TANA RIVER DISTRICT SHORT RAINS ASSESSMENT 4th – 7th FEBRUARY 2008 DISTRICT MAP

Assessment Team Eliud Wamwangi Ministry of Water and Irrigation Lydia Macharia Ministry of Health Julius Kisingu World Food Programme TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION...... 3 1.1 District Background Information ...... 3 1.2 History of Relief Operations in the District ...... 4 1.3 Food Security Trends ...... 4 1.4 Summary of Recommendations ...... 4 2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION ...... 4 2.1 Overall Food Security Situation...... 4 2.2 Impacts of Shock and Hazards On Food Security...... 6 2.2.1 Rainfall...... 6 2.2.2 Crop Production and Prices...... 6 2.2.3 Livestock Production and Prices...... 7 2.2.4 Population movement and Migration Patterns...... 9 2.2.5 Water and Sanitation ...... 9 2.2.6 Health and Nutrition...... 10 2.2.7 Education...... 12 2.2.8 Coping mechanisms ...... 13 2.2.9 Divisional Food Security Ranking ...... 13 Ongoing Interventions...... 14 2.3.1 Agriculture ...... 14 2.3.2 Livestock ...... 14 2.3.3 Water and Sanitation ...... 14 2.3.4 Health and Nutrition...... 14 2.3.5 Education...... 15 3 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 3.1 Food Interventions Required...... 15 3.2 Non-Food Intervention...... 16

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food ii Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 District Background Information

Tana River District is in Coast Province and has recently been split into the two districts of Tana River and Tana Delta. This report however, will treat the two districts as one for the purposes of this assessment. It borders Garissa district to the north east, Isiolo to the north, Ijara and Lamu district to the east, Mwingi and Kitui Districts to the west, Malindi to the south and the Indian Ocean to the south east. It has a total area of 38,782 km² and is divided into eight administrative divisions (Kipini, Tarasaa, Garsen, Wenje, Galole, Bura, Madogo and Bangale) and three political constituencies of Garsen (Garsen, Tarasaa and Kipini), Galole (Galole and Wenje) and Bura (Bura, Madogo and Bangale). Its current projected population is 227,317.

Table 1 Administrative Units by Division Division Land Area (sq km) No. of Locations No. of Sub-locations Bangale 6,125 4 8 Madogo 1,836.4 4 8 Bura 4,834.2 4 9 Galole 9,100.4 11 22 Wenje 556.9 5 11 Garsen 11,411.5 7 16 Tarasaa 838.2 4 10 Kipini 714.7 4 8 Tsavo National Park 3,049.0 Total 38,466.3 43 92 Source: District Planning Unit, Hola, 2006

NB. The data in italics is Tana Delta District

The district is generally hot and dry and temperatures range between 21 and 38o C. The rainfall pattern is bimodal and is often erratic. The mean annual rainfall ranges between 220 and 500mm. However, in the southern part near the coastal belt the annual rainfall is between 750 and 1250mm. The district lies between latitudes 0o and 3o south and longitudes 38o 30’ east and 40o 15’ east.

The district is divided into three livelihood zones: ƒ Pastoral ƒ Marginal mixed farming ƒ Mixed farming

Agriculture activities are mainly rain fed or carried out in areas where flood water has receded. Irrigation farming is also being restored in Bura and Hola Irrigation Schemes which had stalled for many years. Rainfall in the area has often been less than optimal while the flooding has either been too little for crop production or too much such that it sweeps the crops away. The effects of El-Nino rains of 2005, adversely affected the social economic activities of communities living along the river where their banana and mango farms started drying thus reducing their food security.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 3 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

1.2 History of Relief Operations in the District

The EMOP programme in Tana River District started in 2004 and has been going on since. The target population has however been changing based on the short and long rains assessments. The initial target figure from October 2004 was 45,000. From April to September 2007 the target figure was 64,500 while the current target from October 2007 to February 2008 is 35,537, which is 16% of the total population. The current ration scale is 75%.

1.3 Food Security Trends The food security situation is worsening due to the less than normal and erratic short rains. Many water sources are drying up and pasture and browse is being exhausted near the remaining water sources. The high crop failure in the marginal mixed farming and mixed farming livelihood zones is also affecting the food security in these areas. If the long rains start in the next two months, the precarious food security situation will be greatly improved.

