داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﺎهﻨﺮ ﮐﺮﻣﺎن FutureFuture DomesticDomestic WaterWater SupplySupply ProvisionProvision CaseCase study:study: CityCity ofof KermanKerman

G. A. Barani, Professor Civil Engineering Deptartment Shahid Bahonar University Kerman, ABSTRACT:ABSTRACT:

•• At the present time the water supply in general, especially the domestic water supply, in arid and semi-arid regions is an important subject ofof domesticdomestic wawater management. The need to increase the water supply to address Kerman City’s growing population is mitigated by the dwindling groundwater supply due to long-term drought. Potential solutions to address this demand include: – Separate the networks of good quality water for human consumption from water suitable for commercial, agricultural, and other uses – Artificial groundwater recharges or – Transfer water from adjacent regions •• In this study, the future water supply for Kerman City, located in a semi-arid region, has been considered, and the best option, including transfer of water from Hallil River Basin, was suggested. KermanKerman CityCity andand itsits presentpresent waterwater supplysupply system:system: •• MeanMean annualannual precipitation:precipitation: 130130--mmmm •• MeanMean annualannual evaporation:evaporation: 20502050--mmmm •• PresentPresent population:population: 550,000550,000 •• AnnualAnnual waterwater usage:usage: 4040 MCMMCM •• MainMain sources:sources: –– groundwatergroundwater ofof thethe MahanMahan andand JouparJoupar plainsplains byby pumpingpumping wellswells •• SmallSmall fraction:fraction: –– HoseinabadHoseinabad QanatQanat andand pipelinespipelines fromfrom GharietolarabGharietolarab regionregion Continued:Continued:

•• ThisThis amountamount ofof waterwater isis notnot sufficientsufficient toto satisfysatisfy thethe demanddemand ofof thethe presentpresent population.population. •• KermanKerman CityCity isis facesfaces regularregular waterwater shortages,shortages, especiallyespecially duringduring thethe latelate springspring andand summersummer seasons.seasons. •• ContinuationContinuation ofof thethe aa decadedecade--longlong droughtdrought isis causingcausing thisthis waterwater shortageshortage toto becomebecome eveneven moremore severe.severe. Continued:Continued:

•• TheThe groundwatergroundwater aquifersaquifers ofof thethe MahanMahan && JouparJoupar PlainsPlains havehave declineddeclined aboutabout 0.70.7 m/yearm/year overover thethe pastpast twotwo decades.decades. •• CurrentCurrent demandsdemands areare estimatedestimated toto drawdraw asas muchmuch asas 4.24.2 m/yearm/year fromfrom thethe waterwater tabletable byby thethe yearyear 2025.2025. •• LowLow qualityquality ofof thethe presentpresent waterwater supplysupply isis anotheranother problem.problem. KermanKerman CityCity waterwater supplysupply possibilities:possibilities: 1.1. SeparateSeparate thethe waterwater supplysupply networksnetworks ofof waterwater fitfit forfor humanhuman consumptionconsumption fromfrom waterwater fitfit forfor otherother uses.uses. • This option can be helpful but it will not provide enough water to supply Kerman’s growing demands over time. 2.2. CreateCreate artificialartificial groundwatergroundwater rechargesrecharges inin thethe MahanMahan && JooparJoopar Plains.Plains. • This option is not possible due to lake-surface floods in these regions. 3.3. ConveyConvey waterwater fromfrom adjacentadjacent basinsbasins andand combinecombine itit withwith locallocal groundwater.groundwater. • This option is very expensive, but it seems that it should be the only choice. Estimate of Kerman Monthly Water Demand, 2025

Monthly Monthly Monthly flow Monthly flow volume of Months volume of rate (m3/sec) rate (m3/sec) water (MCM) water (MCM)

Farvardin 2.676 7.17 3.683 9.55 (March) (September)

Ordibehesht 2.969 7.95 3.141 8.14 (April) (October)

Khordad 3.743 10.03 2.954 7.76 (May) (November)

Dey (June) 4.827 12.93 2.907 7.53 (December)

Bahman (July) 4.966 13.30 2.812 7.29 (January) 4.421 11.84 2.798 7.25 (August) () Total 110.74MCM Mean 3.489m3/sec ProposedProposed Dams:Dams:

1.1. SafaSafa Dam:Dam: •• 81m81m heightheight andand capacitycapacity ofof 1.81.8 mm3/sec/sec waterwater supplysupply 2.2. SaiedSaied MortezaMorteza Dam:Dam: •• 41m41m heightheight andand capacitycapacity ofof 0.70.7 mm3/sec/sec waterwater supplysupply 3.3. SarmashkSarmashk Dam:Dam: •• 88m88m heightheight andand capacitycapacity ofof 11 mm3/sec/sec waterwater supplysupply Fig. 1- Maps of Saied Morteza, Sarmashk, and Safa Dams and Basins Fig. 2. The layout of the selected option ProposedProposed conveyanceconveyance system:system: 1.1. A pressure conveyance system 800m long and 0.6m in diameter with a pump station of 120m head with 0.7 m3/sec capacity transfers water from the Saied Morteza Dam reservoir to the Safa Dam reservoir to an elevation of 2180m above sea level. 2.2. A gravity conveyance system 7500m long and 0.8m in diameter to transfer water from an elevation of 2180-2155m to the Safa Dam reservoir. 3.3. A connection line with a gravity conveyance system of 10,000m long and 0.9m in diameter to transfer water from the Sarmashk Dam reservoir to the Safa Dam reservoir. 4.4. A 67Km long and 3m diameter wide pipeline will transfer water from the Safa Dam reservoir to the Bahramjerd village by gravity. 5.5. A conveyance system of 50.5Km long and 1.4m diameter wide will transfer water from the Bahramjerd village to the city of Kerman. Conclusion:Conclusion: 1.1. ShortShort termterm waterwater supplysupply system:system: • Continuation of present water supply system with decreasing pumping hours. • Separation of good quality water from water fit for nonhuman uses can be recharged by pumping some wells throughout the city • at the present time, wastewater is injected into the wells 2.2. LongLong termterm waterwater supplysupply system:system: • Reduce the discharge of Mahan & Joopar Plains wells • especially wells of low quality water • Construction of proposed system of dams & conveyance structures ThankThank YouYou VeryVery MuchMuch ForFor YourYour AttentionAttention