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poterie j 1 Actes du Colloque LAPITA Nouméa, Nouvelle Calédonie Janvier 1992 Editeur: Jean Christophe GALIPAUD L'NSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTFlOUE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPERATION © OR5TOM NOUMËA 1992 Galipaud, C. (ed.) Actes du Colloque LAPITA. Nouméa. janvier 1992.230 p. 112ARCHEOO2 ARCHEOLOGIE HISTORIQUE; HISTOIRE DU PEUPLEMENT; CERAMIQUE; LAPITA/ PACIFIQUE OCCIDENTAL Ce rapport a été mis en page sur MACINTOSH Il Fx avec XPRESS 3,0 en caractères HELVELICA 11 pt. Imprimé par la Centre OR5TOM de Nouméa - Decembre 1992 ~a"':RBTO" HoulII" REPROGRAPHIE 3 Avant propos 4 Préfacs 5 Roger C. GREEN - Definitions of the Lapita cultural complex and its non­ 7 ceramic component Chris GOSDEN - Dynamic traditionalism : Lapita as a long term social 21 structure 27 Paul GORECKI -A Lapita smoke screen ? Peter BEllWOOD - New discoveries in Southeast Asia relevant for 49 Melanesian (especially Lapita) prehistory Mlchlko INTOH - Ponery traditions in Micronesia 67 J. Peter WHITE - New Ireland and Lapita 83 David ROE - Investigations into the prehistory of the central Solomon : some 91 old and some new data from Northwest Guadalcanal Jean-Christophe GAllPAUD - Le site de Tiwi et le peuplement de la 103 Nouvelle-Calédonie Robin TORRENCE - What is Lapita about obsidian? A view from the Talasea 111 source Glenn R. SUMMERHAYES, M. HOTCHKIS - Recent advances in Melanesian 127 obsidian sourcing : results of the 1990 and 1991 PIXEIPIGME analyses Richard FUlLAGAR - Lithically Lapita : functional analysis of flaked stone 135 assemblages from West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea Peter J. SHEPPARD - A report on the flaked lithic assemblage from three 145 Southeast Solomons Lapita Sites Jack GOlSON - The ceramic sequence from Lasigi 155 Wal AMBROSE - Analysis ofponery clays from Manus 169 Rod ClOUGH - Firing temperatures and the analysis of oceanic ceramics Jean-Pierre SIORAT - Analyse test sur les décors des bandeaux principaux 193 de la poterie Lapita du site WBR001 de Nouvelle-Calédonie Christophe SAND - La différenciation des chronologies céramiques de 207 Polynésie occidentale à partir d'une tradition culturelle commune issue du complexe culturel Lapita Matthew SPRIGGS - What happens to Lapita in Melanesia ? 219 POTERIE LAPITA ET PEUPLEMENT 4 Voici rassemblés dans ce volume les articles des communications du second atelier de travail sur le Lapita qui s'est tenu à Nouméa au mois de Janvier 1992. Les sujets abordés sont très divers et reflètent bien l'atmosphère informelle et ouverte qui a prévalu pendant la durée de cette conférence. On retrouve néanmoins dans cette diversité le thème initial de l'atelier, à savoir: "La place du complexe culturel Lapita dans la genèse des sociétés anciennes du Pacifique" La variété et la multiplicité des thèmes abordés nous rappellent, s'il en était besoin, la richesse de cette société ancienne du Pacifique. S'agissant cette fois-ci de la discussion de la notion même de "complexe culturel" et non plus simplement de "poterie" Lapita, une grande place a été réservée à l'étude des objets de la culture matérielle associés au Lapita, en particulier le lithique. La poterie n'a néanmoins pas été oubliée mais c'est la diversité des styles anciens plutôt que l'homogénéité du Lapita qui est présentée. Les articles ont été groupés en fonction de leurs affinités et non par thèmes. L'introduction revenait naturellement à Roger Green, qui a su tout au long des débats veiller au cap et présente ici la synthèse nécessaire de l'évolution du concept "Lapita". Cette introduction est suivie d'une revue de la situation autour du "foyer" mélanésien et en marge du développement du Lapita. Les résultats récents de l'analyse du matériel lithique et de la céramique sont ensuite présentés avec les réflexions qu'ils suscitent. Une série d'articles en forme de point d'interrogation concluent le volume. Ce séminaire n'aurait jamais eu lieu sans l'aide financière apportée par l'ORSTOM, tant pour l'organisation que pour la publication des résultats et je veux remercier au nom de tous les participants, le Département SUD et la DIST qui ont bien voulu croire à l'intérêt d'une telle rencontre et s'en sont partagés les frais. A Nouméa, Michel Fromaget, responsable de la DIST pour le Pacifique, et son épouse, ont assuré le soutien logistique dans des conditions souvent difficiles et n'ont pourtant pas eu peur de nous accompagner sur le terrain lors de la visite des principaux sites de l'île. Patricia a assuré avec constance et bonne humeur le secrétariat de l'atelier. En brousse, l'aide chaleureuse du Lion's Club de Bourai! nous a permis de visiter le site archéologique de l'îlot Vert et le collège de Né-Divin à Houaïlou a accepté de nous loger. Je ne peux nommer tous ceux qui de près ou de loin ont participé au succès de ce séminaire, ils sont trop nombreux, mais je les remercie tous très sincèrement pour l'aide apportée et la