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Home , Alaska, Alexander Archipelago, Haida people, Tlingit

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 028 870 RC 003 366 Indians, and of . Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of Interior),. D.C. Pub Date 68 Note-20p. Available from-Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, (0-315-121, $0.15). Washington, D.C. 20402 EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC Not Availablefrom EDRS. Descriptors-*American Indians, *CulturalBackground, Cultural Differences, Cultural Environment, Development, Economic Progress, *Educational *Economic Opportunities, Employment Opportunities, Eskimos,Ethnic Groups. Health Program% *United StatesHistory Identifiers-sAlaska, Aleuts, Athapascans,Haidas, , Brief descriptions of thehistorical and cultural backgroundof the , , Athapascan, , and HaidaIndian groups of Alaskaare presented. Further information is givenconcerning the educational, health,employment, and economic opportunities avz-Aable to the natives today.A list is included of activitiesand points of interest in variousareas of Alaska. (DK) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EUCTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION CC' POSITION OR POLICY. INDIANS, ESKIMOS 116/1 AND ALEUTS OF 402 0 a CTS ocri) Alaska has been a member of the since , 1959.Yet today, the giant peninsula remains in many ways as mysterious and fascinating as ever. Winters of quiet, blinding whitenesslow-lying coasts hidden by heavy mistsappalling distances that must be spanned by airplane abundant fish and wildlifea colorful aboriginal populationall spell Alayeska, an Aleut word that means "The Great Land." Explorers, gold-seekers, adventurers and homesteaders found Alaska a land of challenge, opportunity, rich reward, and bitter disappointment. Opposite: Famous Mt. McKinley, the highest peak But they were latecomers.Already on the scene were native peoples on the (20,300 ft.), as seen who had learned to cope with the rigorous demands of the climateand from the .The moun- taMisthe principal featureof Mt. with the iron fist of the Russian traders until "Seward's Folly" brought McKinleyNationalPark,drawing thousands of visitors each year. PHOTO: them into the first phase of Americanization.This is their story. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR the coast of the Ocean from Little Diomede Islandto Indians, Eskimos, .In any event, when Alaskawas discovered in 1741 by , a Danish captain sailing for , and Aleuts the natives were already well distributed throughout thearea. The latest available population count (1960) indicated 14,444 Indians, 22,323 Eskimos, and 5,755 Aleuts.This of Alaska represents nearly one-fifth of the total State population and it is growing at a rate perhaps three times that of the as a whole. In a word association test,many would prob- Unlike the Indians of other States, most of the Alaska ably match the word "Alaska" with "Eskimo." The anthro-Native people have no tribal organizationsor tribal enroll- pologist, however, classifies the native people of the State inments, although a substantial number are organized under four main groups: the Eskimos of the north andwest, who the Indian Reorganization Act and the Alaska Act.They live along the coast of the and andhave tended to live in well defined areas, moving seasonally. the rivers that flow into them; the Athapascan Indians in The culture of the 20th century has affected most Alaskan central and ; the Aleuts (Al-ee-oots) oftheNative people, but in varying degrees.Many have become Kenai and Alaska Peninsulas, and the Aleutian chain of bush pilots, teachers, State legislators, artists, mechanics, and islands; and the Indian tribes of southeastern Alaskacarpenters.Others, however, still live on their ancestral Tlingit, Haida, and . lands and cling to centuries-old traditions. Authorities disagree on the origins of Alaska Indians and The airplane and the short-wave battery radio havepene- Eslamos.According to one widely accepted theory, theytrated the isolation of distant dwellers; and the White Alice migrated in successivewaves from across the Bering.Communications Project, a network providing worldwide Strait to the North American continent.The most recenttelephone service, has extended communication services to arrivals seem to be the northern Eskimos who settled along many isolated areas.

