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THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF THE PHATIC COMMUNION IN LANGUAGE

Yeni Ernawati1 1Pendidikan Bahasa , Universitas Bina Darma *email: [email protected] Submitted: 2021-06-02, Reviewed: 2021-06-10, Accepted: 2021-07-27 DOI: 10.22216/jcc.2021.v6i2.289 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jcc.2021.v6i2.289

Abstract As a means of communication, the certainly has phatic communion as well as other languages. This study aims to describe the form and function of phatic communion in Palembang. This research is a descriptive study. The object of this research is the phatic communion in Palembang language utterances. The data were collected using listening techniques and recording speeches containing phatic phrases. Data are classified and analyzed based on the form and function of phatic expressions. Based on the results of observations and data analysis, 16 phatic phrases are used in Palembang language utterances. The sixteen utterances are in the form of phatic particles, phatic words, and phatic phrases. The function of the Palembang language phatic communion, namely to start a conversation or get the listener's attention; expresses disappointment, pique, disbelief, amazement; confirms justification /argumentation; express personal closeness; refine requests; maintaining and ending conversations, etc. Key words: Phatic Communion, Form of Phatic, Function of Phatic, Palembang Language

Abstrak Sebagai alat komunikasi, bahasa Palembang tentu memiliki persekutuan fatis seperti halnya bahasa- bahasa lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan fungsi persekutuan fatis di Palembang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Objek penelitian ini adalah komuni fatis dalam tuturan bahasa Palembang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik mendengarkan dan merekam pidato yang mengandung frase fatis. Data diklasifikasikan dan dianalisis berdasarkan bentuk dan fungsi ekspresi fatis. Berdasarkan hasil observasi dan analisis data, terdapat 16 frasa fatis yang digunakan dalam tuturan bahasa Palembang. Keenam belas tuturan tersebut berupa partikel fatis, kata fatis, dan frasa fatis. Fungsi komuni fatis bahasa Palembang yaitu memulai percakapan atau menarik perhatian pendengar; mengungkapkan kekecewaan, kekesalan, ketidakpercayaan, keheranan; menegaskan justifikasi/argumentasi; mengungkapkan kedekatan pribadi; memperbaiki permintaan; mempertahankan dan mengakhiri percakapan, dll. Kata kunci: Persekutuan Fatis, Bentuk Fatik, Fungsi Fatik, Bahasa Palembang

INTRODUCTION The symbols of this language are in the form Language is the main means by which of particles, words, phrases, and sentences humans express their thoughts and feelings that have certain meanings. when communicating, both in writing and When communicating, a person often orally. According to Buehler (Darmojuwono uses certain words to express their thoughts, and Budiman, 2014) one of the functions of feelings, and attitudes towards the language is an expressive function, namely interlocutor. Expressions of the speaker's the relationship between language symbols thoughts, feelings, and attitudes which are and language users or speakers; language is manifested in the form of particles, words or used to express things related to the speaker. phrases. The particles, words, or phrases that http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 112