1.4 Summary of Recommendations

ƒ Famine relief food distribution to continue in the district for the next six months; this will be reviewed based on the success of the expected long rains yields. Food For Assets (FFA) program should be introduced unlike free General Food Distribution (GFD) ƒ Increase number of pans and desilt existing ones to improve water storage for domestic and livestock use. ƒ Promotion and strengthening of marketing societies and market information systems. ƒ Diversification of livestock enterprises and improving breeds of cattle, sheep and poultry. ƒ Promotion of fishing industry as a major income source.. ƒ Provision of appropriate certified seeds before onset of LR season to needy households. ƒ Harnessing the untapped irrigation potential of the district and expanding existing irrigation schemes. ƒ Opening up of a NCPB depot and strengthening the capacity of existing cooperative marketing societies in the district to absorb higher quantities of their produce. The district has a very high potential for crop production. ƒ Promotion of production and utilization of traditional foods. ƒ Reviving Outreach Clinics. ƒ Registration and staffing of newly constructed health facilities. ƒ Increase staff in the already existing health facilities ƒ Establishment of Comprehensive Care Center(s). ƒ Enhance peace keeping meetings between communities; especially the Wardei and Orma communities. 2 DISTRICT FOOD SECURITY SITUATION

2.1 Overall Food Security Situation

The overall food security situation is stable in most parts of the district, but remains at alert stage as many indicators show signs of deterioration.

The short rains were below normal in the northern parts of the district and only slightly near normal in southern areas. The main effect was that the water sources were not adequately recharged. This has caused some pans to dry up leading to movement of livestock to areas Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 4 Security Steering Group (KFSSG) with adequate water. The pastoralists in the northern part of Bangali Division and others from Garissa are moving their livestock southwards to Hirmani area.

Malnutrion rates have declined with GAM levels at 8.68% in 2007 as compared to 11.3 % 2006. This gains might however be reversed if availability of milk for under five at the household level will reduce as pastoralists have started moving their livestock to the dry grazing areas southwards. The situation may worsen if the long rains delay.

Anthrax disease outbreak was reported on the 16th December 2007 at Bangale Division, this led to the death of 76 camels, 2,625 camels were vaccinated and the disease is now under control. However, the Bangale market was closed and quarantine implemented within Bangale division. This has greatly affected the household income levels as most of them are pastoralists. Consumption of livestock products within Bangale Division was also banned, thus affecting availability of milk and meat; compromising the population’s nutritional status especially for the under fives.

The livestock body condition is good in all species in all parts of the district. However, this may deteriorate in the coming two months, due to depletion of forage and drying of water pans/dams, if the expected long rains do not start in time. It will be more pronounced in lactating animals across all species.

The negative effect of the conflict between the Orma and Wardei ethnic communities is still being felt. It caused displacement of people to market centres. There has however, been no hostilities for the last three months though there is some tension.

Factors Affecting Food Security The main factors that affect food security are the following: ƒ Inadequate rains. ƒ Inadequate soil water retention from receding floods. ƒ Inter-ethnic conflicts. ƒ Poor farming methods. ƒ Floods that sweep away crops. ƒ Long distance to water sources and low quality of water.

Shocks/Hazards ƒ Crop failure in the marginal mixed farming and mixed farming areas due to the erratic and below normal short rains. ƒ Ocean water receding away and getting into fields of crops, in parts of Kipini Division thus covering part of the crop which had was planted during the short rains. ƒ An outbreak of Anthrax disease was reported on the 16th December 2007 at Bangale Division that led to the death of 76 camels. ƒ At Salama and Mwina Locations in Garsen Division flash floods were experienced on the 28th and 29thJanuary 2008 and 705 acres under maize were destroyed, while water melons were also swept away. ƒ After effects of the conflict between the Orma and Wardei ethnic communities which caused displacement of people to market centres.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 5 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

2.2 Impacts of Shock and Hazards On Food Security

2.2.1 Rainfall

The short rains are the most reliable in the district except in the coastal area of Kipini where the long rains are significantly higher than the short rains. The short rains were near normal and below normal in some areas.