2 31?Yr: 141. THE ESKIMOS Best known and most numerous of the native Alaskans are the Eskimos, usually associated with a world of igloos, fur parkas, and sled dogs.The culture of the modern Alaskan Eskimo does not completely fit this popular concept. A hunting people, the Eskimos live today in more than imeLt2L f 4

100 widely separated villages along the Bering Sea and the 11111ki .2,712 fr:6 Arctic Ocean coasts; the lower river deltas of the , Kuskokwim and smaller rivers in Alaska; and the Diomede, King, St. Lawrence, and Nunivak Islands.Much - of Eskimoland is windy and treeless, with temperatures well - below zero in winter and rarely higher than 500 in the brief mummer months.The finger of 20th Century progress has _ beckoned many Eskimos to jobs in Alaska's cities and larger

Storage sheds in native villages are built on stilts as a protec- tion from marauding animals.The man is preparing to store a supply of dried fish for feeding sled dogs in winter. PHOTO : DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR sti

3 communities, while others havegone outside the State forand , which they plyon rivers and the open sea in employment and training. search of small fur-bearing animals, fish,whale, , and The pattern of Eskimo lifewas carefully matched to theseal. turn of the seasons and the migration ofgame and fish Village life centers around the church, school, andnative periods of furious activity out of doors, followed byweeksstore.In areas that were strongly influenced by the period of relative inactivity when bad weather preventedwork. of Russian occupation, theremay be one or more public Alaska Eskimos never builtsnow igloos, although theysteam baths, similar to the sauna, where villagers gather. sometimes constructed snow windbreaks when caughtoutsideEskimo Battalions of the National Guard playan important in storms. The old-fashioned igloo (the Eskimo word forpart in the activities of young men. Where thereare armory house) was framed in driftwoodor whalebone and insulatedbuildings, they may alsoserve as community centers. with blocks of sod. Modem homes along the Yukon and There are skilled artists and craftsmenamong the Eskimos Kuskokwim deltas are wood frameor log dwellings, some-and their carvings in wood, , andivory have found times made of driftwoodor other salvage. enthusiastic collectors around the world. The familiar and functional hooded furparka and muk- luks are still in evidence in Alaska.In many areas, however, this type of clothing is replaced by items selectedfrom a mail order catalogue, and theart of working skins is known only to the older women. THE ALEUTS Dependent upon the sea and the for food and cloth- The Aleutian chain of islands extends likea broken string ing, the Eskimos have highly developedtechniques for hunt-of beads south and west from the of Alaska toward ing and fishing, and these skillsare being rapidly augmentedthe coast of Russia. A series of volcanic mountain by modem technologysteel tops fishhooks, semiautomatic rifles,thrusting above the surface of thesea, they are treeless, deso- nylon fish nets and outboard motors.They also build excel-late and fog shrouded for most of theyear. lent plank boats, Winters are canvas , and the skin-covered kayakcolder than in southeastern Alaska, andthe average July 4 Fr-

temperature ranges around 57°. Of strategic importancea layer of sod.They were entered by ladders through holes during the war with Japan, the islands were lonely outpostsin the roof. A later Aleutian house, or "barabara," wasa for American servicemen. smallersingle-familydwelling, partly underground and The Aleutians, the Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas, and thecovered with sod, with the entrance at the side. are home to the Aleuts, related to the Eski- Both men and women wore long, shirt-like skin garments mos and once numbering about 24,000 according to theirthat resemble the Eskimo parka, but were not hooded.The ZI own tradition.They were first in the path of the 18thmen wore a peculiar kind of wooden hunting helmet. century explorers from Russia and suffered most from theWomen tattooed their faces, and both sexeswore stone or incursions of Russian fur traders, who fought their dartsivory labrets in the lower lip and a variety of ornaments with firearms and killed them in great numbers. such as bone pins, beads, small stones, and feathers in the It is estimated that the Aleutswere reduced to one-tenthnose and ears. their original numbers during a period of virtual enslave- Aleutian grass basketry, once classed with the world's ment by the traders.Later, intervention by the Czarist gov-finest, was produced from a type of grass that grows only ernment in the trading operations and the arrival of Russianon .Since World War II, when all Attu people began to improve conditions for the islanders.were resettled, basketry has become unimportant to the Aleut As in the case of the Eskimos, the Aleutian people absorbedculture and only a small quantity is still woven. much of the Eastern Slavic culture, andmany today are Today, the long association and intermarriage with Euro- members of the . peans has greatly reduced the number of fullbloods among The abundance of fish andsea mammals, , andthe Aleut people, and has led to the decline of traditional migrating birds enabled the Aleuts to establishpermanentcustoms.Usually living in well-constructed frame houses, villages and to develop a sea-hunting culture similarto thatthey employ their knowledge of the sea as commercial fish- of the Eskimos. ermen and sealers or as workers in the fishing and cannery The early found the Aleuts living in largecom- operations of the Bristol Bay . munal dwellings sunk deeply in the giound and covered with Two colonies of Aleuts first established by the Russians on

