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Technical Impacts of Grid Tied PV on JDECO Network: Case Study (Jericho and Al-Jeep Feeders)

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Technical Impacts of Grid Tied PV on JDECO Network: Case Study (Jericho and Al-Jeep Feeders) An-Najah National University Faculty of Graduate Studies Technical Impacts of Grid Tied PV on JDECO Network: Case Study (Jericho and Al-Jeep Feeders) By Rami Yaser Mohammad Dasa Supervisor Prof. Dr. Marwan M. Mahmoud Dr. Osama Omari This Thesis is submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Clean Energy and Conservation Strategy Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine. 2013 iii Dedication إىل والدي العزوزن،،، بؽل احلب واﻻحرتام أهدوؽم هذا العؿل.. اىل من احرتقت لقﻻ ونفارا حتى تضيء لـا حقاتـا ... والدتي الغالقة .. القك اىل زوجيت العزوزة أمل وابين الغالي وادر الؾذون حتؾؿوني وحتؾؿوا انشغالي عـفم بؽل حب ... اىل اخواتي الرائعات الؾواتي وقػن اىل جانيب بؽل الدعم واحلب واﻻدـاد والعؿل .. روم وأمساء .. اىل اخوتي بغربتفم ...الؾذون دعؿوني وداندوني .. اذتؼت لؽم .. دامي وأدامه اىل روح خالي حمؿد الطاهرة وجدي العزوز رمحفم اهلل ... iv Acknowledgments امحد اهلل عز وجل أوﻻ... وأصلي واسلم على اؾنن اﻻؿني اﻻؿن علوه اػضل اؾصﻻة واؾتسلوم ،، واشكر ؽل ؿن سننـدـي وؼندل ؾني اؾندعم وعلى راسهم أسنتذتي اؾفنضل وؿشنر اﻻسنتنذ اؾندؽتور اؾفنضنل ؿنروا حممود اؾذي ؽن ؾي اﻻستنذ واﻻب واﻻخ واؾصديق وحتملن ودعمن و اؾدؽتور عمند بريك على ؿن ؼدؿه ؿن دعم وارشند وتوجوه ،، وؽل زؿﻻئي وأصدؼنئي وخنصة املهندسو صﻻح علقم وأجمد ؽمنل ومجنل أبوغوش, وبنﻻخص زؿولي وصديقي املهندس ثنئر جرادات I would like to thank my advisor Prof. Dr. Marwan Mahmoud, and Dr. Imad Break for their support, and extend my thanks to all my Instructors, my colleagues, my friends. Also, I would like to thank Eng. Salah Alqam, Eng. Thaer Jaradat, Eng. Amjad Kamal , Eng. Jamal Abu Ghoush. v اﻹـقررار أنا الموقع أدناه مقدم الرسالة التي تحمل عنوان: Technical Impacts of Grid Tied PV on JDECO Network: Case Study (Jericho and Al-Jeep Feeders) أقر بأن ما اشتممت عميو ىذه الرسالة إنما ىو نتاج جيدي الخاص، باستثناء ما تمت اﻹشارة إليو حيثما ورد، وأن ىذه الرسالة ككل، أو أي جزء منيا لم يقدم من قبل لنيل أية درجة عممية أو بحث عممي أو بحثي لدى أية مؤسسة تعميمية أو بحثية أخرى. Declaration The work provided in this thesis, unless otherwise referenced, is the researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or qualification. اسم الطالب: :Student's name التوـقيع: :Signature التاريخ: :Date vi Abbreviations IEC Israel Electric Corporation ltd PEA Palestinian Energy Authority EU Europe Union. PV Photovoltaic. PNA Palestinian National Authority PA Palestinian Authority. SWH Solar Water Heater PSI Palestinian Solar Initiative GPP Gaza Power Plant. JDECO Jerusalem District Electric Company PPC Palestinian Petroleum Commission NEDCO Northern Electricity Distribution Company. HEPCO Hebron Electric Power Company SELCO Southern Electric Company. PERC Palestinian Electricity Regulatory Council. KW Kilo Watt (1,000 Watt). KWh Kilo Watt Hour. MW Mega Watt (1,000,000 Watt). MVA Mega Volt Amper WB&G West Bank and Gaza ISC Short Circuit Current KVAR Kilo Volt Ampere Reactive KWh Kilo Watt Hour MPPT Maximum Power Point NIS New Israeli Shekel NOCT Normal Operating Cell