The main effects of the depressed short rains were crop failure and water sources not being adequately recharged. This has caused some pans to dry up leading to movement of livestock to areas with adequate water. The pastoralists in the northern part of Bangali Division and others from Garissa are moving their livestock southwards to Hirmani area.

2.2.2 Crop Production and Prices

The main food crops grown in Tana River District include maize, cowpeas , pigeon peas and green grams. Cassava is being introduced and the percentage adoption rate is about 20%. Vegetables include kales, spinach, tomatoes and hot pepper. Traditional food crops though not widely spread include Amaranthus. Main fruits crops include bananas, water melon and mangoes, which are a major source of household income and were at harvesting stage by the time of the assessment. Horticultural crops are produced along the Tana River under irrigation.

During the short rains, 635Ha of Maize, 205Ha of green grams and 155Ha of cowpeas were planted. However about 50% failure was reported due to inadequate rains. However, the district potential for crop production is far from being fully exploited.

The yields realized from these crops in good years are maize 6 to 10 - 90kg - bags/ha, green grams 4 to 6 bags/ha and cowpeas 5 to 7 bags/ha. These very low yields are occasioned by use of uncertified drought tolerant seeds and poor crop husbandry.

The district received below normal short rains in most parts except at Salama and Mwina Locations in Garsen Division where flash floods were experienced, and 705 acres under maize were destroyed and water melons also swept away. Due to the erratic and below normal rainfall only about 50% of maize harvest is expected compared to normal. Planting started in late October for early planters and continued until late November. Use of fertilizer was noted to be very minimal; only about 20% of the small scale farmers use fertilizers for top dressing. 100% fertilizer usage was reported at Bura irrigation scheme. It was noted that there is still significant virgin land in the district that is still fertile and able to sustain crop production.

The district received 63 tonnes of certified seeds – for maize, cowpeas and green grams donated by the Kenya Red Cross. At Bura irrigation scheme, all the certified seed provided was planted. It is estimated that 80% of the small scale farmers planted the certified seeds. However very low yields are expected due to the erratic short rains, flash floods at Garsen, and intrusion of salty ocean water in parts of Kipini division which lead to stunting of the crop.

There are three types of farming in the district namely rainfed, flood recession and irrigation. The rainfed farming is practised in the south, the new Tana delta district mainly in Kipini

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 6 Security Steering Group (KFSSG) which is a mixed farming livelihood zone. The harvest expected from here is about 40% for maize, 80% for cow peas and 100% for green grams; as compared to a normal season.

The flood recession farming is practised along the riverine areas and the harvest is expected to be between 5 and 20% which means there will be a significant food deficit in the area. This is in the marginal mixed farming livelihood zone.

There are many small irrigation schemes and two large schemes, namely Bura and Hola. These big schemes have been dormant for a long time but are now being revived. Bura scheme currently has 1,450 registered farmers each with two plots of 0.65 hectare each. Currently 522 acres have been put under maize in Bura and bush clearing is taking place in other areas to expand the acreage under irrigation. The Hola Irrigation Scheme is also being revived. These two schemes are expected to have a big impact on food availability in the district once they are fully operational.

Food Availability and Market Prices The current prices are generally higher than long term average. This could be partly attributed to low harvest thus lack of surplus at household level. The ongoing political crisis has also had a spill over effect in relation to availability of maize. The main source of food is Rift Valley through distributors in Mombasa. Due to increased transport cost, little supplies are reaching the distributors in Mombasa. See figure 1 for maize prices.

Figure 1: Maize Prices

Maize Prices at Household Level

35 30 25 20 15

Price (Kshs.) 10 5 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month2007 2006 Ave.(2000-2004)

Beans are often obtained from Mwingi District but due to a poor harvest there, beans are now coming from Thika District.