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are used to express a speaker's thoughts, command, invitation, awe, and surprise. The feelings and attitudes are called phatic phatic form is in the form of particles, communion. Phatic communion are words, and phatic alloys. language expressions in the form of Second, Purwaningrum (2018) wrote a particles, words, phrases, or phatic mixtures research article on "Ungkapan Fatis pada that a person uses when starting a Dialog dalam Buku Koala Kumal Karya conversation, maintaining a conversation, or Raditya Dika". Based on the results of this ending a conversation. The phatic study, it is known that there are three forms communion of each language or dialect can of phatic expression, namely particles, have a different form and function. Crystal words and phrases. The purpose of using (1998) suggests that groups of phatic words phatic phrases is to initiate, defend and in each region have different forms. strengthen speech. Phatic expressions in the use Palembang form of particles are the most dominant in language as their daily language of speech. communication in non-formal situations. Third, Pratiwi and Agustina(2019) Palembang language is the for also wrote a research article on "Kategori several dialects in South Sumatera. Fatis dalam Novel Dilan 1990 Karya Pidi Palembang language is known as Baso Baiq". The results of this study are twofold, Pelembang Sari-Sari. Baso Pelembang Sari- namely the form and function of the phatic Sari is a dialect of Malay which is category. First, there are four forms of commonly used in Palembang (Voorhoeve phatic category, namely particle phatic, quoted by Dunggio et. al., 1983). word phatic, phrase phatic, and phatic As a means of communication, the compound. Second, there are nine functions Palembang language certainly has phatic of the phatic category, namely: (1) to communion as well as other languages. In emphasize a sense of rejection, certainty, their daily language activities, the people of proof, reason, invitation, and simple (just Palembang use phatic phrases to start, emphasis); (2) starting or ending a maintain, or end conversations. Phatic conversation; (3) refine orders; (4) communion in the Palembang language that requesting approval; (5) as an affirmation; are used can be in the form of particles, (6) confirms the speech partner's statement; words, or phrases. These phatic phrases have (7) giving approval; (8) after getting different functions and meanings. something from the speech partner; and (9) Research on this phatic expression has replaces the question word 'why'. been conducted by several people before. In previous research, the research First, Nasution (2017) conducted a study on objective was to describe the form and the “Bentuk Fatis Bahasa Lampung” which function of phatic phrases in communication shows that there are three phatic forms in the activities in and Lampung language. First, a phatic form that conversations contained in fiction novels. In changes sound according to regional this study, the researcher attempted to dialects. Second, the phatic form which is describe the form and function of phatic only used in the Lampung language. Third, communion used in Palembang language the phatic form used in Lampung and utterances. This is the reason for researchers Indonesian. The fatis form used in Lampung to analyze in more depth the form and or Indonesian does not change its meaning function of phatic communion in the and function. The phatic functions in the Palembang language utterances. Lampung language are affirmation, http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 113

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Literature Review on the opinions of Jakobson and Leech, Phatic Communion namely as follows. Many scholars have defined phatic a) The expressions used to initiate phrases or categories, some of which are as and end communications; follows. First, Kridalaksana (quotes by b) An expression used to maintain Purwaningrum, 2018) defines phatic phrases or strengthen communication; or categories as expressions or categories c) An expression used to attract whose duties are to initiate, maintain, and and keep the attention of the emphasize communication between speakers interlocutor or listener; and speakers generally used in informal d) An expression used to ensure the speech. Second, Sentf (2009), said that a communication channel group of phatic words is a type of speech continues to function; that can strengthen communication. Then, e) The phrase used to maintain Nasution (2017) defines that the word good social relations between phatic is used to create bonds between speakers and listeners, one of speakers in communicating to make the which is by conveying small atmosphere more familiar and relaxed. talk; From these definitions, it can be f) An expression used to keep concluded that phatic phrases or categories communication continuous. are expressions or categories used in speech Phatic communion can be found at the to initiate, maintain, emphasize beginning, middle, or end of speech communication so that social relations sentences. Kridalaksana(1999) classifies between speakers and listeners become more phatic phrases into three categories, namely intimate so that communication activities phatic particles, phatic words, and phatic become closer. From that definition, it is phrases. So, another characteristic of phatic known that phatic phrases have a specific expressions is that they can be in the form of function in communication activities. particles, words, or phrases that are used at Malinowski, Laver (Nasution, 2017), the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. Sentf (2009), Jakobsonin (Darmojuwono & Budiman, 2014), and Nasution (2017) Palembang Language posited that the function of phatic Palembang language is the language communion is to (a) facilitate used by the people of Palembang in their communication; (b) build and unite daily communication activities. Palembang interpersonal relationships in speakers and language is called Baso Pelembang. Baso speakers; (c) convey the meaning in Pelembang is one of the Malay dialects accordance with a particular social function spoken in South , especially the city and purpose; (d) the phatic expression used of Palembang. Baso Pelembang has two by speakers is a form of social bonding that levels, namely the Baso Pelembang Alus and will get a quick response from the speaker; Baso Pelembang Sari-Sari. (e) maintaining communication between Baso Pelembang Alus is the speakers and speakers; (f) emphasize speech Palembang language used by parents or so that it makes it easier for listeners to community leaders at traditional events, understand the speaker's intentions. such as weddings, births, etc. Baso Purwaningrum (2018) summarizes some Pelembang Sari-Sari is Palembang language of the characteristics of phatic phrases based which is used in everyday conversation (Dunggio et. al,. 1983) http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 114