5 the Pribilof Islands still provide most of the labor for thegame in their forests.The one necessity unobtainable in international sealing industry.Although there are otherthe interior was oil, for which they bartered valuable furs seal rookeries in these northern waters, about 80 percent ofwith the Eskimos and Tlingits. the fur seal pelts taken each year are harvested on the Pribi- The Alaskan Athapascans are related linguistically to the lofs, now territory of the United States. , , and Hupas of the Southwestern United Life on the one-industry Pribilofs is not easy.In response States.Driven out of into Alaska by the warring to requests from the native Aleuts, a 1965 investigation ofCrees some 700 or 800 years ago, they extend from Kache- conditions was conducted by a State commission.It ismak Bay on at Seldovia, up the expected that the study will lay the groundwork for economic to the and on to the Canadian border.Atha- development, including the start of a tourist industry ;forpascan Indians also live in the area that reaches from improved opportunities for land and home ownership; lifting Iliamna, Lake Clark, and the upper Kuskokwim above Sleet- of restrictions on travel to the mainland; and other improve-mute, on the Yukon at Holy Cross, south of the Brooks ments in the economy of the islands. Range, and on to the border. Occupied with the struggle for survival, these Indians did not develop a high degree of material culture.Little is known of their folklore and religion, save that starvation is THE ATHAPASCANS a theme of many of their legends. OF THE INTERIOR The various Athapascan tribes have provided some inter- esting footnotes to the State's history.When first contacted Before the advent of explorers and settlers, the Northernby the Russians, the Ahtena were living in the Copper River Athapascan Indians of Alaska were nomadic, following theBasin.They met the Russians with hostility and successfully and caribou and seldom establishing permanent com-prevented a thorough of the Copper River until munities.They were hunters, with no farming development, 1885. completely dependent on the fish in their streams and the The on the drainage of the , south

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At Chalkyitski, north of the , an Alaska Native farmer displays prizewinning vegetables, while his young son munches on a carrot. PHOTO : DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

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v-,.116cdo of the mouth of the , attacked and killed theMany of the Indians turnedto wage earning during that settlers at the Russian post at Nulato in1851. time, in preference to the traditionalpattern of subsistence The various groups of the Kutchin who occupied the valley hunting and fishing.Chronic unemployment has since of the Yukon from a few miles above Circle to Birch Creekplagued the Athapascans, andmany have migrated to urban below Fort Yukon were a warlike people witha peculiar,centers such as Anchorage and Fairbanks. three-caste social system.Alexander MacKenzie first met some of them in 1789, while descending the river that bears his name. The Hudson Bay Company continued thecon- tact, and the discovery of gold in the brought the Kutchin into closer contact with the whites. Other Northern Athapascan groups include the Han, of the Yukon River drainage area in east central Alaska; the THE SOUTHEASTERN VILLAGERS Ingalik, who lived between Anvik and Holy Crosson the Lower Yukon River and in the southeast of the Kus- In southeastern Alaska, extending along thecoast of Can- kokwim River; the Nabesna, residing in the drainageareaada, three Indian groupsare found living around the of the Nabesna and Chisana Rivers andon the upperAlexander Archipelago from Ketchikanto Katalla.The , who first contacted white people in1885;theTlingits, Haidas, and Tsimshians found abundant natural Tanana, living in the drainage of Cook Inlet north of Sel-food in this area andwere able to establish permanent dovia, and on the north shore of ; and the villages.Although the rugged terrain is poorly suited to Tanana, who were found in the drainagearea of the Lowerfarming, the natives survived on and ,a Tanana River and the region where the Tanana and thevariety of berries, and plentifulgame. Yukon meet. During the 20-year period between1890and1910,mining The Tlingits operations were at a peak in the Athapascan Indiancountry. The Tlingits live along the coast andon several islands 8 from southward, and are among the best fisher-was required to produce a Chillcat blanket, including transfer men in the State. of the design, which had first been carved ina pattern board Formerly one of 'smore powerful tribes,of cedar. they crossed the mountains from Canada to seek the seacoast, poles, so familiar on Alaska's southeast coast, were where Russian explorers found them in 1741.The Russians also important to the culture of both the Tlingits and the established a permanent post at Sitka on , Haidas, serving as the decorative record of outstanding events which became the capital of and later ofin the life of a family or a clan.Selecting and cutting a red the Alaska Territory.Russian rule was harsh and oppres-cedar, transporting it to the village and carving it, often took sive, and attempted rebellions brought the native Indiansmany workers and craftsmen several years.The pole was only bloodshed and defeat.Between 1836 and 1840, hun-then raised by the owner at a huge celebration feast. dreds of the coastal Indians died ina smallpox epidemic, Early missionaries and teachers, mistakenly believing that further reducing their numbers. the were pagan idols, induced the Indians to destroy Social status among the Tlingits dependedon elaboratemany of their works of art.The Indians, however, assisted feasts called "," at which the heads of familiesorby the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930's, preserved clans vied in destroying or givingaway vast quantities ofmany of the finer poles and they are prized possessions today. valuable goods.Conspicuous consumption reached a highLarge poles are seldom carved now, but smaller sizes are point in Tlingit social life. available for purchase as souvenirs from Indian carvers. The goat wool and cedar bark ceremonial blanket of the Wovien bowls, beautiful carvings in bone, horn, or wood, Tlingits, perfected by the Chilkats of Klukwan, has alwaysand ornamented baskets of root and grass fibers, were been in great demand as a trade item.Each clan house ofproduced by the Tlingit and other southeastern Alaska In- the Tlingit had its own design, and all blankets produced bydians.The fronts of their houses were ornamented with that house were similar.Designs varied from clan to clan,carvings and painted with elaborate designs. frequently illustrating a story or a part ofa story.Colors The Tlingits today participate actively in the general were also symbolic of the clan represented.Nearly a yearpolii ical and economic life of the State and have been pri-