2.2.3 Livestock Production and Prices

Livestock production Livestock keeping is the most important sector in the district as a source of livelihood and the sector has been impacted negatively by many shocks and constraints including recurrent droughts, perennial water and pasture shortages, and disease epidemics: Anthrax in December 2007; Lumpy Skin Disease in July 2006 at Kalkacha, Wayu and Waldena Locations of Galole Division; and Rift Valley Fever, which affected the whole district in February 2006.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 7 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Anthrax disease outbreak was reported on the 16th December 2007 at Bangale Division and led to the death of 76 camels; 2,625 camels were vaccinated and the disease is now under control. However, the Bangale market was closed and quarantine implemented within Bangale Division. This has greatly affected the household income levels as most of them are pastoralists. Consumption of livestock products within Bangale Division was also banned, thus affecting availability of milk and meat. The underdeveloped market infrastructure has also led to high exploitation of pastoralists by middlemen, considering that the pastoralists cannot directly access main markets in Garissa and Nairobi.

General Livestock Body Condition and Pasture Situation The livestock body condition is good in all species in all parts of the district. Availability of of pasture, water and vaccination campaigns towards the end of 2007, enhanced livestock health and body conditions. However, this may deteriorate in the coming two months, due to depletion of forage and drying of water pans/dams, if the expected long rains do not start in time. It will be pronounced more in lactating animals across all species.

Natural vegetation continued to be favorable as pasture and browse regenerated in most parts of the district. This was enhanced by slight rains towards the end of the last quarter in January 2008.

Livestock diseases Several disease outbreaks were recorded as follows: Anthrax in December 2007, Lumpy Skin Disease in July 2006 at Kalkacha, Wayu and Waldena Locations of Galole Division and Rift Valley Fever, which affected the whole district in February 2006.

Other diseases recorded include contagious CoprinePleuro-Pneumonia (CCPP) that causes a lot of deaths in goats but numbers are not documented. Foot and Mouth Disease, Lumpy Skin Disease and Trypanosomosis were also reported.

Livestock Prices The average livestock prices were higher than the seasonal norm as shown in figure 2 below. This could be partly attributed to the high demand in main markets, mainly during the festive season. The prices are however expected to start falling due to depletion of pasture which will lead to deteriorating livestock body conditions, if the long rains delay.

Figure 2: Cattle Prices

TANA RIVER CATTLE PRICES

10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 2007 5000 2006 4000 Mean (2000-2004) 3000 PRICES (KSH) PRICES 2000 1000 0 Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec MONTH

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 8 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

2.2.4 Population movement and Migration Patterns

Pastoralists have started minimal movement with their livestock to areas were pasture, browse and water are more available. Most movement is towards the south especially along the Tana river delta. No resource based conflict has been reported due to the movements although tension is always high between the Wardei and Orma communities over livestock water, pasture and browse. The average walking distance to water points for both human and livestock has increased to an average of 10 km as compared to 5 - 8km in a normal season.

2.2.5 Water and Sanitation

The district is experiencing moderate water stress due to the inadequacy of the short rains in many parts of the district. Many water sources were not fully recharged. The hinterland communities which are in the pastoral livelihood zone depend on pans and lagas for water for both domestic and livestock use. Many are beginning to dry up and only a few will be have water by the time the expected long rains come in April. In areas such as Wayu, Haroresa and Hara the pans are already dry.

The lack of water has affected milk production since livestock has started migrating to areas with water. In the pastoral livelihood zone the distance to water source is ranges from 1 to 10 kms. In the marginal mixed farming and mixed farming livelihood zones the main source of water is Tana River and the distance to it ranges from 0.1 to 14 kms.

The local communities consider the quality of their source of water to be fair and therefore consume it directly without boiling or using treatment chemicals. This includes water from open sources such as pans and Tana River. In Chewele area, the Kenya Red Cross has previously distributed water treatment tablets and the local community informed the Assessment Team that the tablets would last until mid-March 2008. Some chlorine tablets have been provided by UNICEF and were distributed by the Ministry of Health to 2,346 homesteads. 58 shallow wells and 28 boreholes have been chlorinated in the district.Table 2 below shows the major sources of water in the district and their condition.