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In this study, researchers observed and researcher listened to the speech in the Baso analyzed the phatic communion which Pelembang Sari-Sari by the informant. contained in the daily Palembang Language Then, the researcher recorded the utterances speech. This is because phatic communion containing phatic expressions. appear in informal conversations as a form Speech data containing phatic of expression to build relaxed and intimate expressions were then analyzed using a situations, as well as express and strengthen descriptive approach. First, the phatic the relationship between speaker and expression data obtained were classified into listeners in conversation shapes, namely particles, words, and phrases (Kridalaksana, 1999). Second, identify the METHOD OF RESEARCH function of phatic expressions based on the This research is descriptive research. context of the speech. Then, describe the Descriptive research is research that aims to forms and functions of expressions and describe phenomena that occur in a certain conclude the forms and functions of phatic area by classifying data based on type, expressions used in the Baso Pelembang. nature, or condition and then formulating conclusions (Arikunto, 2010). The data in DISCUSSION / RESEARCH FINDING this study are phatic expressions used in Based on the data that has been Palembang language speech. Informants in collected and the classification process, the this study were teachers who were speakers researcher found 16 phatic communion used of Baso Pelembang Sari-Sari. Informants in daily Palembang language. The phatic are male and female aged 30-45 years. communion is categorized into three forms Informants use Baso Pelembang Sari-Sari in of phatic communion, namely: 8 phatic their daily informal communication expressions in the form of particles; 4 phatic activities. Data collection techniques used expressions in the form of words; 4 phatic are listening and taking notes. The phrases in the form of phrases.

Tabel 1. The Phatic Communion in Palembang Language Form of Phatic Fungsi Ungkapan Fatis Phatic Communion Partikel Ai Expressing disappointment / regret Dah/Dem End / conclude the conversation La Confirming the statement; maintain conversation topics to stay on the go; confirms the justification/ argumentation of the statement; end the conversation Neh Distract speech partners on the next topic; blame the statement of the listener Peh Affirming the invitation or speech of the directive O Confirming the speaker's understanding or agreement of the interlocutor Oi Requesting / attracting the attention of the speech partner/listeners; Shows personal closeness between speaker and listener; smooth requests or pleas Kata Aidah/ Aidem Emphasizes feelings of disappointment or annoyance Mada’i Expressing doubt / disbelief

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Nian Confirming the statement; states the superlative form; initiating doubt/ distrust questions Frasa Ya Salam/ Ya Expressing resentment, impatience, disbelief, or amazement Saman/ Ya Cacam Waya-Waya Expressing doubt or rejection, underestimate something