315-121 0 - 68 - 2 9 marily responsible for the foundation andmaintenance ofRiver in , and the coast to the southward. the Alaska Native Brotherhood.This group is the oldest In 1887, however, a dissident Church of England , continually functioning fraternal organization ofAmerican the Reverend William Duncan, persuadeda number of the Indians. Indians to move to Annette Islands. A grant of landwas The Haidas later obtained from the United States Government by the Act of May 30, 1891, and the Tsimshians have continuedto Closely related to the Tlingits, the Haida Indianslive on reside there, principally in the village of Metlakatla. the southern end of Prince of Wales Island.Emigres from Metlakatla, where the Indians operatea succesgul salmon Canada early in the 18th century, those who liveon the cannery and fishing operation, is a model village.Its facili- Queen Charlotte Islands are still Canadian citizens andare ties include a water system; hydroelectric plant; logging sometimes known as the . industry and a large commercial landing field, operated under Tradition has it that totem carving originatedamong the lease, that accommodates jet aircraft.The living standard Haida. Haida carvers were sometimes hired,or even in Metlakatla is considerably higher than inother Alaskan enslaved, by the Tlingit to producetotems or carved embel- Native communities. lishments for Tlingit homes and villages.The gifted Haida The Tsimshians participate in the social, economic,and craftsmen also produced fine slate carvings anddelicately political life of their State. worked articles of wood, bone, and shell. About one-third of the Haidas live in Hydaburg,and derive much of their income from fishing,many operating power fishing vessels.Like the Tlingits, the ALASKA NATIVE PEOPLE TODAY take an active interest in Alaska's politicalaffairs. Tsimshian People The Eskimos and Natives of Alaskaare citizens of the United States, naturalized collectively by the CitizenshipAct The ancestral home of the Tsimshianis on the Skeena of June 2, 1924.

10 Most of the natives of Alaska suffer from lack of economic is about $500,000.Production would raise this income. opportunity, just as do Indians in many parts of the "lower The Bureau of Indian Affairs offers a full program of edu- 48."However, some Alaskan Natives have prospered.cation, employment assistance, housing, and welfare aid to Tyonek village on Cook Inlet, for example, recently receivedthe Native people. A liaison office is maintained in , $11 million from the sale of oil leases to private companies where an orientation center is available to ease the transi- and is investing the money in housing projects and com-tion of Alaska Native people who migrate to west coast munity improvements.Annual income from these leases cities.