Temperature PV Photovoltaic VOC Open Circuit Voltage Wp Watt peak ACCC Aluminum Conductor Composite Core ACSR Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced GPP Gaza Power Plant LV Low Voltage MV Medium Voltage NEDCO Northern Electricity Distribution Company NIS New Israeli Shekel PF Power Factor PA Palestinian Authority PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics vii SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SELCO Southern Electric Company VAR Voltage Automatic Regulator USc United States cent. Km Kilo meter. mm mille meter. SPBP Simple Pay Back Period. NO Number. E East. N North. W West. S South. MWh Mega Watt Hour NSP Network Service Provider MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker STC Standard Test Condition FIT Federal Income Tax IRR Interest Rate of Return GIS Geographic Information System GTI Grid Tie Inverter viii Table of Content No. Content Page Dedication iii Acknowledgment iv Declaration v Abbreviations vi Table of Contents ix List of Tables xiii List of Figures xv Abstract xx Chapter I: Introduction 1 A Background 2 B Thesis Scope 10 Chapter One: Energy Situation in Palestine 12 Introduction 13 1.1 Generation and Transmission Situation in Palestine 16 1.1.1 Present Generation and Transmission Situation 16 1.1.2 Future Plan of Transmission and Generation in Palestine 24 1.2 Electricity Distribution in Palestine 34 1.2.1 North Electricity Distribution Company (NEDCO) 36 1.2.2 Jerusalem District Electricity Company (JDECO) 38 1.2.3 Hebron Electric Power Company (HEPCO) 43 1.2.4 Southern Electricity Company (SELCO) 45 1.3 Potential of Renewable Energy in Palestine 47 1.3.1 Solar Energy Potential 47 1.3.2 Wind Energy Potential 51 1.3.3 Biomass Energy Potential 52 Chapter Two: Photovoltaic Systems Characteristics 54 Introduction 55 2.1 Photovoltaic Module 55 2.1.1 Concept 55 2.1.2 PV Module Operation 57 2.1.3 PV Module Equivalent Circuit 58 2.1.4 Performance of PV Module 63 2.2 Types of PV systems 64 2.2.1 Stand-Alone Systems 64 2.2.2 Simple Utility-Interactive 65 2.2.3 Utility Interactive with Battery Storage 66 2.3 Elements of Grid Tied PV System 67 Introduction 67 2.3.1 PV Generator 69 ix 2.3.2 Grid Tied Inverter 69 2.4 PV System Applications in Palestine 71 2.4.1 Emnazel Solar Electrification Project 71 2.4.2 Attuf Solar Electrification Project 72 2.4.3 Jericho PV station 73 2.5 Palestinian Solar Initiative (PSI) 73 Chapter Three Grid tied PV System and Distributed 77 Generation Photovoltaic Systems Introduction 78 3.1 Concept of Distributed Generation 80 3.1.1 Advantages 83 3.1.2 Disadvantages 85 3.1.3 Electrical Connection of DG 85 3.2 Grid Connected PV Systems 87 Introduction 87 3.2.1 Positive Impacts of On Grid PV Systems 89 3.2.2 International Standards for PV Integration 90 3.3 Integration Issues of on Grid PV Systems 93 3.3.1 Voltage Levels Consideration 94 3.3.2 Power Factor Consideration 95 3.3.3 Harmonics Consideration 99 3.3.4 Solar Irradiance and Power Quality 101 3.3.5 Protection 104 3.3.6 Conditions Affect the Outputs for Grid-Tied PV Systems 105 Chapter Four Impacts of PV Penetration Levels on 107 Distribution Networks Introduction 108 4.1 PV Penetration and Operations of On Grid PV Systems 109 