The function of these phatic phrases can be observed from the following narrative quotes. Fatic Particles: Ai, Dah / Dem, La, Neh, In speech (4), the phatic particle la functions Peh, O, Oi to confirm information that the person being Phatic particles Ai are pronounced at the talked about has not come to campus for a beginning of the speech. In speech, the long time. phatic particle Ai functions to express (5) La sudah galo, yo..kamu disappointment. ngisi materi di elearning? (1) Ai..men tau Sudirman (That's all, huh .. did you fill macet, aku tadi pacak muter in the elearning material?) balek lewat Merdeka In the speech (5) particle La functions to (Ai… If I know Sudirman is emphasize the speech of the question that stuck, I can turn around via the interlocutor has completed the elearning. Merdeka earlier) (6) La, cakmano kalau sudah In the speech (1), the phatic particle Ai telambat, masih biso dak? functions to express the speaker's (So, what if it's too late, still disappointment and regret when he is can’t?) trapped in a traffic jam. In speech (6), the phatic particle la functions to maintain the conversation and express Phatic particles Dah/Dem have a doubts and confirm information in the meaning already or done. Usually used at previous speech. the beginning of the speech. (7) La, kan sudah dikasih tau (2) Dah, jangan mak itu lagi yo! men minggu ni lebor. (Fine, don't be like that again (Well, I was told that this huh!) week is off.) (3) Dem, kalu itu dak pacak. Ejoke yang lain bae. (8) Dem-dem la, jangan banyak (Fine, if that won't work. Just rasan do something else) (Never mind, don't complain In utterances (2) and (3), phatic particles too much) dah/dem serves to end a conversation or In speeches (4), (5), and (6), particle la conclude information from the conversation. functions to confirm information in previous The phatic particle La can mean speeches and maintain conversation by already, so have or may not have any opening questions related to previous meaning. This phatic particle is used at the information. The function of the phatic beginning of the speech. particle la is in accordance with the (4) La lamo nian dio tu dak pegi characteristics of the phatic expression put ke kampus. forward by Jakobson (quoted by (It's been a long time, she Purwaningrum 2018), which is an didn't come to campus) expression used to keep communication http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 116

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sustainable. In speech (7), it is the phatic Phatic particlesO has no meaning, but particle that serves to confirm the this particle serves to express that the justification of information that the speaker listener has understood the meaning of the has conveyed to the previous speech speech and to keep the conversation going. opponent or emphasizes the proof of (13) O…jadi proposal tu harus previous information. In speech (8), particle diserahke dua minggu la has the function of affirming to end the sebelum pelaksanaan conversation. kegiatan. Phatic particles Neh are the same as (O…. So the proposal must be phatic phrases nah. The function of this submitted two weeks before phatic particle is to divert the attention of the the implementation of the interlocutor to the next topic of speech. activity) Kridalaksana (1999) argues that the fatis In speech (13), listeners understand expression now functions to ask speech the meaning of the speech that proposals are partners to shift their attention to others. submitted two weeks before the activity is (9) Neh…sudah tevalidasi carried out and try to maintain the nilainyo. Dak biso diperbaiki conversation topic. lagi. Phatic particle Oi means hi. This (Neh… grade has been particle is used at the beginning of the validated. It can't be speech or at the end of the speech. This improved anymore.) particle is used in speech between speakers and listeners who already have personal (10) Neh kau, ngapo biso teledor closeness, such as close friends or friends of cak itu? the same age. (So you ... why can you be (14) Oi…maknano pengabdian careless like that?) kito, nak kemano? In speech (9), the speaker diverts the (Hey, how are our community opponent's request by providing information service, where are we going?) that the value cannot be corrected because it has been validated. In speech (10), the (15) Kalu nak pengabdian,melok speaker blames listeners for his negligence. oi… Phatic particles Peh means come on or (If you want to do community lets go. Phatic particles peh can be used at service, let me in, please ...) the beginning of a speech or at the end of a In speech (14), phatic particle Oi functions speech. to call or ask the opponent's attention. In (11) Peh, kito sepedaan minggu speech (15), phatic particle Oi functions to besok! smooth requests to speech partners. (Come on, let's go cycling on the weekend!) Phatic Words: Aidah/Aidem, Mada'i, Nian (12) Kito gaweke sekarang bae, Phatic word Aidah/aidem has no peh… meaning in Indonesian. This phatic word is (Let's just do it now, come pronounced at the beginning of the speech. on!) This phatic word serves to express In utterances (11) and (12), phatic particles disappointment or resentment with peh serves to invite the interlocutor to something. imperative speech. http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 117