Table 2: Water Sources and their Condition in Tana River District Item Source Number Condition 1. Pans and earth dams 48 In Galole Division they are dry while in most other areas will be dry by mid-March 2008. 2. Lagas 3 Seasonal source and is currently drying up. 3. Boreholes 19 11no. Are not operational. 4. Shallow wells Approx. 300 Some are not installed with hand pumps. 5. Piped water schemes 3 Hola, Garsen and Ngao are all operational. 6. River 1 Permanent source. 7. Spring 1 At Boka and is not protected, highly contaminated. 8. Roof catchment Numerous Operational 9. Water trucking 3 trucks MWI, OP and Arid Lands but currently all have breakdowns.

The total coverage of latrines is 17.1 %, which is quite low. The total number of households in the district is 31,524 while the total number of households with latrines is 5,379. Consequently, there is high water contamination with human waste resulting in diseases and inability of individuals to utilize food efficiently or devote enough time to activities that increase household food security. Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 9 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Environmental degradation is taking place near water sources due to over grazing and expansion of farms by cutting of trees in the riverine areas. In the hinterland burning of charcoal is contributing to environmental degradation. There is a high probability that long term food insecurity situation in the district may be compounded by the ongoing environmental degradation.

2.2.6 Health and Nutrition

Nutritional Status as per CHANIS The nutritional status of children under five has shown some improvement as per CHANIS summary for 2007. In the year 2006 the percentage of the under weight was 11.3% compared to 2007 which was 8.68%. The malnutrition levels for the year 2007 were 12.3% and had not exceeded the emergency threshold which is an indicator of improved household food stocks. The most likely cause of malnutrition in the district is poor diet by either weaning the child before six months or poor dietary diversity. The percentage of immunization and vitamin A coverage has improved compared to 2006. Immunization coverage was at 66.7% in 2007 as compared to 57.5% in 2006. Vitamin A coverage was 47.7% in 2007, as compared to 32.6% in 2006.

During this time of the year, the malnutrition rate is usually medium but this time the rate is low (see table 3).

Table 3 CHANIS Summary for 2007 per Division Division Total Weighed Total Under/Wt. %age Under Wt. Malnutrition Galole 12786 899 7.0 6 Bura 2759 228 8.30 20 Garsen 5794 611 10.50 44 Wenje 1997 152 7.60 13 Tarasaa 6188 443 7.10 16 Kipini 1073 52 4.80 0 Madogo 4165 540 12.90 19 Bangale 1628 233 14.30 0 Total 36390 3158 8.7 118

Prevalence of Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) The prevalence of wasting was highest in Bangale Division (25.8% Cl=12.5 – 44.9) and lowest in Kipini Division where the prevalence was only 2.9%, see table 4. Although no substantitive statistical inferences will be drawn from this findings since the basis of this 30x30 cluster survey sampling was not by Divisions, it is however instructive that the Divisions not included in the GoK/WFP EMOP general food distribution (Wenje, Garsen and Kipini) also recorded low prevalence thus lending credence for their exclusion from the current GFD exercise.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 10 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Table 4: Prevalence of wasting by MUAC per Division Division N % Bangale (n=31) 8 25.8 (12.5 – 44.9) Tarassa (n=103) 14 13.6 (7.9 – 22.1) Bura (n=155) 21 13.5 (8.8 – 20.2) Madogo (n=97) 12 12.4 (6.8 – 21.0) Wenje (n=58) 7 12.1 (5.4 – 23.9) Galole(n=288) 34 11.8 (8.4 – 16.2) Garsen (n=189) 20 10.6 (6.7 – 16.1) Kipini (n=34) 1 2.9 (0.2 – 17.1) Total (N=955) 117 12.3 (10.3 – 14.5) Source: UNICEF/ ALRMP / MOH Nutrition Survey-December 2007)

As the evidence shows in Table 5, the mid-upper circumference (MUAC) tends to over estimate wasting especially among younger children. Overall the prevalence of wasting (using MUAC cut off point of less than 12.5cm) among the under fives was 14.5% (Cl= 12.4 – 16.9). The findings showed that younger children were significantly malnourished than their older counterparts (P is less than 0.01) Table 5 Prevalence of wasting by MUAC and child age

