta (2004) observed the minimum size at maturity was 18.0 cm (TL). Sivadas et al. (2006) 968 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

Fecundity = - 99007 + 729.2 TL

S 11891.8 120000 R-Sq 56.4% R-Sq(adj) 55.9%

100000

y

t i 80000

d

n

u

c

e F 60000

40000

20000 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 Total length (mm)

Figure 7 : Relationship between fecundity and total length in R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh (2013).

Fecundity = 2301 + 453.0 BW S 10527.1 120000 R-Sq 65.9% R-Sq(adj) 65.4%

100000 Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021

y

t i 80000

d

n

u

c

e F 60000

40000

20000 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 Body weight (gr)

Figure 8 : Relationship between fecundity and body weight in R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh (2013).

Iranian Jouranal of Fisheries Sciences 15(3) 2016 969

Fecundity = 3819 + 9928 GW

S 6064.40 140000 R-Sq 88.7% R-Sq(adj) 88.5% 120000

100000

y

t

i

d

n

u 80000 c

e

F

60000

40000

20000 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 Ovary weight (gr)

Figure 9 : Relationship between fecundity and ovary weight in R. kanagurta in western waters of Aceh (2013).

Similar findings of fecundity was Teuku Umar, Meulaboh, Indonesia who also reported by several authors who helped during the data collection in the conducted studies in Indian waters. The field and laboratory. earlier study by Rao (1967) calculated an average of 110,000 eggs in three size References groups in mackerel ranging from 228- Abdussamad, E.M., Kasim, H.M. and 232 mm. Ganga (2010) reported that Achayya, P., 2006. Fishery and the fecundity of R. kanagurta ranged population characteristics of Indian Downloaded from jifro.ir at 1:46 +0330 on Monday September 27th 2021 from 39,600 eggs to 73,781. mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta Gopakumar et al. (1991) estimated 198 (Cuvier) at Kakinada. Indian Journal to 515 eggs per gram of body weight of of Fisheries, 53(1), 77–83. a mature mackerel. Abdussamad et al. Abdussamad, E.M., Pillai, N.G.K., (2010) calculated the R. kanagurta Kasim, H.M., Mohamed, along tuticorin coast as 68,500 eggs. O.M.M.J.H. and Jeyabalan, K., Tge recent study by Hulkoti et al. 2010. Fishery, biology and (2013) obtained fecundity between population characteristics of the 86,744 and 94,376 eggs with a mean of Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger 91,258±SD. kanagurta (Cuvier) exploited along the Tuticorin Coast. Indian Journal Acknowledgements of Fisheries, 57(1), 17–21. Special thanks in particular to Team of Al-Mahdawi, G.J. and Mehanna, Dept. of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries S.F., 2010. Stock assessment of the and Marine Science, University of Indian mackerel Rastrelliger 970 Arrafi et al., Biology of Indian Mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier,1817) in the...

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