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(16) Aidah, budak itu la dikasih (22) Cantek nian, gades ini. Pagi- tau minggu ini elearning, pagi, la be-make up-an… tapi masih bentanyo teros. (So beautiful, this girl. Early (Aidah, he is already known, in the morning, already put this week is elearning, but on makeup ...) still asks questions) (23) Nian apo, minggu ini ado (17) Aidem, apes nian aku keno libor tejepit? razia tadi pagi (Really, this week there is a (Aidem, damn it, I was caught pinched holiday?) in the traffic raid this (24) Jangan nian, kau turuti morning) kendak dio. (Never, you obey his wishes.) Phatic word Mada'i mean is really. A phatic word that is spoken to initiate a Phatic Phrase: Ya Salam/ Ya Saman/ Ya statement or question in a speech. Phatic Cacam, Waya-Waya word mada'i serves to emphasize a sense of Phatic phrases ya salam, ya saman, distrust or disbelief in the news or ya cacam are similar with phrase ya ampun information heard in speech. or oh my God in Indonesian. This phatic (18) Mada’i kito dak pacak? phrase serves to express disbelief and wong lain bae pacak. amazement. This phatic phrase is (Really, we can't? While pronounced at the beginning of the speech. others can) (25) Ya salam, cepet nian kau (19) Mada’i? ngaweke KUIS ini? (Is it true?)) (Ya salam, how quickly you do this QUIZ?) Phatic word Nian is most often used in Palembang language utterances. Nian can (26) Ya saman, cantik nian uni be true or very or most. The word phatic sikok ini! nian is used for statements; for the (Yes saman, so beautiful, this superlative form statement, to initiate a one sister!) question of disbelief. The word nian comes after the word that is emphasized. (27) Ya cacam, lemak nian (20) Bener nian uji kau, Ti. Kito pempeknyo. libur hari Sabtu agek. (Yacacam, how delicious (Did you say is true, Ti. We're thispempek) off, this Saturday) Phatic phrases waya-waya means only (21) Lemak nian, oi..Pindang or just. Phrase waya-waya used to express gabus di belakang criticism or criticism of statements that are kampus…. heard. This phatic phrase is also used to (It's very delicious, oi ... initiate statements that are underestimate pindang gabus behind something. campus)

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(28) Waya-waya mak itu bae phatic particle to a phatic phrase after being banyak nian aturan! combined with the phatic particle la, namely (Its just like that, there are dem-dem la. The phatic phrase serves to lots of rules) refute the statement of reasons for the (29) Waya-waya beli masker bae interlocutor. In addition to the particle phatic dak pacak. dem, the word phatic nian undergoes (You can't just buy a mask) repetition to become nian-nian and gets the affix –an to become nianan. The function of In Baso Pelembang Sari-Sari's speech, the phrase phatic nian-nian and the word the most frequently used form of phatic phatic nianan in the speech of Baso expression is particle phatic. Similarly, the Pelembang Sari-Sari is to emphasize the results of research by S, Novia Kusuma, truth of the speech that has been conveyed Ningsih dan Gunawan, (2020), which show or to convince the interlocutor. that in the Rambah , particle So, the phatic expression used in form phatic is the dominant phatic form Baso Pelembang Sari-Sari has the form of used. Phatic particles are widely used at the particles, words, and phrases. Phatic beginning of speech, namely particles ai, expressions can be located at the beginning, dah/dem, la, neh, and peh while the phatic middle, and end of the speech. Phatic particle oi is spoken at the end. expressions can also undergo morphological The word phatic is always used at the processes, such as repetition and affixation. beginning of the speech. The words phatis In addition, Baso Pelembang's phatic nian and mada'i which are located at the expression can also function as a marker of beginning of the speech are markers of question speech and a marker of language question utterances that function to doubt impoliteness. the speech conveyed by the interlocutor. Word phatic nian can also be placed in the CONCLUTION middle of the speech or at the end of the Based on this discussion, it is known speech. The function of phatic nian in the that in Palembang language conversations, middle or end of speech is to emphasize the speakers use several forms of phatic meaning of the previous word, as seen in communion. The phatic communion is in the utterances 20, 21, 22, and 24. form of particles, words and phrases. Phatic Phatic phrases in the speech of Baso communion in the form of particles have Pelembang Sari-Sari are always placed at eight forms, namely ai, dah/dem, la, neh, the beginning of the speech. The phatic peh, o, and oi. Phatic communion in the phrase waya-waya in speech 29, also form of words have four forms, namely functions as a marker of impoliteness which aidah/aidem, mada'i, and nian. Phatic has the meaning of 'to underestimate'. Such communion in the form of phrases have four as research by Rahardi et.al. (2014) which forms, namely ya salam/ ya saman/ ya suggests that the category of phatic halah in cacam and waya-waya. Javanese serves as a marker of impoliteness Those phatic communion has certain that aims to 'underestimate'. functions in conversation. Some of the Some particles can undergo a morphological functions of the phatic expression include: a) process, namely repetition. The phatic affirming the statement; maintaining particle dem can experience repetition, as conversation and communication; express seen in speech 8. In speech 8, the phatic personal closeness between speakers; particle dem changes its shape from the smooth requests; confirms the justification http://publikasi.lldikti10.id/index.php/curricula 119

