List of Functional Groups Recognized by Checkmol
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Common Names for Selected Aromatic Groups
More Nomenclature: Common Names for Selected Aromatic Groups Phenyl group = or Ph = C6H5 = Aryl = Ar = aromatic group. It is a broad term, and includes any aromatic rings. Benzyl = Bn = It has a -CH2- (methylene) group attached to the benzene ring. This group can be used to name particular compounds, such as the one shown below. This compound has chlorine attached to a benzyl group, therefore it is called benzyl chloride. Benzoyl = Bz = . This is different from benzyl group (there is an extra “o” in the name). It has a carbonyl attached to the benzene ring instead of a methylene group. For example, is named benzoyl chloride. Therefore, it is sometimes helpful to recognize a common structure in order to name a compound. Example: Nomenclature: 3-phenylpentane Example: This is Amaize. It is used to enhance the yield of corn production. The systematic name for this compound is 2,4-dinitro-6-(1-methylpropyl)phenol. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds Aromatic rings can fuse together to form polynuclear aromatic compounds. Example: It is two benzene rings fused together, and it is aromatic. The electrons are delocalized in both rings (think about all of its resonance form). Example: This compound is also aromatic, including the ring in the middle. All carbons are sp2 hybridized and the electron density is shared across all 5 rings. Example: DDT is an insecticide and helped to wipe out malaria in many parts of the world. Consequently, the person who discovered it (Muller) won the Nobel Prize in 1942. The systematic name for this compound is 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane. -
Fluorescent Aminal Linked Porous Organic Polymer for Reversible Iodine Capture and Sensing Muhammad A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Fluorescent aminal linked porous organic polymer for reversible iodine capture and sensing Muhammad A. Sabri1, Mohammad H. Al‑Sayah2, Susan Sen2, Taleb H. Ibrahim1 & Oussama M. El‑Kadri2* A novel triazene-anthracene-based fuorescent aminal linked porous organic polymer (TALPOP) was prepared via metal free-Schif base polycondensation reaction of 9,10-bis-(4,6-diamino-S‑triazin‑ 2-yl)anthracene and 2-furaldehyde. The polymer has exceptional chemical and thermal stabilities and exhibit good porosity with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 401 m2g−1. The combination of such porosity along with the highly conjugated heteroatom-rich framework enabled the polymer to exhibit exceptional iodine vapor uptake of up to 314 wt % and reversible iodine adsorption in solution. Because of the inclusion of the anthracene moieties, the TALPOP exhibited excellent 3 −1 detection sensitivity towards iodine via forescence quenching with Ksv value of 2.9 × 10 L mol . The cost efective TALPOP along with its high uptake and sensing of iodine, make it an ideal material for environmental remediation. Nuclear energy is becoming one of the most feasible alternative sources to meet the ever-increasing energy demand and minimize the emission of greenhouse gases because of its high-density energy, minimal carbon footprints, and low operation cost1–4. Despite such advantages, the potential emissions of radioactive material 129 131 3 14 85 (such as I and I, H, CO2, and Kr) from nuclear energy power plants is a major drawback of this tech- nology due to the serious environmental and health efect of these materials4,5. -
Norbornene Probes for the Detection of Cysteine Sulfenic Acid in Cells Lisa J