bonne humeur partagée. Mes derniers remerciements s'adressent à Jean Pierre Mermoud qui, derrière la console, a patiemment mis en forme ce manuscrit. POTERIE LAPITA ET PEUPLEMENT 5 J. Garanger Un premier colloque sur l'étude des différents styles du décor céramique "Lapita" s'était tenu à Canberra en Décembre 1988 dans le cadre du Département de Préhistoire de la "Research School of Pacific Studies" (Université Nationale Australienne: ANU). Malgré le thème précis de cette réunion, beaucoup de communications et de débats ont concerné l'ensemble de la Préhistoire du Pacifique occidental. On peut s'en rendre compte en lisant les actes de ce colloque (1). Cet élargissement du sujet était inévitable, si l'on considère la place primordiale que tient depuis longtemps cette tradition céramique dans les essais de compréhension de la préhistoire des Océaniens (2). Dans le passé, plusieurs essais d'analyse des décors lapita avaient été tentés au niveau régional, puis des tentatives de comparaisons inter-régionales (cf. note 2). Roger C. Green, en 1976, dans une communication présentée à Nice au IXème Congrès des Sciences Préhistoriques et Protohistoriques (3), démontra combien pouvait être fructueuse l'étude comparative des styles de décor Lapita à travers le temps et l'espace, pour mieux comprendre les processus et la chronologie de la colonisation du Pacifique Occidental par les populations porteuses de la poterie Lapita et du "complexe culturel Lapita". Il mit aussi en évidence l'existence de réseaux de relations inter-insulaires. De tels travaux se révélaient d'autant plus intéressants que beaucoup pensaient, et depuis longtemps (et beaucoup le pensent encore), que les "populations Lapita" étaient les ancêtres uniques et directs des Polynésiens. La recherche et l'étude des sites Lapita, déjà nombreuses depuis les débuts des années 1960, s'intensifièrent dans les décennies suivantes (en négligeant quelque peu la recherche et l'étude des sites non Lapita en Mélanésie, comme je l'ai déjà écrit ailleurs et comme le souligne, dans cette publication, Paul Gorecki). Les découvertes furent abondantes, les investigations de plus en plus exhaustives en s'intéressant, entre autres, aux aspects socio­ économiques de ces implantations Lapita... et tous les résultats et théories qui en pouvaient découler suscitèrent de nombreuses controverses, ce qui est naturel et même nécessaire, la science ne pouvant progresser que par la confrontation des idées. Ceci explique et justifie que le thème initial de ce premier colloque n'ait été que partiellement abordé, le problème de l'analyse des décors Lapita en vue de leur étude comparative, par traitement informatique sur ordinateur en particulier, n'en restait pas moins à résoudre. Il fut alors envisagé de se réunir à nouveau afin que chacun puisse rendre compte de ses dernières recherches en ce domaine. Daniel Frimigacci suggéra de le faire à Nouméa, dans le cadre du Centre ORSTOM où, chercheur du CNRS (4) il avait été détaché pendant plusieurs années. Ayant rejoint son laboratoire CNRS à Paris quelques temps après, et un jeune chercheur de ce même laboratoire : Jean-Christophe Galipaud, ayant alors été recruté par l'ORSTOM au Centre de Nouméa, c'est lui qui prit en charge l'organisation de cette nouvelle rencontre, sous l'égide de l'ORSTOM. Ce second "Lapita Design Workshop" se tint donc en Nouvelle-Calédonie, au Centre ORSTOM de Nouméa, du 22 au 29 Janvier 1992. Cette fois encore, le thème proposé fut largement dépassé et seules deux communications y furent strictement consacrées : celles de Nancy Sharp et de Jean-Pierre Siorat. Mais ceci était, cette fois encore, inévitable et nécessaire, d'autant plus que de nombreux résultats concernant l'ensemble de la Préhistoire du Pacifique Occidental avaient été obtenus et diffusés depuis, notamment dans le cadre du "Lapita Homeland ProjectIf (5). Les participants, à la fin de ce second "Workshop", POTERIE LAPITA ET PEUPLEMENT 6 souhaitèrent la publication de ces actes, l'ORSTOM l'accepta, Jean-Christophe Galipaud devant assumer la responsabilité de la mise au point de cette publication. A la fin de cette seconde rencontre également, les participants émirent le voeu qu'elle soit suivie d'une troisième et l'on suggéra qu'elle se tienne à Honolulu avec pour thème: "Le monde mélanésien à 6000, 3000 et 2000 BP", thème plus large et plus conforme au réel contenu des deux premières réunions. NOTES (1) - SPRIGGS, M. (ed.), 1990 : "Lapita Design Form and Composition-. Proceedings of the Lapita Design Worl<shop, Canberra, Dec. 1988, Canberra: ANU. Occas. Pap. Prehist., n019. (2) - J. GARANGER, 1974. "La poterie Lapita : essai de bibliographie-, J Soc. Océanistes, Paris, XXX, 42-43, 17­ 24. (3) - GREEN, R.C., 1976. New sites with Lapita pottery and their implications for an understanding of the Western Pacifie. In : J. GARANGER (ed.), La Préhistoire Océanienne, Colloque XXII du IXème congrès de l'UISPP, prétirage, 55-87.
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