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Adult education classes, pro- vided by the Bureau of Indian A ffairs, are well attended in Alaska Native villages.This mathematics class for adults isat Kwigillingok, on the southwest coast. PHOTO: BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS Education

Native Alaskans were first educated bymissionary groups, and later by the Federal Government.As finances permit- ted, the Territorial Departmentof Education included the larger native villages in its schoolsystem and, at the time statehood came in 1959, educationalresponsibility had been assumed by the State for about halfof the school-age children of Eskimo, Aleut, and Indianorigin. The Bureau of Indian Affairscontinues to serve Alaska oak! Native children inmore isolated areas.The Bureau has engaged in a multimillion dollar r. school constructionprogram :".% with two goals in mind: Toprovide enough schoolseat; to ensure an elementary education for all AlaskanNative chil- dren, and to increase their highschool opportunities.At present, the Bureau operates 73 elementaryday schools in the Native villages.Three of these also offered grade9 and one offered grades 9 and 10 in 1967. JR' To attend high school 30.1411 .1.1141116.414101 most students must leave their vil- lages and eachyear over 1,500 go away to schoolswhere Hunting in the sea is away of life for Arctic coastline dwellers. they remain until These villagers are carrying spring.Some of these students attendthe a sealskin "poke" filled with seal Bureau schools at Mt. oil which they will store forfuel.PHOTO: ALASKA TRAVEL Edgecumbe in Alaska, Chemawain DIVISION , Chilocco in ,and Haskell Institute in 12 .Older students may apply for vocationaltraining A dental assistant training program is offered at the or college aid.Academically eligible Native high schoolBureau school in Mt. Edgecumbe.Vocational training for graduates may receive scholarship aid fromthe Bureau,practical nurses has been arranged by the Bureau at Anchor- other Federal higher educationprograms, and university andage Methodist University, with clinical experience provided other sources. at the Alaska Native hospital in Anchorage. An expanded For adults, the Bureau provides specialteachers whocommunity aide training program began in 1968 to provide conduct classes tailored to local needs and wishesin manytrained aides in 250 Native villages.Contractual arrange- villages. Such classes may include basic education,or in-ments with the Alaska Division of Public Healthprepare struction in such practical subjectsas family budgeting andAlaska Natives for work as sanitation aides. money management. Employment Health Many Native Alaskans combine the traditional hunting The health status of Alaska Native people stilllags behindand fishing for subsistence with work forwages when jobs that of other Americans due toextremes of climate, poverty, are available.But most employment is seasonal, inareas isolation, and a general lack of understandingof good healthfar from Native villages.For those who wish to relocate to practices.Accidents and diseases of early infancyare lead-seek jobs, the Bureau operates an employment assistance ing causes of death. service, which includes job counseling, vocational education The U.S. Public Health Service assumedresponsibility for and training, transportation for the job seeker and his family, health services for all Indians and Alaska Nativesin 1955. job placement. Since that time, the infant mortalityrate has declined a re- Numbers of Native people haveproven their skills in the ported 39 percent.Tuberculosis, long a major health prob-electronics field, through training at the University of Alaska lem, is yielding to modern drug treatment and hasdeclined and in industrial training centers in the "lower 48."Em- 84 percent since 1955. A sanitation constructionprogramployment of Indians and Eskimos on defense communications has completed or has projects underway in62 Native villages. systems in the Arctic is common.