Letters Cite This: ACS Chem. Biol. 2019, 14, 594−598 pubs.acs.org/acschemicalbiology Norbornene Probes for the Detection of Cysteine Sulfenic Acid in Cells Lisa J. Alcock,†,‡ Bruno L. Oliveira,§ Michael J. Deery,∥ Tara L. Pukala,⊥ Michael V. Perkins,† Goncalo̧ J. L. Bernardes,*,§,# and Justin M. Chalker*,†,‡ † Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia ‡ Flinders University, Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia § Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom ∥ Cambridge Centre for Proteomics, Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom ⊥ The University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia # Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Norbornene derivatives were validated as probes for cysteine sulfenic acid on proteins and in live cells. Trapping sulfenic acids with norbornene probes is highly selective and revealed a different reactivity profile than the traditional dimedone reagent. The norbornene probe also revealed a superior chemoselectivity when compared to a commonly used dimedone probe. Together, these results advance the study of cysteine oxidation in biological systems. -
Fischer Carbene Complexes in Organic Synthesis Ke Chen 1/31/2007
Baran Group Meeting Fischer Carbene Complexes in Organic Synthesis Ke Chen 1/31/2007 Ernst Otto Fischer (1918 - ) Other Types of Stabilized Carbenes: German inorganic chemist. Born in Munich Schrock carbene, named after Richard R. Schrock, is nucleophilic on November 10, 1918. Studied at Munich at the carbene carbon atom in an unpaired triplet state. Technical University and spent his career there. Became director of the inorganic Comparision of Fisher Carbene and Schrock carbene: chemistry institute in 1964. In the 1960s, discovered a metal alkylidene and alkylidyne complexes, referred to as Fischer carbenes and Fischer carbynes. Shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Geoffery Wilkinson in 1973, for the pioneering work on the chemistry of organometallic compounds. Schrock carbenes are found with: Representatives: high oxidation states Isolation of first transition-metal carbene complex: CH early transition metals Ti(IV), Ta(V) 2 non pi-acceptor ligands Cp2Ta CH N Me LiMe Me 2 2 non pi-donor substituents CH3 (CO) W CO (CO)5W 5 (CO)5W A.B. Charette J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 11829. OMe O E. O. Fischer, A. Maasbol, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 1964, 3, 580. Persistent carbenes, isolated as a crystalline solid by Anthony J. Arduengo in 1991, can exist in the singlet state or the triplet state. Representative Fischer Carbenes: W(CO) Cr(CO) 5 5 Fe(CO)4 Mn(CO)2(MeCp) Co(CO)3SnPh3 Me OMe Ph Ph Ph NEt2 Ph OTiCp2Cl Me OMe Foiled carbenes were defined as "systems where stabilization is Fischer carbenes are found with : obtained by the inception of the facile reaction which is foiled by the impossibility of attaining the final product geometry". -
Organic Chemistry
Wisebridge Learning Systems Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms Pocket-Book WLS www.wisebridgelearning.com © 2006 J S Wetzel LEARNING STRATEGIES CONTENTS ● The key to building intuition is to develop the habit ALKANES of asking how each particular mechanism reflects Thermal Cracking - Pyrolysis . 1 general principles. Look for the concepts behind Combustion . 1 the chemistry to make organic chemistry more co- Free Radical Halogenation. 2 herent and rewarding. ALKENES Electrophilic Addition of HX to Alkenes . 3 ● Acid Catalyzed Hydration of Alkenes . 4 Exothermic reactions tend to follow pathways Electrophilic Addition of Halogens to Alkenes . 5 where like charges can separate or where un- Halohydrin Formation . 6 like charges can come together. When reading Free Radical Addition of HX to Alkenes . 7 organic chemistry mechanisms, keep the elec- Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes. 8 tronegativities of the elements and their valence Oxidation of Alkenes to Vicinal Diols. 9 electron configurations always in your mind. Try Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes . 10 to nterpret electron movement in terms of energy Ozonolysis of Alkenes . 10 Allylic Halogenation . 11 to make the reactions easier to understand and Oxymercuration-Demercuration . 13 remember. Hydroboration of Alkenes . 14 ALKYNES ● For MCAT preparation, pay special attention to Electrophilic Addition of HX to Alkynes . 15 Hydration of Alkynes. 15 reactions where the product hinges on regio- Free Radical Addition of HX to Alkynes . 16 and stereo-selectivity and reactions involving Electrophilic Halogenation of Alkynes. 16 resonant intermediates, which are special favor- Hydroboration of Alkynes . 17 ites of the test-writers. Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkynes. 17 Reduction of Alkynes with Alkali Metal/Ammonia . 18 Formation and Use of Acetylide Anion Nucleophiles . -