4.1.1 Definition of PV Penetration 109 4.1.2 Grid Operation with PV Penetration 110 4.2 Impacts of High PV Penetration Levels on the Grid 111 4.2.1 Voltage Rise and Fluctuation Issues 112 4.2.2 Frequency Regulation Issue: 115 4.2.3 Power Issue: 117 4.2.4 Current Swings Issue 118 The Relation between Distribution Network and PV 4.3 119 Penetration Level 4.3.1 Feeder Impedance Effect 120 4.3.2 Feeder Layout Effect 123 4.3.3 Transformer Short Circuit Resistance 125 4.4 The Impacts of PV Penetration Level on Protection of 126 x Distribution Network 4.5 Acceptable International Levels of PV Penetration 127 Chapter Five The Impact of Penetration Level of Grid Tied PV Systems on Law Voltage Distribution 131 Network - Al-Jeeb Village (Case Study). 5.1 Description of Al-Jeeb Electrical Distribution Network. 132 Al-Jeeb Village Introduction (Statistical, Geographical, 5.1.1 132 Historical Data) 5.1.2 Al-Jeeb Electrical Network (Al-Khalayla Feeders) 134 5.1.3 Al-Jeeb Smart Grid System (AMI, MMI) 138 5.2 Analysis of Al-Jeeb Electrical Network. 144 5.2.1 Identifying the case study 144 5.2.2 Data Collection: 145 5.2.3 Data Processing and Filtering: 146 5.2.4 Modeling Daily Load Curve for residential use 148 5.2.5 Real Time Data 155 5.2.6 GIS Information 157 Load Flow Simulation for the Current Case using Power 5.3 162 World Simulator 5.3.1 Preface of Power World Simulator 162 5.3.2 Inputting Grid Information. 162 5.3.3 Al-Jeeb‟s Single Line Diagram Simulation. 166 5.3.4 Simulation Results: 167 PSI for Grid Tied PV Systems on Dist. Network (PV 5.4 168 Output). 5.4.1 PV Output of 5Kw System: 168 5.4.2 Simulation of 5Kw PV System using Simulink 170 The Impacts of PSI Penetration Levels on Al-Jeeb 5.5 177 Electrical Network Using Power World Simulator. 5.5.1 Al-Jeeb‟s one line Simulation with 25% PV Penetration. 179 5.5.2 Al-Jeeb‟s one line Simulation with 50% PV Penetration. 181 AL-Jeeb‟s one line Simulation with 75%, 85% and 95% 5.5.3 182 PV Penetration Al-Jeeb‟s one line Simulation with 100% PV 5.5.4 186 Penetration. Comparison Analysis of PV Penetration Levels on Al- 5.6 188 Jeeb Network, Using Power World Simulator. 5.6.1 Voltage level 188 5.6.2 Power Factor: 189 5.6.3 Losses and reactive power and heating 190 5.6.4 Line Losses: 190 5.7 Environmental Impact Assessment for PV Penetration 191 xi on the Grid (PSI) Environmental Impact Assessment for 25% PV 5.7.1 192 Penetration on Al-Jeeb Network Environmental Impact Assessment for the whole PSI 5.7.2 193 Project in Palestine for 15 Years Chapter Six The Impact of Penetration Level of Grid Tied PV Systems on Medium Voltage Network of 194 Jericho- case study: Jericho PV Station Introduction 195 6.1 Description of Jericho Network 195 6.2 Jericho Solar Energy Station. 202 6.2.1 Geographical Position of Solar Station. 203 6.2.2 System‟s Model Components 202 6.3 Analysis and Simulation of the Current Case. 223 6.3.1 Data Collection and Processing 223 Jericho One Line Diagram Simulation for the Current 6.3.2 235 Case, using Power World Simulator Impacts of Increasing PV Penetration Levels on the M.V 6.4 Network, Simulation Analysis using Power World 239 Simulator 6.4.1 25 % PV Penetration.
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