Age - Months n % 6-17 (n=255) 65 25.5 (20.4 – 31.4)* 18-29 (n=206) 37 18.0 (13.1 – 24.0) 30-41 (n=222) 17 7.7 (4.7 – 12.2) 42-53 (n=188) 14 7.4 (4.3 – 12.4) 54-59 (n=94) 7 7.4 (3.3 – 15.2) Total (N=965) 140 14.5 (12.4 – 16.9) * P<0.01 Source: UNICEF / ALRMP / MOH Nutrition Survey-December 2007) Morbidity Malaria, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), diarrhoeal and skin diseases continue to lead in morbidity. However, with malaria leading at 40%, measures need to be put in place to address the situation by supplying and promoting the use of ITNs. Diarrhoeal and other helmithic diseases are common due to contamination of water by human and animal waste. Most households (63%) have no sanitation facilities. The majority also consume water from open sources without any kind of treatment or boiling. Skin infections were also noted to be a common problem especially to school children due to worms and shortage of water.

Mortality Mortality rate is commonly used as an indicator of, among other things, access to health care and the quality of water and environmental sanitation in the area in which a population resides. A 3-month under-five mortality rate (UFMR) and crude mortality rate (CMR) recalls were conducted. The UFMR in Tana River district was calculated at 2.1 deaths/10,000/day and CMR at 1.1 deaths/10,000/day. Using the CDC benchmarks, both mortality rates fall within the alert level according to CDC benchmarks. The presumed causes of death among the under fives included child delivery complications (33.3%), ARI (20.0%), malaria (16.7% and diarrhoea (13.3%). Among those above five years, malaria reportedly caused 33.3% of the deaths followed by ethnic conflicts (21.7%) and respiratory infections (17.4%).

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 11 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

HIV/AIDS The current prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the district has reduced to 2% from 3% in previous years as shown in Table 6. This implies that communities are now more aware of the disease and are taking more precautions to avoid it. The distribution of CCCs in the district is limited to health centres and hospitals. The number of clients on ARVs in the district is 170 patients. There are no Home Based Care Centres for the infected in the district.

Table 6 Prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in Tana River District Year 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 Percentage (%) 2 3 3 3 3

Supplementary Feeding Programme This programme was started in Tana River District in January 2007 by the Ministry of Health supported by UNICEF targeting moderately malnourished children and pregnant and lactating mothers. Other agencies involved include WFP and the Kenya Red Cross. The current beneficiaries include the following: ƒ Children from 6-59months, both male and female with, o w/h is from 70-80%. o MUAC <12cm. o Growth faltering weight (weight curve dropping). o Children discharged from TFP. o Other cases, eg constant weight. ƒ Pregnant and lactating mothers, from second trimester with MUAC <21 cm. ƒ Lactating mothers with children <6 months whose MUAC is <21 cm.

Immunization Immunization coverage in 2007 was 66.7% while in 2006 it was 57.5%. Vitamin A coverage was 47.7% in 2007 and 32.6% in 2006. In both cases there has been an improvement from 2006 to 2007. This can be attributed to increased access to and utilization of basic health services.

2.2.7 Education The primary school dropout rate in 2007 in the district was generally low (see Table 7 and 8 below). Five schools in Bura Division (Chifiri, Sabukia, Walesorea, Hosingo and Bilbil Primary Schools) were closed in terms two and three of 2007 due to insecurity caused by tribal clashes between the Orma and Wardei communities. These schools are however now all open and running. No secondary schools were closed or disrupted by the clashes. Some schools are experiencing a severe water shortage. The Office of the President (DC’s Office) has subsequently had to carry out water trucking to places like Horeria Primary School. All the three bowsers in the district are grounded due to mechanical breakdown impeding any emergency water trucking. Many primary schools still lack latrines. All primary schools in the district are on the school feeding programme. It was however, noted during the Assessment Team’s field visit, that some schools had not received their 1st term rations.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 12 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Table 7 Primary School Dropout Rate In 2007 Division Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Boys (%) Girls (%) Boys (%) Girls (%) Boys (%) Girls (%) Garsen 0 1.9 0 0 1.7 0 Galole 0 1.1 1.1 1.4 0 0 Bura 0 0 3.7 0 0 0 Madogo 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 8 Secondary School Drop Out Rate In 2007 Division Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Boys (%) Girls (%) Boys (%) Girls (%) Boys (%) Girls (%) Garsen 0 3 7.7 2.2 0 0 Galole 7.6 0 2.6 0 0 0.4 Bura 0 0 0 0 2 5.3 Madogo 1.8 9.2 0 0 0 0

Table 9 below is the enrolment for schools in Tana River District for 2007.