Synthesis and in Vitro Antimicrobial and Anthelminthic Evaluation of Naphtholic and Phenolic Azo Dyes
Hindawi Journal of Tropical Medicine Volume 2020, Article ID 4850492, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4850492 Research Article Synthesis and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anthelminthic Evaluation of Naphtholic and Phenolic Azo Dyes Joseph Kwasi Adu ,1 Cedric Dzidzor Kodjo Amengor ,2 Nurudeen Mohammed Ibrahim ,1 Cynthia Amaning-Danquah,3 Charles Owusu Ansah,1 Dorcas Dzifa Gbadago,1 and Joseph Sarpong-Agyapong1 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Correspondence should be addressed to Joseph Kwasi Adu; [email protected] Received 29 February 2020; Accepted 11 May 2020; Published 1 June 2020 Academic Editor: Sukla Biswas Copyright © 2020 Joseph Kwasi Adu et al. *is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. *e antimicrobial activity of 2-naphtholic and phenolic azo compounds was determined against seven microbial species, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Streptococcus pyrogenes (clinical), and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Salmonella typhi (clinical), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 251922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), using the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition assay (HT-SPOTi). *e minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined for the active azo dyes. All the azo compounds (A1–B4) were screened for anthelmintic activity against adult Ghanaian earthworms, Hyperiodrilus spp. -
Acetal (POM) Chemical Compatibility Chart From
ver 31-Mar-2020 Acetal (POM) Chemical Compatibility Chart Chemical Chemical Acetaldehyde A Ammonium Acetate C Acetamide A Ammonium Bifluoride D Acetate Solvents A Ammonium Carbonate D Acetic Acid D Ammonium Caseinate D Acetic Acid, 20% C Ammonium Chloride, 10% B Acetic Acid, 80% D Ammonium Hydroxide D Acetic Acid, Glacial D Ammonium Nitrate, 10% A Acetic Anhydride D Ammonium Oxalate B Acetone A Ammonium Persulfate D Acetyl Chloride, dry D Ammonium Phosphate, Dibasic B Acetylene A Ammonium Phosphate, Monobasic B Alcohols: Amyl A Ammonium Phosphate, Tribasic B Alcohols: Benzyl A Ammonium Sulfate B Alcohols: Butyl A Ammonium Sulfite D Alcohols: Diacetone A Ammonium Thiosulfate B Alcohols: Ethyl A Amyl Acetate B Alcohols: Hexyl A Amyl Alcohol A Alcohols: Isobutyl A Amyl Chloride A Alcohols: Isopropyl A Aniline A Alcohols: Methyl A Aniline Oil D Alcohols: Octyl A Anise Oil D Alcohols: Propyl (1-Propanol) A Antifreeze D Aluminum chloride, 20% C Aqua Regia (80% HCl, 20% HNO3) D Aluminum Fluoride C Aromatic Hydrocarbons A Aluminum Hydroxide A Arsenic Acid D Aluminum Nitrate B Asphalt B Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, 10% C Barium Carbonate A Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, 100% C Barium Chloride A Aluminum Sulfate, 10% B Barium Cyanide B Alums C Barium Hydroxide D Amines D Barium Nitrate B Ammonia, 10% (Ammonium Hydroxide) C Barium Sulfate B Ammonia, 10% D Barium Sulfide A Ammonia, anhydrous D Bay Oil D Ammonia, liquid D Beer A Ammonia Nitrate C Beet Sugar Liquids B Key to General Chemical Resistance – All data is based on ambient or room temperature conditions, about 64°F (18°C) to 73°F (23°C) A = Excellent C = Fair - Moderate Effect, not recommended B= Good - Minor Effect, slight corrosion or discoloration D = Severe Effect, not recommended for ANY use It is the sole responsibility of the system designer and user to select products suitable for their specific application requirements and to ensure proper installation, operation, and maintenance of these products. -