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of statements/ proofs; distract the other Purwaningrum, Prapti Wigati. (2018). person; blaming the interlocutor; attract the “Ungkapan Fatis Pada Dialog Dalam attention of the interlocutor and invite/ Buku Koala Kumal Karya Raditya influence the interlocutor; express approval Dika.” Wanastra: Jurnal Bahasa dan or understanding of the information Sastra 10(1):50–58. doi: conveyed by the interlocutor; express 10.31294/w.v10i1.2788. disappointment, resentment and regret; states the superlative form; express distrust Rahardi, R. K., Setyaningsih, Y., & Dewi, or doubt; and expressing suspicion or R. P. (2014). Kata Fatis Penanda rejection of something. Ketidaksantunan Pragmatik dalam Ranah Keluarga. Adabiyyāt: Jurnal REFERENCES Bahasa dan Sastra, 13(2), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2014.1 Arikunto, Suharsimi. (2010). 3201 ProsedurPenelitian: SuatuPendekatanPraktik. Jakarta: PT S, N. K., Ningsih, A. R., & Gunawan, G. RinekaCipta. (2020). Bentuk dan Fungsi Fatis Crystal, David. (1998). The Cambridge dalam Komunikasi Lisan Bahasa Encyclopedia Of Language. 2nd Melayu Rambah. Jurnal Akrab Edition. England: Cambridge Juara, 5(3), 225–232. University Press. Sentf, G. (2009). Phatic Communion. Darmojuwono, S., & Budiman, R. (2014). ResearchGate. Teori dan Masalah Penerjemahan. https://doi.org/10.1075/hop.1.pha1 Dalam Pengertian Fungsi Bahasa (418.02; Vol. 1, Nomor 418.02, hlm. 1–33). Universitas Terbuka. http://repository.ut.ac.id/4255/ Dunggio, P. D., Suwarni N., Asnah S., dan Nur Indones. (1983). StrukturBahasaMelayu Palembang. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Kridalaksana, Harimurti. (1999). Tata Wacana Deskriptif Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia. Nasution, H. (2017). Bentuk Fatis Bahasa Lampung. Merajut Nasionalisme dengan Bahasa dan Sastra, 47--59. Pratiwi, Melsi Rahayu, dan Agustina. (2019). “Kategori Fatis dalam Novel Dilan 1990 Karya Pidi Baiq.” Jurnal Bahasa Dan Sastra 6(4):562–76. doi: 10.24036/81046030.

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