13 The USMS North Star, a 10,000-ton freighter operatedby the Bureau of Indian A ffairs, makes two trips eachyear from Economic Development Seattle to carry supplies to villages along theBering and The lifeline of the villagers is Arctic Seas.Just after the 1964 , the vessel carried a 10,000-ton vessel, the more than 1,000 additional tons of emergency supplieson one North Star, operated by the Bureau of Indian Affairsto carry run.PHOTO: BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS cargo from Seattle to some 75 Native villages scattered along the coasts of the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.The ship operates on a self-sustaining basis. Utilizing natural resources, 11 enterpriseswere started in Alaska during the 3-year period mid-1965 to mid-1968,em- ploying some 450 Indians.These mostly were dependent upon the fishing industry, with emphasis on the famed Alaskan crab and salmon.Others were in the wood products field. Three Togiak Eskimos recently borrowed 300 from the BIA-owned herd of 11,000 headon Nunivak Islandto be repaid in kind.They will use the animals as the nucleus of a reindeer enterprise, to producemeat and hides on in Bristol Bay. Reindeer husbandry was first introduced in Alaska at the turn of the century by Lapland herders.There are 15 Eskimo-owned reindeer herds, two Government herds, with a population of 33,000 reindeer, in western Alaska.Al- aliG .; . though the reindeer population has declined and large-scale herding is carried on by relatively few native Alaskansat 14 present, the Bureau hopes to revive interest.Ninety-four DISASTERS STRIKE Native families received the major portion of their income in 1967 from their reindeer operations. 27, 1964 portions of the State of Alaska were rocked by a series of seismic tremors that resulted in loss of life and In all, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has responsibility for millions of dollars in property damage.Four Indian fishing 4,167,050 acres of land in Alaska, including two reindeer villages in southern Alaska were destroyed by tidal wave, and reserves of 1,263,000 acres.The only areas that can bemany other Native communities suffered heavy damage. classified as reservation, however, are Annette Islands, anOne-fourth of the population of Chenega, a village of about area of 86,741 acres, and 894 acres at Klukwan. 100 people, died in the earthquake.Supplies were swiftly In 1965 the Bureau extended its forestry activities intomade available by the Anchorage Office of the Bureau, other Alaska, with a goal of stimulating the economy of ruralFederal agencies, and many volunteer services.Bureau Alaska Native areas.Two recent timber sales on the An-technical assistance was rushed to Alaska in the aftermath. nette Islands Reserve have generated jobs in road construc- In 1967, the Chena and Tanana Rivers to record tion, logging, and longshoring, and a processing plant to beheights and went on the rampage.The Tanana River se- constructed will offer additional employment.The forestverely damaged the city of and flooded out the Native management program also recognizes recreation needs, fishvillage of Minto.The inundated the homes and wildlife propagation, and watershed protection. and businesses in Fairbanks and almost completely destroyed Nenana.For three days boatmen and Army personnel in BIA also cooperates with the Indian Arts and Crafts Board,amphibious vehicles rescued people and delivered food and established in the Department of the Interior, to promote themedical supplies.The Fairbanks Area Office of the Bureau development of authentic Indian and Eskimo arts and crafts.worked closely with other Federal, State, and volunteer In 1968 the Tlingit and Haida Indianswere awarded $7.5agencies. million by the Court of Claims.Numerous other claims In addition to the flood, in 1967 the salmon harvest in filed by Alaskan Natives are pending in the Indian ClaimsAlaska yielded a pack about one-half the average for the past Commission. 10 years causing considerable economic problems for Natives.

15 PLACES TO VISITTHINGS TO SEE A sampling of the many "don't miss" activities and points of interest. Eskimo Land (Northwestern and ) Museum of the University of Alaska, at College NomeAnnual March Dog Derby Alaska RailroadOperates from Seward to Fairbanks Festival in June Nunivak IslandNational Wildlife Refuge, reindeer and musk ox herds. King Islanders'Eskimo VillageMasterivory carvers at work. Barrow Eskimo VillageFarthest northern community inTotem land (Southeastern Alaska) Alaska Alaska Museum at Juneau Kotzebue Eskimo Village Mendenhall , near Juneau Point HopeFamous cemetery fenced with whalebones Sitka National Monument on Baranof Island, site of the Old Russian capital South and Central Alaska Met la Kat la, a Tsimshian Indian townon Annette Islands Reservation, with an important salmon Bristol BayAnnual red salmon fishery Totem Bight Community House near Ketchikan Katmai National MonumentWildlife, ValleyofTen Totem Park at Klawock, the largest collection of poles in the Thousand Smokes State Pribilof IslandsFur seal harvest Tlingit Village at Klukwan, the home of the famous Chilkat Bethel Eskimo VillageAnnual dograces in January blankets Mt. McKinley National Park Saxman Tlingit village near Ketchikan Tanana, Athapascan Village Wrangell"Chief Shakes" Totem House

For additional information about Alaska'snumerous attractions for visitors write: Alaska Travel Division, Box 2391, Juneau, Alaska 99801.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958 0-315-121

16 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 15 cents

( CULTURAL AREAS IN BARROW Alaska

ATHAPASCAN KOTZEBUE ESKIMO

NOME FAIRBANKS TUNCIT

ALEUT MT. McKINLEY NAT. PARK

ANCHORA9E

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0..1147 SEAL. Walnut, with inlaid baleen eyes.BY PETER SEEGANNA (ESKIMO-).

As the Nation's principal conservationagency, the Depart- ment of the Interior has basic responsibilities for water, fish, wildlife, mineral, land, park, and recreationalresources.Indian and Territorial affairs are other majorconcerns of America's 1<`' "Department of Natural Resources." U.S. DEPARTMENT The Department works toassure the wisest choice in manag- OF THE INTERIOR ing all our resources so each will make its full contributionto a better United Statesnow and in the future. Bureau of Indian Affairs