Table 9 Tana River District School Enrolment In 2007 Type Primary Secondary ECD Boys 21,522 1,344 8,839 Girls 17,142 975 6,556 Total 38,664 2,319 15,395 *ECD – Early Childhood Development

2.2.8 Coping mechanisms

Currently, the most applied coping mechanism is skipping one meal in a day and/or reducing the intake quantity. Purchase on credit especially when animals migrate further in search of pasture is also common.

2.2.9 Divisional Food Security Ranking

S/NO DIVISION Rank( 1 very bad….7 Main Food security threat very good) 1 Bangale 1 Animal migration already started Pans drying Outbreak of Anthrax, quarantine still in place. Bangale market closed. 2 Madogo 2 Short rains were inadequate. Water sources not fully charged. Livestock migration already started. 3 Bura 3 Short rains were inadequate. Water sources not fully charged. Livestock migration already started. 4 Galole 4 Short rains were inadequate. Water sources not fully charged. Livestock migration already started. 5 Wenje 5 Short rains were inadequate leading to partial crop failure. 6 Garsen 6 At Salama and Mwina Locations, flash floods were experienced on the 28th and 29thJanuary 2008 and 705 acres under maize were destroyed, while water melons were also swept away. 7 Kipini 7 Drought recovery ensured – No threat.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 13 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

2.3 Ongoing Interventions

2.3.1 Agriculture ƒ Supplying farmers with seeds and banana suckers. ƒ Promoting orphan crops.

2.3.2 Livestock ƒ Disease surveillance. ƒ Livestock movement control. ƒ Vaccinations. ƒ Treatment of sick animals. ƒ Farmer education.

2.3.3 Water and Sanitation ƒ Water trucking ƒ Construction/de-silting of pans/dams by the Ministry of Water and Irrigation

2.3.4 Health and Nutrition a) Supplementary feeding programme (SFP) The SFP is being carried out in 27 health facilities in the district. The current number of targeted beneficiaries for children 6-59 months is 1,510 and for pregnant and lactating mothers is 1,999. For the last one year, the total number of beneficiaries for children (6-59 months) was 1,178, and for pregnant and lactating mothers 857. Outcome ƒ Increase in child growth monitoring activities. ƒ Reduction in admission of severely malnourished cases. ƒ Reduction in the number of underweight cases. ƒ Increase in child growth monitoring activities. ƒ Reduction in admission of severely malnourished cases. ƒ Reduction in the number of underweight cases. b) Establishment of Therapeutic Feeding Centres. There are 2 TFPs in the district, i.e. Hola District Hospital and Ngao sub-District Hospital. The programme is a joint collaboration effort between the MoH and UNICEF.

Outcome ƒ Improvement of the nutritional status of the severely malnourished cases. ƒ Severely malnourished cases with other complications get proper medical attention. c) Outpatient Therapeutic Programme. This currently carried out in the District and Sub-district hospitals. Beneficiaries include both male and female. It also includes children discharged from therapeutic feeding centre but still with a w/h of <70%, and children with w/h <70% but not admitted in the therapeutic feeding centre. Outcome ƒ Improvement of the nutritional status of the severely malnourished cases.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 14 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

d) Outreach services. Beneficiaries are children under five years, pregnant and lactating mothers and the sick. The implementing organization is the MoH. Outcome - Increase of immunization and vitamin A coverage and increase of growth monitoring coverage.

e) Immunization Targets all children under five in the district

2.3.5 Education ƒ Opening of mobile schools. ƒ School feeding programme in all primary schools. 3 RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 Food Interventions Required

Table 10 Summary of Recommended Food Aid Requirements Division Food Estimated %age in Proposed Proposed Intervention insecurity Population Need Ration Bangale High 18,664 30% 75% FFA Madogo High 27,307 30% 75% FFA Bura High 36,250 35% 75% FFA Galore Medium 43,915 25% 75% FFA Wenje Moderate 15,941 0% 0% SFP Garsen Moderate 64,830 0% 0% SFP Kipini Low 20,411 0% 0% No intervention TOTAL 227,317

Famine relief food distribution to continue in the district for the next six months (this will be reviewed based on the success of the expected long rains yields. Food for assets program should be introduced unlike free general food distribution.