INDOLES from 2-METHYLNITROBENZENES by CONDENSATION with FORMAMIDE ACETALS FOLLOWED by REDUCTION: 4-BENZYLOXYINDOLE [1H-Indole, 4-(Phenylmethoxy)-]
DOI:10.15227/orgsyn.063.0214 Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 7, p.34 (1990); Vol. 63, p.214 (1985). INDOLES FROM 2-METHYLNITROBENZENES BY CONDENSATION WITH FORMAMIDE ACETALS FOLLOWED BY REDUCTION: 4-BENZYLOXYINDOLE [1H-Indole, 4-(phenylmethoxy)-] Submitted by Andrew D. Batcho1 and Willy Leimgruber2. Checked by David J. Wustrow and Andrew S. Kende. 1. Procedure A. 6-Benzyloxy-2-nitrotoluene. A stirred mixture of 124.7 g (0.81 mol) of 2-methyl-3-nitrophenol (Note 1), 113.2 g (0.90 mol) of benzyl chloride, 112.2 g (0.81 mol) of anhydrous potassium carbonate, and 800 mL of dimethylformamide (DMF) is heated at 90°C for 3 hr. Most of the DMF is removed on a rotary evaporator (20 mm) and the oily residue is poured into 400 mL of 1 N sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether (3 × 800 mL). The combined extracts are dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and evaporated to give 203.5 g of yellowish solid. Recrystallization from 1 L of methanol cooled to 0°C affords 177.6 (90%) of 6-benzyloxy-2-nitrotoluene as pale-yellow crystals, mp 61–63°C3 (Note 2). B. (E)-6-Benzyloxy-2-nitro-β-pyrrolidinostyrene. To a solution of 175.4 g (0.72 mol) of 6- benzyloxy-2-nitrotoluene in 400 mL of DMF are added 102.5 g (0.84 mol) of N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (Note 3) and 59.8 g (0.84 mol) of pyrrolidine. The solution is heated at reflux (110°C) for 3 hr (Note 4) under nitrogen and allowed to cool to room temperature. -
Synthesis and Structural Studies of a New Class of Quaternary Ammonium
Rivera et al. Chemistry Central Journal 2011, 5:55 http://journal.chemistrycentral.com/content/5/1/55 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Synthesis and structural studies of a new class of quaternary ammonium salts, which are derivatives of cage adamanzane type aminal 1, 3, 6, 8-tetraazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane (TATU) Augusto Rivera1*, John Sadat-Bernal1, Jaime Ríos-Motta1, Michal Dušek2 and Lukáš Palatinus2 Abstract Background: Novel mono N-alkyl quaternary ammonium salts (3a-f) were prepared using the Menschutkin reaction from the cage adamanzane type aminal 1,3,6,8-tetraazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane (TATU) and alkyl iodides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl and hexyl iodide (2a-f), in dry acetonitrile at room temperature. Results: The structures of these new quaternary ammonium salts were established using various spectral and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analyses. Compound (3b) was also analyzed using X-ray crystallography. Conclusion: It was noted that alkyl chain length did not significantly affect the reaction because all employed alkyl iodide electrophiles reacted in a similar fashion with the aminal 1 to produce the corresponding mono N- quaternary ammonium salts, which were characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Background amines with haloalkyls [7]. We found that no reaction Cage aminals of the adamanzane type are tricyclic ter- occurred when N-alkylation was attempted using alkyl tiary tetraamines, which can act as bases or as nucleo- bromides and chlorides. Compound 1 reacts with alkyl philes. The main subject of research in our laboratory iodides in dry acetonitrile at room temperature to pro- (Universidad Nacional, Bogotá) is the reactivity of these duce mono N-alkyl ammonium quaternary salts (3a-f) polyamine bases toward nucleophiles and electrophiles. -
Second Tranche HTS Subheading Product Description 2710.19.30
Second Tranche HTS Subheading Product Description 2710.19.30 Lubricating oils, w/or w/o additives, fr. petro oils and bitumin minerals (o/than crude) or preps. 70%+ by wt. fr. petro oils 2710.19.35 Lubricating greases from petro oil/bitum min/70%+ by wt. fr. petro. oils but n/o 10% by wt. of fatty acid salts animal/vegetable origin 2710.19.40 Lubricating greases from petro oil/bitum min/70%+ by wt. fr. petro. oils > 10% by wt. of fatty acid salts animal/vegetable origin 3403.19.10 Lubricating preparations containing 50% but less than 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals 3403.19.50 Lubricating preparations containing less than 50% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils from bituminous minerals 3403.99.00 Lubricating preparations (incl. lubricant-based preparations), nesoi 3811.21.00 Additives for lubricating oils containing petroleum oils or oils obtained from bituminous minerals 3811.29.00 Additives for lubricating oils, nesoi 3901.10.10 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94 and having a relative viscosity of 1.44 or more, in primary forms 3901.10.50 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94, in primary forms, nesoi 3901.20.10 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more and having a relative viscosity of 1.44 or more, in primary forms 3901.20.50 Polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more, in primary forms, nesoi 3901.30.20 Ethylene copolymer: Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride-ethylene terpoly w/ < 50% deriv of vinyl acetate, exc polymer aromatic/mod -
TR-470: Pyridine (CASRN 110-86-1) in F344/N Rats, Wistar Rats, And
NTP TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF PYRIDINE (CAS NO. 110-86-1) IN F344/N RATS, WISTAR RATS, AND B6C3F1 MICE (DRINKING WATER STUDIES) NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 March 2000 NTP TR 470 NIH Publication No. 00-3960 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health FOREWORD The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program, NCI, was transferred to the NIEHS. The NTP coordinates the relevant programs, staff, and resources from these Public Health Service agencies relating to basic and applied research and to biological assay development and validation. The NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. The studies described in this Technical Report were performed under the direction of the NIEHS and were conducted in compliance with NTP laboratory health and safety requirements and must meet or exceed all applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations. Animal care and use were in accordance with the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals. -
Chip Incompatibility Filters
ChIP Incompatibility Filters Filter Name Type Description includes carboxylic acid halides and >1 acyl halide and related SMARTS derivatives like chloroformates, carbamoyl- , imidoyl halides, etc. >1 aldehyde SMARTS R no heteroatom no isocyanate, ketene, etc. >1 alkyl bromide / iodide SMARTS no acyl halide or related or vinyl halide >1 amine aromatic primary SMARTS aromatic carbon bound to N, N not charged >1 amines (aromatic/aliphatic, primary no amide, enamine, etc., no heteroatom SMARTS or secondary) bound to N, N not charged no amide, enamine, etc, no heteroatom >1 amines nucleophilic (aliphatic SMARTS bound to N, no aromatic carbon bound to primary or secondary) N, N not charged >1 aryl bromide / iodide SMARTS any aryl bromide / iodide >1 aryl halide SMARTS any aryl halide any boronic acid derivative, aromatic or >1 boronic acid derivative SMARTS aliphatic >1 carbonyl acid SMARTS any carboxylic or carbamic acid, etc. >1 carboxylic acid anhydrides SMARTS carbon must be bound to carbonyl no heteroatom bound to carbonyl or >1 carboxylic acid ester SMARTS oxygen, no acid, no anydride, etc >1 isocyanate / isothiocyanate SMARTS no restrictions to nitrogen substituents R no heteroatom, no isocyanate, ketene, >1 ketone or aldehyde SMARTS etc. >1 NH any SMARTS R can be anything >1 thioamide and related (any) SMARTS any substitution >1 thiol and related (nucleophic) SMARTS any SH or negative S >2 NH any SMARTS R can be anything acidic compounds I combination sulfonyl acids and carboxylic acids anhydrides, bicarbonates, thio and imino acyl anhydrides and derivatives SMARTS derivatives, etc. includes carboxylic acid halides and acyl halide and related SMARTS derivatives like chloroformates, carbamoyl- , imidoyl halides, etc.