All recommendations were agreed upon in the DSG Debriefing except two:

• DSG members differed with Assessment Team on Garsen and Wenje divisions and argued that in both divisions, 20% of the total population are in need of Food aid assistance through FFA intervention.

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 15 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

3.2 Non-Food Intervention

Livelihood Sector Interventions Justification Total budget Source of zone funds Immediate Long term Pastoral WATER AND Construction of To reduce walking 4.5m MoWI Livelihood SANITATION water pan distances to water Zone – sources Haroresa Pastoral zone Construct a 250m Poor human waste 5.5m MoWI – Wayu Boro borehole disposal Pastoral zone Construct a 200m Siltation of water 5.0m MoWI – Wayu borehole pans/dams Nduka Pastoral and Construction of pit Poor human waste ALRMP/ Marginal latrines in schools disposal UNICEF/ Mixed GAA farming zones Pastoral LIVESTOCK/ Enhancement of Prevention of ALRMP- Zones. FISHERIES CCPP and CBPP CCPP and CBPP Tanariver, vaccination – 69% to reduce livestock MOLFD, coverage remaining. deaths. Catholic Diocese of Garissa. Pastoral Training Crush pen Prevention of Traps 400 pcs ALRMP- Zones. committees on control trypanasomiasis, @xxx; Tanariver, of tsetseflies by Targets 200 pcs MOLFD, administering drugs @ xxxx; Sponton Catholic and carrying out / bayicol 100 lts Diocese tsetsefly traps and @ xxxx; of targets within their Trypanocidols: Garissa. catchment villages. Novidium 2000 tablets; Samonin 500 sachets other costs Pastoral More resources Management and Zones. needed for disease cattle disease Nairobi. surveillance surveillance All Training communities Ensure milk ALRMP- livelihoods in the hinterland on availability Tanariver, fodder conservation. throughout the MOLFD. year. Pastoral and Diversification of To utilise the ALRMP- marginal livestock available potential Tanariver, mixed enterprises MOLFD, farming Catholic Zones. Diocese of Garissa. Marginal AGRICULTURE Purchase of drought Promote use of ALRMP mixed SECTOR recovery seeds certified seeds, II, farming and timely planting and Nairobi, Mixed assist farmers Kenya farming Zone unable to purchase Redcross seeds. Tanariver / or Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 16 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)

Nairobi.

Headquarters- Fuel for distribution Facilitate Nairobi Tanariver. distribution of relief seeds Headquarters- Officers Allowances Nairobi Tanariver Marginal Promotion of small Opening up more Irrigation has high ALRMP mixed scale irrigation. Large scale potential to II – farming and irrigation schemes. decisively solve nairobi, Mixed food insecurity Ministry farming Zone through increased of water (Along river food production and Tana) and income levels. irrigation. All Promotion of Increased MOA – Livelihoods production and production and Tanariver, utilization of utilization of ALRMP traditional foods. traditional foods II - tanariver All HEALTH AND Provision and To minimize the Ministry livelihoods NUTRITION distribution of ITNs breeding of of Health- and larvicides. mosquitos; due to Nairobi the rising number of malaria cases. Reviving Outreach To enable coverage Ministry Clinics of areas far away of Health- from health Nairobi. facilities. Registration and Health facilities Ministry staffing of newly closed of Health- constructed health Nairobi facilities Increase staff in the • Most health Ministry already existing facilities in the of Health- health facilities hinterland have Nairobi only one health worker. • The district has only one nutritionist at the district hospital. Establishment of There is no Ministry Comprehensive Comprehensive of Health- Care Center(s). Care Center in the Nairobi district

Disclaimer: The recommendations of the National Assessment teams are tentative and subject to the approval of the Kenya Food 17 Security Steering Group (KFSSG)